TWI646473B - Biometric identification apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

A biometric device includes a light guiding element having opposite first and second surfaces, a plurality of optical microstructures formed on the second surface, a light source for emitting a light beam, and an image capturing element disposed opposite to the second surface A light control element disposed between the optical microstructure and the image capturing element. The beam is reflected by the reflective surface of each optical microstructure and is transmitted obliquely and through the first surface of the light guiding element to the object to be identified. The light beam is reflected by the object to be identified to the light control element. The light control element refracts and reflects the beam such that the beam is collimated to the image capture element.

Description

Biometric device

This invention relates to an optoelectronic device and, more particularly, to a biometric device.

The types of biometrics include face, sound, iris, retina, veins, and fingerprint recognition. Since each person's fingerprint is unique and the fingerprint is not easy to change with age or physical health, the fingerprint identification device has become the most popular biometric device. According to the different sensing methods, the fingerprint identification device can be divided into optical and capacitive. When the capacitive fingerprint identification device is assembled in an electronic product (for example, a mobile phone or a tablet computer), a capacitive fingerprint identification device is provided with a cover lens, and the sensing effect of the capacitive fingerprint recognition device is protected by the protection component. influences. Therefore, optical fingerprint recognition devices have also received much attention.

The optical fingerprint identification device comprises a light source, an image capturing component and a light transmitting component. The light source is used to emit a light beam to illuminate a finger pressed against the light transmissive element. Finger fingerprints are made up of a number of irregular ridges and indentations. The beams reflected by the ridges and the indentations form a fingerprint image that is interlaced on the receiving surface of the image capturing element. The image capturing component can convert the fingerprint image into corresponding image information and input the image information into the processing unit. The processing unit may calculate the image information corresponding to the fingerprint by using an algorithm to perform identity recognition of the user. However, in the above image capturing process, the light beam reflected by the fingerprint is easily transmitted to the image capturing component, which results in poor image quality and affects the recognition result.

The invention provides a biometric device.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the biometric device comprises a light guiding element, a plurality of optical microstructures, a light source, an image capturing element and a light control element. The light guiding element has opposing first and second surfaces. A plurality of optical microstructures are formed on the second surface of the light guiding element. Each optical microstructure has a reflective surface. The light source is used to emit a light beam. The image capture element is disposed relative to the second surface of the light guide element. The light control element is disposed between the second surface of the light guiding element and the image capturing element. The beam is reflected by the reflective surface of each optical microstructure and is transmitted obliquely and through the first surface of the light guiding element to the object to be identified. The light beam is reflected by the object to be identified to the light control element, and the light control element refracts and reflects the light beam to cause the light beam to be collimated to the image capturing element.

In the biometric device according to an embodiment of the present invention, the reflecting surface is inclined with respect to the first surface of the light guiding element.

In the biometric device according to the embodiment of the present invention, the reflecting surface is a curved surface.

In the biometric device according to an embodiment of the present invention, the light control element includes a plurality of microprisms. Each microprism has a bottom surface and a plurality of sides. The plurality of sides are inclined with respect to the first surface of the light guiding element, and the inclined directions of the plurality of sides are opposite. The bottom surface is connected between the plurality of sides. The light beam reflected by the object to be recognized is sequentially refracted by one of the plurality of sides, and is reflected by the other of the plurality of sides to be emitted from the bottom surface.

In the biometric device according to the embodiment of the present invention, the image capturing element has a light receiving surface, and the light beam emitted from the bottom surface of the microprism has an angle θ with respect to a reference axis perpendicular to the light receiving surface, and -15 ^o ≤ θ ≤15 ^o .

In the biometric device according to an embodiment of the present invention, the biometric device further includes an optical glue. The light control element is connected to the light guiding element through the optical glue.

In the biometric device according to an embodiment of the present invention, the biometric device further includes a light transmissive element. The light transmissive element is disposed on the first surface of the light guiding element. The light transmissive element has a pressing surface for pressing the object to be recognized.

In the biometric device according to an embodiment of the present invention, the biometric device further includes a collimating element. The collimating element is disposed between the light control element and the image capturing element.

In the biometric device according to an embodiment of the present invention, the light guiding element further has an outer side wall. The outer sidewall is coupled to the first surface and extends toward a side of the second surface. The light beam enters the light guiding element from the outer sidewall.

In the biometric device according to an embodiment of the present invention, the light guiding element further has an outer side wall, an inner side wall, and a bottom surface. The outer sidewall is coupled to the first surface and extends toward a side of the second surface. The inner sidewall is coupled to the second surface and disposed opposite the outer sidewall. The bottom surface is disposed opposite to the first surface and is coupled between the outer sidewall and the inner sidewall. The light beam enters the light guiding element from the bottom surface of the light guiding element.

In the biometric device according to an embodiment of the present invention, the light beam includes visible light, invisible light, or a combination thereof.

In the biometric device according to an embodiment of the present invention, the object to be recognized includes a fingerprint, a vein, a palm print, or a combination thereof.

Based on the above, the biometric device according to an embodiment of the invention includes a light guiding element, a plurality of optical microstructures, a light source, an image capturing element, and a light control element. The light guiding element has opposing first and second surfaces. A plurality of optical microstructures are formed on the second surface of the light guiding element. Each optical microstructure has a reflective surface. The light control element is disposed between the second surface of the light guiding element and the image capturing element. With the reflective surface of the optical microstructure, the light beam emitted by the light source can be dispersed over a large range to allow the biometric device to have a sufficient working area. More importantly, by using the refraction and reflection of the light control element, the traveling direction of the light beam transmitted obliquely toward the image capturing element can be changed, so that the light beam can be collimated toward the image after passing through the light control element. Take the component transfer. Thereby, the biometric device can have good image capturing quality under a sufficient working area, thereby increasing the recognition capability of the biometric device.

The above described features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description.

Reference will now be made in detail to the exemplary embodiments embodiments Wherever possible, the same element symbols are used in the FIGS.

1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a biometric device according to an embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 1 , the biometric device 100 includes a light guiding component 110 , a plurality of optical microstructures 120 , a light source 130 , an image capturing component 140 , and a light control component 150 . Light directing element 110 has opposing first surface 112 and second surface 114. In this embodiment, the light guiding element 110 further has an outer sidewall 116, an inner sidewall 118, and a bottom surface 119. The outer sidewall 116 is coupled to the first surface 112 and extends toward the side of the second surface 114. The inner sidewall 118 is coupled to the second surface 114 and disposed opposite the outer sidewall 116. The bottom surface 119 is disposed opposite to the first surface 112 and is coupled between the outer sidewall 116 and the inner sidewall 118. In the present embodiment, the inner side wall 118 and the second surface 114 may define the recess 113, but the invention is not limited thereto. In this embodiment, the material of the light guiding element 110 may be glass, polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or other suitable materials.

A plurality of optical microstructures 120 are formed on the second surface 114 of the light guiding element 110. In this embodiment, the material of the optical microstructure 120 and the material of the light guiding element 110 can be the same. In other words, the optical microstructure 120 and the light guiding element 110 can be integrally formed. However, the present invention is not limited thereto. In other embodiments, the optical microstructures 120 and the light guiding elements 110 may be separately fabricated, and then the optical microstructures 120 are disposed on the second surface 114 of the light guiding elements 110. It is worth noting that each optical microstructure 120 has a reflective surface 122. In this embodiment, the reflective surface 122 may be a plane inclined with respect to the first surface 112 of the light guiding element 110, but the invention is not limited thereto. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, each optical microstructure 120 also has a connection surface 124. The connecting surface 124 is connected between the two reflecting surfaces 122 of the adjacent two optical microstructures 120. In the present embodiment, the connecting surface 124 can be inclined with respect to the first surface 112 of the light guiding element 110, and the connecting surface 124 and the reflecting surface 122 can be opposite to each other. However, the invention is not limited thereto, and in other embodiments, the connecting surface 124 can also be designed in other suitable configurations.

The light source 130 is used to emit the light beam L. In the present embodiment, the light beam L is, for example, visible light (for example, red light, blue light, green light, or a combination thereof). However, the present invention is not limited thereto. In other embodiments, the light beam L may also be invisible light (for example, infrared light) or a combination of invisible light and visible light. In the present embodiment, the light source 130 is, for example, a light emitting diode. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and in other embodiments, the light source 130 may be other suitable types of light-emitting elements. FIG. 1 shows a light source 130 as an example, and the light source 130 is disposed on one side of the light guiding element 110. However, the present invention is not limited thereto. In other embodiments, the number of the light sources 130 may be plural, and/or the light source 130 may be disposed on both sides or three or more sides of the light guiding element 110.

In the present embodiment, the light beam L can enter the light guiding element 110 from the bottom surface 119 of the light guiding element 110. In detail, the biometric device 100 can further include a circuit board 196. The light source 130 can be disposed on the circuit board 196 and electrically connected to the circuit board 196. The bottom surface 119 of the light guiding element 110 can be fixed to the circuit board 196. The bottom surface 119 of the light guiding element 110 may have a recess 119a. The light source 130 can be selectively disposed in the space surrounded by the recess 119a and the circuit board 196. The light beam L can be incident on the light guiding element 110 from the recess 119a. However, the present invention is not limited thereto. In another embodiment, the bottom surface 119 of the light guiding element 110 may have no recess 119a, the circuit board 196 may have a recess (not shown), and the light source 130 may be disposed on the recess of the circuit board 196. The bottom surface 119 of the light guiding element 110 is disposed above the recess of the circuit board 196, and the light beam L can also enter the light guiding element 110 from the bottom surface 119 without the recess 119a. It should be noted that the position of the light source 130 and the area where the light beam L is incident on the light guiding element 110 are only for exemplifying the invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. In other embodiments, the light source 130 may also be disposed at other suitable positions. The light beam L may also be incident on the light guiding element 110 from other regions of the light guiding element 110.

The image capturing element 140 is disposed relative to the second surface 114 of the light guiding element 110. In detail, in this embodiment, the image capturing component 140 can be disposed on the circuit board 196 and electrically connected to the circuit board 196. Further, in this embodiment, the second surface 114 and the inner sidewall 118 of the light guiding element 110 may define a recess 113, and the image capturing component 140 may be disposed in the recess 113 of the light guiding component 110. However, the invention is not limited thereto. The image capturing component 140 has a plurality of pixel regions 142 arranged in an array to receive the light beam L reflected by the object to be recognized 10, thereby obtaining an image of the object 10 to be identified. In this embodiment, the image capturing component 140 can be a charge-coupled device (CCD), a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), or other suitable type of image sensor.

In the present embodiment, the biometric device 100 further includes a light transmissive element 160. The light transmissive element 160 is disposed on the first surface 112 of the light guiding element 110. The light transmissive element 160 has a pressing surface 162 that faces the light guiding element 110. The pressing surface 162 is pressed by the object to be recognized 10. In the present embodiment, under normal use, the object to be identified 10 may be a biological feature such as a fingerprint, a vein, a combination of a fingerprint and a vein, and the like. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and in the case of abnormal use, the object to be identified 10 may also be a forgery such as a fake finger. In the present embodiment, the biometric device 100 further includes an optical glue 170. The light transmissive element 160 is connectable to the first surface 112 of the light guiding element 110 through the optical glue 170. In this embodiment, the refractive indices of the light transmitting component 160, the optical adhesive 170, and the light guiding component 110 may be the same or similar to reduce the boundary between the light transmitting component 160 and the optical adhesive 170 and the optical adhesive 170 and the light guiding component. The reflection of the junction of 110 further enhances the light utilization efficiency and/or image quality of the biometric device 100. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and in other embodiments, the refractive indices of the light transmitting member 160, the optical adhesive 170, and the light guiding member 110 may also be different.

The light control element 150 is disposed between the second surface 114 of the light guiding element 110 and the image capturing element 140. In the present embodiment, the biometric device 100 further includes an optical adhesive 192. The light control component 150 is selectively connectable to the second surface 114 of the light guiding component 110 through the optical adhesive 192. However, the present invention is not limited thereto. In other embodiments, the light control element 150 may be fixed between the light guiding element 110 and the image capturing element 140 by other means. For example, in another embodiment, the light control element 150 can also be fixed on the inner sidewall 118 of the light guiding component 110 by using a fixing component (not shown), and is not necessarily directly attached to the second component of the light guiding component 110. Surface 114.

It should be noted that after the light source 130 emits the light beam L, the light beam L is reflected by the reflective surface 122 of the optical microstructure 120, and is obliquely transmitted to the first surface 112 of the light guiding element 110, and the light beam L passes through the light guiding element 110. A surface 112 is then reflected by the object to be recognized 10 to the light control element 150. In particular, the light control element 150 refracts and reflects the light beam L such that the light beam L is collimated to the image capture element 140. The mechanism by which the light control element 150 refracts and reflects the light beam L will be exemplified below using FIG.

FIG. 2 shows a process in which the light control element 150 and the light beam L reflected by the object to be recognized 10 are transmitted through the light guiding element 110 and the light control element 150 to enter the image capturing element 140. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the light control element 150 includes a plurality of microprisms 152. Each microprism 152 has a bottom surface 152a and a plurality of side surfaces 152b, 152c. The plurality of sides 152b, 152c are inclined with respect to the first surface 112 of the light guiding element 110. The inclined directions of the plurality of side faces 152b, 152c are opposite. The bottom surface 152a is connected between the plurality of side faces 152b, 152c. The light beam L emitted by the light source 130 is reflected by the reflective surface 122 of the optical microstructure 120 and transmitted obliquely and through the first surface 122 of the light guiding element 110 to the object to be recognized 10. The object to be recognized 10 reflects the light beam L, wherein the reflection includes diffuse reflection. The light beam L reflected by the object to be recognized 10 passes through the pressing surface 162 of the light transmitting element 160 and the light guiding element 110, and then obliquely enters the side surface 152b of the light control element 150. The light beam L is refracted by the side surface 152b of the microprism 152 and transmitted to The other side 152c of the microprism 152, the side surface 152c of the microprism 152 reflects the light beam L such that the light beam L exits from the bottom surface 152a and is transmitted to the image capturing element 140. It is worth mentioning that, by using the reflective surface 122 of the optical microstructure 120, the light beam L emitted by the light source 130 can be obliquely transmitted to the first surface 112 of the light guiding element 110, and then obliquely incident on the pressing surface 162 to be dispersed. In a larger range. Since the light beam L is incident obliquely on the pressing surface 162, most of the light beam L reflected by the object to be recognized 10 is obliquely transmitted toward the image capturing element 140 before entering the light control element 150. However, by the refraction and reflection of the light control element 150, the direction of transmission of the light beam L can be changed, and the light beam L can be collimated to the image capturing element 140 after passing through the light control element 150. Thereby, the biometric device 100 can have good image capturing quality while having a sufficient working area (ie, a range in which the light beam L is dispersed on the pressing surface), thereby increasing the recognition ability of the biometric device 100.

Referring to FIG. 2, in the present embodiment, each of the microprisms 152 of the light control element 150 has a prism angle α. The prism angle α is an angle between the side surface 152b and the side surface 152c. The microprism 152 has a refractive index n. In this embodiment, in detail, the image capturing element 140 has a light receiving surface 140a, the reference axis X is perpendicular to the light receiving surface 140a, and the light beam L passes through the light guiding element 110 and does not enter the light control element 150 before and after reference. The angle of the axis X is θ', and the exit angle of the light beam L from the bottom surface 152a is θ (for example, the angle between the light beam L emitted from the bottom surface 152a and the reference axis X). The exit angle θ and the included angle θ' satisfy the following relationship: .

By using the above relational expression, the size of the prism angle α can be appropriately designed, and the exit angle θ of the light beam L emitted from the self-control light element 150 can be controlled within a certain range (for example, -15 ^o ≤ θ ≤ +15 ^o , If the direction from the normal line of the bottom surface 152a to the direction of the light beam L is clockwise, the incident angle is a negative value. If the direction from the normal line of the bottom surface 152a to the direction of the light beam L is counterclockwise, the incident angle is Positive value). Thereby, the light beam L can be directly transmitted to the image capturing component 140, so that the image capturing component 140 obtains a good image of the object 10 to be recognized, thereby improving the recognition capability of the biometric device 100.

Referring to FIG. 1 , in the present embodiment, the biometric device 100 may further include a collimating element 180 . The collimating element 180 is disposed between the second surface 114 of the light guiding element 110 and the image capturing element 140. For example, in the present embodiment, the biometric device 100 further includes an optical adhesive 194, and the collimating component 180 can be coupled to the image capturing component 140 through the optical adhesive 194, but the invention is not limited thereto. It is noted that the collimating element 180 has a plurality of light transmissive regions 184. The plurality of light transmissive regions 184 respectively correspond to the plurality of pixel regions 142 of the image capturing component 140. The light beam L reflected by each of the objects to be identified 10 can be transmitted to the corresponding pixel region 142 through a corresponding one of the light transmitting regions 184, and is not easily transferred to the other pixel regions 142. Thereby, the image capturing quality of the biometric device 100 can be further improved. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and in other embodiments, the biometric device 100 may optionally not include the collimating element 180.

3 is a cross-sectional view of a biometric device according to another embodiment of the present invention. The biometric device 100A of FIG. 3 is similar to the biometric device 100 of FIG. 1 in that the position of the light source 130 of the biometric device 100A is different from the position of the light source 130 of the biometric device 100. In detail, in the embodiment of FIG. 3, the light source 130 can be disposed beside the outer sidewall 116 of the light guiding element 110, and the light beam L can enter the light guiding element 110 from the outer sidewall 116. The biometric device 100A has similar functions and advantages as the biometric device 100 and will not be repeated here.

4 is a cross-sectional view showing a biometric device according to still another embodiment of the present invention. The biometric device 100B of FIG. 4 is similar to the biometric device 100 of FIG. 1 in that the bottom surface 119 of the light guiding element 110 of the biometric device 100B may not be directly disposed on the circuit board 196. The biometric device 100B also includes a support 198. The support 198 may extend from the bottom surface 119 to the side where the light source 130 is located to maintain a gap between the bottom surface 119 and the light source 130. In this embodiment, the support 198 may be integrally formed with the light guiding element 110, the circuit board 196 or the light source 130, or be a member other than the light guiding element 110, the circuit board 196, and the light source 130. The biometric device 100B can also include an optical glue 196. The optical glue 196 fills the gap between the bottom surface 119 of the light guiding element 110 and the light source 130 to reduce the loss of the light beam L before it enters the light guiding element 110. The biometric device 100B has similar functions and advantages as the biometric device 100 and will not be repeated here.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a biometric device according to still another embodiment of the present invention. The biometric device 100C of FIG. 5 is similar to the biometric device 100 of FIG. 1 in that the optical microstructure 120C of the biometric device 100C is different from the optical microstructure 120 of the biometric device 100. In particular, in the embodiment of FIG. 4, at least one reflective surface of each optical microstructure 120C can be a curved surface 126. The light beam L is reflected by the curved surface 126 and is transmitted obliquely and through the first surface 112 of the light guiding element 110 to the object to be recognized 10. The light beam L reflected by the object to be recognized 10 passes through the pressing surface 162 of the light transmitting element 160 and the light guiding element 110, and then enters the light control element 150 obliquely. Light control element 150 refracts and reflects the beam such that beam L is collimated to image capture element 140. The biometric device 100C has similar functions and advantages as the biometric device 100 and will not be repeated here.

In summary, the biometric device according to an embodiment of the invention includes a light guiding component, a plurality of optical microstructures, a light source, an image capturing component, and a light control component. The light guiding element has opposing first and second surfaces. A plurality of optical microstructures are formed on the second surface of the light guiding element. Each optical microstructure has a reflective surface. The light control element is disposed between the second surface of the light guiding element and the image capturing element. With the reflective surface of the optical microstructure, the light beam emitted by the light source can be dispersed over a large range to allow the biometric device to have a sufficient working area. More importantly, by using the refraction and reflection of the light control element, the traveling direction of the light beam transmitted obliquely toward the image capturing element can be changed, so that the light beam can be collimated toward the image after passing through the light control element. Take the component transfer. Thereby, the biometric device can have good image capturing quality under a sufficient working area, thereby increasing the recognition capability of the biometric device.

Although the present invention has been disclosed in the above embodiments, it is not intended to limit the present invention, and any one of ordinary skill in the art can make some changes and refinements without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The scope of the invention is defined by the scope of the appended claims.

10‧‧‧To be identified

100, 100A, 100B, 100C‧‧‧ biometric devices

110‧‧‧Light guiding elements

112‧‧‧ first surface

113‧‧‧ Groove

114‧‧‧ second surface

116‧‧‧Outer side wall

118‧‧‧ inner side wall

119‧‧‧ bottom

119a‧‧‧ dent

120, 120C‧‧‧ optical microstructure

122‧‧‧reflecting surface

124‧‧‧ Connection surface

126‧‧‧ Surface

130‧‧‧Light source

140‧‧‧Image capture component

140a‧‧‧Light receiving surface

142‧‧‧Pixel area

150‧‧‧Light control components

152‧‧‧Microprism

152a‧‧‧ bottom

152b, 152c‧‧‧ side

160‧‧‧Lighting components

162‧‧‧ pressing surface

170, 192, 194, 196‧‧ ‧ optical adhesive

180‧‧‧ collimating components

184‧‧‧Lighting area

196‧‧‧ boards

198‧‧‧Support

L‧‧‧beam

X‧‧‧ reference axis

‧‧‧‧prism angle

Θ‧‧‧ exit angle;

Θ’‧‧‧ angle

1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a biometric device according to an embodiment of the present invention. 2 shows a process of the light control element and the light beam reflected by the object to be recognized transmitted through the light guiding element and the light control element and incident on the image capturing element. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a biometric device according to another embodiment of the present invention. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a biometric device according to still another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a biometric device according to still another embodiment of the present invention.

Claims (11)

A biometric device comprising: a light guiding element having opposite first and second surfaces; a plurality of optical microstructures formed on the second surface of the light guiding element, wherein each optical microstructure has a reflection a light source for emitting a light beam; an image capturing element disposed opposite to the second surface of the light guiding element, wherein the image capturing element has a light receiving surface; and a light control element disposed on the surface Between the second surface of the light guiding element and the image capturing element, comprising: a plurality of microprisms, each microprism having a bottom surface and a plurality of side surfaces, the plurality of side surfaces being opposite to the light guiding element The first surface is inclined, the plurality of sides are inclined in opposite directions, and the bottom surface is connected between the plurality of sides; wherein the light beam is reflected by the reflective surface of each optical microstructure Passing obliquely through the first surface of the light guiding element to the object to be recognized, the light beam is reflected by the object to be recognized to the light control element, wherein the light beam is sequentially a refraction of the side, Another reflection of the plurality of sides by the bottom surface and the exit, so that the light beam transmitting member to capture the collimated image. The biometric device of claim 1, wherein the reflective surface is inclined with respect to the first surface of the light guiding element. The biometric device of claim 1, wherein the reflective surface is a curved surface. The biometric device of claim 1, wherein the image capturing element has a light receiving surface, and the light beam emitted by the bottom surface of each of the microprisms is perpendicular to the light receiving surface The reference axis clamp has an angle θ and -15° θ 15°. The biometric device of claim 1, further comprising: an optical glue, wherein the light control element is connected to the light guiding element through the optical glue. The biometric device of claim 1, further comprising: a light transmissive element disposed on the first surface of the light guiding element, wherein the light transmissive element has a pressing surface for the The object to be identified is pressed. The biometric device of claim 1, further comprising: a collimating element disposed between the light control element and the image capturing element. The biometric device of claim 1, wherein the light guiding element further has: an outer sidewall connected to the first surface and extending toward a side of the second surface, wherein the light beam is The outer sidewall enters the light guiding element. The biometric device of claim 1, wherein the light guiding element further has: an outer sidewall connected to the first surface and extending toward a side of the second surface; an inner sidewall, and the a second surface connected and disposed opposite the outer sidewall; and a bottom surface disposed opposite the first surface and connected between the outer sidewall and the inner sidewall, wherein the light beam enters the light guiding element from the bottom surface of the light guiding element. The biometric device of claim 1, wherein the light beam comprises visible light, invisible light, or a combination thereof. The biometric device of claim 1, wherein the object to be identified comprises a fingerprint, a vein, a palm print, or a combination thereof.