TWI609098B - Process and cell for generating electric current - Google Patents

Description

Current generating battery cell and process

The present invention relates to a process or method for obtaining an alternative energy source, in particular by interaction of melanin, a melanin precursor, a melanin derivative or the like by gamma radiation to change its redox potential, resulting in current generation, hydrogen atoms and oxygen The atomic system is obtained by a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom generated by separation or separation of water molecules. Since the reaction can occur in both directions, the present invention can be applied to current generation, and the method of the present invention can combine hydrogen and oxygen atoms to form water molecules and incidental current generation.

Regarding the related art, a process for separating water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen atoms is known, as follows: a). A strong current is applied.

b). Heat the water until 2000 degrees Celsius.

c). Separating water molecules by solar electrochemical methods.

d). Another method of separating water molecules is to raise the temperature of the water up to 2000 ° C by using an object to concentrate the solar energy (for example using a mirror). This is the temperature that the laboratory uses to separate the water molecules.

e) An additional method is to synthesize microorganisms by using, for example, green algae and blue-green algae, which use light energy as a main source to generate hydrogen from water as a part of metabolic activity. This photobiotechnology is promising, but oxygen is produced along with hydrogen, which must address the sensitivity of the enzymatic system to oxygen sensitivity. In addition to this, the yield of hydrogen produced by photosynthetic microorganisms is currently too low and economically unfeasible.

f). Another method is water electrolysis, using current to separate water molecules into their compounds (hydrogen and oxygen atoms).

Currently two electrolyzers are used for commercial hydrogen production: alkaline and proton exchange membranes, but these methods are now Hydrogen can not be produced from natural gas from an economic point of view. (Source: US Department of Energy, Efficiency and Renewable Hydrogen Fuel Cell and Infrastructure Technology Project Hydrogen Generation & Delivery).

A natural substance that can also separate or separate water molecules and has been studied is chlorophyll, but because of its affinity with light between 400 nm and about 700 nm, the rest of the light energy is lost. This is why it is estimated that 80% of the energy used is wasted. In addition, its production is complicated and expensive, for example, the temperature needs to be -8 °C.

The problem underlying the present invention is to find an energy source different from the foregoing that can impart energy to the electrolyzed water element to create a process and apparatus for separating water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen atoms and thereby generating a current. In particular, the problem of the present invention is to find an energy source that can initiate the electrolysis of water, unlike the energy source previously described.

According to the present invention, this problem is solved by all the features of the independent process request item and the independent product request. The subsidiary patent claims define possible specific examples.

In particular, the invention features an internal energy source in which the energy source is within the container, and electromagnetic radiation that is absorbable by melanin by energy taken from the energy source.

According to an independent process request item, the present invention relates to a process for generating an electric current in which melanin, a melanin precursor, a melanin derivative or the like absorbs energy from an energy source in an aqueous solution in a container, by dissipating the absorbed energy, melanin , melanin precursors, melanin derivatives or the like can dissociate water molecules, high energy electrons are transferred to primary electron acceptors, and melanin, melanin precursors, melanin derivatives or analogs (melanins) are used to contain water molecules. And the reverse reaction of the hydrogen atom of the current combined with the oxygen atom. Further, according to the independent product request item, the present invention relates to a battery cell for generating an electric current, wherein in order to allow at least electromagnetic radiation to pass, the battery cell comprises a container, melanin, A melanin precursor, a variant, a melanin derivative, or a synthetic or natural analog that primarily dissolves the internal source of energy in the aqueous solution of the cell, the cathode and the anode.

These are the inventions that use melanin as an element of electrolyzed water by absorbing electromagnetic radiation Shooting is used to generate current.

Melanin is a complex polymer that is found in all biological species and has phases Physiological functions such as protection from visible light and ultraviolet light [1, 2], reduction of oxidative stress [3], energy conversion and Fe(III) reduction [4-6]. However, the most attractive and least detectable function of melanin is its interaction with ionizing radiation (gamma radiation). Melanin plays a role in reducing the radiation sensitivity of human melanoma cells [7], and blackened microbial species thrive in highly radioactive environments such as nuclear reactor cooling ponds, stratosphere, space stations, and nuclear reactors damaged by Chernobyl [ 8]. In addition, some blackened microorganisms appear to dominate environments characterized by elevated levels of ionizing radiation, such as purulent melanin-producing bacteria found in uranium-contaminated soils [9], and blackened fungi in radiation-contaminated soils showing towards radiation Directional growth of the source (radiotrophism) [10]. Recently it has been shown that ionizing radiation alters the electronic structure of melanin and enhances the growth of many blackened fungal species, indicating the role of melanin in this process [11], specifically, the physical-chemical interaction of melanin and ionizing radiation. Melanin has various structures and functions regarding the effects from ionizing radiation [7, 12] and provides potential as a radiation protection material [12].

Melanin is composed of a sulfhydryl group believed to be responsible for its redox behavior. melanin The polymer structure allows oxidation and reduction to occur simultaneously. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of any radiation protection material is that it must withstand the oxidative impact of ionizing radiation indefinitely without bleaching.

Preferably, the invention is substantially obtained from normal temperature up to 500 ° C and using electromagnetic Radiation as the only source of energy, separating water molecules to obtain hydrogen and oxygen atoms and high-energy electrons or adding hydrogen or oxygen atoms Used to obtain water and current; used as the main or central electrolysis melanin: polihydroxyindole, eumelanin, dark melanin, allomenin, neuromelanin, humic acid, fuller Alkene, graphite, polyfluorene, acetylene black, pyrrole black, indigo, benzene black, thiophene black, aniline black, hydrated form of polyterpenoids, sepia melamine, dopa black, dopamine black, adrenal gland Plain black, catechol black, 4-amine catechol black, with a simple linear chain, aliphatic or aromatic; or its precursors such as phenol, aminophenol or biphenol, fluorene polyphenol, ring Dopa DHI Y DHICA1, steroids, semiquinones, hydroquinones, L-tyrosine, L-dopamine, morpholine, o-benzoquinone, bimorpholine, porphyrin black, porphyrin black, ocular pigmentation, A nitrogen-free precursor, any precursor of any size or particle (from 1 angstrom to 3 or 4 cm). All of the above compounds are preferably electroactive, in the form of suspensions, solutions, gels, which can absorb ultrasound at 1 MHz intervals, natural or synthetic, from plants, animals or minerals; pure or mixed organic or inorganic compounds, ions , metal (bismuth, iron, nickel, copper, bismuth, antimony, bismuth, antimony, bismuth, chromium or magnesium, lead selenide, etc.). Bismuth is a very effective metal that is fused in melanin in an ionic or particulate state, and as a drug or medicine that is electrochemically designed by electromagnetic radiation (natural or synthetic), although other forms of energy such as kinetic energy vary. The grade is also valid, depending on the rest of the conditions (pH, temperature, pressure, etc.). For such designs, a magnetic field with a weak to significant intensity can be additionally applied.

Events in this design may occur under internal or external physical or chemical stimuli to Larger or smaller.

Preferably, melanin (described above) is proposed as a cell material for water molecules, Electromagnetic radiation is used as the primary or separate energy source for hydrogen generation systems known as electromagnetic radiation/electrochemical methods. As mentioned above, these systems integrate semiconductor materials and water electrolyzers in a monolithic circuit design to use electromagnetic radiation as a primary or separate energy source to generate hydrogen atoms directly from water, although acoustic, ultrasonic and mechanical agitation in 1 MHz intervals, A magnetic field or the like can also be used.

At least two basic standards must be met to find materials that can withstand the entire process: An electromagnetic radiation absorbing system or compound must produce sufficient energy to initiate, direct, and fully support the electrolytic reaction, and must be low cost, stable, and long-term maintained in an aqueous environment.

Melanin can meet the above requirements reasonably and efficiently and present an improvement to solve The central issue of electromagnetic radiation design.

Furthermore, as shown, it can show that the radiation of melanin can cause melanin to change with time. Oxidation, as a function of the exposure time of the melanin concentration and gamma radiation, by measuring the current. Melanin increases oxidation in the presence of ascorbate during exposure to ionizing radiation due to the reducing nature of ascorbate. Maintaining the radiation protection properties of melanin-like materials is the key to the long-term efficacy of the material.

The shape of a container that holds it in a suitable device can be very different: cubes, cylinders, Spherical, polyhedral, rectangular, etc. One of the main requirements is transparent in order to prevent the passage of electromagnetic radiation. The wall can be made of plastic, for example with a special lead alloy, such that the walls of the container do not emit radiation by the source of the emitted energy. The material of the container may have a color that allows for maximum transparency or absorption of the wavelength from the spectrum of the motor, such that an external source of energy other than the internal source of energy in the container, preferably a source of light, produces protons in the photolysis. The wall can be made of glass or any other polymer whose electromagnetic radiation permeability characteristics are suitable for the ultimate need of electromagnetic radiation design so that no radiation escapes.

The main material inside the cell is a basic solute, preferably mainly dissolved in water. Assume The basis of the meter is that melanin absorbs radiation from internal sources of electromagnetic radiation, possibly from the peripheral portion of the molecule, and subsequently from the low-energy electrons to produce high-energy electrons. These high-energy electrons move to the center of the free radicals of the compound where they may be captured by an element such as metals such as iron, copper, ruthenium, osmium, etc. from which they are transferred to a primary electron from nature. Body, which has not been known so far, because The binding system is complex and contains interactions of ions determined by pH. This electron transfer release energy is used to establish a proton gradient.

The combination of melanin molecules and water forms a system that uses at least two activities related to each other Capturing electromagnetic energy: The removal of electrons and proton gradients from water.

The melanin component is in very close contact between them, making it easy to transfer energy quickly. At 3x10 ^-12 seconds of electromagnetic radiation, the melanin reaction center reacts to transfer electromagnetically excited electrons to the primary electron acceptor.

This transfer of electrons produces a positively charged provider and a negatively charged receiver. When considering the reducing power of these two types, it is seen that the formation of these two types of relative charges is important because one of them is a lack of electrons and an acceptable electron, which makes it an oxidizing agent. In contrast, other compounds have an additional electron that can be easily lost, making it a reducing agent. This event from the formation of oxidant and reductant of electromagnetic radiation takes less than 10 ^-9 seconds and is the first basic step in the process of generating current.

Because they are charged in the opposite way, these compounds show a significant attraction to each other. Electricity The separations of the charges are (possibly) stabilized by their movement to the opposite side of the molecule; as one of the negative compounds, the electrons are first given a 醌 (Q1) and then the electrons are transferred to the second type (Q2). This produces a semi-reduced type of ruthenium molecule that is firmly attached to the reaction center of the melanin molecule. As each transfer electron is closer to the reaction center of the melanin molecule. The positively charged portion of melanin is reduced and is ready for the reaction center for the absorption of another proton. Another absorption of electromagnetic/ionizing radiation sends a second electron along the path (negatively charged melanin toward the first and second molecules, Q1 and Q2). This second molecule absorbs two electrons and thus merges with the two protons. The protons used in this reaction may be derived from melanin itself or from surrounding water, causing a decrease in the hydrogen ion concentration of the photosynthetic system, which contributes to the formation of a proton gradient. In theory, the reduced ruthenium molecule will be separated from the melanin reaction center and replaced by a new ruthenium molecule. should. These reactions can occur at room temperature, but when you change, for example, temperature, depending on other variables (pH, magnetic field, concentration, gas, partial pressure, cell shape, etc.) and the main objectives of the process, it can help one side or The other side's reaction.

The separation of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen atoms is a highly energy-consuming reaction because the combination of hydrogen and oxygen atoms is very stable. Decomposing water molecules (hydrogen and oxygen) in the laboratory requires a powerful amount of current or an increase in temperature of almost 2000 °C. The above (water electrolysis) is obtained by melanin at room temperature, more preferably at a boiling temperature of a melanin solution close to 500 ° C, using only energy from electromagnetic radiation, whether natural or man-made. It is estimated that the oxidation-reduction potential of the ruthenium state is about +1.1 V, which is strong enough to attract low-energy electrons (redox potential + 0.82 V) from the strong binding of water molecules, and the separation molecules are hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The separation of water molecules by absorption of electromagnetic radiation/ionizing radiation emitted by a radiation source is called radiation synthesis, which is almost identical to the separation of water molecules by photons via protons called photolysis. It is generally believed that during photolysis or radiation synthesis, the formation of oxygen molecules simultaneously loses four electrons from two water molecules according to the following reaction formula:

A reaction center can only produce a positive charge or its oxidative equivalent at the same time. This problem is solved by the assumption that there are four nitrogen atoms in the reaction center of the melanin molecule, each of which transfers only one electron. To transfer 4 electrons (one at a time) to the nearest quinone ⁺ (quinone+) molecule, this increase in nitrogen concentration may be 4 positive charges.

This transfer of electrons from the nitrogen atom of the reaction center to 醌⁺ is obtained by passage through a positively charged tyrosine group. After each electron that is transferred to 醌⁺ is regenerated, the pigment will be reoxidized (again 醌⁺ ) after absorbing another electron from a radiation source similar to a proton to the reaction center. The accumulation of the four positive charges (or oxidative equivalents) of the nitrogen atom in the reaction center is thus changed by the continuous absorption of four electrons in the melanin reaction center during melanin irradiation. Once four charges are accumulated, the oxygen released from the ruthenium complex catalyzes the removal of 4e- from 2H ₂ O, forming an O ₂ molecule (diatomic oxygen), and regenerating the complete reduction of nitrogen in the reaction center.

The protons produced in the radiation synthesis are released in the medium where they contribute to the proton gradient. Before the O ₂ release occurs, the reaction center must be irradiated several times, and thus hydrogen (diatomic hydrogen) can be measured. This indicates that the effects of the individual radiation reactions must accumulate before O ₂ and hydrogen are released. The gas released during the radiation synthesis is preferably extracted during the process, wherein the gas is primarily diatomic hydrogen and diatomic oxygen. The gas is very stable because it does not require sparks to perform radiation synthesis. In this case, the water is slowly consumed and at least temporarily replaced, so that diatomic hydrogen and diatomic oxygen cannot be output. Thus, one advantageous aspect of the invention is the use of diatomic hydrogen and diatomic oxygen which can be extracted as a gas during radiation synthesis as available energy, for example for use in fuel cells.

Apes are considered to be carriers of mobile electronics. It is important to keep in mind that all electron transfer is dissociative and occurs when electrons are brought to the carrier one after the other, and the electron affinity of the carrier increases (more positive redox potential). The need for an electronically mobile carrier is obvious. Electrons generated by radiation synthesis can pass through to several inorganic receivers, which can therefore be reduced. These means for electrons can result in (depending on the composition of the mixture used) to the final reduction of nitrate molecules (NO ₃ ) to ammonia molecules (NH ₃ ) or hydrosulfide (SH-) reduction sulfates, Change inorganic waste to the compounds needed for life. Such electromagnetic radiation is not only used to reduce the most oxidized form of carbon atoms (CO ₂ ), but also to reduce the most oxidized form of nitrogen and sulfur.

Generating an O ₂ molecule requires removing 4 electrons from two water molecules. Removing 4 electrons from a molecule requires absorption of 4 protons, one proton for one electron.

The design of the battery is an important parameter for optimizing the response to the product. Among them we are particularly interested because of the addition of electrons, their nature, the use of magnetic fields, the addition of several compounds (organic or inorganic, ionic, metallic, pharmaceutical or pharmaceutical) to the system of melanin and water at the beginning, plus The added electrolyte, plus added chemicals, and temperature management, control gas partial pressure, generate current management, magnetic field application, pH level, material and shape used to make battery cells, and internal area configuration. Among other variables, it can be controlled such that the final design can recover electrons, protons or oxygen, and the compound is dissolved according to the formulation of the medium in the melanin. Therefore, melanin (either pure or in combination with organic compounds and inorganic compounds, metals) allows for a design with significant flexibility depending on the goals achieved.

Radiation electrochemical design is optimized for goals such as higher yields of protons and oxygen, Or the production and preservation of current; the maximum possible area of the liquid compound exposed to the emitter emitting electromagnetic radiation in an extended container, among other procedures, such as the addition of electron carrier compounds, melanin doping, etc., and such as positive microlens concentration Light to support photolysis outside of radiation synthesis.

The design of the container is not limited and can have the following shapes: spherical, cubic, diamond, multifaceted Body, plane concave, plane convex, biconvex, biconcave with microlens on one side (the side is exposed to light to collect light) and the other side is flat, cylindrical, circular cylinder, hollow cylinder, cone (straight) truncated cone, rectangular prism, oblique prism, rectangular pyramid, slanted pyramid, truncated spherical portion, spherical segment, spherical sector, spherical with cylindrical perforations, sphere with conical perforations, toroidal curved body (circular Cross section ring), chamfered cylinder, cylindrical wedge, half prism cylinder, and combinations of these, because the liquid assumes any shape, depending on the type of melanin used (eg doping or not), select specific radiation It is convenient, preferably gamma radiation versus soluble melanin, but until now, one of the great advantages of soluble synthetic melanin is that it absorbs radiation from most radiation sources. The control of the partial pressure of gas inside the battery cell is An important variable, and depending on the shape of the cell and its use, these pressures can range from 0.1 mm Hg up to 3 or 4 at atmospheric pressure; another variable that must be considered is the concentration of different substances dissolved in the liquid. The important concentration is mainly the concentration of melanin, and can range from 0.1% to less than 100%; other variables that can be modified are (depending on the use) the ratio between the different components of the formulation, since potassium can be added in concentrations from 0.1 to 10 %; sodium concentration from 0.1 to 10%; chlorine concentration from 0.1 to 10%; calcium concentration from 0.1 to 10%; iron concentration from 0.1 to 8%, copper concentration from 0.1 to 5%, arsenic concentration From 0.1 to 8% or 9%, the concentration of gold is from 0.1 to 8% or 9%, the concentration of silver is similar to that of gold, and the concentration of nickel is from 0.1 to 8%, the concentration of lanthanum, cerium, lanthanum, and the like.

The final volume can range from 1 microliter to 10 or 20 liters, depending on the size of the container And available space; the temperature can be varied from 2 ° C to 45 ° C, especially from 45 ° C to 150 ° C and most advantageously from 200 ° C to 500 ° C. The frequency of solution replacement can be from every 15 minutes to several months or 2 years or 3 years; the formation of internal compartments of small cells inside the cell, ranging from small balls (microspheres, can be several dozen) to spheres The size may be 3 or 4 times that of the interior of the overall design, and the shape of the interior of the small battery cell may be cubic, diamond, polyhedron, concave plane, convex plane, biconvex, biconcave with micro cell, on one side. Biconvex (the side is exposed to light for concentrating) and the other side is flat, cylindrical, circular cylinder, hollow cylinder, cone (straight) truncated cone, rectangular prism (straight), oblique prism, rectangular pyramid (straight), truncated pyramid, truncated spherical portion, spherical segment, spherical sector, spherical with cylindrical perforations, sphere with conical perforations, toric curved body (circular cross-section ring), chamfered cylinder , cylindrical wedges, cylinder barrels, semi-prisms, and combinations of these, the magnification of the microlenses can be selectively from 0.1 to 100 diopters, and the redox properties of the materials used in the compartments (iron, silver, copper, nickel, Gold, platinum, gallium arsenide, germanium , 釓, 铕, 铒, 鐠, 镝, 鈥, chrome, magnesium, lead selenide and alloys thereof, etc.).

With or without cathodes and anodes, their materials (eg platinum, iron, silver, gold, Steel, aluminum, nickel, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, antimony, bismuth, antimony, bismuth, chromium, magnesium; gallium), depending on the most appropriate characteristics to recover electrons or hydrogen, but it must be kept in mind that in the presence of metals or boron Hydrogen works at -1; the initial pH of the solution is in the range of 2 or 3 to 8 or 9 pH units, and the most common is about 7, the above variables can be mastered to control depending on the problem. The photolysis process of demand.

The core of any effective radiation electrochemical design is water-soluble melanin, variants and analogues, where the catalytic radiation synthesis process does not undergo major changes, except for the presence of the following elements such as: magnesium, iron, copper, lead And others, the resulting product together with the resulting product of partial reduction of oxygen atoms (superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, terpenoids and orthoquinone compounds) can rapidly or slowly destroy the effectiveness of melanin, but In the case of pure melanin, for example at a concentration of 10%, the duration of this compound is sufficiently long, but economically convenient (years), and the synthesis of melanin is a very efficient process. Therefore, from an economic and ecological point of view, it is very feasible because pure melanin is completely biodegradable. Therefore, small cells need only periodically supply distilled water outside of the solid electromagnetic radiation source, as well as periodically replace soluble melanin, or, ultimately, add to the design of the material to optimize or enhance some of the electrochemical design due to exposure to radiation. the process of. The ecological advantage of the final product of the reaction of water molecules, oxygen molecules or atoms, hydrogen, high energy electrons and currents can be easily achieved. There is also a small amount of greenhouse effect CO ₂ molecules. The transfer of electrons releases energy, which is used to establish a proton gradient.

Proton motion during electron transport can be compensated by other ion movements, advantageously used The membrane and solvent carry sufficient solutes, and the membrane potential can be formed from photons captured by melanin.

Melanin, melanin precursor, melanin derivative, variant and analog, oxidized water molecules are O, O ₂ and H ₂ , absorbed energy is obtained by electromagnetic/ionizing radiation (electron), and reduced oxygen atom and hydrogen atom are H ₂ O, liberating energy (current, although it can "hold" or "save" current, that is, it can be used as a battery or a battery, that is, not only to generate energy, but also to keep it for a while, within some limits). This is why the design of the battery can be adapted to the requirements.

H ₂ and O ₂ atoms are generated by the use of radiation by electromagnetic radiation, but the production of these elements can be achieved by doping melanin with metals, or by adding organic and inorganic molecules, also on liquids containing water and melanin (melanin). Increased electrolyte concentration, drug addition or radiation control characteristics.

Radiation electrochemical reactions occur in two ways, that is, water molecules are separated, but they are also formed. So it can restore the design current, and it can also be doped with different substances (drugs, metals, electrolytes, organic and inorganic molecules and others) by melanin, or by the light concentration of the lens.

Boxes containing liquids can have different shapes and are suitable for different needs in the house The roof, roof, factory buildings, industrial processing, etc., the battery cells are connected to it, but the central component of the design is melanin (melanin, water-soluble), which initiates and performs radiation synthesis in the form of photolysis of water molecules. But there is electromagnetic wave radiation instead of light.

Melanin removes electrons from water and generates proton gradients.

Depending on the electromagnetic radiation of the reaction, energy can also be generated to reduce CO ₂ to formaldehyde (CH ₂ O), nitrate to ammonia, and sulfate to hydrosulfide.

The aspect of the invention investigates the pigment melanin for ionizing radiation and carbon paste/melanin electricity Extremely electrochemical response. The results shown in the figure establish that gamma radiation can interact with melanin to provide key evidence for the support of this pigment and the initial interaction of electromagnetic/ionizing radiation in such processes as radiation synthesis.

Advantageously, the intrinsic energy source that emits electromagnetic/ionizing radiation is an emitter that is soluble in water. Separation from the aqueous solution in the liquid or in the container, perhaps by incorporation of an internal energy source in the container, is surrounded by the aqueous solution such that the emitter is not in direct contact with the aqueous solution. However, in another preferred embodiment of the present invention, The emitter can be controlled in an aqueous solution, preferably as a particle. The advantage of this embodiment of the emitter particles in aqueous solution is that the emitters are fairly evenly distributed in the aqueous solution.

The substance can be used as an emitter or as an emitter particle system, but is not limited to Substrate: Titanium-44, uranium-232, cesium-238, nickel-63, cesium-32, argon-39, cesium-249, silver-108, cesium-241, cesium-91, carbon-14, cesium-245 ,铌-94,鈈-239, nickel-59, 鎿-236, uranium-233, 鍀-99, uranium-234, chloro-36, 鋦-248, aluminum-26, 铍-10, zirconium-93, 鍀-97, Mn-53, 鍀-98, palladium-107, 鋦-247, uranium-236, 铌-92, 鈈-244, 钐-235, potassium-40, uranium-238, 钍-232, 鑥-176 , 铼-187, 铷-87, 镧-138, 钐-147, platinum-190, 钡-130, 釓-152, indium-115, 铪-174, 锇-186, 钕-144, 钐-148, cadmium -113, vanadium-50, tungsten-180, molybdenum-100, strontium-209, zirconium-96, cadmium-116, selenium-82, strontium-130, strontium-76, strontium-136, strontium-150, calcium-48 , Cobalt-60 or 碲-128. The emitter and/or emitter particles can also be a combination of at least two of the foregoing, and are preferably a mixed oxide version.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is preferred to act as a emitter and/or as a particle. A substance derived from concentrated reprocessing, such as reprocessed uranium (ERU) and mixed oxide (MOX). Thus, the present invention can be viewed as a new development of processing methods or as a recycling concept for sustainable use of an ancillary material that is difficult to handle.

As already mentioned above, the temperature of the aqueous solution in the vessel is from 2 ° C to 500 ° C. However, in a particularly preferred embodiment of one of the processes of the present invention, the temperature of the aqueous solution in the vessel is from 350 ° C to 500 ° C, preferably near 500 ° C. Therefore, it is also necessary to design a container having a high temperature resistant material.

A particular embodiment of the invention is a battery cell, such as a battery or a battery, for use in generating Current. The process of the present invention uses a battery cell, particularly an emitter, as an intrinsic energy source and an aqueous solution for emitting electromagnetic radiation, the battery cell comprising a container preferably made of a material that allows at least electromagnetic radiation to pass therethrough. In addition, the material used as the container is preferably heat resistant, especially at least up to 500 ° C, so that the process of the invention can be It is carried out using a temperature of up to 500 ° C or preferably close to 500 ° C. Among the aqueous solutions in the container of the battery cells, melanin, its precursors, variants, derivatives or synthetic or natural analogs are preferably dissolved. For the connection of the battery cells to the powered device, the battery cells preferably include a cathode and an anode, as already mentioned above.

One advantageous example of one of the battery cells of the invention includes melanin, a melanin precursor, An aqueous solution of a melanin derivative or the like is capable of absorbing electromagnetic radiation. However, in a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, an aqueous solution comprising melanin, a melanin precursor, a melanin derivative or the like is capable of completely absorbing electromagnetic radiation. Such a cell design with an aqueous solution comprising melanin capable of completely absorbing electromagnetic radiation, additionally having a material that allows passage of electromagnetic radiation, can increase the safety of the inventive cell to a maximum.

The invention is further described in detail with the accompanying materials and methods and the accompanying drawings. In materials and The features discussed in the method and the description of the drawings can be freely combined with each other. The scope and application of the claimed patent The characteristics of the book are essential to the invention, or to itself or to any given combination.

Example

Materials and methods

A true melanin produced by a fungus grown in the presence of a levodopa melanin precursor, Cryptococcus neoformans , is used. Following the growth of melanocytes, acid hydrolysis leads to the production of hollow melanin shells called "ghosts" (because they maintain the shape of the cells) as performed in [2].

Carbon paste (CP) electrodes previously used to study melanin electrochemistry [6, 14] were used. Use a clean glass rod to gently crush the dried melanin into a powder and mix it with CP at a melanin/CP ratio of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 (Bioanalytical System, BAS, Syrah Faye, Indiana, USA). The melanin/CP mixture is packaged into an electrode housing (BAS) as described [6, 14]. The packaged electrodes were stored in sterile pH 7, 50 mM/L phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and allowed to hydrate at 25 ° C for at least one week. Since the method by which the fungus produces an extracellular reducing agent [13, 14] is known to be carried out in the presence or absence of a reducing agent, a better understanding of the potential role of the extracellular reductant for the long-term radiation protection properties of melanin is obtained. When used as a reducing agent, 1 mM/L ascorbate (final concentration) was combined with PBS and the electrode was exposed to this solution for at least 24 hours, allowing the ascorbate to diffuse into the electrode material. Cyclic voltammetry was used to confirm that ascorbate was contacted with the electrode material by demonstrating the reduction.

Electrochemical measurements were performed on a three-electrode geometry with CP or melanin/CP working electrode, Pt counter electrode (BAS) and Ag/AgCl (3MNaCI) (BAS) reference electrodes, all immersed in 50 mM/L with or without 1 mM /L Ascorbate pH 7.0 in PBS. The electrodes are contained in a glass vial with screws on the cap and the Teflon septum at either end of the vial. The electrodes are positioned via holes in the membrane. The working electrode is positioned face up to avoid air bubbles from collecting on its surface (see Figure 1).

The VersaSTAT MC multichannel potentiostat/constant current regulator (Princeton University Applied Research) simultaneously performed electrochemical analysis using two channels. For gamma radiation studies, the cable from the potentiostat runs through a 25 cm x 25 cm x 100 cm chamber connection (JL Chevrolet Model 484). The vial with the electrode was placed on a stainless steel shelf and connected to a wire from a potentiostat. The dose rate was determined by the electrode distance from the ⁶⁰ Co gamma source used in each chamber. For experiments that require high current response to aid in quantification, the rack is designed to fit as close as possible to the gamma source as the maximum radiation dose.

The chronoamperometry was performed at -700 mV at the electrode and the radiation started after the electrode current stabilized. The current output as a result of gamma irradiation is measured by the current from the beginning of the radiation and the difference between 60 and 90 minutes. The chronopotentiometry was performed at 1 mA at the electrode. Cyclic voltammetry was performed at a scan rate of 100 mV/s for multiple cycles from -1V to 1V. Cyclic voltammograms record and record the entire radiation radiation. The selected cyclic voltammogram is used to illustrate changes in the results of exposure to ionizing radiation. All experiments were repeated 2 to 3 times with representative data as described herein.

The same features in different figures always correspond to the same component symbols, so in general the features are only described once.

1‧‧‧ battery cell

2‧‧‧Working electrode

3‧‧‧Pt counter electrode

4‧‧‧ reference electrode

5‧‧‧ aqueous solution

6‧‧‧ screws

7‧‧‧ caps

100‧‧‧ battery cells

110‧‧‧ container

120‧‧‧ aqueous solution

130‧‧‧Energy source

140‧‧‧One launcher

Figure 1 shows the construction of an electrochemical cell for electrochemical measurements in radiation studies.

Figure 2 is a graph showing gamma radiation-induced melanin oxidation with increased current yield (upper line) with 20% melanin/80% CP electrode, maintained at -700 mV (for Ag/AgCl), 300 Gy during irradiation h ⁶⁰ Co gamma radiation. The CP (control) electrode reaction system is shown in the lower line. The two electrodes were immersed in PBS pH 7.0.

Figure 3 is a graph showing changes in melanin redox potential at ⁶⁰ Co exposure; CP electrode with 10% melanin (upper line) and CP control (lower line) during 600 Gy/h ⁶⁰ Co gamma radiation at pH 7 In PBS, it is at a constant current of 1 mA.

Figure 4 shows a graph of gamma radiation-induced melanin oxidation with and without 1 mM/L ascorbate; 20% melanin/80% CP electrode was immersed in pH 7.0 PBS with reducing agent ascorbate (upper line) versus pH 7.0 alone PBS (lower line) was exposed to 300 Gy/h ⁶⁰ Co gamma radiation; both electrodes were at -700 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) (background current from the CP electrode exposed to the same conditions was subtracted).

Figure 5a shows a plot of cyclic voltammetry studies during gamma irradiation without a reducing agent.

Figure 5b shows a graph of cyclic voltammetry studies during gamma irradiation in the presence of a reducing agent.

Fig. 6 is a view showing an exemplary embodiment of one of the battery cells of the present invention.

Table 1 of Figure 7 shows the results of current output change as a function of melanin concentration and exposure to 4000 Gy/h ⁶⁰ Co gamma radiation; CP electrode (control) and 10-30% melanin/CP electrode are in pH 7 PBS -700mV.

An exemplary embodiment of an electrochemical cell 1 for electrochemical measurement is shown in FIG. The electrochemical cell 1 comprises a three-electrode geometry having a CP or melanin/CP working electrode 2, a Pt counter electrode (BAS) 3, and an Ag/AgCl (3 M NaCl) reference electrode (BAS) 4. Electrodes 2, 3 and 4 were immersed in aqueous solution 5 (50 mM/L PBS with or without 1 mM/L ascorbate as reducing agent at pH 7.0). The electrodes 2, 3 and 4 are contained in a glass vial 8 with a screw 6 on the cap 7, and a Teflon septum (not shown) at either end of the vial 8. Electrodes 2, 3 and 4 are positioned via holes in the membrane. The working electrode 2 is positioned face up to avoid air bubbles from collecting on its surface.

Figure 2 shows a graph of melanin oxidation induced by gamma radiation in electrochemical cell 1. Increased current production (upper line) of 20% melanin/80% CP electrode, maintained at -700 mV (for Ag/AgCl), 300 Gy/h ⁶⁰ Co gamma radiation during irradiation. The CP (Control) Electrode 2 reaction system is shown in the lower line. The two electrodes 2 were immersed in PBS pH 7.0. For the electrochemical cell 1, the stable electrode 2 composed of CP (80% w:w) plus melanin (20%) can be compared with the electrode using only CP, which can show that the CP mixture is encapsulated in the working electrode 2 casing. Large current production. The current supplied by the electrode 2 at -700 mV is increased as a result of oxidation of the material of the electrode 2 during irradiation. The current maintained by the working electrode 2 having melanin is indicated relative to the working electrode 2 having only the CP alone, and the melanin remains oxidized for an extended period of time after the radiation off. This seems to be due to the presence of stable free radicals in melanin [11]. The current production from the working electrode 2 was proportional to the melanin concentration (10-30%) and the irradiation time (see Table 1), and confirmed previous studies using true melanin [7].

Figure 3 is a graph showing the change in oxidation-reduction potential of melanin at ⁶⁰ Co exposure. The 10% melanin CP electrode 2 is indicated by the upper line and the line below the CP control electrode 2. The two electrodes 2 were immersed in PBS at pH 7.0 and maintained at a fixed current of 1 mA during 600 Gy/h ⁶⁰ Co gamma radiation. During gamma radiation, a continuous 1 mA current was supplied to electrode 2, and oxidation of 10% melanin/90% CP continued to increase. In contrast, the potential of the control CP electrode 2 without melanin is reduced. These results show that using a 1 mA input, melanin shows the ability to maintain oxidation in the field of radiation.

Figure 4 is a graph showing gamma radiation-induced melanin oxidation with or without 1 mM/L ascorbate as a reducing agent. The upper line shows the result of immersing 20% melanin/80% CP electrode 2 in PBS with pH 7.0 as a reducing agent. The lower line shows the results of exposure of electrode 2 with PBS alone at pH 7.0 to 300 Gy/h ⁶⁰ Co gamma radiation. The two electrodes 2 were maintained at -700 mV (for Ag/AgCl) (the background current from the CP electrode exposed to the same conditions was subtracted). In the presence of a reducing agent of ascorbate, the current production is greater than that of PBS alone. By providing electron replenishment to electrode 2, the reducing nature of ascorbate appears to contribute to the reduction behavior of melanin. Although ascorbate is a known free radical scavenger which is present at concentrations much higher than the estimated free radicals formed by the decomposition of water radiation, its presence during gamma radiation does not abolish the oxidation of melanin. This observation suggests that other free radicals from the decomposition of water radiation are involved in the oxidation of melanin. Similarly, melanin oxidation due to Compton electron loss during Compton scattering cannot be ruled out. In order to track this phenomenon, the current production of the electrode 2 in the ascorbate was well monitored after the radiation off. Current production was maintained for more than 2.75 hours and appeared to be due to the presence of stable free radicals in melanin, especially after exposure to ionizing radiation.

Figures 5a and 5b illustrate the results of a cyclic voltammetry study showing electrode 2 immersed in pH 7.0 PBS during gamma irradiation, without a reducing agent (Figure 5a) and in the presence of 1 mM/L ascorbate as a reducing agent ( Figure 5b), 20% melanin/80% Cp electrode 2 was exposed to 4000 Gy/h of ⁶⁰ Co gamma radiation; 0 minutes (line a); 17 minutes (dashed line) and 33 minutes (line b). The background from the CP electrode 2 (control) is subtracted. The scan rate is 100mVs ^-1 . All scans start at -1V.

Without radiation, cyclic voltammetry exhibited an oxidation peak at about 100 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) and a broad reduction peak (Fig. 5a). This peak is similar to those previously reported for the oxidation of melanin using a synthetic melanin film. A slight reduction peak at about -100 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) was also observed. Following irradiation for 17 minutes, the oxidation peak increases as the cathode, or reduction, exhibits a reduced peak current. This trend continues into the 33 minutes of radiation with a slightly increased peak current at 100 mV and a more defined reduction response for the two reduction peaks near -100 mV and -400 mV. L-DOPA melanin was synthesized for synthesis before similar reduction peaks of various pH values.

Cyclic voltammetry During gamma irradiation, melanin showed a substantial increase in oxidation in ascorbic acid solution (Fig. 5b). In the presence of ascorbic acid, melanin was further reduced (Fig. 5b), with an oxidation peak at about 100 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) and a reduction peak at about -100 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) as evidence. The addition of ascorbic acid also resulted in an increase in peak current at 100 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) with a substantial increase in oxidation from both electrodes (Fig. 5b). These data illustrate a two-step reduction from semi-hydrazine to hydroquinone followed by a one-step oxidation to a hydrazine state.

The continued decrease in the reduction peak (Figs. 5a and 5b) confirms the fact that the fractional reduction of the components of the melanin molecule that are continuously oxidized during irradiation and the increase in the anode peak is confirmed.

Fig. 6 is a view showing an exemplary embodiment of the current generation of the battery cell 100 of the present invention, so that the battery cell 100 can be referred to as a battery or a battery. Battery cell 100 includes a container 110. Capacity The material of the device 110 is preferably a material that allows at least one electromagnetic radiation to pass through. The container 110 is hermetically sealed. In addition, the container is designed to be stable at boiling temperatures up to 500 °C. Battery cell 100 also includes melanin, precursors, variants, derivatives, or synthetic or natural analogs (melanins) that are primarily dissolved in aqueous solution 120 of battery cell 100, particularly within vessel 110. Optionally, battery cell 100 includes a cathode and an anode (not shown), such as connecting battery cell 100 to a powered device. As for radiation synthesis, battery cell 100 includes an internal energy source 130 in vessel 110. Internal energy source 130 is preferably used to emit one of electromagnetic radiation/ionizing radiation. In FIG. 6, internal energy source 130 is a piece of emitter 140, but internal energy source 130 can also be particles in aqueous solution 120 (not shown). The concentration of melanin may range from 3 to 10% by volume. With this design, the output of the battery cell 100, which is a battery or a battery, is significantly increased. In addition, there is no radiation escape because the aqueous solution 120 is capable of sufficiently absorbing the radiation emitted by the internal energy source 130 when the melanin is proportional. On the other hand, the energy absorbed and dissipated by the melanin emission dissociates from the water molecules, which recombine it to produce an electric current.

The discussion of the various embodiments described above is only by way of example and not limiting the scope of the invention. Furthermore, the description of the use of ⁶⁰ Co gamma radiation as the emitter for emitting electromagnetic/ionizing radiation is merely an example, and ⁶⁰ Co gamma radiation may also be replaced by any other energy source 130 disclosed in the present invention.

(references)

[1] Steinert, M., Engelhard, H., Flugel, M., Wintermeyer, E. and Hacker 1, Lly protein protects Legionella pneumophila from light but does not directly affect its intracellular survival in Hartmannella vermiformis , Appl. EnViron Microbiol. 61 (1995) 2428-2430

[2] Wang, Y and Casadevall, A, Blackening Cryptococcus to reduce sensitivity to UV light, Appl Environ Microbiol. 60 (1994) 3864-3866.

[3] Zughaier, SM, Ryley, HC and Jackson, SK, Separation and Purification of Melanin Pigment from Epidemic Strains of Burkholderia by Attenuating Superoxide Anion Attenuates Mononuclear Respiratory Outbreak Activity, Infect. Immun. 67 (1999) 908-913 .

[4] Turick, CE, Caccavo, F. Jr., and Tisa, LS, Electron transfer from Shewanella algae BrY to aqueous iron oxide by cell-linked melanin medium, FEMS MicrobioL Lett. 220 (2003) 99-104 .

[5] Turick, CE; Tisa, LS and Caccavo, F. Jr., Melanin production and use as a soluble electron shuttle for Fe(III) oxide reduction and as a terminal electron acceptor for Shewanella algae BrY, Appl. Environ Microbiol. 68 (2002) 2436-2444.

[6] Turick, CE, Beliaev, AS, Zakrajsek, BA, Reardon, CL, Lowy, DA, Poppy, TE; Maloney, A., Ekechukwu, AA, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase by Shewanella Oneidensis MR-I enhances the role of solid phase electron transfer, FEMS MicrobioL Ecology. 68 (2009) 223-235.

[7] Kinnaert, E., R. Morandini, S. Simon, HZ Hill, G. Ghanem and P. Van Houtte., Degree of coloring to alleviate the radiation sensitivity of human melanoma cells, Radiation Res. 154 (2000) 497 -502.

[8] Dadachova, E. and Casadevall, A., Ionizing radiation: How fungi fight, adapt and use melanin, Cur. Opin. Microbiol. 11 (2008) 525-531.

[9] Turick, C.E.; Knox, A.S.; Leverette, C. L.; and Kritzas, Y. G., Stabilization of uranium by microbial metabolism, 1. Environ.Rad. 99 (2008) 890-899.

[10] Zhdanova, N.N; Tugay, T., Dighton, J., Zheltonozhsky, V., McDermott, P., Ionizing radiation-induced fungi, Mycol. Res. 108 (2004) IO89--IO96.

[11] Dadachova, E., Bryan, RA, Huang, X., Moadel, T., Schweitzer, AD, Aisen, P., Nosanchuk, JD, and Casadevall, A., Ionizing radiation changes the electronic properties of melanin and improves The growth of blackened fungi, PLoS ONE. (2007) 5:e457.

[12] Schweitzer, AD, Howell, RC, Jiang, Z., Bryan, RA, Gerfen, G., Chen, CC., Mah, D., Cahill, S., Casadevall, A. and Dadachova, E., Rational design of melanin as a physical assessment of the novel naturally excited radiation protector, PLoS ONE (2009) 4:e7229.

[13] Nyhus, K.J., Wilborn, A.T and Jacobson, E.S., Trivalent iron reduction using Cryptococcus neoformans, Infect. Immun. 65 (1997) 434-438.

[14] Serpentini, CL., Gauchet, C., Montauzon, D., Comtat, M., Ginestar, J., Paillous, N., First Electrochemistry of Redox Properties of Dopa Melanin by Carbon Paste Electrode Investigation, Electrochim. ACTA. 45 (2000) 1663-1668.

100‧‧‧ battery cells

110‧‧‧ container

120‧‧‧ aqueous solution

130‧‧‧Energy source

140‧‧‧One launcher

Claims (20)

A current-generating process in which melanin, a melanin precursor, a melanin derivative, absorbs energy from an energy source (130) in an aqueous solution (120) in a vessel (110), by dissipating the absorbed energy, melanin, Melanin precursors, melanin derivatives are dissociated from water molecules, high-energy electrons are transferred to primary electron acceptors, and melanin, melanin precursors, melanin derivatives are used in the reverse reaction of hydrogen atoms containing oxygen molecules and currents in combination with oxygen atoms. The energy source (130) is an internal energy source in the container (110), and the energy system electromagnetic radiation/ionizing radiation taken from the energy source (130), wherein the internal energy source (130) is Emitter particles, which are particles within an aqueous solution (120). The process of claim 1, wherein the energy from the energy source (130) is gamma radiation. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein the energy source (130) is derived from the following materials: titanium-44, uranium-232, yttrium-238, nickel-63, yttrium-32, argon-39, yttrium-249, silver- 108, 鋂-241, 铌-91, carbon-14, 鋦-245, 铌-94, 鈈-239, nickel-59, 鎿-236, uranium-233, 鍀-99, uranium-234, chloro-36,鋦-248, aluminum-26, 铍-10, zirconium-93, 鍀-97, manganese-53, 鍀-98, palladium-107, 鋦-247, uranium-236, 铌-92, 鈈-244, 钐- 235, potassium-40, uranium-238, 钍-232, 鑥-176, 铼-187, 铷-87, 镧-138, 钐-147, platinum-190, 钡-130, 釓-152, indium-115,铪-174, 锇-186, 钕-144, 钐-148, cadmium-113, vanadium-50, tungsten-180, molybdenum-100, cesium-209, zirconium-96, cadmium-116, selenium-82, strontium- 130, 锗-76, 氙-136, 钕-150, calcium-48, cobalt-60 or 碲-128, or a combination of at least two of the foregoing. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein the energy source (130) is derived from a concentrated reprocessed material. The process of claim 3, wherein the foregoing materials are concentrated and reprocessed. The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the temperature of the aqueous solution in the vessel is from 200 ° C to 500 ° C. The process of claim 6 wherein the temperature of the aqueous solution in the vessel is approximately 500 °C. The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the initial pH of the aqueous solution is varied from 2 or 3 to a pH unit of 8 or 9. The process of claim 8, wherein the initial pH of the aqueous solution is a pH unit of about 7. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein the melanin holds the current. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein oxygen and hydrogen atoms and high energy electrons are generated during the process. The process of claim 11, wherein during the process, OH, hydrogen peroxide or superoxide anion is produced. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein the aqueous solution (120) is a suspension or a solution having water; natural or synthetic; having a vegetal, animal or mineral origin; pure or mixed with an organic compound or an inorganic compound , ions, drugs, metals; and have a concentration from 0.1% to less than 100%. The process of claim 13, wherein the metal is derived from the group consisting of ruthenium, iron, nickel, copper, ruthenium, osmium, iridium, osmium, iridium, chromium or magnesium, and lead selenide. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein the melanin, melanin precursor, and melanin derivative comprise polihydroxyindole, melanin, dark melanin, allomenin, neuromelanin, humic Acid, fullerene, graphite, polyfluorene, acetylene black, pyrrole black, indigo, benzene black, thiophene black, aniline black, hydrated form of poly Anthraquinone, squid melamine, dopa black, dopamine black, adrenaline black, catechol black, 4-amine catechol black, with a simple linear chain, aliphatic or aromatic; or its precursor Such as phenol, aminophenol or biphenol, fluorene polyphenol, cyclodab DHI Y DHICA1, hydrazines, semiquinones, hydroquinones, L-tyrosine, L-dopamine, morpholine, o-benzoquinone, Bimorpholine, porphyrin black, porphyrin black, ocular pigment black, nitrogen-free precursor, any precursor having any size or particle size from 1 angstrom to 3 or 4 centimeters. An electric current generating battery cell (100) comprising a container (110) for allowing passage of at least electromagnetic radiation, melanin, its precursors, variants, derivatives, an aqueous solution (120) which is mainly dissolved in the container (110). An internal energy source (130), a cathode, and an anode in the vessel (110), characterized in that the internal energy source (130) emits electromagnetic radiation, wherein the internal energy source (130) is an emitter particle, The emitter particles are particles within an aqueous solution (120). The battery cell (100) of claim 16, wherein the aqueous solution (120) comprising melanin, melanin precursor, and melanin derivative is capable of absorbing the electromagnetic radiation. The battery cell (100) of claim 16 or 17, wherein the internal energy source (130) is an emitter (140) or particles from the following materials: titanium-44, uranium-232, strontium-238, nickel-63,矽-32, argon-39, 鉲-249, silver-108, 鋂-241, 铌-91, carbon-14, 鋦-245, 铌-94, 鈈-239, nickel-59, 鎿-236, uranium- 233, 鍀-99, uranium-234, chloro-36, 鋦-248, aluminum-26, 铍-10, zirconium-93, 鍀-97, manganese-53, 鍀-98, palladium-107, 鋦-247, Uranium-236, 铌-92, 鈈-244, 钐-235, potassium-40, uranium-238, 钍-232, 鑥-176, 铼-187, 铷-87, 镧-138, 钐-147, platinum- 190, 钡-130, 釓-152, indium-115, 铪-174, 锇-186, 钕-144, 钐-148, cadmium-113, vanadium-50, tungsten-180, molybdenum-100, 铋-209, Zirconium-96, cadmium-116, selenium-82, strontium-130, strontium-76, strontium-136, strontium-150, calcium-48, cobalt-60 or cesium-128, or a combination of at least two of the foregoing. The battery cell (100) of claim 16 or 17, wherein the volume of the container is from 1 microliter to 10 liters or to 20 liters. A battery cell (100) according to claim 16 or 17, wherein a process of any one of claims 1 to 15 is operable in the battery cell (100).