TWI566990B - Resin container - Google Patents
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- TWI566990B TWI566990B TW104117165A TW104117165A TWI566990B TW I566990 B TWI566990 B TW I566990B TW 104117165 A TW104117165 A TW 104117165A TW 104117165 A TW104117165 A TW 104117165A TW I566990 B TWI566990 B TW I566990B
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- reduced pressure
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- bottom wall
- pressure absorbing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D1/00—Containers having bodies formed in one piece, e.g. by casting metallic material, by moulding plastics, by blowing vitreous material, by throwing ceramic material, by moulding pulped fibrous material, by deep-drawing operations performed on sheet material
- B65D1/02—Bottles or similar containers with necks or like restricted apertures, designed for pouring contents
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Containers Having Bodies Formed In One Piece (AREA)
- Packaging Of Annular Or Rod-Shaped Articles, Wearing Apparel, Cassettes, Or The Like (AREA)
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Description
本發明是關於具備減壓吸收部之樹脂製容器。 The present invention relates to a resin container having a reduced pressure absorbing portion.
在所謂PET瓶(寶特瓶)等的樹脂製容器內填充飲料時,為了提昇飲料的保存性,可能在約85~90℃下將飲料進行熱填充,藉此將飲料及樹脂製容器內部實施加熱殺菌。因此,樹脂製容器必須具備有可耐熱填充時的熱之耐熱性,為了對樹脂製容器賦予該耐熱性,一般是進行吹塑成型後的熱定型(heat setting)。 When a beverage is filled in a resin container such as a PET bottle, it is possible to heat the beverage at about 85 to 90 ° C in order to improve the storage stability of the beverage, thereby implementing the inside of the beverage and the resin container. Heat sterilization. Therefore, the resin container must have heat resistance to heat during heat-resistant filling, and in order to impart heat resistance to the resin container, heat setting after blow molding is generally performed.
此外,關於習知的樹脂製容器,具備減壓吸收部的容器是已知的。減壓吸收部,是對應於熱填充所造成之內壓變動、內容液的容積變動而產生彎曲移位,藉此防止樹脂製容器之容器變形(例如,參照專利文獻1)。 Further, as a conventional resin container, a container having a reduced pressure absorbing portion is known. The pressure-reducing and absorbing portion is configured to prevent deformation of the container of the resin container in accordance with the fluctuation of the internal pressure caused by the heat filling and the volume change of the content liquid (for example, refer to Patent Document 1).
[專利文獻1]日本特開2004-299758號公報 [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-299758
近年來環境問題的意識抬頭,樹脂製容器之輕量化積極地進展。然而,若因輕量化造成容器的厚度變薄,其整體的強度會降低而容易發生上述容器變形。於是,以往,是藉由擴大減壓吸收部,讓其吸收性能提昇而防止容器變形,但當減壓吸收部擴大時,在熱定型中,存在容器容易產生不規則變形的問題。此外,在預成型體的吹塑成型中之熱定型時,若預成型體的厚度變薄,該預成型體變得容易附著於模具,而難以確保與習知的樹脂製容器同樣程度的耐熱性。 In recent years, awareness of environmental issues has risen, and the weight reduction of resin containers has progressed actively. However, if the thickness of the container is reduced due to weight reduction, the overall strength thereof is lowered and the container deformation is likely to occur. Therefore, conventionally, the pressure-reducing absorption portion has been enlarged to improve the absorption performance and to prevent deformation of the container. However, when the pressure-reducing absorption portion is enlarged, there is a problem that the container is likely to be irregularly deformed during heat setting. Further, in the heat setting in the blow molding of the preform, if the thickness of the preform is reduced, the preform becomes likely to adhere to the mold, and it is difficult to ensure the same degree of heat resistance as the conventional resin container. Sex.
本發明的目的,是為了謀求輕量化的樹脂製容器之防止變形及耐熱性提昇。 An object of the present invention is to prevent deformation and heat resistance of a resin container which is lightweight.
本發明的樹脂製容器之第1特徵構造在於,是在具備減壓吸收部的樹脂製容器中,在前述減壓吸收部的底壁設有互相交叉的2個溝槽。 In the resin container including the reduced pressure absorbing portion, the resin container having the reduced pressure absorbing portion is provided with two grooves that intersect each other at the bottom wall of the reduced pressure absorbing portion.
依據本構造,藉由將互相交叉的2個溝槽設置在減壓吸收部的底壁,不須擴大減壓吸收部就能讓其吸收性能提昇。亦即,因為不須將減壓吸收部擴大,可避免熱定型中的不規則變形發生,縱使輕量化,仍可藉由吸收性能提昇後的減壓吸收部來防止容器變形。 According to this configuration, by providing the two grooves that intersect each other on the bottom wall of the reduced pressure absorbing portion, the absorption performance can be improved without enlarging the reduced pressure absorbing portion. That is, since it is not necessary to enlarge the reduced pressure absorbing portion, irregular deformation in heat setting can be prevented, and even if the weight is reduced, the deformation of the container can be prevented by the pressure absorbing portion having improved absorption performance.
此外,在預成型體之吹塑成型中的熱定型時,縱使預成型體的厚度變薄,利用互相交叉之2個溝槽的作用,能防止預成型體附著在模具上。結果,更高溫度下的熱定型成為可能,因此能夠賦予更高的耐熱性,縱使預成型體的厚度變薄,仍可確保與習知的樹脂製容器同樣程度的耐熱性。 Further, in the heat setting in the blow molding of the preform, even if the thickness of the preform is reduced, the action of the two grooves which intersect each other can prevent the preform from adhering to the mold. As a result, heat setting at a higher temperature is possible, so that higher heat resistance can be imparted, and even if the thickness of the preform is reduced, heat resistance similar to that of a conventional resin container can be ensured.
第2特徵構造在於,前述2個溝槽,是沿著前述減壓吸收部之底壁的對角線而交叉。 The second characteristic structure is that the two grooves intersect along a diagonal line of a bottom wall of the reduced pressure absorbing portion.
依據本構造,使2個溝槽沿著減壓吸收部之底壁的對角線交叉,而使減壓吸收部的底壁被分割。藉此,當容器的內壓變化時,減壓吸收部容易朝可吸收該內壓的方向移動,而能更有效率的防止容器變形。 According to this configuration, the two grooves are intersected along the diagonal line of the bottom wall of the reduced pressure absorbing portion, and the bottom wall of the reduced pressure absorbing portion is divided. Thereby, when the internal pressure of the container changes, the reduced pressure absorbing portion is easily moved in a direction in which the internal pressure can be absorbed, and the deformation of the container can be more effectively prevented.
第3特徵構造在於,2個溝槽是在前述減壓吸收部之底壁的中心部分以大致90°的角度交叉。 The third characteristic structure is that the two grooves intersect at a central portion of the bottom wall of the decompression absorbing portion at an angle of substantially 90°.
依據本構造,2個溝槽是在減壓吸收部之底壁的中心部分以大致90°的角度交叉,而使減壓吸收部的底壁被分割。藉此,當容器的內壓變化時,減壓吸收部容易朝可吸收該內壓的方向移動,而能更有效率的防止容器變形。 According to this configuration, the two grooves are intersected at a central portion of the bottom wall of the reduced pressure absorbing portion at an angle of substantially 90°, and the bottom wall of the reduced pressure absorbing portion is divided. Thereby, when the internal pressure of the container changes, the reduced pressure absorbing portion is easily moved in a direction in which the internal pressure can be absorbed, and the deformation of the container can be more effectively prevented.
第4特徵構造在於,複數個前述減壓吸收部是沿著周方向等間隔地設置。 The fourth characteristic structure is that a plurality of the pressure reducing absorption portions are provided at equal intervals in the circumferential direction.
依據本構造,可遍及容器的周方向全體確保高減壓吸收性能及高耐熱性。 According to this configuration, high decompression absorption performance and high heat resistance can be ensured throughout the entire circumferential direction of the container.
第5特徵構造在於,前述複數個減壓吸收部是在上下方向設有複數段。 According to a fifth aspect of the invention, the plurality of reduced pressure absorbing portions are provided in a plurality of stages in the vertical direction.
依據本構造,可遍及容器之複數段的周方向全體確保高減壓吸收性能及高耐熱性。 According to this configuration, high decompression absorption performance and high heat resistance can be ensured throughout the entire circumferential direction of the plurality of stages of the container.
1‧‧‧瓶 1‧‧‧ bottle
2‧‧‧口部 2‧‧‧ mouth
3‧‧‧肩部 3‧‧‧ shoulder
4‧‧‧本體部 4‧‧‧ Body Department
5~7‧‧‧第1~第3周溝槽部 5~7‧‧‧1st to 3rd week groove
8‧‧‧上胴部 8‧‧‧Upper Department
9‧‧‧下胴部 9‧‧‧Lower Department
10‧‧‧底部 10‧‧‧ bottom
11‧‧‧減壓吸收部 11‧‧‧Decompression and absorption department
12‧‧‧底壁 12‧‧‧ bottom wall
13‧‧‧溝槽 13‧‧‧ trench
圖1係本發明的樹脂製容器之前視圖。 Fig. 1 is a front view of a resin container of the present invention.
圖2係本發明的樹脂製容器之其他實施形態之前視圖。 Fig. 2 is a front view showing another embodiment of the resin container of the present invention.
圖3係本發明的樹脂製容器之其他實施形態的前視圖。 Fig. 3 is a front view showing another embodiment of the resin container of the present invention.
圖4係本發明的樹脂製容器之其他實施形態的前視圖。 Fig. 4 is a front view showing another embodiment of the resin container of the present invention.
以下,將本發明的樹脂製容器的構造運用於飲料用瓶1的例子當作實施形態,根據圖式作說明。 Hereinafter, an example in which the structure of the resin container of the present invention is applied to the bottle 1 for a beverage will be described as an embodiment, and will be described based on the drawings.
如圖1所示般,本實施形態的瓶1由上而下依序具備:口部2、肩部3、及本體部4。 As shown in Fig. 1, the bottle 1 of the present embodiment is provided in order from top to bottom: a mouth portion 2, a shoulder portion 3, and a body portion 4.
本體部4是大致圓筒狀的容器,其具備:第1~第3周溝槽部5,6,7、上胴部8、下胴部9、及底部10。 The main body portion 4 is a substantially cylindrical container including first to third circumferential groove portions 5, 6, and 7, an upper jaw portion 8, a lower jaw portion 9, and a bottom portion 10.
口部2是在上端開口,在其外周形成有公螺紋部。口部2,是與未圖示的瓶蓋緊固結合而被密封。 The mouth portion 2 is open at the upper end, and a male screw portion is formed on the outer circumference thereof. The mouth portion 2 is tightly coupled to a cap (not shown) and sealed.
第1~第3周溝槽部5,6,7都是遍及本體部4的全周而設的溝槽,是具備補強肋的作用,以補強對施加於本體部4的側面之撞撃、荷重之強度。 The first to third circumferential grooves 5, 6, and 7 are grooves provided over the entire circumference of the main body portion 4, and are provided with reinforcing ribs to reinforce the impact applied to the side surface of the main body portion 4, The strength of the load.
本實施形態之上胴部8及下胴部9都具有越靠近第2周溝槽部6側其直徑越小的形狀,就瓶1整體而言,是在第2周溝槽部6附近形成有頸縮部。 In the present embodiment, both the crotch portion 8 and the crotch portion 9 have a smaller diameter as it approaches the second circumferential groove portion 6, and the entire bottle 1 is formed in the vicinity of the second circumferential groove portion 6. There is a necking.
在上胴部8及下胴部9都是,複數個減壓吸收部11形成為往本體部4的內側凹陷。減壓吸收部11具備有縱長之大致長方形狀的底壁12。又本實施形態之下胴部9的減壓吸收部11設定為,比上胴部8的減壓吸收部11具有更長的縱向長度。 In the upper jaw portion 8 and the lower jaw portion 9, a plurality of pressure reducing and absorbing portions 11 are formed to be recessed toward the inside of the body portion 4. The reduced pressure absorbing portion 11 is provided with a vertically elongated bottom wall 12 having a substantially rectangular shape. Further, in the present embodiment, the reduced pressure absorbing portion 11 of the crotch portion 9 is set to have a longer longitudinal length than the reduced pressure absorbing portion 11 of the upper crotch portion 8.
在減壓吸收部11的底壁12,形成有沿著其對角線互相交叉之2個溝槽13。藉由該2個溝槽13,不須擴大減壓吸收部11就能讓其吸收性能提昇。此外,在預成型體的吹塑成型中之熱定型時,縱使預成型體的厚度變薄,利用互相交叉的2個溝槽13的作用仍可防止預成型 體附著在模具上。 In the bottom wall 12 of the reduced pressure absorbing portion 11, two grooves 13 which intersect each other along the diagonal line thereof are formed. With the two grooves 13, the absorption performance can be improved without enlarging the reduced pressure absorbing portion 11. Further, in the heat setting in the blow molding of the preform, even if the thickness of the preform is thinned, the pre-forming can be prevented by the action of the two grooves 13 which intersect each other. The body is attached to the mold.
上胴部8及下胴部9各自的複數個減壓吸收 部11,是沿著周方向等間隔地設置。又在本實施形態中,上胴部8及下胴部9各自的減壓吸收部11的數量相同,且上胴部8的減壓吸收部11各個和下胴部9的減壓吸收部11各個,是隔著第2周溝槽部6而在上下方向對置。 a plurality of decompression absorptions of each of the upper jaw portion 8 and the lower jaw portion 9 The portions 11 are provided at equal intervals in the circumferential direction. Further, in the present embodiment, the number of the pressure reducing and absorbing portions 11 of the upper jaw portion 8 and the lower jaw portion 9 is the same, and the pressure reducing and absorbing portions 11 of the upper jaw portion 8 and the pressure reducing and absorbing portion 11 of the lower jaw portion 9 are the same. Each of them is opposed to each other in the vertical direction across the groove portion 6 of the second circumference.
本發明的樹脂製容器,例如可使用聚乙烯、 聚丙烯、聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯等的熱塑性樹脂作為主材料,藉由雙軸拉伸吹塑成型等的拉伸成形法而進行成型。 The resin container of the present invention may be, for example, polyethylene. A thermoplastic resin such as polypropylene or polyethylene terephthalate is used as a main material and is molded by a stretching method such as biaxial stretching blow molding.
又將本發明運用於所謂PET瓶的情況,宜設 計成280mL~2L容量。在此情況,減壓吸收部11之底壁12的尺寸較佳為,總面積:50~250cm2、縱向長度:35~90mm、橫向寬度:20~55mm。 Further, when the present invention is applied to a so-called PET bottle, it is preferably designed to have a capacity of 280 mL to 2 L. In this case, the size of the bottom wall 12 of the reduced-pressure absorption portion 11 is preferably a total area of 50 to 250 cm 2 , a longitudinal length of 35 to 90 mm, and a lateral width of 20 to 55 mm.
1.減壓吸收部11之底壁12的溝槽13,並不限定為上述實施形態,例如圖2所示般亦可構成為,使2個溝槽13在底壁12的中心部分以大致90°的角度交叉。 1. The groove 13 of the bottom wall 12 of the reduced-pressure absorption portion 11 is not limited to the above-described embodiment. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, the two grooves 13 may be substantially at the center portion of the bottom wall 12. An angle of 90° intersects.
2.在上述實施形態,複數個減壓吸收部11是設置在瓶1的上胴部8及下胴部9而成為上下2段,但並不限定為此構造。視情況,亦可構成為不是複數段,而僅設置在上胴部8及下胴部9當中的任一方,或是按照必要而在上下方向設有更多段。 2. In the above embodiment, the plurality of pressure reducing and absorbing portions 11 are provided in the upper jaw portion 8 and the lower jaw portion 9 of the bottle 1 and are formed in the upper and lower portions. However, the configuration is not limited thereto. Depending on the case, it may be configured not to be a plurality of segments, but only one of the upper jaw portion 8 and the lower jaw portion 9, or more segments may be provided in the up and down direction as necessary.
3.在上述實施形態,減壓吸收部11之底壁12的形狀為縱長的大致長方形狀,但只要藉由溝槽13的交叉能使底壁12被分割成複數個的構造即可,並不限定於此,例如亦可為梯形、平行四邊形(參照圖3)、帶圓角的形狀(參照圖4)等。 3. In the above embodiment, the shape of the bottom wall 12 of the reduced pressure absorbing portion 11 is a substantially long rectangular shape. However, the bottom wall 12 can be divided into a plurality of structures by the intersection of the grooves 13. The present invention is not limited thereto, and may be, for example, a trapezoidal shape, a parallelogram shape (see FIG. 3), a rounded shape (see FIG. 4), or the like.
4.在上述實施形態,是顯示將互相交叉的2個溝槽13設置在減壓吸收部11的底壁12的構造。然而,並不限定為讓2個溝槽13交叉的構造,作為用來讓樹脂製容器的耐熱性提昇之其他構造,亦可將溝槽13設計成形成所謂「桁架構造」的溝槽。作為這種構造例如可列舉出:上述沿著減壓吸收部11之底壁12的對角線互相交叉的2個溝槽13當中僅設置一方的構造,或是將溝槽13設計成連結底壁12之2個角和一邊之V字狀溝槽的構造等。 4. In the above embodiment, the two grooves 13 that intersect each other are provided on the bottom wall 12 of the reduced-pressure absorption portion 11. However, the structure in which the two grooves 13 intersect is not limited, and the groove 13 may be designed to form a so-called "truss structure" as another structure for improving the heat resistance of the resin container. As such a structure, for example, only one of the two grooves 13 crossing the diagonal line of the bottom wall 12 of the reduced pressure absorbing portion 11 may be provided, or the groove 13 may be designed to be connected to the bottom. The structure of the two corners of the wall 12 and the V-shaped groove on one side.
藉由雙軸拉伸吹塑成型法,對於圖1的實施例1、圖2的實施例2、及在減壓吸收部11的底壁12未設置溝槽13而具有平面狀的底壁之比較例,分別製作出500mL容量的PET瓶。又各PET瓶之減壓吸收部11的底壁12之總面積大致相同,分別為實施例1:107.8cm2、實施例2:107.8cm2、比較例:107.3cm2。 The biaxial stretching blow molding method has a planar bottom wall for the first embodiment of FIG. 1 , the second embodiment of FIG. 2 , and the bottom wall 12 of the reduced-pressure absorption portion 11 without the groove 13 . In a comparative example, a PET bottle having a capacity of 500 mL was produced. And reduced pressure absorbing portions of the PET bottles with a total area 12 of the bottom wall 11 is substantially the same, respectively, Example 1: 107.8cm 2, 2 Example: 107.8cm 2, Comparative Example: 107.3cm 2.
將約18g的聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯製的有底預成型體射出成型後,在熱定型過程中將模具溫度提高,測定會發生不規則變形的溫度。 After about 18 g of the bottomed preform made of polyethylene terephthalate was injection-molded, the temperature of the mold was raised during the heat setting process, and the temperature at which irregular deformation occurred was measured.
在比較例,當模具溫度提高到125℃時會發生 不規則變形,在實施例1及2,當模具溫度提高到144℃以上會發生不規則變形。結果,比較例之模具溫度只能提高到120℃,但實施例1及2可將模具溫度提高到142℃,而能夠賦予更高的耐熱性。 In the comparative example, it occurs when the mold temperature is raised to 125 ° C. Irregular deformation, in Examples 1 and 2, irregular deformation occurs when the mold temperature is raised above 144 °C. As a result, the mold temperature of the comparative example was only increased to 120 ° C, but Examples 1 and 2 can increase the mold temperature to 142 ° C, and can impart higher heat resistance.
此外,對各PET瓶測定減壓吸收量。首先, 在PET瓶內注滿水,在頂隙(head space)完全消失的狀態下,將瓶蓋鎖緊而成為密閉狀態。接著,在瓶蓋的頂面鑽孔,將橡膠瓶塞塞入該孔中而成為不漏水的狀態。接下來,將注射器刺入橡膠瓶塞,慢慢地抽水而使其減壓。而且,測定使PET瓶變形時所抽取的水量(減壓量),藉此測定減壓吸收量。 Further, the amount of reduced pressure absorption was measured for each PET bottle. First of all, The PET bottle was filled with water, and the cap was locked in a sealed state in a state where the head space completely disappeared. Next, the top surface of the cap is bored, and the rubber stopper is inserted into the hole to be in a state of no water leakage. Next, the syringe was inserted into a rubber stopper and slowly pumped to reduce the pressure. Further, the amount of water (decompression amount) extracted when the PET bottle was deformed was measured, and the amount of reduced pressure absorption was measured.
各PET瓶的減壓吸收量分別為比較例:14mL、實施例1:20mL、實施例2:15.7mL。計算底壁12之每單位面積之減壓吸收量(mL/cm2)的結果分別為,比較例:0.13、實施例1:0.19、實施例2:0.15。因此,依據本發明,不須擴大減壓吸收部就能讓其吸收性能提昇。 The amount of reduced pressure absorption of each PET bottle was Comparative Example: 14 mL, Example 1: 20 mL, and Example 2: 15.7 mL. The results of calculating the amount of reduced pressure absorption per unit area of the bottom wall 12 (mL/cm 2 ) were respectively Comparative Example: 0.13, Example 1: 0.19, and Example 2: 0.15. Therefore, according to the present invention, the absorption performance can be improved without enlarging the reduced pressure absorbing portion.
本發明的樹脂製容器,不僅能作為水、綠茶、烏龍茶、果汁、清涼飲料水等的飲料用瓶,也能作為醬料等的食品之填充容器等來利用。 The resin container of the present invention can be used not only as a bottle for beverages such as water, green tea, oolong tea, fruit juice, or soft drink water, but also as a filling container for foods such as sauces.
1‧‧‧瓶 1‧‧‧ bottle
2‧‧‧口部 2‧‧‧ mouth
3‧‧‧肩部 3‧‧‧ shoulder
4‧‧‧本體部 4‧‧‧ Body Department
5~7‧‧‧第1~第3周溝槽部 5~7‧‧‧1st to 3rd week groove
8‧‧‧上胴部 8‧‧‧Upper Department
9‧‧‧下胴部 9‧‧‧Lower Department
10‧‧‧底部 10‧‧‧ bottom
11‧‧‧減壓吸收部 11‧‧‧Decompression and absorption department
12‧‧‧底壁 12‧‧‧ bottom wall
13‧‧‧溝槽 13‧‧‧ trench
Claims (5)
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PCT/JP2014/070760 WO2016021009A1 (en) | 2014-08-06 | 2014-08-06 | Plastic container |
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TW201605693A TW201605693A (en) | 2016-02-16 |
TWI566990B true TWI566990B (en) | 2017-01-21 |
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TW104117165A TWI566990B (en) | 2014-08-06 | 2015-05-28 | Resin container |
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JP (1) | JP6678106B2 (en) |
MY (1) | MY183596A (en) |
SG (1) | SG11201700853PA (en) |
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WO (1) | WO2016021009A1 (en) |
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JP6848189B2 (en) * | 2016-03-03 | 2021-03-24 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | How to make plastic bottles, fillers, and plastic bottles |
JP7003391B2 (en) * | 2016-03-16 | 2022-01-20 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | Plastic bottles and fillers |
JP2018162095A (en) * | 2017-03-27 | 2018-10-18 | サントリーホールディングス株式会社 | Container made of resin |
JP7006743B2 (en) * | 2020-09-09 | 2022-01-24 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | Plastic bottles and fillers |
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- 2014-08-06 WO PCT/JP2014/070760 patent/WO2016021009A1/en active Application Filing
- 2014-08-06 SG SG11201700853PA patent/SG11201700853PA/en unknown
- 2014-08-06 MY MYPI2017700341A patent/MY183596A/en unknown
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SG11201700853PA (en) | 2017-03-30 |
JP6678106B2 (en) | 2020-04-08 |
WO2016021009A1 (en) | 2016-02-11 |
MY183596A (en) | 2021-03-02 |
JPWO2016021009A1 (en) | 2017-06-22 |
TW201605693A (en) | 2016-02-16 |
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