TWI434455B - Method and apparatus for preventing voltage reversal of water electrolysis battery - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for preventing voltage reversal of water electrolysis battery Download PDFInfo
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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本發明「防止水電解電池電壓反轉之方法與裝置」,涉及一種防止水電解電池在未進行水電解反應時產生逆電流與電壓反轉現象的新技術;更具體來說,其係利用一維持電源供應單元持續提供予水電解電池電源,以達到防止電壓反轉之方法與裝置者。The invention relates to a method and a device for preventing voltage inversion of a water electrolysis cell, relating to a new technology for preventing a reverse current and a voltage reversal phenomenon when a water electrolysis cell is not subjected to a water electrolysis reaction; more specifically, it utilizes a The method and device for preventing the voltage reversal from being maintained by the power supply unit are continuously provided to the water electrolysis battery.
有鑑於環境污染,加上能源短缺在所難免,傳統的火力、水力與核能發電已無法滿足未來人類的需求,新能源的研發刻不容緩。近年來各界對於綠色能源之研發可說是不遺餘力,以其中的燃料電池來說,由於可行性高,加上低噪音、低污染、效率高,早已普遍受到各國政府與企業的重視。In view of environmental pollution, coupled with energy shortages, traditional firepower, hydropower and nuclear power generation can no longer meet the needs of future humans, and the research and development of new energy cannot be delayed. In recent years, all walks of life have been spared no effort in the research and development of green energy. In terms of fuel cells, due to the high feasibility, low noise, low pollution and high efficiency, it has long been widely valued by governments and enterprises.
燃料電池係利用氫氣與氧氣化合反應,產生電流以及液態水;反之,將液態水通以反應電位,則會產生氫氣與氧氣。上述將液態水解離成氫氣與氧氣的反應作用,稱之為水電解。利用這種可雙向反應之特性,可讓燃料電池的反應物-氫氣與氧氣不斷地循環利用,構成一氫能源循環或稱為氫經濟,其中水電解技術現今技術透過質子交換膜作為固能高分子電解質,可實現高效率低污染的技術特性,同時更可結合再生能源作為分散式產氫,成為最受注目的產氫技術之一。The fuel cell uses hydrogen to react with oxygen to generate electricity and liquid water. Conversely, when liquid water is passed to the reaction potential, hydrogen and oxygen are generated. The above reaction of separating the liquid into hydrogen and oxygen is called water electrolysis. By utilizing the characteristics of the two-way reaction, the reactants of the fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen, can be continuously recycled to form a hydrogen energy cycle or hydrogen economy, wherein the water electrolysis technology now uses a proton exchange membrane as a solid energy. Molecular electrolytes can achieve high efficiency and low pollution technical characteristics, and can also be combined with renewable energy as a distributed hydrogen production, becoming one of the most attractive hydrogen production technologies.
以往為進行水電解作業所用之水電解電池,請參閱第一圖,需連接有一電源供應單元1,該電源供應單元1提供水電解電池2進行水電解時所需的電力。實務上會配置有一開關3於電源供應單元1與水電解電池2之間,以便控制水電解作業之啟、閉。In the past, for the water electrolysis cell used for the water electrolysis operation, please refer to the first figure, and a power supply unit 1 is connected, which supplies the electric power required for the water electrolysis cell 2 to perform water electrolysis. In practice, a switch 3 is disposed between the power supply unit 1 and the water electrolysis cell 2 to control the opening and closing of the water electrolysis operation.
就水電解電池2的結構來說,如第二圖,包括有一正極21與一負極22,該正極21與負極22分別與電源供應單元1連接。水電解電池2內部結構中包括有複數水電解區域241、242、243、244、245、246、247。由於進行水電解反應時,因水電解電池2之電流方向係由正極21流向負極22,因此各個水電解區域的電壓將會由正極21端朝向負極22端遞減,亦即水電解區域241高於水電解區域242,水電解區域241電壓最高且逐步遞減至水電解區域247最低。以往水電解電池2當欲停止進行水電解作業,亦即令開關3形成斷路時(如第三圖),由於電源供應單元1停止對水電解電池2供電,該水電解電池2內部各水電解區域的電壓,將打破原本由正極21端朝向負極22端遞減的定律,產生有可能某些水電解區域之電壓係由負極22端朝向正極21端遞減的現象;例如第四圖中水電解區域243的電壓高於水電解區域242、水電解區域245的電壓高於水電解區域244,此種逆電流之電壓反轉現象,很容易造成水電解電池2之損壞,或是壽命縮短。As for the structure of the water electrolysis cell 2, as shown in the second figure, a positive electrode 21 and a negative electrode 22 are included, and the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are respectively connected to the power supply unit 1. The internal structure of the water electrolysis cell 2 includes a plurality of water electrolysis zones 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247. When the water electrolysis reaction is performed, since the current direction of the water electrolysis cell 2 flows from the positive electrode 21 to the negative electrode 22, the voltage of each water electrolysis region will decrease from the end of the positive electrode 21 toward the end of the negative electrode 22, that is, the water electrolysis region 241 is higher. In the water electrolysis zone 242, the water electrolysis zone 241 has the highest voltage and is gradually reduced to the lowest in the water electrolysis zone 247. In the past, when the water electrolysis cell 2 was to stop the water electrolysis operation, that is, when the switch 3 was opened (as shown in the third figure), since the power supply unit 1 stopped supplying power to the water electrolysis cell 2, the water electrolysis cells inside the water electrolysis cell 2 The voltage will break the law of decreasing from the end of the positive electrode 21 toward the end of the negative electrode 22, resulting in a phenomenon that the voltage of some water electrolysis regions is decreased from the end of the negative electrode 22 toward the end of the positive electrode 21; for example, the water electrolysis region 243 in the fourth figure. The voltage is higher than the water electrolysis zone 242 and the water electrolysis zone 245 is higher than the water electrolysis zone 244. This reverse current voltage reversal phenomenon easily causes damage to the water electrolysis cell 2 or shortens the life.
以往業界對於此種逆電流之電壓反轉現象完全未曾提出對策或解決方案。惟,發明人認為,此種電性反應必有解決之道,發明人依據累積長久以來從事該行業之豐富經驗,搜集相關資料,經由多方評估及考量,經由不斷試作以及修改,始有本案之完成。發明人冀望能藉由本案之提出,能夠盡一己之力,貢獻自身的才能回饋於產業界。In the past, no countermeasures or solutions have been proposed for this reverse current voltage reversal phenomenon. However, the inventor believes that such an electrical reaction must have a solution. The inventor has collected relevant information based on the accumulated experience of the industry for a long time, and through multiple assessments and considerations, through continuous trials and revisions, the case has been carry out. The inventor hopes that with the proposal of this case, he will be able to contribute his own talents to the industry.
本發明其主要目的在於:提供一種解決方案,能就水電解電池於停止進行反應之時期,防止發生逆電流與電壓反轉等現象。如此,能有效保護水電解電池,獲致避免水電解電池損壞與延長使用壽命等目的。The main object of the present invention is to provide a solution for preventing the occurrence of reverse current and voltage reversal in the period in which the water electrolysis cell stops reacting. In this way, the water electrolysis cell can be effectively protected, thereby avoiding the purpose of avoiding damage and prolonging the service life of the water electrolysis cell.
為達上述目的,本案之方法為:當水電解電池於停止進行反應之時期,予以施加一維持電源;藉此,即能達到防止發生逆電流與電壓反轉之現象。In order to achieve the above object, the method of the present invention is to apply a sustain power source when the water electrolysis cell stops the reaction; thereby, the phenomenon of preventing reverse current and voltage reversal can be achieved.
較佳的,該水電解電池於停止進行反應時期所施加的維持電源,其電壓以低於水電解電池進行正常運作之啟動電壓低;如是,該維持電源即能在不啟動水電解電池進行水電解反應的狀態下,達到防止水電解電池產生逆電流與電壓反轉等現象之目的。Preferably, the water electrolysis cell maintains a power supply applied during a period of stopping the reaction, and the voltage thereof is lower than a startup voltage of the water electrolysis cell for normal operation; if so, the maintenance power source can perform water without starting the water electrolysis cell. In the state of electrolytic reaction, the purpose of preventing reverse current and voltage reversal in the water electrolysis cell is achieved.
為達上述目的且為實現上述方法,本案之裝置,包括:一電源供應器、一水電解電池、一切換開關與一維持電源。In order to achieve the above object and to implement the above method, the device of the present invention comprises: a power supply, a water electrolysis battery, a switch and a maintenance power supply.
較佳的,該電源供應器,能供應直流電,特別是能供應大於水電解電池啟動反應之電壓,包括有一正極與一負極。Preferably, the power supply is capable of supplying direct current, in particular, a voltage greater than a starting reaction of the water electrolysis cell, including a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
較佳的,該水電解電池,能進行水電解反應,包括有一正極與一負極。Preferably, the water electrolysis cell is capable of performing a water electrolysis reaction comprising a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
較佳的,該切換開關,具輸入源之切換作用,包括有一第一接點、一第二接點與一第三接點。Preferably, the switch has a switching function of the input source, and includes a first contact, a second contact and a third contact.
較佳的,該維持電源,能提供一低於水電解電池啟動反應之電壓,該維持電源包括有一正極與一負極。Preferably, the power supply maintains a voltage lower than a start-up reaction of the water electrolysis cell, the sustain power source including a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
較佳的,該電源供應器之正極係連接到切換開關之第二接點,而切換開關之第一接點與水電解電池之正極連接,又水電解電池之負極與電源供應器的負極連接,且切換開關的第三接點連接到維持電源的正極,另維持電源的負極與電源供應器之負極、水電解電池之負極連接。Preferably, the positive pole of the power supply is connected to the second contact of the switch, and the first contact of the switch is connected to the positive electrode of the water electrolysis cell, and the negative electrode of the water electrolysis cell is connected to the negative electrode of the power supply. And the third contact of the switch is connected to the positive pole of the power supply, and the negative pole of the power supply is connected to the negative pole of the power supply and the negative pole of the water electrolysis battery.
較佳的,該切換開關之功用,在於就電源供應器或維持電源兩者間進行切換。Preferably, the function of the switch is to switch between the power supply or the power supply.
較佳的,該切換開關的第三接點與維持電源的正極之間,設置有一個防止逆電流元件,例如二極體或電晶體,以防止電流逆流。Preferably, between the third contact of the switch and the positive terminal of the power supply, a reverse current preventing element such as a diode or a transistor is disposed to prevent current from flowing backward.
較佳的,本案除設置有維持電源外,更可以再增設有一備用電源和防止逆電流元件,其作用在於避免保護出現空窗期,以確實達成防止水電解電池產生逆電流與電壓反轉等現象之目的。Preferably, in addition to the maintenance power supply, the present invention can further add a backup power supply and prevent reverse current components, and the function thereof is to avoid the occurrence of a window period for protection, so as to surely prevent reverse current and voltage reversal of the water electrolysis cell. The purpose of the phenomenon.
有關本發明之詳細特徵與較佳實施例,茲配合圖示詳細說明如下,其內容足以使任何熟習相關技藝者了解本發明之技術內容並據以實施,且根據本說明書所揭露之內容及圖式,任何熟習相關技藝者可輕易地理解前述的目的及優點。The detailed description of the present invention and the preferred embodiments are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The foregoing objects and advantages are readily understood by those skilled in the art.
本發明以下列舉之實施例僅用於說明本發明之目的與較佳的實施例,並非用以限制本發明之範圍。The following examples of the invention are intended to illustrate and not to limit the scope of the invention.
請參閱第五圖所示,本案防止水電解電池電壓反轉之裝置,包括一電源供應器1、一水電解電池2、一切換開關4、一維持電源5與一個防止逆電流元件6,其中:該電源供應器1,能供應直流電,特別是能供應大於水電解電池2產生啟動反應之電壓,包括有一正極11與一負極12;該水電解電池2,能進行水電解反應,包括有一正極21與一負極22;該切換開關4,具輸入源之切換作用,包括有一第一接點41、一第二接點42與一第三接點43;該維持電源5,係為一能提供低於水電解電池2產生反應之電壓供應裝置,該維持電源5包括有一正極51與一負極52;該防止逆電流元件6,設於切換開關4的第三接點43與維持電源5的正極51之間。Referring to FIG. 5, the device for preventing voltage reversal of the water electrolysis cell comprises a power supply 1, a water electrolysis cell 2, a switch 4, a sustain power source 5 and a reverse current preventing element 6, wherein The power supply 1 can supply direct current, in particular, can supply a voltage greater than that generated by the water electrolysis cell 2, including a positive electrode 11 and a negative electrode 12; the water electrolysis cell 2 can perform a water electrolysis reaction including a positive electrode 21 and a negative electrode 22; the switch 4 has an input source switching function, including a first contact 41, a second contact 42 and a third contact 43; the maintenance power supply 5 is provided The voltage supply device is lower than the water electrolysis cell 2, and the sustain power source 5 includes a positive electrode 51 and a negative electrode 52. The reverse current preventing element 6 is disposed at the third contact 43 of the changeover switch 4 and the positive electrode of the maintenance power source 5. Between 51.
藉上述結構,令電源供應器1之正極11連接到切換開關4之第二接點42,而切換開關4之第一接點41與水電解電池2之正極21連接,又水電解電池2之負極22與電源供應器1的負極12連接,且切換開關4的第三接點43經連接防止逆電流元件6再連接到維持電源5的正極51,另維持電源5的負極52與電源供應器1之負極12、水電解電池2之負極22相連接。With the above structure, the positive electrode 11 of the power supply 1 is connected to the second contact 42 of the changeover switch 4, and the first contact 41 of the changeover switch 4 is connected to the positive electrode 21 of the water electrolysis cell 2, and the water electrolysis cell 2 is The negative electrode 22 is connected to the negative electrode 12 of the power supply 1, and the third contact 43 of the changeover switch 4 is connected to prevent the reverse current element 6 from being reconnected to the positive electrode 51 of the maintenance power supply 5, and the negative electrode 52 of the power supply 5 and the power supply are maintained. The negative electrode 12 of 1 and the negative electrode 22 of the water electrolysis cell 2 are connected.
如第六圖,本案實施時,當水電解電池2欲進行水電解反應時,令切換開關4之第一接點41與第二接點42形成通路,形成電源供應器1能供應電能給水電解電池2進行水電解反應,此時維持電源5並不提供任何作用。再請參閱第七圖,值此進行水電解反應時,各水電解區域的電壓將會由正極21端朝向負極22端遞減,亦即水電解區域241高於水電解區域242,水電解區域241電壓最高且逐步遞減至水電解區域247最低。此外,該各水電解區域241~247的電壓,都高於產生水電解反應之啟動電壓25值。As shown in the sixth figure, when the water electrolysis cell 2 is to be subjected to a water electrolysis reaction, the first contact 41 of the changeover switch 4 and the second contact 42 form a path, and the power supply 1 can supply electric energy to the water electrolysis. The battery 2 is subjected to a water electrolysis reaction, and at this time, maintaining the power source 5 does not provide any effect. Referring to the seventh figure, when the water electrolysis reaction is performed, the voltage of each water electrolysis zone will decrease from the positive electrode 21 end toward the negative electrode 22 end, that is, the water electrolysis region 241 is higher than the water electrolysis region 242, and the water electrolysis region 241. The voltage is highest and gradually decreases to the lowest in the water electrolysis zone 247. Further, the voltages of the respective water electrolysis regions 241 to 247 are higher than the starting voltage 25 for generating the water electrolysis reaction.
如第八圖,當水電解電池2欲停止進行水電解反應時,令切換開關4之第一接點41與第三接點43形成通路、第一接點41與第二接點42形成斷路,導致電源供應器1無法再供應高於啟動電壓值的電能給水電解電池2;此時,水電解電池2不再進行水電解反應,而由於維持電源5之正極與水電解電池2之正極連通,因此,維持電源5將對水電解電池2輸入一維持電壓,且該維持電壓低於啟動電壓25值(配合第九圖),故,該維持電源5之維持電壓便能在不啟動水電解電池2進行水電解反應之前提下,使各水電解區域241~247的電壓確保由正極21端朝向負極22端遞減,以獲致避免逆電流或電壓反轉現象,以保護水電解電池,並延長使用壽命。As shown in the eighth figure, when the water electrolysis cell 2 is to stop the water electrolysis reaction, the first contact 41 of the changeover switch 4 and the third contact 43 form a path, and the first contact 41 and the second contact 42 form an open circuit. , causing the power supply 1 to no longer supply the electric energy to the electrolysis battery 2 higher than the starting voltage value; at this time, the water electrolysis cell 2 is no longer subjected to the water electrolysis reaction, and the positive electrode of the maintenance power source 5 is connected to the positive electrode of the water electrolysis cell 2 Therefore, the maintenance power source 5 will input a sustain voltage to the water electrolysis cell 2, and the maintenance voltage is lower than the startup voltage 25 value (in conjunction with the ninth diagram), so that the sustain voltage of the maintenance power source 5 can not start the water electrolysis. Before the battery 2 is subjected to the water electrolysis reaction, the voltage of each of the water electrolysis regions 241 to 247 is ensured to decrease from the end of the positive electrode 21 toward the end of the negative electrode 22, so as to avoid reverse current or voltage reversal, thereby protecting the water electrolysis cell and prolonging it. Service life.
如第十圖,本案除設置有維持電源5外,更可以再增設有一備用電源7和防止逆電流元件8並聯於電源供應器1。當水電解電池2欲停止進行水電解反應時,在切換開關4還沒有切換到維持電源5前,為避免發生逆電流或電壓反轉現象,由備用電源7負責提供一維持電壓,避免保護出現空窗期,以確實達成防止水電解電池產生逆電流與電壓反轉等現象。As shown in the tenth figure, in addition to the maintenance power supply 5, a standby power supply 7 and a reverse current preventing element 8 are connected in parallel to the power supply 1 . When the water electrolysis cell 2 wants to stop the water electrolysis reaction, in order to avoid reverse current or voltage reversal phenomenon before the switch 4 is switched to the maintenance power source 5, the backup power source 7 is responsible for providing a sustain voltage to avoid protection. In the empty window period, the phenomenon of preventing reverse current and voltage reversal in the water electrolysis cell is surely achieved.
本案中之維持電源不限定需整合於同一電子迴路中,該維持電源亦得配合一開關獨立形成另一迴路。In this case, the maintenance power supply is not limited to be integrated in the same electronic circuit, and the maintenance power supply has to cooperate with one switch to form another circuit.
綜上所述,本發明防止水電解電池電壓反轉之方法與裝置,有效解決習知水電解電池發生逆電流與電壓反轉之缺點,依現行專利法第四十四條規定,未有違反同法第二十一條至第二十四條、第二十六條、第三十條第一項、第二項、第三十一條、第三十二條或第四十九條第四項等規定之情事。本案在產業上確實得以利用,於申請前未曾見於刊物或公開使用,且非為公眾所知悉之技術。再者,本案有效解決先前技術中長期存在的問題並達成相關使用者與消費者長期的需求,得佐證本發明並非能輕易完成。本案完全符合專利法規定之「產業利用性」、「新穎性」與「進步性」等要件,爰依法提請專利,懇請 鈞局詳查,並儘早為准予專利之審定,以保護申請人之智慧財產權,俾勵創新。In summary, the method and device for preventing voltage inversion of a water electrolysis cell effectively solve the shortcomings of reverse current and voltage reversal in a conventional water electrolysis cell, and according to the provisions of Article 44 of the current Patent Law, there is no violation. Articles 21 to 24, Article 26, Article 30, Paragraph 1, Article 2, Article 31, Article 32 or Article 49 of the same law Four items of stipulations. The case was indeed exploited in the industry and was not seen in the publication or publicly used before the application, and is not a technology known to the public. Furthermore, the present invention effectively solves the long-standing problems in the prior art and achieves long-term needs of related users and consumers, and it is corroborated that the present invention is not easily accomplished. The case is in full compliance with the requirements of "industry useability", "novelty" and "progressiveness" as stipulated in the Patent Law. The patents are submitted in accordance with the law, and the Bureau is invited to conduct a detailed investigation and to approve the patent as soon as possible to protect the wisdom of the applicant. Property rights, encourage innovation.
本發明雖藉由前述實施例來描述,但仍可變化其形態與細節,於不脫離本發明之精神而達成,並由熟悉此項技藝之人士可了解。前述本案之較佳實施例,僅係藉本案原理可以具體實施的方式之一,但並不以此為限制,應依後附之申請專利範圍所界定為準。The present invention has been described by way of example only, and it is to be understood by those skilled in the art. The preferred embodiment of the present invention is only one of the ways in which the present invention can be implemented in a specific manner, but is not limited thereto, and should be defined in the scope of the appended patent application.
1...電源供應器1. . . Power Supplier
11...正極11. . . positive electrode
12...負極12. . . negative electrode
2...水電解電池2. . . Water electrolysis cell
21...正極twenty one. . . positive electrode
22...負極twenty two. . . negative electrode
241...水電解區域241. . . Water electrolysis area
242...水電解區域242. . . Water electrolysis area
243...水電解區域243. . . Water electrolysis area
244...水電解區域244. . . Water electrolysis area
245...水電解區域245. . . Water electrolysis area
246...水電解區域246. . . Water electrolysis area
247...水電解區域247. . . Water electrolysis area
3...開關3. . . switch
4...切換開關4. . . Toggle switch
41...第一接點41. . . First contact
42...第二接點42. . . Second contact
43...第三接點43. . . Third junction
5...維持電源5. . . Maintain power
51...正極51. . . positive electrode
52...負極52. . . negative electrode
6...防止逆電流元件6. . . Prevent reverse current components
7...備用電源7. . . backup power
8...防止逆電流元件8. . . Prevent reverse current components
第一圖:係為習知水電解電池之電路配置圖。The first picture is the circuit configuration diagram of the conventional water electrolysis cell.
第二圖:係為習知水電解電池進行水電解反應時各水電解區域之電壓值由正極端往負極端遞減之示意圖。The second figure is a schematic diagram of the voltage value of each water electrolysis zone decreasing from the positive electrode end to the negative electrode end when the water electrolysis reaction is carried out.
第三圖:係為習知水電解電池停止水電解反應時的電路配置圖。The third figure is a circuit configuration diagram when the conventional water electrolysis cell stops the water electrolysis reaction.
第四圖:係為習知水電解電池停止進行水電解反應時各水電解區域產生逆電流之電壓反轉示意圖。Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the voltage inversion of the reverse current generated in each water electrolysis zone when the conventional water electrolysis cell stops the water electrolysis reaction.
第五圖:係為本發明之電路配置圖。Fig. 5 is a circuit configuration diagram of the present invention.
第六圖:係為本發明進行水電解反應時之電路配置圖。Fig. 6 is a circuit configuration diagram of the present invention for performing a water electrolysis reaction.
第七圖:係為本發明進行水電解反應時各水電解區域之電壓值由正極端往負極端遞減之示意圖。Figure 7 is a schematic diagram showing the voltage value of each water electrolysis zone decreasing from the positive electrode terminal to the negative electrode terminal when the water electrolysis reaction is carried out.
第八圖:係為本發明停止水電解反應時的電路配置圖。Figure 8 is a circuit configuration diagram of the present invention when the water electrolysis reaction is stopped.
第九圖:係為本發明停止進行水電解反應時各水電解區域之電壓值低於啟動電壓且仍由正極端往負極端遞減之示意圖。Fig. 9 is a schematic view showing that the voltage value of each water electrolysis zone is lower than the starting voltage and is still decreasing from the positive electrode terminal to the negative electrode terminal when the water electrolysis reaction is stopped.
第十圖:係為本發明增設備用電源之電路配置圖。The tenth figure is a circuit configuration diagram of the power supply for the device of the invention.
1...電源供應器1. . . Power Supplier
2...水電解電池2. . . Water electrolysis cell
4...切換開關4. . . Toggle switch
41...第一接點41. . . First contact
42...第二接點42. . . Second contact
43...第三接點43. . . Third junction
5...維持電源5. . . Maintain power
51...正極51. . . positive electrode
52...負極52. . . negative electrode
6...防止逆電流元件6. . . Prevent reverse current components
Claims (9)
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TW100127861A TWI434455B (en) | 2011-08-05 | 2011-08-05 | Method and apparatus for preventing voltage reversal of water electrolysis battery |
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