TWI418626B - 以農業廢棄物接種白腐真菌生產木質素分解酵素之方法 - Google Patents
以農業廢棄物接種白腐真菌生產木質素分解酵素之方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本發明係有關於一種白腐真菌之培養方法,其特別有關於一種利用農業廢棄物以半固態方式培養白腐真菌,以促其生產錳過氧化酵素及漆化酵素的方法。
由於工業的發展,導致環境中存在著許多毒性物質,為了能有效去除毒性物質,又不會造成環境的二次污染;越來越多的研究朝向尋找出能夠分解這些毒性物質的微生物,期望能找到有效分解毒性物質的菌株及條件,解決環境污染的問題。近幾年來的研究中,將白腐真菌(white rot fungi)應用於生物復育(bioremediation)上,藉此提高生物新陳代謝速率,加速污染物的分解、破壞或去毒,已成為當前復育技術之主要趨勢之一。
白腐真菌屬於腐朽型寄生類的真菌,因為具有分泌到細胞外的木質素分解酵素系統(extracellular ligninolytic enzyme system),能夠分泌木質素分解酵素(ligninase)及纖維素分解酵素(cellulase),可將木材中的木質素分解而造成木材的白腐現象,因而得名。白腐真菌是利用一次新陳代謝(primary metabolic process)機制將纖維(cellulose)、半纖維素(hemicellulose),以及多糖類分解,而木質素(lignin)因它們非常不易被分解,只有白腐真菌在有氧狀
態下以二次代謝(secondary metabolic process)方式將大部分的木質素養化分解(Keyser et al.,1978,Ligninolytic enzyme system of Phanerochaete chrysosporium:Synthesized in the absence of lignin in response to nitrogen starvation.J.Bacteriol.,135:790-797),是目前唯一被證明可將木質素有效降解為二氧化碳和水的微生物群。其所分泌的木質素分解酵素包含三種非專一性酵素:錳過氧化酵素(manganese peroxidase,MnP)、漆化酵素(laccase),以及木質素過氧化酵素(liginin peroxidase,LiP)。其中,錳過氧化酵素經過證實除了能分解木質素外,尚能分解環境中難分解之污染物如腐植酸(humic acid)或各樣有機污染物,也在造紙工業中紙漿的分解木質素的作用與紙漿廢水排放時的脫色作用重要的角色。
基於錳過氧化酵素在各產業界上的應用性,過去許多研究企圖在各樣的培養條件下以各種方法來促進此酵素的分泌,提高其活性使之能大規模地量產化以符合工業應用的可行性。表一所示,係列出近幾年內,各研究在不同培養條件、培養基組成或添加物,以及各種酵素活性產量偵測方法下,白腐真菌生產錳過氧化酵素之最大活性。簡述如下,Wang等人,使用液態培養基培養不同株的B.adusta,在28℃下,pH值為6,添加米糠(rice bran)3%,並以丙二酸錳錯合物(manganic-malonate complex)為酵素作用受質由氧化的manganic-malonate complex形成來偵測其錳過氧化酵素產量,則最高的酵素產量為B.adusta
UAMH 7308 5.5 U/mL、B.adusta UAMH 8258 4.4 U/mL和B.adusta BOS55 1.7 U/mL(Effect of growth conditions on the production of manganese peroxidase by three strains of Bjerkandera adusta.Can.J.Microbiol.,47:277-282,2001)。在Rodríguez Couto等之研究中,係以玉米穗軸(corn cob)為半固態培養基質並添加Tween 80、MnO2或藜蘆醇(veratryl alcohol)培養P.chrysosporium,則最大錳過氧化酵素產量可達2 U/mL(Ligninolytic enzymes from corncob and barley straw cultures of Phanerochate chrysosporium in semi-solid-state conditions.Acta.Biotechnol.,1:17-25,1999)。此外,Rodríguez Couto等人亦曾以剁碎的大麥稈(chopped barley straw)為半固態培養基之固態基質,係將P.chrysosporium培養於37℃暗室下,以2,6-dimethoxyphenol為偵測酵素時的酵素作用基質,則P.chrysosporium產生錳過氧化酵素產量為0.857 U/mL(Effect of veratryl alcohol and manganese(IV)oxide on ligninolytic activity in semi solid cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.Biodegradation,9:143-150,1998)。表一中產量最高的是Orth等人以一些較少被研究的白腐真菌於固態培養下,以橡木屑(oak sawdust)為培養基質,添加麥麩(wheat bran)、小米(millet)和蔗糖(surcose),以酚紅為偵測酵素時的酵素作用基質,可使Perennipora medulla-panis、D.squalens、Pleurotus pulmonarius和Pleurotus sapidus 14.7 U/mL產生10~20 U/mL以上的錳過氧化酵素活性產量(Ubiquity of lignin-degrading peroxidases among various wood-degrading fungi.
Appl.Environ.Microbiol.,59:4017-4023,1993)。
此外,於先前研究中雖然證實P.tephropora能分泌錳過氧化酵素與漆化酵素,但效果非常有限,P.tephropora所生成的錳過氧化酵素產量並不高,甚至低於P.chrysosporium所生成之錳過氧化酵素產量好幾倍(Ralph et al.Extracellular oxidases and the transformation of solubilised low-rank coal by wood-rot fungi.Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol.,46:226-232,1996),所以少有研究將此菌應用於錳過氧化酵素的大量生產上。
因此,如何促進錳過氧化酵素的生產並提高其活性,使之能大規模地量產化以符合工業應用的可行性,實為目前亟欲解決之課題。
本發明之目的在於提供一種白腐真菌Perenniporia tephropora之最適培養條件,以促進白腐真菌之錳過氧化酵素及漆化酵素的生產,藉以達到酵素量產化的目的。
為達前述目的,本發明係利用半固態培養方式,將白腐真菌Perenniporia tephropora菌株培養於添加農業廢棄物之培養基中,以促進Perenniporia tephropora生產錳過氧化酵素,其步驟包含:(a)提供一半固態培養基;(b)將白腐真菌Perenniporia tephropora之菌株接種至該半固態培養基;(c)將步驟(b)之培養基靜置於30~35℃之恆溫室中,不照光培養13~17天;以及(d)過濾、離心,收集上層培養液。其特徵在於:該培養基包含60 mM緩衝溶液(pH 4.5~6.5)、0~6 mM微量的金屬離子溶液、0~1.0%(w/v)界面活性劑誘導物、10~30 g/L glucose,以及20~75g/500 mL農業廢棄物。
術語¨半固態培養¨,在此係指微生物生長在含少量水的固態基質中。此種培養方式是微生物生長在固體物質上(無論是生物性,如:作物殘渣(crop residues),或是非生物性,如:泡沫塑料(plastic foams),這些固體物質除了被當作生物附著用,也有提供菌株營養來源的功能,因此稱為支持基質(support-substrates)。
與習知技藝中所揭之白腐真菌生產錳過氧化酵素之培養方法相較下,本發明以白腐真菌Perenniporia tephropora菌株生產錳過氧化酵素,於所揭之最適培養條件下,其錳
過氧化酵素產量為習知技藝的數百倍至千倍。即利用稻稈、內木、樹皮和玉米穗軸等農業廢棄物作為半固態培養基中之固態基質,於最適酵素生產培養條件及酵素活性產量偵測下,其酵素活性產量分別為2295 U/mL、1797 U/mL、1972 U/mL和1735 U/mL。同時,本發明所生產的錳過氧化酵素活性極為穩定,在4℃下可維持90%以上的活性達50天之久,而在室溫(25℃)下,則可維持80%以上的活性達20天之久。而於相同培養條件下,漆化酵素之生產,於第13天已有高達16229 U/ml之活性生產。其溫度穩定性亦佳,置於50℃水浴下,於10小時內仍保有70%之酵素活性,且超過16小時以上亦保有50%之酵素活性;於55℃水浴下,保有80%以上的活性達3小時之久,而超過12小時以上亦保有50%之酵素活性。此外,相較於習知技藝中需將所生產的錳過氧化氫酵素以固定化的方式來維持酵素活性產量,本發明所誘導出的錳過氧化酵素不需經過繁複處理過程即可維持良好酵素活性產量,實為便利且有效率,可提高其在工業生產上的價值。
為讓本發明之上述何其他目的、特徵、和優點能更明顯易懂,下文特舉數個較佳實施例,並配合所附圖式,作詳細說明如下。
雖然本發明可表現為不同形式之實施例,但附圖所示者及於下文中說明者係為本發明可之較佳實施例,並請了
解本文所揭示者係考量為本發明之一範例,且並非意圖用以將本發明限制於圖示及/或所描述之特定實施例中。
將取得之白腐真菌Perenniporia tephropora台灣本土菌株接種至馬鈴薯葡萄糖培養基(potato dextrose agar,PDA),在室溫下培養數天,待真菌菌絲長滿整個培養基表面後,以封口膜(parafilm)封口,置入4℃冰箱中保存,每30天需重新轉植至新的PDA培養基上一次。另一保存方式為,將上述長滿菌絲的PDA平面培養基,於培養基外緣處的菌絲,以內徑7 mm的打孔器取3塊白腐真菌菌絲塊放入2 mL的保存管中,添加1.8 mL的滅菌水,封口後置於室溫下。
本發明中用以培養Perenniporia tephropora菌株之半固態培養基包含:60 mM緩衝溶液(pH 4.5~6.5)、0~6 mM微量的金屬離子溶液、0~1.0%(w/v)界面活性劑誘導物、10~30 g/L葡萄糖,以及20~70g/500 mL農業廢棄物。其中,該緩衝溶液可為磷酸緩衝溶液、草酸鹽緩衝溶液、丙二酸鹽緩衝溶液及酒石酸鈉緩衝溶液等其中之一;該金屬離子溶液較佳係為MnSO4.H2O;該農業廢棄物可為稻稈(rice straw)、樹內木(core of)、樹皮(bark of tree)、玉米穗軸(corn cob)、甘蔗渣(sugar cane bagasse)以及木屑
(wood flour)等廢棄物,於半固態培養基中之比例較佳係介於35~70g/500 mL之間;以及該界面活性劑誘導物係為Tween 20或Tween 80,於半固態培養基中之比例較佳為0-0.5%(w/v)。
於本發明之一具體態樣中,係先將農業廢棄物曬乾或於曬乾或於60℃下烘乾3天,取乾燥好之農業廢棄物先切成段狀,再以高速粉碎機(stainless steel grinder),於轉速25000 rpm/分下,均質20秒鐘成粉絲狀,用孔徑大小1 mm的篩網過篩後,稱重裝填至培養器皿中,作為該半固態培養基之固態基質,以高壓溼熱滅菌30分鐘(121℃,1.2 kg/cm2)後備用。
於本發明之一具體態樣中,係先將直徑7 mm之保種菌絲塊接種至PDA平面培養基中央,在30~35℃恆溫室中不照光靜置培養,進行菌種活化。待菌絲覆蓋整個培養基表面後,取培養基外緣處的菌絲塊,接種至前述之半固態培養基。其中,該培養基之接種比例較佳為每35 ml培養基加入11塊直徑7 mm菌絲塊。隨後將該培養基靜置於30~35℃恆溫室中,不照光培養13~17天後,過濾及離心分離菌絲和培養液,收集上層培養液。
於本實施例中係以最適酵素活性產量偵測條件偵測酵
素活性產量,即調整酵素與受質反應之分析試劑中的含量,使之為0.5 mM酒石酸鈉緩衝溶液(sodium tartrate buffer)pH 3、30 mM癒創木酚(guaiacol)、3 mM的MnSO4.H2O和添加0.5 mM的H2O2來偵測酵素活性產量。於室溫下測量該混合溶液在波長465 nm處之吸光值,靜置2分鐘後,再測其於波長465 nm處之吸光值,則得2分鐘變化量(△A)。將△A帶入酵素活性產量計算公式(I),計算錳過氧化酵素活性產量,酵素活性產量以U表示每分鐘μmole產物生成量。
酵素活性產量計算公式:U=△μmole/min=△A/cm×cm/min×vol.of cuvette/ε×dilution factor/vol.of enzyme(ε=12100M-1cm-1×10-6) (I)
第1圖,係於本發明所揭Perenniporia tephropora菌株生產錳過氧化酵素之最適培養條件下,以不同農業廢棄物培養時,培養液中錳過氧化酵素的活性變化。如圖所示,以稻稈為半固態培養基之固態基質時,於第5天之酵素產量即可達1636 U/mL,最高產量甚至可達2295 U/mL。而以樹之內木、樹皮和玉米穗軸等農業廢棄物作為半固態培養基中之固態基質,其酵素活性產量亦分別達1797 U/mL、1972 U/mL和1735 U/mL。其結果為習知技藝(表一)中所揭酵素活性產量之數百倍至數千倍。
於錳過氧化酵素之穩定性分析中,係以離心方式分離該半固態培養基中的菌絲和培養液,取上層培養液分別置於室溫及4℃下,偵測第0~50天的錳過氧化酵素活性產量。偵測時以第一天偵測的酵素活性產量為100%,之後的測值皆和第一天的測值做比較,計算其酵素活性產量百分比。
如第2圖所示,置於4℃下的錳過氧化酵素,於第20天時仍維持原有的酵素活性產量,酵素活性產量105±4%,之後酵素活性產量才開始呈現衰減的趨勢,至第30天尚有92%的酵素活性產量,且此酵素活性產量一直維持至第50天。而置於室溫25℃下時,至第16天尚有90%的酵素活性產量,至第20天仍保有82%的酵素活性產量,至第50天時酵素活性產量則為43%。
取10 μL培養液加入含有50 mM甘胺酸-鹽酸緩衝溶液(glycine-HCl buffer(pH 3))及2 mM ABTS(2,2-azinobis 3-ethylbenathiozone-6-sulfonic acid)之酵素活性產量分析試劑中,總體積為1 mL。混合均勻後,於室溫下測其在波長405 nm處之吸光值,靜置1分鐘後,再測其在波長405 nm處之吸光值,則得1分鐘變化量(△A),將△A帶入酵素活性產量計算公式(I),計算漆化酵素活性產量,酵素活性產量以U表示每分鐘μmole產物生成量。
第3圖所示,為在Perenniporia tephropora之最適培
養條件下,於培養液中漆化酵素的活性變化。於第13天已有高達16229 U/mL之活性生產,第17天時,具有最高之活性產量,達16257 U/mL。
於本實施例中,係將漆化酵素分別置於50℃及55℃之水浴槽中,每小時取定量樣品測定其漆化酵素之活性,以放入前之漆化酵素活性視為100%,比較於不同水溫下,漆化酵素隨時間之變化。如第4圖之結果所示,置於50℃水浴下,於10小時內仍保有70%之酵素活性,且超過16小時以上亦保有50%之酵素活性;於55℃水浴下,保有80%以上的活性達3小時之久,而超過12小時以上亦保有50%之酵素活性。
以本發明之最適之培養條件下培養Perenniporia tephropora菌株,可誘導其產生高於習知技藝數百倍至數千倍之錳過氧化酵素,其酵素活性產量可達2295 U/mL。在此培養條件下,所生產之漆化酵素,其酵素活性產量亦高達16257 U/mL。本發明中之Perenniporia tephropora菌株所生成之錳過氧化酵素活性極為穩定,不需繁複之處理過程即可維持良好的酵素活性產量,於4℃下可維持90%以上之活性達50天。而所生產之漆化酵素,其溫度穩定性亦佳,置於50℃水浴下,於10小時內仍保有70%之酵素活性,且超過16小時以上亦保有50%之酵素活性;於55℃水浴下,保有80%以上的活性達3小時之久,而超過12小時
以上亦保有50%之酵素活性,可提高其在工業生產上的價值。
雖然本發明已以前述較佳實施例揭示,然其並非用以限定本發明,任何熟習此技藝者,在不脫離本發明之精神和範圍內,當可作各種之更動與修改。如上述的解釋,都可以作各型式的修正與變化,而不會破壞此發明的精神。因此本發明之保護範圍當視後附之申請專利範圍所界定者為準。
第1圖,係以不同農業廢棄物培養時,培養液中錳過氧化酵素的活性變化。
第2圖,係為4℃及室溫下,錳過氧化酵素之活性產量變化。
第3圖,為培養液中漆化酵素活性產量測試結果。
第4圖,為漆化酵素在50℃及55℃下水浴之穩定性變化。
Claims (5)
- 一種培養白腐真菌Perenniporia tephropora生產木質素分解酵素之方法,其特徵在於將該Perenniporia tephropora菌株培養於一半固態培養基中,該方法,包含下列步驟:(a)提供一包含下列組成之半固態培養基:60 mM酒石酸鈉緩衝溶液(pH 4.5~6.5)、微量的金屬離子溶液(包含MnSO4.H2O(0.41 mM),Na2MoO4.2H2O(0.31 mM),ZnSO4.7H2O(1.5 mM),FeSO4.7H2O(0.18 mM),CuSO4.5H2O(0.35 mM)、0.1~0.5%(w/v)選自Tween 20或Tween 80之界面活性劑誘導物、10~30 g/L葡萄糖,以及20~70g/500 mL農業廢棄物;(b)將Perenniporia tephropora菌株以每35 mL培養基加入11塊直徑7 mm菌絲塊之比例接種至步驟(a)之半固態培養基;(c)將步驟(b)之已接種有Perenniporia tephropora菌株的培養基靜置於30~35℃之恆溫室中,不照光培養13~17天;以及(d)過濾、離心,收集上層培養液。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之方法,其中農業廢棄物係選自稻稈、樹之內木、樹皮、玉米穗軸、甘蔗渣、木屑所組成之群組之一。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之方法,其中該農業廢棄物係 先經乾燥、切段、均質成粉絲狀以及過篩之前處理過程後,裝填至半固態培養基。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之方法,其中該農業廢棄物於半固態培養基中之比例係介於35~70g/500 mL之間。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之方法,其中該農業廢棄物於半固態培養基中之比例係為70g/500 mL(約5g/35 mL)。
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