TWI356227B - Liquid crystal display apparatus, liquid crystal d - Google Patents

Description

[Technical Field] The present invention relates to a display device, a display panel, and a method of manufacturing the display panel, and more particularly to a liquid crystal display device, a liquid crystal display panel, and a method of manufacturing the liquid crystal display panel. [Prior Art]

With the advent of the digital era, the technology of liquid crystal displays has also grown rapidly and has become an indispensable electronic product. The liquid crystal display mainly consists of a backlight module and a liquid crystal display panel. In order to achieve color display, the color filter is one of the main components in the liquid crystal display panel. Generally, when the liquid crystal display panel receives an external voltage, it can change the rotation angle of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer by changing the external voltage to select whether to make the backlight mode. The light of the group's back money penetrates the liquid crystal layer' and thus creates a kneading surface. But this only has the difference in the degree of light transmission, and

And the color produced is only the gray scale of black and white, so if f is not colored, then you need to rely on the combination of three colors (red, green, blue), so the resulting 4 Lb .^ _ born ^ has three colors of red, green and blue = and the color filter has become one of the important key components in the liquid crystal display panel. Referred to FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C, the red light-resisting layer 2 is formed on the surface of the conventional panel 1 and is sequentially arranged on the substrate layer. Therefore, the flow steps are as follows: ^ The photoresist layer and the blue photoresist 1A are not coated on a substrate ηι by a red photoresist line _ on the photoresist material, and the light-transmitting unit (4) has a light-transmitting portion M The order exposure is based on the photoresist of the mask M1, and the -U system is transmitted through the light transmitting portion Mil.

After the exposure of the Ri, the exposure is carried out; as shown in Fig. 1B, the photoresist material R1 is not exposed, the 111 is formed, and the process is formed on the photoresist substrate hi. —^ and the portion of the photoresist material R1 that is not removed is then used in the material and the photoresist layer R; and then the green photoresist sheet 111 is used as the material. On the base plate 111, the shape of the core - technology A, red photoresist layer R, green light and - blue photoresist layer B, and > 1 u • ... color first resist layer G and blue photoresist layer B constitute color thinking Finally, as shown in FIG. 1C, the substrate 111 and the other substrate 12 are further slanted, and the liquid crystal layer 13 is disposed between the color filter 11 and the other substrate 12, and the halogen electrode 14 is disposed. A liquid crystal display panel 1 is formed between the other substrate U and the liquid helium layer 13, and a common electrode 15 is disposed between the liquid crystal layer 13 and the shirt color filter 11. Since three or more mask processes are required when manufacturing a color filter, it is necessary to increase the manufacturing cost of the mask and increase the manufacturing time of the color filter. At present, for the mask processing technology, the light is also applied. The spacing of the resist layer causes errors, and the use of multiple masks not only greatly reduces the alignment rate, but also increases the difficulty of the process, and relatively increases the manufacturing cost of the liquid crystal display. For this reason, it is one of the current important topics to provide a liquid crystal display device, a liquid crystal display panel, and a liquid crystal display panel manufacturing method which do not require the use of a photomask and improve the alignment of the process. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display device, a night plate, a seesaw A, and a night crystal display (four) plate. The display panel of the present invention includes a substrate of the same electrode, a liquid crystal layer, a halogen electrode, a total of a first photoresist layer, and a polarizing film. In the present invention, the second substrate is disposed opposite to the first substrate; the liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first black plate and the second substrate; and the halogen electrode is disposed between the first substrate and the night crystal layer; The same electrode is disposed between the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer; the first resist layer is disposed on a side opposite to the liquid crystal layer of the second substrate; wherein the slant is disposed on the second substrate and the first photoresist layer The other polarized olfactory system is disposed on the <·- side opposite to the liquid crystal layer. In order to achieve the above object, a liquid crystal display device according to the present invention comprises a liquid crystal panel and a backlight module. In the present invention, the liquid crystal display panel is provided with a first electrode, a first photoresist layer and a second polarizing film, wherein the second substrate is opposite to the first substrate, and the liquid crystal layer 5 And disposed between the first substrate and the second first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer, a halogen electrode, and a substrate, wherein the pixel electrode is disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer, and the common electrode system The first photoresist layer is disposed on a side opposite to the liquid crystal layer, and one of the polarizing films is disposed between the second substrate and the first photoresist layer. The other polarizing film is disposed on one side of the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer, and the backlight module is disposed on one side of the liquid crystal display panel. 1356227 The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display panel according to the present invention, wherein the liquid crystal display panel has a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer and a polarizing film, and the first substrate is opposite to the second substrate The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein one of the polarizing films is disposed between the second substrate and the first photoresist layer, and the other polarizing film is disposed first. The manufacturing method comprises the steps of: coating a first photoresist material on a side of the second substrate relative to the liquid crystal layer; and directing a first light to the first substrate Projecting the two substrates; and removing the portion of the first photoresist material with φ to form a first photoresist layer. According to the above, in the liquid crystal display panel, the liquid crystal display panel, and the liquid crystal display panel manufacturing method, the liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, and The first light is projected from the first substrate to the second substrate to the first photoresist material to form a first photoresist layer on a side opposite to the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer. Compared with the prior art, the present invention determines the % area to be exposed by the first photoresist material by controlling and driving the rotation of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer to select the region through which the light can pass, and forming the first portion after the exposure. A photoresist layer, in addition to the conventional use of the mask, while improving the alignment rate in the process, can also save process costs. [Embodiment] - Hereinafter, a liquid crystal display device, a liquid crystal display panel, and a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display panel according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the related drawings. Referring to FIG. 2, a preferred embodiment of the present invention is described. The manufacturing method of the liquid crystal display panel 2 of the example includes steps S01 to S09. As shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 31, the liquid crystal display panel 2 has a first substrate 21, a second substrate 22, and a liquid crystal layer 23, and the first substrate 21 is opposite to the second substrate 22. The liquid crystal layer 23 is disposed between the first substrate 21 and the second substrate 22.

In addition, in the embodiment, the liquid crystal display panel 2 further includes a pixel electrode E1 formed between the first substrate 21 and the liquid crystal layer 23, and a common electrode formed between the second substrate 22 and the liquid crystal layer 23. E2^ The halogen electrode E1 and the common electrode E2 of the embodiment may be an indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent electrode, an indium zinc oxide (IZO) transparent electrode or an aluminum zinc oxide (AZO) transparent electrode. .

Referring to FIG. 3A, in step S01, a first photoresist material PR1 is coated on one side of the second substrate 22 with respect to the liquid crystal layer 23, that is, the first photoresist material PR1 is disposed on the second substrate. 22 is the side that is not in contact with the liquid crystal layer 23. In this embodiment, the first photoresist material PR1 is not limited, and may be a red photoresist material, a green photoresist material or a blue photoresist material, and the red photoresist material is taken as an example. . In addition, the manufacturing method of the present embodiment further includes disposing the polarizing films 29 and 29 ′ on the side of the second substrate 22 with respect to the liquid crystal layer 23 and the side of the first substrate 21 relative to the liquid crystal layer 23 ( As shown in FIG. 3A, the polarizing film 29, 29' of the present embodiment passes through the light component which is perpendicular to the transmission axis of the polarizing film 29, 29', and is allowed to pass through the polarizing film 29, 29'. The effect of passing through the parallel light component. 1356227 In step S02, the light source B is projected toward the second substrate 22 via the first substrate 21. In the present embodiment, the first light ray L2 is projected to the first photoresist material pRi via the polarizing film 29' to expose the first photoresist material 叩1. The selection of the exposed region of the first photoresist material PR1 is input to the common electrode E2 and the pixel: the electrode E1' to drive the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer 23 to rotate to an appropriate position with an external voltage V. 29 'to determine the first - photoresist material pR1 to expose

The field-photo resistive material pR1 is exposed to light and then developed and solidified (not shown). In addition, the first light of the embodiment is taken as an example. Referring to Fig. 3B, in step s3, a portion of the first photoresist material PR1' is removed and a first photoresist layer 24 is formed. In the present embodiment, the off mode is used to remove the portion of the first-level material pR1 that is not irradiated with the first light L2, and the remaining first photoresist material pRi forms the first photoresist layer 24. In the first embodiment of the present invention, the photoresist material is a red photoresist material, so that the first photoresist layer 24 is a red photoresist layer. Referring to FIG. 3C to FIG. 3F, in step s4, a second photoresist material PR2 is coated on the second substrate 22 and the first photoresist layer 24. In step s〇5, the second light ray L3 is directed toward the second substrate via the first substrate 21 (as shown in FIG. 3C). In step S06, a portion of the second photoresist material R2 is removed, and a second photoresist layer 25' is formed, wherein the second photoresist layer 25 is adjacent to the first and the resist layer 24 (as shown in FIG. 3D). In step s7, a third photoresist material PR3 is coated on the second substrate 22, the first photoresist layer μ, and the second first resist layer 25. Step SG8, passing the third light L4 through the first substrate 1356227

21 is projected toward the second substrate 22 (as shown in FIG. 3E). Step S09, removing a portion of the third photoresist material PR3, and forming a third photoresist layer 26, wherein the first photoresist layer 24, the second photoresist layer 25, and the third photoresist layer 26 are adjacent to each other (as shown in FIG. 3F)). In this embodiment, the second light ray L3 and the third light ray L4 have the same features and functions as the first light ray L2, and therefore are not described again, and the second photoresist layer 25 and the third photoresist layer 26 are connected to the above. The first photoresist layer 24 has the same formation manner, features and effects, and therefore will not be described again; the second light L3 is green light, and the middle portion is opened by the liquid crystal molecules to be projected to the second photoresist material. PR2 is the middle portion of the green photoresist material. Therefore, the second photoresist layer 25 is formed as a green photoresist layer in the middle portion of the upper side of the second substrate 22, and the third light L4 is blue light, and is also turned on by liquid crystal molecules. The right portion is formed by projecting the third photoresist material PR3 to the right portion of the blue photoresist material, and finally forming the third photoresist layer 26 as the blue photoresist layer on the right portion of the upper side of the second substrate 22; In the embodiment, a red photoresist layer, a green photoresist layer and a blue photoresist layer are further used to form a color filter. In addition, the first light L2, the second light L3, and the third light L4 in the above embodiment may also be white light. In addition, as shown in FIG. 3G to FIG. 31, the manufacturing method of the liquid crystal display panel 2 of the present embodiment further includes forming a protective layer 27 to cover the first photoresist layer 24 after the steps S01 to S09. The second photoresist layer 25 and the third photoresist layer 26 (as shown in FIG. 3G), and the protective layer 27 in this embodiment serves as the first photoresist layer 24, the second photoresist layer 25, and the third photoresist. For layer 26. Of course, a light shielding layer 28 may be formed between the first photoresist layer 24, the second photoresist layer 25, and the third photoresist layer 26, and in the embodiment of the present invention 12 1356227, the light shielding layer 28 is A black matrix (Black Matrix, BM), which has the function of shading, increasing the contrast during display and avoiding the generation of variegated light. Of course, a protective layer 27 may be further formed on the light shielding layer 28 to protect the light shielding layer 28, the first photoresist layer 24, the second photoresist layer 25, and the third photoresist layer 26 (as shown in FIG. 3H).

Referring to FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C, a liquid crystal display panel 3 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a first substrate 31, a second substrate 32, a liquid crystal layer 33, and a first photoresist layer 34. The first substrate 31 is disposed opposite to the second substrate 32, and the liquid crystal layer 33 is disposed between the first substrate 31 and the second substrate 32. The first photoresist layer 34 of the embodiment is disposed on a side opposite to the liquid crystal layer 33 of the second substrate 32, that is, the first photoresist layer 34 is disposed on the second substrate 32 not in contact with the liquid crystal layer 33. side. In addition, the liquid crystal display panel 3 further includes two polarizing films 39, 39', and the polarizing films 39, 39' are formed in the same manner as the polarizing films 29, 29' in the manufacturing method of the liquid crystal display panel of the foregoing embodiment. And efficacy, so I won't go into details here. As shown in FIG. 4, in the embodiment, the liquid crystal display panel 3 further includes a second photoresist layer 35 and a third photoresist layer 36, and the first photoresist layer 34 and the second photoresist layer. 35 and the third photoresist layer 36 are adjacent to each other. Moreover, the manufacturing method of the first photoresist layer 34, the second photoresist layer 35, and the third photoresist layer 36 of the liquid crystal display panel 3 according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention is the liquid crystal display panel of the foregoing embodiment. The manufacturing method of 2 (shown in FIG. 2, FIG. 3A to FIG. 3H) is formed; in addition, the liquid crystal display panel 3 further includes 13 1356227. A protective layer 37' covers the first photoresist layer 34 and the second photoresist layer 35. And a third photoresist layer 36. The possible embodiments and functions of the liquid crystal display panel 3 in this embodiment have been discussed in the manufacturing method of the liquid crystal display panel 2 of the foregoing embodiment, and thus will not be described herein.

In addition, as shown in FIG. 4C , the liquid crystal display panel 3 of the present embodiment further includes a protective layer 37 and a light shielding layer 38 ′, and the protective layer 37 and the light shielding layer 38 are in the manufacturing method of the liquid crystal display panel of the foregoing embodiment. The protective layer 27 and the light shielding layer 28 have the same formation, features and effects, and therefore will not be described again. In this embodiment, the liquid crystal display panel 3 further includes a halogen electrode E3 and a common electrode E4. The pixel electrode E3 and the common electrode E4 in the present embodiment have the same formation, characteristics, and efficacy as the halogen electrode E1 and the common electrode E2 in the manufacturing method of the liquid crystal display panel of the foregoing embodiment, and thus no longer Narration. Referring to FIG. 5, a liquid crystal display device 4 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a liquid crystal display panel 41 and a backlight module 42. The backlight module 42 is disposed on one side of the liquid crystal display panel 41. In this embodiment, the liquid crystal display panel 41 has a first substrate 411, a second substrate 412, a liquid crystal layer 413, and a first photoresist layer 414. The liquid crystal display panel 41 of the present embodiment is the same as the above embodiment. The liquid crystal display panel 3 (shown in FIGS. 4A to 4C) has the same features, functions, and configurations, and thus will not be described herein. The backlight module 42 of the embodiment has a light source 421, a reverse 1356227 plate 422, a light guide plate 423, and a diffuser plate 424, and the reflector 422 is opposite to the diffuser plate 424, and the light guide plate 423 is disposed. The light source 421 is disposed on one side of the backlight module 42 between the reflector 422 and the diffuser 424. In this embodiment, the 'backlight module 42 is not limited to' is a direct-type backlight module (not shown) or a side-light backlight module (shown in FIG. 5). A backlight module is taken as an example. In summary, according to the liquid crystal display device, the liquid crystal display panel, and the method of manufacturing the liquid crystal display panel of the present invention, in the liquid crystal display panel, the liquid

The layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, and the first light is projected from the first substrate to the second substrate to form a first photoresist material to form a side opposite to the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer. The first photoresist layer. Compared with the prior art, by controlling and driving the rotation of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer to select the region through which the light can pass, the region of the first photoresist material to be exposed is determined and the first light is formed after the exposure. The barrier layer, in addition to the conventionally used mask, can also improve the alignment rate on the process, and can also reduce the cost of the process. The above description is only exemplary, not the spirit ship of the present invention, and (4) the other. Any unspent should be included in the back towel, please turn over the scope of money or change, [Simplified description of the drawings] Figure 1A to Figure 1C show the conventional structure Figure 2 shows the manufacturing process of the preferred light film and light film according to the present invention. FIG. 3A to FIG. 3H are schematic diagrams showing a method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display panel according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C. FIG. The liquid crystal display panel according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention has a schematic view of a protective layer; and FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a liquid crystal display device according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Component symbol description:

1, 2, 3, 41: liquid crystal display panel 11: color filters 111, 12: substrates 13, 23', 33, 413: liquid crystal layers 21, 31, 411: first substrates 22, 32, 412: second substrate 24, 34, 414: first photoresist layer 25, 35, 415: second photoresist layer% 26, 36, 416: third photoresist layer 27, 37, 417: protective layer '28, 38, 418: shading Layers 29, 29', 39, 39', 419, 419': polarizing film 4. Liquid crystal display device 42: backlight module 421: light source 422: reflector 16 1356227 423: light guide plate 424: diffuser plate 14, El , E3 : halogen electrode 15, E2, E4: common electrode PR1: first photoresist material PR2: second photoresist material PR3 • wall one • di two - photoresist material R, G, B: photoresist layer R1: Photoresist material L1: light L2: first light L3: second light L4: third light M1: photomask

ΜΠ: Transmittance part V: External voltage % S01-S09 : Process steps of the manufacturing method of the liquid crystal display panel 17

Claims (1)

1356227 X. Patent application scope: 1. A liquid crystal display panel comprising: a first substrate; a second substrate disposed opposite to the first substrate; a liquid crystal layer disposed on the first substrate and the first Between the two substrates; a halogen electrode disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer; a common electrode disposed between the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer; a first photoresist layer, Provided on the second substrate opposite to the liquid crystal layer The polarizing film is disposed between the second substrate and the first photoresist layer, and the other polarizing film is disposed on a side of the first substrate opposite to the liquid crystal layer. 2. The liquid crystal display panel of claim 1, wherein the first photoresist layer is a red photoresist layer, a green photoresist layer or a blue photoresist layer. 3. The liquid crystal display panel of claim 1, further comprising a second photoresist layer and a third photoresist layer respectively disposed on the side of the second substrate, the first photoresist layer The second photoresist layer and the third photoresist layer are adjacent to each other. 4. The liquid crystal display panel of claim 3, wherein the first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer, and the third photoresist layer are respectively 18 1356227 is a red photoresist layer and a green layer. A photoresist layer and a blue photoresist layer. The liquid crystal display panel of claim 4, wherein the second substrate, the first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer and the third photoresist layer are a color filter. 6. The liquid crystal display panel of claim 3, further comprising a protective layer covering the first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer, and the third photoresist layer. 7. The liquid crystal display panel of claim 3, further comprising a light shielding layer disposed between the first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer and the third photoresist layer. 8. The liquid crystal display panel of claim 7, wherein the light shielding layer is a black matrix. 9. The liquid crystal display panel of claim 7, further comprising a protective layer covering the first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer, the third photoresist layer, and the light shielding layer. 10. The liquid crystal display panel according to claim 1, wherein the halogen electrode is an indium tin oxide transparent electrode, an indium zinc oxide transparent electrode or an aluminum zinc oxide transparent electrode. The liquid crystal display panel of claim 1, wherein the common electrode is an indium tin oxide transparent electrode, an indium zinc oxide transparent electrode or an aluminum zinc oxide. Transparent electrode. 12. A liquid crystal display device comprising: a liquid crystal display panel comprising: a first substrate; a second substrate disposed opposite the first substrate; a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; a halogen electrode disposed between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer; a common electrode disposed on the second substrate Between the liquid crystal layers; a first photoresist layer disposed on a side of the second substrate opposite to the liquid crystal layer; a polarizing film, wherein one of the polarizing films is disposed between the second substrate and the first photoresist layer, and another polarizing film is disposed on a side of the first substrate opposite to the liquid crystal layer; and a backlight module The group is disposed on one side of the liquid crystal display panel. 13. The liquid crystal display device of claim 12, wherein the first photoresist layer is a red photoresist layer, a green photoresist layer or a blue photoresist layer. The liquid crystal display device of claim 12, wherein the liquid crystal display panel further comprises a second photoresist layer and a third light resist layer respectively disposed on the side of the second substrate The first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer, and the third photoresist layer are adjacent to each other. The liquid crystal display device of claim 14, wherein the first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer and the third photoresist layer are respectively a red photoresist layer and a green photoresist layer. Layer and a blue photoresist The liquid crystal display device of claim 15, wherein the second substrate, the first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer, and the third photoresist layer are a color filter. The liquid crystal display device of claim 14, wherein the liquid crystal display panel further comprises a protective layer covering the first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer and the third photoresist Floor. The liquid crystal display device of claim 14, further comprising a light shielding layer disposed between the first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer and the third photoresist layer. 19. The liquid crystal display device of claim 18, wherein the light shielding layer is a black matrix. The liquid crystal display device of claim 18, wherein the liquid crystal display panel further comprises a protective layer covering the first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer, and the third a photoresist layer and the light shielding layer. The liquid crystal display device of claim 12, wherein the pixel electrode is an indium tin oxide transparent electrode, an indium zinc oxide transparent electrode or an aluminum zinc oxide transparent electrode. The liquid crystal display device of claim 12, wherein the common electrode is an indium tin oxide transparent electrode, an indium zinc oxide transparent electrode or an aluminum zinc oxide transparent electrode. A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display panel, wherein the liquid crystal display panel has a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer and a polarizing film, wherein the first substrate is opposite to the second substrate, The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein one of the polarizing films is disposed on a side of the second substrate opposite to the liquid crystal layer, and another polarizing film is disposed on the first substrate and The manufacturing method comprises the steps of: coating a first photoresist material on a side of the second substrate relative to the liquid crystal layer; and directing a first light to the first substrate Projecting a second substrate; and removing a portion of the first photoresist material to form a first photoresist layer. The method of claim 23, wherein the first photoresist layer is a red photoresist layer, a green photoresist layer or a blue photoresist layer. The manufacturing method of claim 23, further comprising: coating a second photoresist material on the second substrate; and projecting a second light beam toward the second substrate via the first substrate; A portion of the second photoresist material is removed to form a second photoresist layer, wherein the second photoresist layer and the first photoresist layer are adjacent to each other. The manufacturing method according to claim 25, wherein the second photoresist layer is a red photoresist layer, a green photoresist layer or a blue photoresist layer. , The manufacturing method of claim 25, further comprising: coating a third photoresist material on the second substrate; projecting a third light beam toward the second substrate via the first substrate; and removing Part of the third photoresist material to form a third photoresist layer, wherein the first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer and the third photoresist layer are adjacent to each other. The manufacturing method according to claim 27, wherein the third photoresist layer is a red photoresist layer, a green photoresist layer or a color-sensitive photoresist layer. The manufacturing method according to claim 27, wherein the first light, the second light or the third light system comprises a white light, a red light, a green light or a blue light. The manufacturing method of claim 27, further comprising: forming a protective layer to cover the first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer, and the third photoresist layer. The manufacturing method of claim 27, further comprising: forming a light shielding layer between the first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer, and the third photoresist layer. The manufacturing method of claim 31, further comprising: forming a protective layer to cover the first photoresist layer, the second photoresist layer, the third photoresist layer, and the light shielding layer. 33. The method of claim 23, further comprising forming a pixel electrode between the first substrate and the liquid crystal layer. The manufacturing method according to claim 33, wherein the halogen electrode is an indium tin oxide transparent electrode, an indium oxide transparent electrode or an aluminum oxide transparent electrode. 24 1356227 35. The method of claim 23, further comprising forming a common electrode between the second substrate and the liquid crystal layer. The manufacturing method according to claim 35, wherein the common electrode is an indium tin oxide transparent electrode, an indium zinc oxide transparent electrode or an aluminum zinc oxide transparent electrode. 25