1296590 玖、發明說明 、::; (發明說明應敘明：發明所屬之技術領域、先前技術、內容、實施方式及圖式簡單說明) 技術領域 本發明涉及一種依據申請專利範圍第1項之發光信號操 控用之電路配置。以發光二極体（其已取代白熾燈）爲主之 發光信號可用在許多領域中’特別是用在信號技術中。發 光二極体較昂貴，壽命較長且光較強。但在控制情況未改 變即針對LED發光信號來改裝白熾燈之處使用LED是困難 的。發光信號特別適用於鐵軌之光信號電路中，其中一般 按次序之功能是由切換技術上較安全之電流測量器所監視 。爲了繼續使用此種監視而不必再改變情況，則LED發光 信號之電流-電壓-特性幾乎須與白熾燈者相同。 先前技術 LED之其它特點是隧道外或周圍條件外之發信功能I，其 光特性幾乎是定値的。此處在電路技術上須使夜間操作時 之光功率較白天時下降。人類眼睛之光敏感性在白天時較 夜間時相差大約1 000倍。發光器中光功率在夜間未下降 時因此會造成耀眼現像，其在白天時幾乎不可看見。但耀 眼現像（特別是在街道-或軌道上運行時）並非不可避免， 此乃因危險是來自：其它信號由於近似於（quasi )受到普 照而被忽略。在鐵軌技術中以白熾燈爲主之光信號在白天 和夜間之間之亮度是由信號塔之供應電壓或供應電流來控 制。由於白熾燈之光功率是依供應電壓或供應電流之指數 一 6 - 1296590 形式而改變，則供應電壓或供應電流之小的改變可使光功 率改變很多。即，光功率下降至原來之20%時，供應電壓 或供應電流只須下降至原來値之2 / 3。發光二極体中爲了 達成類似之有利特性，則在DE 1 9 846 7 5 3 A1中建議：對每 一發光二極體並聯一種控制電路。其缺點是：白天和夜間 所可達成之光功率之差較小。此外，各組件之容許度 (tolerance)(其會使發光二極体，電晶体及其它組件有不 同之前向電壓）及溫度對前向電壓之影響不能被補償。 發明內容 本發明之目的是消除上述之缺點且提供一上述形式之電 路配置，其在白天-和夜間之光功率之間可達成一較高之 動態。 本發明中該目的以申請專利範圍第1項之特徵來達成。 藉由平行電流（其未流經發光二極体）之預設，則可在很廣 之範圍中控制該發光二極体之光功率。當然須考慮：該發 光二極体-電流並非定値而是與白天-和夜間之操作電壓之 範圍有關。 依據申請專利範圍第2項，可藉由發光二極体電流預設 用之另一受控制之電流源使發光二極体有一種定値之電流 〇 但亦可不須該另一受控制之電流源即可達成定値之電流 。依據申請專利範圍第6項，該平行電流未保持定値而是 依據該操作電壓來控制。 依據申請專利範圍第6項，亦可適當地控制該操作電壓 一 7- 1296590 以獲得較佳之定値電流。 依據申請專利範圍第3項，就可控制之平行電流及可控 制之發光二極体電流而言，可藉由一種比較器來進行一種 額定-實際値之比較。各別電流之額定値預設是藉由預定 之各切換門限値來達成，這些切換門限値是在相對應之電 流開/關時被預設。各切換門限値可以是連續之類比値或 純粹之數位資訊，較佳是設有一種磁滯値。 在申請專利範圍第4項之另一有利之形式中，該切換門 限値可由溫度來補償及/或由前向電壓來補償。依據溫度 特性來改變乏各構件特性可由溫度來補償。前向電壓補償 作用可補償所使用之發光二極体之不同之前向電壓。所使 用之發光二極体可劃分成不同之前向電壓組（group)，藉 此可在組裝時選取適當之發光二極体。 依據申請專利範圍第5項，整体配置之一有利之特性是 :其在電壓小時可驅動一種電流。此種功能是此電路配置 對已耦合而入之外來能量之一種保護，此外來能量在經由 較長距離供電至此電路配置時會發生。在已耦合而入之漸 增之最大之外來能量中，經由發光二極体所產生之電壓須 小於發光二極体之前向電壓。這樣可防止：發光二極体在 外來能量（干擾電壓）侵入時不允許地開始發光。 g施方式 本發明以下將依據圖式來詳述。 第1圖是形成LED信號之一般方式，其具有n個驅動器 Τ，每一驅動器Τ控制至少一 LED D。至少一 LED -控制器S t 1296590 分別並聯至LEDs D。LED-控制器St以一極而直接與操作 電壓U相連，另一極則與電阻R相串連而連接至該操作電 壓U。電阻R之特徵是一確定之下降特性，即，一些固定 之缺陷（例如，完全短路）機率很小，因此實際上不會發生 。又，電阻R須設計成使LED D或 LED-控制器S t之各缺 陷（例如，短路）只微小地作用在該電路配置之總電流消耗 量上。例如，在LED-控制器St短路時在以60個驅動器T 驅動之LED-信號中總電流只上升5%。 第1圖中涉及LED-信號之LED-驅動器T之第一實施形 式顯示在第2圖中。一種平行於LED D之電流I_P由LED-控制器S t所控制，其用作一受控制之電流源。一比較器（ 此處是運算放大器OPV)在輸入側是與切換門限値Sch(其 表示一種額定値）及一實際預設値I s t相連。運算放大器OPV 提供一平行分支至LED D。該切換門限値Sch預設：該平 行電流I _P何時切換至白天操作或夜間操作或空轉。溫度 補償器Tk及前向電壓補償器Fk施加至切換門限値Sch。 溫度補償器Tk補償各與溫度有關之構件特性，前向電壓 補償器Fk則考慮各LED特定之前向電壓。實際預設値I s t 則處理全部之LED信號之操作電壓U或操作電流，但實際 値設定亦可藉由其它資訊（例如，信號塔之額外之控制線） 或供應電流/供應電壓U中已編成密碼之資訊來達成。須 形成平行電流I -P用之電流源，使其在電壓小時仍可驅動 電流。已耦合而入之外來能量（其數量級是與供電線之長 度密切相關）須在短時間中被排除，使高電壓不會形成， -9- 1296590 且LED D不會由於外來能量而開始發光。 第3圖是平行電流I_P與流經LED D之電流I_D之與供 應電壓有關之電流曲線且與習知之白熾燈者相比較。此圖 顯示一由電阻R所決定之電阻直線W，其在只有電阻存在而 未存在該驅動器T及LED D時形成。該電阻直線W是流經 第2圖之電路配置中最大可能之電流對該操作電壓之關係 。在此種電路配置中，夜間電壓下降是藉由平行電流I _P 之控制來達成。由第3圖可知：LED-電流I_D在白天及夜 間均不是定値。 爲了達成定値之電流，則一種具有另一 LED電流控制器 之電路配置是適當的。第4圖顯示此種電路配置。平行電 流I _P及LED -電流I _D均由受控制之電流源來控制。相關 之電流曲線顯示在第3圖中。已調整之電流及信號亮度在 理想情況時在白天和夜間均爲定値。 在已中斷之信號〇< = U —Nacht min中，該信號在外來能 量已進入時仍不會發光。LED-電流I_D = 0。但平行電流I_P 理想情況下等於最大可能之電流。藉由該平行電流I _P， 則已進入之外來能量可被排除，使LED s D發光用之電壓 因此不會形成。 夜間操作時 U —Nacht min < = UJaclit max，則流經 LED D 之LED-電流I_D=I-D__Nacht由LED-控制器S t所驅動。LEDs D以較小之光功率即可發光。平行電流i _p理想情況下等 於LED-電流I—D與由電阻R所決定之電流之差。 白天操作時 u —Tag mi n < = U —Tag max ,流經 LED D 之 LED - 1296590 電流I—D二I-D由LEDj空制器St所驅動。LEDs D以最大之 光功率發光。平行電流I_P又等於LED-電流I_D與由電阻 R所決定之電流之差。 在白天-和夜間操作之重疊區域中，磁滯作用於LED -電 流I -D和平行電流ί _P，因此LED -信號保持在穩定之狀態 中〇 第4圖之電路配置是一很適當之實施形式。以信號技術 而言，該LED-信號是可靠的，具有高的穩定性，幾乎與溫 度-及組件變動無關且在白天-和夜間操作之間可達成一很 高之動態。但此種適當性需要相當高之電路技術上之費用 。此種高之費用較佳是以積体技術來克服。亦可使用各種 縮減之形式，其只以小之費用來達成部份功能。 另一種形式考慮以下事實：白天時應達成最大可能之光 功率，但夜間時光功率限制於一固定之値。因此只有在 U — Nacht min和U_Nacht max之間LED -電流I_D才保持定 値，在U_Tag min和U_Tag max之間之範圍中最大可能之 LED-電流I_D是在I_P = 〇時操作。 另一實施形式涉及直流-和交流電壓之設計。LED -控制 器S t設有相對應之整流二極体。在以交流電壓操作時， 須設計該LED -控制器S t，使該與額定値相比較者並非該 實際値之瞬間値而是有效値。 又，可對直流電壓和交流電壓設計一 LED-控制器St， 此乃因LED-控制器St在直流電壓和交流電壓時均可操作 。但須注意：可能需要各種不同之切換門限値Sch，其可 -11- 1296590 藉由一由外部進入之程式而轉換成所需之電壓値。 本發明不限於上述之實施例。反之，本發明可有很多形 式，其使用本發明之原理而具有不同之實施形式。 圖式簡單說明 第1圖 操控一發光信號所用之電路配置之原理圖。 第2圖 控制電路之第一實施形式。 第3圖 係第2圖之控制電路之特性曲線。 第4圖 控制電路之第二實施形式。 第5圖 係第4圖之控制電路之特性曲線。 符號說明： T 驅 動 器 St LED- 控 制 器 D 發 光 — 極 體 R 電 阻 U 操 作 電 壓 OPV 運 算 放 大 器 Sch 切 換 門 限 値 I 一P 平 行 電 流 I 一D LED- 電 流 Tk ism. 度 補 償 器 Fk 刖 向 電 壓 補償器 -12 -1296590 玖 发明 发明 发明 发明 发明 发明 发明 发明 发明 发明 发明 965 965 965 965 发明 965 965 965 发明 965 965 965 965 发明 965 发明 965 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光 发光Circuit configuration for signal manipulation. Luminescent signals based on light-emitting diodes, which have replaced incandescent lamps, can be used in many fields, particularly in signal technology. Light-emitting diodes are more expensive, have a longer life and are light. However, it is difficult to use LEDs where the control situation has not changed, that is, the conversion of incandescent lamps for LED lighting signals. The illuminating signal is particularly suitable for use in the optical signal circuit of the rail, wherein the general sequential function is monitored by a switching technique that is safer than a current estimator. In order to continue to use such monitoring without having to change the situation, the current-voltage-characteristic of the LED lighting signal must be almost the same as that of the incandescent lamp. Other features of prior art LEDs are the signaling function I outside the tunnel or surrounding conditions, the optical characteristics of which are almost constant. Here, the circuit technology must be such that the optical power during nighttime operation is lower than during the daytime. The light sensitivity of human eyes differs by about 1,000 times during the day compared to nighttime. When the light power in the illuminator does not drop at night, it will cause a dazzling appearance, which is almost invisible during the day. But the glare (especially when running on a street or in orbit) is not inevitable, because the danger comes from: other signals are ignored because they are approximated by (quasi). In rail technology, the brightness of an incandescent-based optical signal between day and night is controlled by the supply voltage or supply current of the tower. Since the optical power of an incandescent lamp changes in the form of a supply voltage or a supply current index of 6 - 1296590, a small change in supply voltage or supply current can cause a large change in optical power. That is, when the optical power drops to 20%, the supply voltage or supply current must only drop to 2/3 of the original value. In order to achieve similar advantageous properties in the light-emitting diodes, it is proposed in DE 1 9 846 7 5 3 A1 to provide a control circuit in parallel for each light-emitting diode. The disadvantage is that the difference in optical power that can be achieved during the day and night is small. In addition, the tolerance of the components (which causes the LEDs, transistors and other components to have different forward voltages) and the effects of temperature on the forward voltage cannot be compensated. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to obviate the above disadvantages and to provide a circuit arrangement of the above type which achieves a higher dynamic between daylight and nighttime optical power. This object is achieved in the present invention by the features of claim 1 of the scope of the patent application. By the preset of the parallel current (which does not flow through the light-emitting diode), the light power of the light-emitting diode can be controlled over a wide range. Of course, it must be considered that the light-emitting diode-current is not fixed but is related to the range of operating voltages during the daytime and nighttime. According to the second aspect of the patent application, another controlled current source preset by the LED current can be used to make the LED have a constant current, but the other controlled current source is not required. The current can be determined. According to the sixth item of the patent application, the parallel current is not kept constant but is controlled according to the operating voltage. According to the sixth item of the patent application, the operating voltage of 7-1296590 can also be appropriately controlled to obtain a better fixed current. According to item 3 of the scope of the patent application, for a controllable parallel current and a controllable light-emitting diode current, a comparator-to-actual enthalpy comparison can be performed by a comparator. The presets of the individual currents are preset by predetermined switching thresholds, which are preset when the corresponding current is turned on/off. Each switching threshold can be continuous analogous or pure digital information, preferably with a hysteresis. In another advantageous form of claim 4, the switching threshold can be compensated by temperature and/or compensated by forward voltage. Changing the characteristics of the various components depending on the temperature characteristics can be compensated by temperature. The forward voltage compensation function compensates for the different forward voltages of the LEDs used. The light-emitting diodes used can be divided into different forward voltage groups, whereby an appropriate light-emitting diode can be selected during assembly. According to item 5 of the scope of the patent application, one of the advantageous features of the overall configuration is that it can drive a current when the voltage is small. This function is a protection of this circuit configuration from the energy that has been coupled out, and in addition the energy is generated when power is supplied to the circuit configuration over a longer distance. In the maximum external energy that has been coupled and increased, the voltage generated via the light-emitting diode must be less than the forward voltage of the light-emitting diode. This prevents the light-emitting diode from starting to emit light when the external energy (interference voltage) intrudes. g mode The present invention will be described in detail below based on the drawings. Figure 1 is a generalized way of forming an LED signal having n drivers Τ, each driver Τ controlling at least one LED D. At least one LED-controller S t 1296590 is connected in parallel to LEDs D, respectively. The LED-controller St is directly connected to the operating voltage U at one pole, and the other pole is connected in series with the resistor R to the operating voltage U. The characteristic of the resistor R is a certain drop characteristic, i.e., some fixed defects (e.g., a complete short circuit) have a small probability, and thus do not actually occur. Also, the resistor R must be designed such that each of the LEDs D or the LED-controller S t (e.g., a short circuit) acts only slightly on the total current consumption of the circuit configuration. For example, in the LED-signal driven by 60 drivers T when the LED-controller St is short-circuited, the total current only rises by 5%. The first embodiment of the LED-driver T relating to the LED-signal in Fig. 1 is shown in Fig. 2. A current I_P parallel to LED D is controlled by LED-controller S t, which acts as a controlled current source. A comparator (here an operational amplifier OPV) is connected on the input side to a switching threshold 値Sch (which represents a nominal 値) and an actual preset 値I s t. The operational amplifier OPV provides a parallel branch to LED D. The switching threshold 値 Sch presets: when the parallel current I_P is switched to daytime operation or nighttime operation or idling. The temperature compensator Tk and the forward voltage compensator Fk are applied to the switching threshold 値Sch. The temperature compensator Tk compensates for the temperature-dependent component characteristics, and the forward voltage compensator Fk takes into account the specific forward voltage of each LED. The actual preset 値I st handles the operating voltage U or operating current of all LED signals, but the actual 値 setting can also be obtained by other information (for example, the additional control line of the signal tower) or the supply current/supply voltage U. Compile a password to achieve this. A current source for the parallel current I - P must be formed so that it can drive current even when the voltage is low. The energy that has been coupled into the external energy (the order of magnitude is closely related to the length of the power supply line) must be eliminated in a short time so that high voltage does not form, -9-1296590 and LED D does not start to emit light due to external energy. Figure 3 is a plot of the current associated with the supply voltage for the parallel current I_P and the current I_D flowing through LED D and compared to conventional incandescent lamps. This figure shows a resistance line W determined by a resistor R which is formed when only the resistor is present and the driver T and LED D are not present. The resistance line W is the relationship of the maximum possible current flowing through the circuit configuration of Fig. 2 to the operating voltage. In this circuit configuration, the nighttime voltage drop is achieved by the control of the parallel current I_P. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the LED-current I_D is not fixed during the day and night. In order to achieve a constant current, a circuit configuration with another LED current controller is suitable. Figure 4 shows this circuit configuration. Parallel current I_P and LED - current I_D are controlled by a controlled current source. The associated current curve is shown in Figure 3. The adjusted current and signal brightness are ideally defined during the day and night. In the interrupted signal 〇 < = U - Nacht min, the signal will not illuminate when the external energy has entered. LED-current I_D = 0. However, the parallel current I_P is ideally equal to the maximum possible current. With the parallel current I_P, the energy that has entered the outside can be excluded, so that the voltage for illuminating the LED s D is not formed. During night operation, U - Nacht min < = UJaclit max, then the LED flowing through LED D - current I_D = I - D__ Nacht is driven by LED - controller S t . LEDs D emit light at a lower optical power. The parallel current i _p is ideally equal to the difference between the LED-current I-D and the current determined by the resistor R. During daytime operation u —Tag mi n < = U —Tag max , LED flowing through LED D - 1296590 Current I-D II I-D is driven by LEDj air compressor St. LEDs D emit light at the maximum optical power. The parallel current I_P is again equal to the difference between the LED-current I_D and the current determined by the resistance R. In the overlap between daytime and nighttime operation, hysteresis acts on LED-current I-D and parallel current ί_P, so the LED-signal remains in a stable state. The circuit configuration of Figure 4 is a very appropriate implementation. form. In terms of signal technology, the LED-signal is reliable, has high stability, and is almost independent of temperature- and component variations and achieves a high level of dynamics between daytime and nighttime operation. However, such appropriateness requires a relatively high cost of circuit technology. This high cost is preferably overcome by integrated technology. Various forms of reduction can also be used, which can only achieve some functions at a small cost. Another form considers the fact that the maximum possible optical power should be achieved during the day, but the nighttime power is limited to a fixed threshold. Therefore, only the LED-current I_D remains fixed between U_Nacht min and U_Nacht max, and the largest possible LED-current I_D in the range between U_Tag min and U_Tag max is operated at I_P = 〇. Another embodiment relates to the design of DC- and AC voltages. The LED-controller S t is provided with a corresponding rectifying diode. When operating with an AC voltage, the LED-controller S t must be designed such that the comparison with the rated 并非 is not the actual 値 instant but is effective. Further, an LED-controller St can be designed for the DC voltage and the AC voltage, because the LED-controller St can operate both at the DC voltage and the AC voltage. However, it should be noted that a variety of different switching thresholds 値Sch may be required, which can be converted to the required voltage by an externally entered program -11-1296590. The invention is not limited to the embodiments described above. On the contrary, the invention may be embodied in many different forms and forms. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the circuit configuration used to control an illuminated signal. Figure 2 shows a first embodiment of the control circuit. Figure 3 is a characteristic curve of the control circuit of Figure 2. Figure 4 shows a second embodiment of the control circuit. Figure 5 is a characteristic curve of the control circuit of Figure 4. DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE NUMERALS: T driver St LED-controller D illumination - polar body R resistance U operating voltage OPV operational amplifier Sch switching threshold 値 I - P parallel current I - D LED - current Tk ism. degree compensator Fk 电压 voltage compensator -12 -