TWI281892B - An adaptive electric car - Google Patents
An adaptive electric car Download PDFInfo
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- TWI281892B TWI281892B TW093139548A TW93139548A TWI281892B TW I281892 B TWI281892 B TW I281892B TW 093139548 A TW093139548 A TW 093139548A TW 93139548 A TW93139548 A TW 93139548A TW I281892 B TWI281892 B TW I281892B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
- B60L58/21—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having the same nominal voltage
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L2210/00—Converter types
- B60L2210/40—DC to AC converters
- B60L2210/46—DC to AC converters with more than three phases
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Cooling, Air Intake And Gas Exhaust, And Fuel Tank Arrangements In Propulsion Units (AREA)
Abstract
Description
1281892 九、發明說明: 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明係關於電動車及其他電動車輛。 【先前技術】 著市广車開始佔領全球汽車市場,如今仍控制 者Γ。以汽油來提供動力的汽車,儘管其有悠久的歷史 亚得到普遍接受,但也存在缺點。汽油車產生污毕的= 大,而由於其依賴於礦物燃料,因此其燃料來源受到限:曰。 以汽油來提供動力的汽車還具有許 ^艮制 的移動零件。,箄ία… 要^間滑及經常維護 θ 件°亥寺令件常常會磨損而該等汽車經常拋妒。 取重要的係,汽油車由於熱動力 1 理认卜〜± ’丨@之固有限制而效率低。 -,电動車大大優於汽油車' 混合式車㈣“孔而 ^ 关便用的電可右夂絲;^ 源。其具有的移動零件較少且 σ ,Λ ^ ^ _ 而要的維蠖很少。基於相同 =^’:們不會經常㈣且更可靠。最重要的係,其效 率李乂同,比汽油車效率高許多倍。 電動車儘管有盆優點,伯3、班士 其運作往往較缺點。與汽油車相比, 係由於電池),最pH由於電池),空間較小(同樣 τ ^ 仃有限而且成本更高。混合式電動車 可在一定程度上克服該等缺 =料 行程及較差性能。但是_ = 6 ’例如有限最大 量及成本之_得更糟Γ使得複純、尺寸、重 主宰客車及輕型卡車市場,據某些方面估計 ,、 市场的年銷售額為6億5千萬美元。1999年,汽車 98191.doc 1281892 及輕型卡車的全球鎖售突破5600萬輛車。若調適型電動車 可在該市場中競爭,而且獲得甚至很少的份額,便將會有 I大的經濟回報。 引=上’如今在道路上行駿的每輛車都是由汽油或柴油 2來提供動力。歷史上,與電動車相比,汽油車提供的 更尚、更方便且最大行程更長而價格更便宜。如今之 十月況依然如此。 4二居,主宰地位有其複雜原因。但是,主要原因可 月匕在;包與、/飞油相比所具有的性質。儲存Μ +、, & 貝鳩存的電並不容易移 動。儲存的汽油卻容易移動。 正如汽油壟斷產生活動動力 ,動刀之應用一樣,電壟斷固定動 力。电動馬達如同現代社會的工 切 丨一疋,一 H ^ φ 活動,則其總是變成汽油引擎 四一而要 W拳(除地鐵外,還有某些火車、 公共Κ車及有執電車,對於 直 一 ^ ^ 、 寻車輛,在所需路程中有持 績的電力供應可用。) ’ 為什麼我們將汽油引擎用 易轉-、—,上目士 用於成手所有車輛?因為汽油容 厂…、有很南的能量密度,每千克約45,300 Btu。 存電力。 …度(母千克約125 Btu)來儲 該汽油至少在理論上能輪 旦— 勒廷相當於電池能量360倍之能 里’貫際上給予汽油車辦声处旦 …、几的此$。而一般能在四至五分 鐘内對汽油車的油箱進 至五刀 丁兄填。電池之充電一般需要至少 四至五小時。汽油作為_处 力又而要至乂 ^ 此源之優點迥然不同。 1895年’芝加哥先驅報 T J吴國百屆正式的汽車賽, 98191.doc 1281892 即50央里耐久性測試。六輛賽車中僅二輛跑完全程。優勝 賽車之動力驅動引擎係使用一罕知的、危險而不穩定的煤 油精煉副產品:汽油。 ” 此後100多年中,已證明汽油引擎係人類至今發明出的動 力取強、可靠、相對較便宜且可調適的推進動力源。汽油 擎、、、L不斷修改成能適應對減少廢氣而增加燃料經濟性 之更大挑戰。 為達到聯邦和州的規定,汽車製造商已將汽油引擎修改 成燃燒更清潔的無錯汽油;安裝了觸媒轉換器及成熟的排 氣扰制系統,開發出更好的變速器、燃料注入系統及多汽 門引擎以改善燃料輸送及燃燒;創造出更多的空氣動力= 樣以減少遲滯;並使用輕型材料,例如鋁及塑料。 在油生產中使用鋁係一很好的範例。出於對燃料效率 之要求’纟汽車製造中使用更多的鋁以製造更輕的汽車。 1980年,銘占一般中型汽車重量之約3%(約75碌)。199〇年, 達到約5。/。。對未來汽車之預測指示,|g之使用將上升到介 於車輛總重量的10%與20%之間,而引擎本體、汽紅蓋及外 殼部分或完全由鋁合金製成。 由於汽車製作中使用越來越多的輕金屬組件,因此已採 取步驟使μ進㈣以使得料重量餘的組件能經受嚴 峻條件之考驗。在高應力之處經常可_高性能陶究來加 固重量輕的組件。1281892 IX. Description of the Invention: TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to electric vehicles and other electric vehicles. [Prior Art] The market has begun to occupy the global automotive market, and today it is still dominated by controllers. Cars powered by gasoline, despite their long history, are generally accepted, but they also have shortcomings. Gasoline vehicles are polluted = large, and because they rely on fossil fuels, their fuel sources are limited: 曰. Cars powered by gasoline also have moving parts. , 箄ία... To be slippery and often maintain θ pieces °Ha Temple orders often wear and the cars are often thrown. Taking the important system, the gasoline car is inefficient due to the inherent limitations of the thermal power. -, electric vehicles are much better than gasoline vehicles' hybrid cars (four) "holes and ^ can be used for right-handed silk; ^ source. It has fewer moving parts and σ, Λ ^ ^ _ Rarely. Based on the same =^': They are not often (four) and more reliable. The most important system, its efficiency is different, and it is many times more efficient than gasoline vehicles. Although electric vehicles have the advantages of basins, Bo 3, Bans often operate The disadvantage is that compared with the gasoline car, the battery is the most pH due to the battery), the space is small (the same τ ^ 仃 is limited and the cost is higher. The hybrid electric vehicle can overcome the shortage of the material stroke to some extent. And poor performance. But _ = 6 'such as limited maximum quantity and cost _ worse, making the complex, size, heavy dominance passenger car and light truck market, according to some estimates, the market annual sales of 600 million $50 million. In 1999, the global lock sales of the car 98191.doc 1281892 and light trucks exceeded 56 million. If the adaptable electric car can compete in this market and gain even a small share, there will be I have a big economic return. Every car on the road is powered by gasoline or diesel 2. Historically, gasoline cars offer more, more convenient, longer travel and cheaper prices than electric vehicles. Today's October This is still the case. 4 Two homes, dominating status has its complex reasons. However, the main reason can be the moon; the nature of the package compared with / fly oil. Storage Μ +,, & It is not easy to move. The stored gasoline is easy to move. Just as the gasoline monopoly generates the activity power, the application of the knife is the same, the electric monopoly is fixed power. The electric motor is like a modern society, and the H ^ φ activity, its total It is a gasoline engine, and it is a W-box. In addition to the subway, there are certain trains, public trains, and trams. For the direct one ^ ^, the search for vehicles, the power supply that has a proven track record is available. .) 'Why do we use the gasoline engine with easy-to-use, and the tops are used to make all the vehicles? Because the gasoline plant... has a very south energy density of about 45,300 Btu per kilogram. Save electricity. Mother克约125 Btu) to store the gasoline, at least in theory, can be rotated in the same way - Letin is equivalent to 360 times the energy of the battery, and the gasoline car can be used to make a sound... Within four to five minutes, the fuel tank of the petrol car is filled in with five knives. The charging of the battery generally takes at least four to five hours. The gasoline is used as a force to be 乂 ^ The advantages of this source are very different. 1895 'Chicago pioneer Reported TJ Wu Guobai's official car race, 98191.doc 1281892 is the 50 Yangli durability test. Only two of the six cars are running completely. The power-driven engine of the winning car is using a rare and dangerous Stable kerosene refining by-product: gasoline. For more than 100 years, the gasoline engine has proven to be a powerful, reliable, relatively inexpensive and adaptable propulsion power source that has been invented by humans. Gasoline engine, and L are constantly modified to adapt to reduce exhaust gas and increase fuel. Greater economic challenges. In order to meet federal and state regulations, automakers have modified their gasoline engines to burn cleaner, error-free gasoline; installed catalytic converters and sophisticated exhaust turbulence systems to develop even more Good transmission, fuel injection system and multi-valve engine to improve fuel delivery and combustion; create more aerodynamics = reduce hysteresis; use light materials such as aluminum and plastic. Use aluminum in oil production A good example. For the fuel efficiency requirement, 'More aluminum is used in automobile manufacturing to make lighter cars. In 1980, Ming accounted for about 3% of the weight of a typical medium-sized car. About 199 。. In the year, it will reach about 5%. For future car forecasts, the use of |g will rise to between 10% and 20% of the total weight of the vehicle, while the engine body, steam red cover and outer casing part Made entirely of aluminum alloy. Due to the use of more and more light metal components in automotive production, steps have been taken to make the four components (4) so that the components with the remaining weight can withstand the test of severe conditions. High performance ceramics to reinforce lightweight components.
對於金屬與陶瓷合成物(金屬基 合成物、CMC),使用具有陶瓷 體合成物、MMC或陶瓷基 硬化粒子之一金屬基板以 98191.doc 1281892 作加固。從而,可將該金屬之較輕重量與陶瓷對較高磨擦 (摩擦與磨損)、機械、化學及熱應力條件之阻力相結合。 與此革新改進之悠久歷史相比,電動車在幾乎整個世紀 都然競爭力。至^ ^ , 年,笔動車基本上已在市場上銷聲匿 跡:如今,福特管理人員的評論反映出大多數汽車製造商 勺觀i&我們可能將會看到一些替代方案,但福特相 ^内燃引擎在可預見的未來仍將繼續是主要元素。」For metal and ceramic composites (metal-based composites, CMC), a metal substrate having a ceramic body composition, MMC or ceramic-based hardened particles is used as a reinforcement with 98191.doc 1281892. Thus, the lighter weight of the metal can be combined with the resistance of the ceramic to higher friction (friction and wear), mechanical, chemical and thermal stress conditions. Compared to the long history of this innovation, electric vehicles have been competitive for almost the entire century. To ^ ^ , the year, the pen and the car have basically disappeared in the market: Today, Ford executives' comments reflect that most car manufacturers scoop up i & we may see some alternatives, but Ford phase ^ internal combustion engine It will continue to be the main element for the foreseeable future. "
抑f能量密度之汽油給汽油車帶來燃燒的能量。人們已能 貝付起較大的引擎及強動力變速器,$已變成很平常的一 件事。更輕的材料、更先進的設計及先進的冷卻、燃料注 入及潤滑系統已使得大馬力引擎變得實用而可靠。儘管大 引擎確實使用大量汽油,但即使對於高動力引擎,辦料之 經濟性也已獲得改善。 、 當汽車以巡行速度行駛於平坦的公路上時,引擎正在處 理以下三件事: <The energy density of the gasoline gives the gasoline car the energy to burn. People have been able to pay for larger engines and powerful transmissions, and $ has become a common occurrence. Lighter materials, more advanced designs and advanced cooling, fuel injection and lubrication systems have made high-powered engines practical and reliable. Although large engines do use a lot of gasoline, even for high-powered engines, the economics of the materials have improved. When the car is driving on a flat road at a cruising speed, the engine is dealing with the following three things: <
-克服傳動系統之滾動阻力。 -克服空氣阻力。 -動力驅動附件’如交流發電機、空調及動力轉向幫浦。 由於具有適當的傳動裝£,因此該汽車之引擎可能需要 產生不超過10或20馬力來載送此負載。 汽車為何具有i 0 0或2 0 0馬力的引擎之原因係欲使如今較 大的重型汽車從固定停止狀態加速,以及用於穿越及爬 坡:在許多情況下’可能僅1%的驅動時間使用最大馬力。 但是駕駛者將會注意到在需要動力日寺動力何用之情況。 98191.doc 1281892 一般的四門轎車可能具有 之-引擎。其报少時間需要完=為(比方說)2°°馬力 穿越機動動作或在爬陡坡:00馬力’ -般僅在快速 皆係以1完敕於出 τ兩要。絕大部分時間該引擎 一/一輪出t的报小分率來操作。 一旦該轎車以高速公路速度 需㈣或30之报小的馬力。事保持運動可能 可能很少(如果f有的 採。^駛者在駕駛時 出。人們真正需要的係偶爾採用 馬力,而大部分時間需要約3。或:有時需要I。。 :天氣較冷或較熱期間汽車之功率需求可能也會增加, 因為供熱及除霜或空調將增加動力需求。例如,空 在塵縮機運行時汲取該引擎動力之⑽或更多。諸如音響又 糸統、DVD播放器、動力窗、受熱座椅之類的娱樂組件以 及其他設備之操作也需要動力。 消費者想要的所有娛樂組件以及料、固定停止加速、 穿越加速、載送重負載之貨物以及小艇及拖車牵引皆會產 生大的功率需求。我們期望如今的汽油引擎滿足該等動力 品求。而其確貫做到了。 許多人相信較長的最大行程係汽油車優於電動車之最大 優點。一般的駕駛者將會對一需要補給燃料之前能行駛“Ο 英里之最大行程感到滿意。現代的汽油車輕而易舉便能滿 足此點。大多數Ά車將攜帶汽油箱行駛3⑽至5 〇 〇英里。現 在某些汽車之最大行程還遠超過上述最大行程數。例如, 2004款Toyota Pdus確保能以一個汽油箱行駛平均66〇英里 98191.doc -10- 1281892 之最大行程。 由於全世4«夕a 4人夕數地方均能適地提供汽油燃料補认設 燃料補給只需花幾分鐘,因此,最大行程對於;油 車而3亚非_, BB gs 、 問^ 〇正如電動車的擁護者指出,許多通勤 :返士程為50英里或更少。對於幾乎所有駕駛者,重新 之蚋有遠低於100英里之最大行程便足夠。 但從心王j μ〜、 5兄,距離限制报重要。甚至在汽油仍然很罕 見的表早時期,^^夕、> ’斗夕、/飞車車主便想讓汽車能夠「旅行,即 =:將汽車用於此目的。甚至如今,大多數運動用車 的上^ Γ官從未駕車越野,但其為了讓汽車能實現他們 的上迷幻想仍付出不菲的價錢。 力窗及數&車車主想要的娛樂組件·空氣調節器、動 囱及其他電性附件_耗盡動 將合對异吾至晚上使用頭燈一般也 看不到爷 使用〜甴車,則可能幾乎 J垓寺取大行程之限制因素之影響。 先前技術之電動車’該影響;會报嚴重,有時合 二車已經有限的最大行程受到限制而 ‘ 夕。由於缺少重新充電設施且重 甚戈更 若汽I Μ + 里何兄电^間很長,因此, /飞車的電池已用完而還缺少幾 f ^ 戍央里的電1,則為到家而 曰八延長電動車最大行程力 擇。 馬駛者不一定擁有很好的選 汽車成本對消費者有嚴重景彡變。 成本嚴重旦w太… 〉'車推進動力系統之 尤其對於相似的混合式車。可心的二”件將相同, 疋在此汽油與電之間能量 98191.d〇 彳 1281892 密度之差異再次發揮重要作用。此差異影響電動車之重 量、内部空間、動力以及最重要的係影響到成本。作為一 運動能源,汽油在最大行程或成本方面均無可匹敵。 汽油車製造起來比電動車更便宜。問題在於電源。一值 汽車業管理人員指出··「不難發現,我們能製造出和我們現 在的汽車一樣便宜或者甚至可能稍許更便宜之電動車,作 是很難知道,我如何能採納一電池而且讓它在成本上能與 50美元的油箱競爭。成本之底線在於電池。」 除昂貴的電池外,先前技術之電動車還需要其他昂貴的 設備及選項以保持重量較輕、減少空氣阻力並增加最大行 程。而如今,僅12家大汽車製造商擁有全球汽車市場的大 部分。該等汽車製造商大量銷售相同的汽車,由此,規模 經濟有助於降低成本。此舉使得汽油車明顯比電動車便 宜。對於汽油車,燃料成本可能也較低。看看汽油車轉換 成電動駕驶之一般生產,便能看出燃料成本經濟學。汽油 引擎、汽油箱及相關組件為_電動馬達及㈣電池所替 代。下面係一些有趣的統計資料: 軺換後的汊車之最大行程約為每次添加燃料能行駛$ 〇 英里。 -重新充電時間為6至8小時。 -對該等電池進行重新充滿電需要約12千瓦小時的電。 -電池重約1,1〇〇磅。 兒池可持績使用二至四年,或約⑽英里。 若電費為每千瓦小時8分錢,則重新充滿電要花i美元, 98191.doc * 12 - 1281892 而該電費為每英里2分錢。若汽 + 費為母加侖1_50美元,而 A車可用每加侖行駛30英里彳 y ^ 飞油費為每英里五分錢。 但逛必須考慮電池替換之費 ^ ^ 用(/飞油箱不需要替換)。雷 池替換將約為2,0〇〇美元。唁聱μ ^ 3寺電池將持續約20,〇〇〇英里, :此電池成本將約為每英里10分錢。因此,可比的燃料成 本將為’電為12分錢,與之相比的汽油為5分錢。 一當然’纟某些歐洲國家,汽油價格比美國高得多。在該 寻國家中,汽油費可能可與電 ^ 」,、包賈相比,甚至超過電費。而 在日本,例如,汽油及電費皆古 買白回於杲國。此情況使得難 作比較。 ' 便宜的汽油不能持久。但是美國及大多數其他國家的汽 油價錢數十年來保持相對穩定。當然,取自幫浦的汽油費 不:反映在該等國家獲得汽油之所有經濟費用。補貼、稅 收豁免、甚至波斯灣地區的軍事行動費用,可能在相當程 度上應視為汽油費用之部分。 甚至於在2003年,一加侖汽油之零售價格(稅收更少)在 美國估計為平均90美分。該價格包括··石油勘探、鑽探、 才木掘原油的運輸、精煉、汽油的運輸及零售商利潤。購 貝瓶衣水的饧錢甚至更貴。由於一加侖汽油中包含能量, 因此’此一價袼難以匹敵。 回到1905年,當時在美國開始能購得汽油車,但並不容 易C付Ά ’由D煤油則容易獲得。可在雜貨店和小攤上購得 煤油。汽油係石油精煉之相對無價值的副產品,有時候只 是倒掉或燒掉。此情況很快有了變化。 98191.doc -13- 1281892 如7 ’全世界幾乎任何地方都容易買到汽油。為了確保 石油的穩定供應還起動了戰爭。石油勘探、採掘技術、運 輸大量原油之超大形、、山认 //Λ ^油輪、k石油精煉出汽油以及分配及 銷售汽油之基礎設施皆已成為無數投資之焦點。 如:,電池及重新充電技術及基礎設施遠遠落後於汽油 之4等相關方面。在機場的停車位、政府辦公地點及一些 大里4司所在地已經放置了電動車之重新充電點。常常無 人使用該等重新充電點。對於在家裏進行重新充電,可能 可使用家用車庫之電插座。但是,在美國,看看汽油車之 基礎設施便使電動車之重新充電基礎設施相形見絀。 出於政府壓力’汽車製造商已大大減少了汽油車之廢氣 排放。藉由採取一些措施’使得汽油車之清潔程度比其在 2「0:紀6G年代高出9G%。綱丨年,環保組織所評估㈣種 最具%保性」汽車及卡車中有丨〇種係採用汽車引擎來提 供動力。電動及替代燃料車輛佔據了過去優勝者的寶座。 汽車製造商還提高了燃料效率。在2〇世紀6〇年代中期, π車平均每加侖行駛14英里(mpg),而1998年的型號在聯邦 政府要求下達到平均27.5 mpg。依據一環保組織,自汕世 紀60年代以來燃料節約的翻倍已節省了百千萬噸會對空氣 造成污染的物質。 但是道路上的汽車及車輛行駛里程自20世紀60年代以來 亦有顯著增加。燃燒汽油的車輛仍然係造成空氣品質問題 之一大因素。必須繼續對汽油引擎及其他主要的汽車組件 進灯改革以進一步減少廢氣。汽車製造商正在為此而努力。 9819l.doc -14- 1281892 例如,Honda製造出2 3斗 卜 — ^升、四汽缸引擎之「Z-LEV」版 汽單。Honda聲稱引擎幾半 疏 > 攸 戍子無>可染,而二氧化碳及氧化氮之 廢乳降至很嚴格的加州庐 ^ w 丨払準之1〇%。「在某些濃霧區域,如 〉口杉磯,Z-LEV排放的廢_ y ττ 巧歷乳可能比周圍空氣更清潔,」一 位Honda代表說。 美國,消費者已顯示出非常偏愛具有現代汽油引 57車之動力最大仃程、娱樂組件及空間的汽車。運動 ^ L吕其售彳貝回叩而不太節約燃料,在美國仍然非常 4 β等運動用車廣雙歡迎係因為其係較大的動力強又 舒適之汽車。 燃料(無論係汽油或電)節約較多的較小而較便宜之汽車 “艮畅銷。但是’汽車製造商需要滿足消費者之需求增長。 基本運輸並非市場上正在購買的東西。對於發達國家的消 費者,汽車所提供的狀態、豪華程度及舒適係㈣的f點。 所有車輛之重要問題係、消f者為舒適而需要的額外娱樂 組件。空調及基本的音響系統已變成基本f要而非選擇。 美國市場上的一些新型車輛現在提供「環繞音響」、「娛樂 中心」的DVD影院播放器、基於Gsp的導航系統以及支撐 或治療疼痛後背之座椅。該等組件佔據空間並用盡動力以 及一些在電動車中遠不如在汽油車中可獲得的東西。 最重要的係,汽油車已在諸如風格、方便、寬敞、動力、 最大行程、燃料費用及車輛費用等方面為消費者設定了一 些標準。汽油車歷經一個世紀的競爭已赢得了其市場。最 大行程受限且娛樂組件極少的汽車昂貴、較小、狹窄又 98191.doc 15 1281892 慢又笨重’其證明瞭一件事·「 爭·裱保」意識及保護自秋資泝 係僅能吸引—小部分消費大眾之賣點。 貝源 當我們使用術語「汽油鱼 欲 飞由車」日守,更廣義的術語「内燃引 手車輛」可月匕更貼切。由於执 ^ " 田於δ又计上的某些差異,該等車輛 可依#不同類型的燃料而 丁駛各種辛烷汽油、柴油烬料、 酒精、天然氣及其他高能量 … , 九、、枓。但疋,燃料必定係爆炸 性液體或氣體。該箄揪n 去 八 4寺燃枓之數目受到限制。 數年來已有所改進。當麸 田…、新一代柴油引擎已顯示,在 某些情況下該等可靠的古 罪的阿效引擎能替代汽油引擎。 現代重型道路車輛、命L 4 舫舶、多數長途機車、大型可攜式 動力發電機及多數I用及P4 i 乂 辰用及k礦車輛中絕大多數均採用柴油 引擎。此係由於柴油引擎厥 卞田刃箏之燃枓效率比動力強度可比的汽 油引擎之燃料效率更高並已證明極為可信且可靠。 但是,柴油引擎在客車中還不算普遍。柴油引擎較重而 且口呆音較大。其所具有之性能特徵使得其 汽油車輛更昂貴。但是,在歐洲,許多國家的稅率使得华 油燃料比汽油更便宜,因此柴油車輛报普遍。 更新的叹什使侍汽油與柴油車輛之間在上面所提到領域 中=差異明顯縮小。此設計之_範例可能十分有趣,一級 方程式力的賽車手Jenson Button因為以230 km/h(約14〇 mph) 之速度馬駛一以柴油提供動力的BMw房車而被扣。有些人 認為在柴油車之製造甲此類速度係不可能的。 厂可是,如今,汽油車之使用期及可靠性皆已受到壓制。 ’飞油引孳在技術上並不停頓。但是改進之步履艱難,成本 98191.doc -16- 1281892 ^阿而增益較小。為向駕駛者及乘客提供新功能及便利, 母年必須開發昂貴而複雜的新技術,以減少污染並增加英 里里程。 ' 由於以下圍繞汽油車之大量社會及技術條件制約-機械 效率低下,石油短缺、石油供應來自外國之弱點、汽油費 用及氣體英里里程不如人意,因&,關於區域空氣品質、 對:室氣體廢氣的限制以及可能尚不為人所知的_新技術 〜飞油車帶來的競爭,人們所擔心的此類問題將不可避免 地增加。 、— >飞油引擎現在為幾十億人提供便宜、可靠的運輸。但是, …由引擎還帶有較大的缺點。它們噪音很大。城市或郊區 的任何人整日會聽到下列車輛中的汽油引擎所產生的噪音 π車、卡車、公共汽車、小型摩托車、除草機及吹落葉機。 尤其在擁擠的城市街道或繁忙的州際公路上,可能會有震 耳欲聾的汽油引擎之噪音 曰 而且’汽油引擎還很髒。甚至具有複雜廢氣控制系統之 現代車在其觸媒轉換器變熱之前還會喷出污染物。而沒有 該等控制系統之引擎便係可怕的污染者了。據報告,小型 摩托車行駛—天,其上面的:衝程汽油引擎排放到空氣中 的未燃燒之錢化合物量便多如現代汽油車在陶⑼英 里行程中排放到空氣中的碳氯化合物量。巾國、印度尼西 亞、馬來西亞、泰國及印度的城市已看到其空氣變得有煙 塵,此係由於道路上有大量的二輪機動兩用車在行駛。 在美國,加州有一很好範例能說明該問題。在加州,汽 98191.doc 1281892 車耗盡該州二氧化碳之9〇%、其氧化氮之77%及其活性有機 氣體之55%。 _ 某些日子,南加州之臭氧層級可能係聯邦限制規定的三: 倍。近年來’加州的空氣已變清潔,此係由於該州之嚴袼. 規定鼓勵汽車製造商在其汽車中建立特別的控制污染之、 「加州版本」汽車。 曰美國不斷有關於該等汽車廢氣之爭議。有些人聲稱該問_ 題在很大私度上已消除。其他人聲稱該問題仍很嚴重。但 二方面皆贊同某些事項。首先,廢氣確實有損空氣品質7 _ 全世界大多數城市中最大的空氣污染源係汽車排放。其 次,至少在美國,為減少廢氣而在技術上能採取的便宜而 簡便的措施大都已實行。 第三’在全世界許多地方廢氣正在增力σ,尤其係在盆廣 大民眾正熱衷於汽車並正獲益於卫業發展之發展中國家7 事實上,發達國家人口及車輛銷售之增長已開始減弱。即 便如此,全世界車輛數目之增加_該數目在195〇年與2〇⑻年 之間增加十倍,一直與全世界總人口的快速增長匹配而且囑 超過了總人口增長之速度。 此外’關於電動車若可行並得到廣泛接受將會大大辦加 大城市的空氣污染之爭論極少。即使最先進而昂貴的魏 _ 系統也不能與靠内燃機來為汽車提供動力的推進動力二: 之零污染匹配。 >' / 對於道路上行駛的數十億汽車、卡車、小型摩托車,我: 們需要利用其功效。沒辦法消除所有該等車輛對我們環境; 98191.doc • 18 - 1281892 的心3但疋,惫我們能消除大部分噪音、灰塵以及無效 率,我們就應該做到。此舉可使得將來的後代從我們手上 繼承的世界品質大不相同。 7油車之效率低下。事實上,據估計,視條件而定,車 用汽油中實際上僅7%至18%的能量使汽車運動。一加侖汽 油中僅12.6%的能量係用在車輪上,而由於引擎摩擦及熱量 損失而造成62%的能量損失。在汽車停止及在城市,:駛 時,最需要的係加速,行駛其次,接下來則係空氣動力拖 ,。在公路上’順序則相反··增速隨行車速度而加大之空 氣動力拖曳需要最多的能量(約1〇.9%)。 有諷刺意味的係,當今美國通常的燃料經濟比其14年前 的狀況更糟。每年所有客用及輕型卡車的鎖售平均數從 1987年的每加侖25.9英里下跌到綱年的每加命24英里。 原因何在? 2 0 〇 3年美國市場上最熱門的車輛係運動用車 (suv),其占新車鎖售總額的·。該等燃料效率低下的重 型車降低了燃料整體效率而增加了廢氣。 、 叫/〜祀盈〇但是 我們正在耗盡環境。即,我們 我們的兄越來越沒能力做 :方面吸收能量影響’另-方面能承擔難以容忍的破壞 _對石油的依賴使得必須承擔舊式燃料帶來的产产、 濟及政治責任,因為兮榮#』,, I兄 U為4寻售式燃料要經過採掘、 燒而且係戰爭爭奪的對象。 、 98191.doc -19- 1281892 、: 油產品需求嚴重下降之時(因為氣與電取代煤 油用於照明),而以汽油來提供動力之車輛在諸多的汽車中 仍然係一新鮮事物(認為係一可能有危險之車輛)。 然後,汽油作為-富含能量、便攜燃料之優點很快便使 得汽油車受到歡迎。以汽油來提供動力之車柄現在消耗全 世界一半的石油並占其溫室氣體廢氣之四分之一。在美 =,當新車登記驟然增加且普通駕車者每年駕駛的英里數 白在增加之時,燃料經濟卻變得蕭條。 中國在t世界國家❹私人汽車走向現代化之浪潮中 處於領袖地位。某些人預測’在接下來的5〇年令,將有· 多萬令國駕駛者開始駕駛以汽油提供動力之汽車。此一數 字與許多印度及其他國家中正嘗試現代化其他方面的眾多 人口起,將對全世界的石油資源構成巨大的壓力。即, 如此多的汽車將不會產生空氣污染方面的問題。 ts此一 6況在汽油特別便宜之—週期中看起來 比車乂可'!圣,但古老的燃肖時代真的可能要結* 了。許多人 預測^求了能报快會開始超過供應。由於少數中東國家集 甲了 -直取大儲量之石油,而可能使得該問題激化(最近波 斯灣地區的戰爭即該問題之集中反映)。一些專家還稱,該 問題之存在比其出現更糟糕,因為許多國家的石油儲量已 由於政治及經濟原因而被有系統地誇大。 汽油車需要例行維護,採取從改變石油及石油過濾器至 :換正¥皮帶之類的措施。修理係經常性的而且往往很昂 貝。-般的汽油車車主一年要光顧幾次機械或其他服務設 98191.doc -20- 1281892 而經排程的維護一般要 %。修理—般要花一天多的時間 花不到一整天的時間。 A油車在其使用期期間經常 下方面: 需要做的維護及修理包括以 •引擎燃料感測器、空氣感測順及其他需要替換/修理』 引擎感測器 •引擎改裝;燃料注入系統修理 •換油及油沖洗;濾油器替換 二氣據清器替換 ··:肖音排氣系統修理(對於新型號則不太普遍) •散熱器充填及沖洗;散熱器泄漏 •燃料泵替換 •引擎蓋墊圈替換 •水系替換 •變速器沖洗及修理 •煞車墊替換;煞車系統修理 •正時及其他皮帶替換 •軟管替換 •煙霧測試 •每隔15,000、30,000及60,000英哩便進行經排程的維護 汽油引擎已變得十分複雜。僅汽油車中需要的不同流= 便可羅列一長串:動力轉向流體、煞車流體、變速器流體、 引擎流體、汽油、散熱器冷卻劑。過去i 〇〇年來已進行大量 研究及設計以開起動力更強、更有效而污染更少的汽油引 98191.doc -21 - 1281892 擎。 任何、/飞車皆必須具有一主體、底盤、乘客車廂、轉向機 構及其他「使用者介面」、車輪及輪胎、以及車門及車窗。 汽油車還具有以下系統以提供使汽車運動必須之動力·· 冷卻系統··散熱器、軟管、風扇、風扇皮帶、恒溫器。 燃料系統:汽油箱、汽化器或燃料注射器、過濾器、油 線。 空氣進氣系統:空氣濾清器(可選的渦輪增壓器、增壓 器、冷熱器自動調節機)。 引擎:弓丨擎本體、活塞、活塞環、汽缸、汽缸蓋、墊圈、 機軸、連接棒。 汽門機構系統··汽門、凸輪轴、正時皮帶。 潤滑系統··油盤、油泵、濾油器。 包氣系統:電池、交流發電機、電壓調整器。 帶點火系、统··分電盤、點火導線、火花塞、線圈、正時皮 起動系統·電起動馬達、起動器螺線管。 動變迷 艾速态及傳動系、統··變速箱及離合器裝配件或自 器、萬向接頭、驅動·軸、差速器。 排乳系、统:歧管、消音器、排氣管。 廢:控制系統觸媒轉換器、PCV汽門、感測 蝴擎從極具揮發性而能量極高 二 制的爆炸而產在私 /飞’由之有控 力係一… 將汽油甲的能量變成車輪的旋轉動 '、硬雜、效率低的過程。該等爆炸所產生的昼力對引 98191.doc -22- 1281892 手本體及該等活塞造成很大的機械應力。汽油中大部分能 里變成熱量而非旋轉動力。事實上,引擎燃燒室内之溫度 能達到 4,500QF(2,500°C )。 由於汽油引擎内的壓力及溫度極高而使得該引擎本體必 須又大又重。除包含極高壓力外,引擎本體必須具有供冷 部劑循環之區域。冷卻該等汽缸周圍之區域特別重要。該 排氣汽門周圍的區域尤其係關鍵,而該等汽門周圍的汽缸 蓋内非結構所需之幾乎所有空間皆填充有冷卻劑。 =提供一足夠強的結構以獲得該等極高壓力、抵抗高溫 及遂要為該等汽缸及為冷卻劑提供内孔,引擎本體係若干 又大又重的鋼塊。體積重量亦提供減少引擎本地產生的噪 音及振動所需之剛性。 已嘗試使用鋁合金、金屬基體合成物、陶兗基體合成物 2諸如碳化矽之類的陶瓷以製作所有或部分引擎本體而取 知了定的成功。在有所改進的基礎上仍可繼續進行改 進。但是,内部燃燒之物理學及化學特性使得汽油引擎所 需的尺寸、重量及材料強度受到嚴格的限制。 假定電作為汽車驅動力之優點·效率、可靠性、簡單性、 電動馬達之安靜及清潔-具有整個電動傳動系、统之電動車 將成為需要。 :们世、、、己以來包動車之優點已為人所知。如同1 896年『科 學美國』所觀察的一樣,「電動汽車最大的優點係安 靜:無異味、構建簡單、便於控制且速度範圍相當大」。 文此觀點鼓勵,1 00年後,一名評論員於1996年再次在『科 98191.doc -23- 1281892 學吳國』中提到「似乎電動驅動技術必定將代替内燃引擎_ J能不會报快、一致或完全地代替_但卻係不可避免的。問 題係,何時以何種形式以及如何來實行該轉變。」 電動車將不會完全解決舊式燃料所產生的污染問題。早 』的燃料電池車靠該等燃料可很好地行駛。並聯的車以及 某些串聯混合式車將燃燒該等燃料,但其燃燒效率較高。 正如評論家指出,即使「無廢氣」的以電池提供動力之車 T亦依賴於由常常燃燒油或碳的公用事業公司下屬電薇產 生的電。 但是電動車在空氣污染方面則大為不同。電池電動車將 二產:任何廢氣。至少不會產生於汽車。在交通擁堵或等 nr色尾燈時’甚至許多混合式的電動車亦不使用動 產;^廢軋’不像汽油車在其持續行駛期間浪費燃料並 產生廢乳而可能會讓該等在車 來。僅該差異便讓洛杉磯及直他美2動/的人%不過氣 其他吴國大城市及國際性城市 擁擠的鬲速公路受益匪淺。 儘管電池電動車動力之產 生隹中扒士 + t 生仍須有—來源,但將動力產 生-中於大電廠而非集中於小 染而增加燃料、的…由引擎便減少空氣污 而非…、a ’濃煙係從-高聲的堆疊或煙函 而非仃人附近散發出來。此带 u 即可# # ϋί g 包動車的逖有令一優點, k更有利裱境中,例如潮 技術產生此能量。 W月匕、風及水電動力 事K上,某些人估計, 力網獲得其動力,要相當燃燒舊式燃料的電 ^叙新型汽油車之揮發性有機 98191.doc -24 - 1281892 化合物產置,則要有100輛電動車,要相當於一般新型汽油 車之氧化氮產量,則要有5輛電動車,而要相當於_般新型 >飞油車之一氧化碳產量,則要有i 〇〇輛電動車。 甚至並聯及串聯混合式電動車亦改善廢氣控制。在一電 動車串聯組態巾,該引擎可能與性能需要脫離幹係、。此情 况表示可至少以五個方法來減少廢氣·· L以一不變的最佳速度來操作以使得每一能量輸入單元 之排氣管排氣最小化。 2·可避免引擎瞬變。引擎瞬變被認為產生相當大比例之 廢氣。 1对對預定的引擎操作 統作最佳設計,從而提供可能的最佳性能。 4·可預期引擎起動不會影響車輛操作。此舉允許直接使 用觸媒預熱器以減少冷起動影響。 鬌 態不會產生相關廢氣。該引擎僅需要在其輸出 月匕&供有用的功時進行操作。 全在引擎較小以及可能針對短途行車而使用完 王电動柄式之優點以外。 二起噪音污染之減少可能甚至更為顯著。在任何 不如該等車輪快之電動車中,該車可實際上 ……卞曰地運動。即使在速度及 路上輪胎之哮立以mu 曰加守,亦將僅聽到道 一 “ /卞9以及该車主體之某些撓曲。- Overcoming the rolling resistance of the drive train. - Overcome air resistance. - Powered drive accessories such as alternators, air conditioners and power steering pumps. Due to the proper transmission, the engine of the car may need to generate no more than 10 or 20 horsepower to carry the load. The reason why a car has an engine of i 0 0 or 200 horsepower is to accelerate the larger heavy-duty car today from a fixed stop state, as well as for crossing and climbing: in many cases 'may only be 1% of the drive time Use maximum horsepower. However, the driver will notice the need to use the power of the temple. 98191.doc 1281892 A typical four-door sedan may have an engine. It is necessary to finish the report for a small amount of time = (say) 2 ° ° horsepower through the maneuver or climb the steep slope: 00 horsepower - generally only in the fast is 1 to finish the τ two. Most of the time, the engine will operate at a small rate of one or one round. Once the car is at highway speed, it needs a small horsepower of (four) or 30. Keeping things in motion may be rare (if f is there. ^ The driver is driving while driving. The people who really need it occasionally use horsepower, and most of the time needs about 3. Or: Sometimes I need it. The power demand of the car may increase during cold or hot periods, as heating and defrost or air conditioning will increase the power demand. For example, if the air compressor is running, the engine power is taken (10) or more. The operation of entertainment components such as DVD players, power windows, heated seats, and other equipment also requires power. All the entertainment components and materials that consumers want, fixed stop acceleration, traverse acceleration, and heavy load loading As well as small boats and trailers, there is a large demand for power. We expect today's gasoline engines to meet these power demands. And it does. Many people believe that the longer maximum stroke is better than the electric car. The biggest advantage. The average driver will be satisfied with the maximum travel of Ο miles before a refueling is required. Modern gasoline vehicles can easily meet the requirements. At this point, most brakes will carry a fuel tank for 3 (10) to 5 miles. Now the maximum travel of some cars is far more than the maximum number of trips. For example, the 2004 Toyota Pdus ensures an average of 66 以 in a single fuel tank. Miles 98191.doc -10- 1281892 The maximum itinerary. Because the whole world 4 « 夕 a 4 people's eves can provide gasoline fuel to replenish fuel supply only takes a few minutes, therefore, the maximum stroke is for; 3 Asian and African _, BB gs, Q ^ 〇 As the proponents of electric vehicles point out, many commutes: returning to 50 miles or less. For almost all drivers, there are far fewer than 100 miles of maximum travel. But it is enough. But from the heart of the king j μ~, 5 brothers, the distance limit is important. Even in the early days when the gasoline is still very rare, ^^ 夕, > 'Dou Xi, / speed car owners want to make the car " Travel, ie =: use the car for this purpose. Even today, most of the sports car's upper eunuch has never driven off-road, but it still pays a lot of money in order to make the car realize their fantasies. Window and number & car owner Wanted entertainment components · air conditioners, moving chimneys and other electrical accessories _ exhausted will be combined with the headlights at night to use the headlights generally do not see the use of the ~ ~ car, then may take a big trip The influence of the limiting factors. The prior art electric vehicle 'this effect; will report serious, sometimes the combined maximum travel of the two cars has been limited and the 'night'. Due to the lack of recharging facilities and heavy weights more than the steam I Μ + Hehe is very long, so the battery of the /speed car has been used up and there is still a lack of electricity. There must be a good selection of car costs for consumers to have serious changes. The cost is too serious... 〉 'Car propulsion power system especially for similar hybrid cars. The heart of the two pieces will be the same, 疋 between the gasoline and electricity energy 98191.d〇彳1281892 density difference once again plays an important role. This difference affects the weight of the electric vehicle, internal space, power and the most important system impact As a sport energy, gasoline is unmatched in terms of maximum travel or cost. Gasoline vehicles are cheaper to manufacture than electric vehicles. The problem lies in power supplies. One-time auto industry managers pointed out that "it is not difficult to find that we can It's hard to know how to make an electric car that's as cheap as our current car or maybe even a little cheaper. How can I adopt a battery and let it compete with the $50 fuel tank at a cost? The bottom line of cost is the battery. In addition to expensive batteries, prior art electric vehicles require other expensive equipment and options to keep weight lighter, reduce air resistance and increase maximum travel. Today, only 12 major automakers have a large portion of the global automotive market. These automakers sell a lot of the same cars, and economies of scale help reduce costs. This makes the gasoline car significantly cheaper than the electric car. For gasoline vehicles, fuel costs may also be lower. Looking at the general production of gasoline vehicles into electric driving, you can see the fuel cost economics. Gasoline engines, fuel tanks and related components are replaced by electric motors and (iv) batteries. Here are some interesting statistics: The maximum trip for a smashed car is about $ 每次 miles per fuel addition. - Recharge time is 6 to 8 hours. - Recharging the batteries requires approximately 12 kilowatt hours of electricity. - The battery weighs approximately 1,1 lb. The pool can be used for two to four years, or about (10) miles. If the electricity bill is 8 cents per kilowatt hour, then recharging will cost $1, 98191.doc * 12 - 1281892 and the electricity bill is 2 cents per mile. If the steam + fee is 1 - 50 US dollars for the mother gallon, and the A car can travel 30 miles per gallon 彳 y ^ The flying oil fee is 5 cents per mile. But shopping must consider the cost of battery replacement ^ ^ with (/ fly tank does not need to be replaced). The mine replacement will be approximately $2,0. The 唁聱μ^3 Temple battery will last for about 20 miles, and this battery cost will be about 10 cents per mile. Therefore, a comparable fuel cost would be 12 cents for electricity and 5 cents for gasoline. Of course, in some European countries, the price of gasoline is much higher than in the United States. In the country of search, the petrol fee may exceed the electricity bill, compared to the electricity charge. In Japan, for example, both petrol and electricity are bought back in Laos. This situation makes it difficult to compare. ' Cheap gasoline can't last. But gasoline prices in the United States and most other countries have remained relatively stable for decades. Of course, the petrol fee from the pump is not: it reflects all the economic costs of getting gasoline in these countries. Subsidies, tax exemptions, and even military operations in the Persian Gulf region may be considered as part of the petrol cost to a considerable extent. Even in 2003, the retail price of a gallon of gasoline (less tax) was estimated at an average of 90 cents in the United States. The price includes · oil exploration, drilling, transportation of crude oil, refining, transportation of gasoline and retailer profits. Buying a bottle of water is even more expensive. Because one gallon of gasoline contains energy, this price is hard to match. Back in 1905, when I started to buy a gasoline car in the United States, it was not easy to pay for it. 'It is easy to get it from D kerosene. Kerosene is available at grocery stores and stalls. Gasoline is a relatively worthless by-product of petroleum refining, sometimes only dumped or burned. This situation has changed very quickly. 98191.doc -13- 1281892 As in 7', it is easy to buy gasoline almost anywhere in the world. In order to ensure a stable supply of oil, war has also started. Oil exploration, mining technology, super-large shapes for transporting large quantities of crude oil, mountain recognition, oil tankers, k-oil refining and gasoline, and the distribution and sale of gasoline infrastructure have become the focus of countless investments. Such as: battery and recharging technology and infrastructure far behind the gasoline 4 and other related aspects. Recharging points for electric vehicles have been placed at parking spaces at airports, government offices, and some locations in the Dali Division. These recharging points are often used by no one. For recharging at home, you may be able to use an electrical outlet in a home garage. However, in the United States, looking at the infrastructure of a petrol vehicle dwarfs the recharging infrastructure of electric vehicles. Due to government pressure, automakers have significantly reduced emissions from gasoline vehicles. By taking some measures, 'the cleanliness of gasoline vehicles is 9G% higher than that of 2"0:6G. In the year of the year, the environmental protection organizations evaluated (four) the most valuable" cars and trucks. The car is powered by a car engine. Electric and alternative fuel vehicles occupy the throne of the past winners. Automakers have also improved fuel efficiency. In the mid-1960s, the π car traveled an average of 14 miles per gallon (mpg), while the 1998 model reached an average of 27.5 mpg at the federal government's request. According to an environmental organization, the doubling of fuel savings since the 1960s has saved millions of tons of substances that pollute the air. However, the mileage of cars and vehicles on the road has also increased significantly since the 1960s. Vehicles that burn gasoline are still a major factor in air quality problems. It is necessary to continue to reform the gasoline engine and other major automotive components to further reduce emissions. Car manufacturers are working hard to do this. 9819l.doc -14- 1281892 For example, Honda has produced a "Z-LEV" version of the 2" bucket---liter, four-cylinder engine. Honda claims that the engine is sparse > 戍 戍 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无"In some dense fog areas, such as the mouth of the cedar, Z-LEV emissions of waste _ y τ τ calendar milk may be cleaner than the surrounding air," said one Honda representative. In the United States, consumers have shown a preference for cars with the most powerful power, entertainment components and space of Hyundai Gasoline. Movement ^ L Luqi sells mussels back and does not save fuel. In the United States, it is still very popular for sports cars such as 4β, because it is a powerful and comfortable car. Smaller and cheaper cars that save more fuel (whether gasoline or electricity) are “selling. But automakers need to meet the growing demand of consumers. Basic transportation is not what is being bought in the market. For developed countries. Consumers, the state of the car, the level of luxury and the level of comfort (4). All the important issues of the vehicle are the additional entertainment components that are needed for comfort. The air conditioning and basic sound system have become basic Rather than choosing. Some of the new vehicles on the US market now offer "surround sound", "play center" DVD cinema players, Gsp-based navigation systems, and seats that support or treat painful backs. These components take up space and use up power and something that is not as good as in a gasoline car in an electric car. Most importantly, gasoline vehicles have set some standards for consumers in terms of style, convenience, spaciousness, power, maximum travel, fuel costs and vehicle costs. Gasoline vehicles have won their markets after a century of competition. The car with the largest travel limit and few entertainment components is expensive, small and narrow. 98191.doc 15 1281892 Slow and cumbersome 'It proves one thing · The contention and protection from Qiuqiu can only attract - A small part of the selling point of the consumer. When we use the term "gasoline fish to fly by car", the broader term "internal combustion pilot vehicle" can be more appropriate. Due to certain differences in the calculation of the δ, these vehicles can drive various octane gasoline, diesel fuel, alcohol, natural gas and other high energy according to # different types of fuel..., IX, Hey. But hey, the fuel must be an explosive liquid or gas. The number of 箄揪n going to the 8th Temple is limited. It has improved over the years. When bran fields..., a new generation of diesel engines have shown that in some cases these reliable ancient crimes can replace the gasoline engine. Modern heavy-duty road vehicles, life-long L 4 ships, most long-distance locomotives, large-capacity power generators, and most of the I and P4 i 辰 Chen and k mine vehicles use diesel engines. This is because the fuel efficiency of the diesel engine 卞 刃 刃 刃 筝 is higher than that of the gasoline engine, which is comparable to the dynamic strength and has proven to be extremely reliable and reliable. However, diesel engines are not universal in passenger cars. Diesel engines are heavy and have a loud slap. Its performance characteristics make its gasoline vehicles more expensive. However, in Europe, the tax rate in many countries makes Huayou fuels cheaper than gasoline, so diesel vehicles are widely reported. The updated sigh makes the difference between the gasoline and diesel vehicles in the above mentioned areas = the difference is significantly reduced. The example of this design may be very interesting. The Formula 1 force racer Jenson Button was detained for driving a diesel-powered BMw car at a speed of 230 km/h (about 14 mph). Some people think that such speed is impossible in the manufacture of diesel vehicles. However, today, the life and reliability of gasoline vehicles have been suppressed. ‘Air oil 孳 孳 does not stop technically. However, the improvement is difficult, the cost is 98191.doc -16- 1281892 ^Ah and the gain is small. In order to provide new functions and convenience to drivers and passengers, it is necessary to develop expensive and complicated new technologies to reduce pollution and increase mileage in the country. ' Due to the following numerous social and technical conditions surrounding gasoline vehicles - mechanical inefficiency, oil shortages, oil supply from foreign weaknesses, petrol costs and gas miles are unsatisfactory, due to &, regional air quality, to: chamber gases Exhaust gas restrictions and the competition that may not be known to the new technology ~ fly oil trucks, such problems that people are worried about will inevitably increase. , — > The flying oil engine now provides cheap and reliable transportation for billions of people. However, ... the engine has a big drawback. They are very noisy. Anyone in the city or suburbs will hear the noise generated by the gasoline engine in the following vehicles π cars, trucks, buses, scooters, weeders and blowers. Especially on crowded city streets or on busy interstate roads, there may be noise from the deafening gasoline engine and the 'gasoline engine is still dirty. Even modern vehicles with complex exhaust gas control systems emit contaminants before their catalytic converters become hot. Without the engine of these control systems, it is a terrible polluter. It has been reported that small motorbikes are driven by the above-mentioned: the amount of unburned money compounds emitted by the stroke gasoline engine into the air is much the same as the amount of chlorocarbons emitted by modern gasoline vehicles into the air during the (9) British stroke. Cities in the countries of the country, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and India have seen their air becoming dusty due to the large number of second-wheel-drive vehicles on the road. In the United States, California has a good example of this problem. In California, the car 989.1.doc 1281892 depleted 95% of the state's carbon dioxide, 77% of its nitrogen oxides and 55% of its active organic gases. _ On some days, the ozone level in Southern California may be three times the federal limit. In recent years, California's air has become cleaner, due to the state's rigor. The regulations encourage car manufacturers to establish a special "California version" of cars that control pollution in their cars. The United States continues to have controversy over such vehicle emissions. Some people claim that the question has been eliminated in great privacy. Others claim that the problem is still serious. But both sides agree with certain matters. First, exhaust gas does detract from air quality. 7 _ The largest source of air pollution in most cities around the world is automotive emissions. Second, at least in the United States, cheap and simple measures that can be technically taken to reduce emissions have been implemented. The third 'in many parts of the world, the exhaust gas is increasing σ, especially in the developing countries where the majority of the people are keen on cars and are benefiting from the development of the health industry. 7 In fact, the growth of population and vehicle sales in developed countries has begun. Weakened. Even so, the increase in the number of vehicles worldwide has increased tenfold between 195 and 2 years (8 years) and has consistently matched the rapid growth of the world's total population and has exceeded the rate of total population growth. In addition, there is very little debate about the air pollution of large cities if electric vehicles are feasible and widely accepted. Even the most advanced and expensive Wei _ system can't match the propulsion power of the internal combustion engine to power the car: zero pollution. >' / For the billions of cars, trucks, scooters on the road, I: We need to take advantage of its effectiveness. There is no way to eliminate all of these vehicles in our environment; 98191.doc • 18 - 1281892 heart 3 but hey, we can eliminate most of the noise, dust and inefficiency, we should do it. This will make the quality of the world inherited by future generations from our hands very different. The efficiency of the 7 oil truck is low. In fact, it is estimated that depending on the conditions, only 7% to 18% of the energy in motor gasoline actually causes the car to move. Only 12.6% of the energy in a gallon of gasoline is used on wheels, resulting in 62% energy loss due to engine friction and heat loss. When the car is stopped and in the city, when driving, the most needed acceleration is followed by the second, followed by aerodynamic drag. On the road, the order is reversed. • The increase in speed with the speed of the vehicle increases the amount of energy required for air-power towing (about 1〇.9%). Ironically, the current fuel economy in the United States is worse than it was 14 years ago. The average lock sales of all passenger and light trucks per year fell from 25.9 miles per gallon in 1987 to 24 miles per year. What is the reason? 2 0 〇 3 years The most popular vehicle in the US is the sports car (suv), which accounts for the total sales of new cars. These fuel inefficient trucks reduce the overall efficiency of the fuel and increase the exhaust. , / / 祀 祀 〇 but we are running out of the environment. That is, our brothers are increasingly incapable of doing things: the absorption of energy influences on the other side can bear the intolerable damage _ dependence on oil makes it necessary to bear the production, economic and political responsibility brought by the old fuel, because Rong #』,, I brother U is the target of 4 kinds of search for fuel to be mined, burned and warned. , 98191.doc -19- 1281892,: When the demand for oil products is seriously reduced (because gas and electricity replace kerosene for lighting), the vehicles powered by gasoline are still new in many cars (believe A vehicle that may be dangerous). Then, the advantages of gasoline as an energy-rich, portable fuel quickly made gasoline vehicles popular. Gasoline-powered handles now consume half of the world's oil and account for a quarter of its greenhouse gas emissions. In the United States, the fuel economy has become sluggish as new car registrations have increased and the number of miles that ordinary motorists drive each year has increased. China is in a leading position in the wave of modernization of private cars in the world. Some people predict that in the next five years, there will be more than 10,000 drivers to start driving gasoline-powered cars. This number, together with many people in India and other countries trying to modernize other aspects, will put enormous pressure on the world's oil resources. That is, so many cars will not cause problems with air pollution. Ts this one of the six conditions in the gasoline is particularly cheap - the cycle looks like the car can be '! St., but the ancient era of the burning era really may have to be *. Many people predict that they will be able to report more than supply. Since a small number of Middle Eastern countries have gathered - direct access to large reserves of oil, this problem may be intensified (the recent war in the Persian Gulf region is a reflection of this problem). Some experts also said that the problem is worse than its emergence because oil reserves in many countries have been systematically exaggerated for political and economic reasons. Gasoline vehicles require routine maintenance, taking measures such as changing oil and oil filters to: correcting belts. Repairs are frequent and often very expensive. The average gasoline vehicle owner has to visit the machinery or other service for several times a year. 98191.doc -20- 1281892 The maintenance of the scheduled schedule is generally %. Repairs usually take more than a day to spend less than a full day. A tanker often has the following aspects during its service period: maintenance and repairs required include: engine fuel sensor, air sensing, and other needs replacement/repair. Engine sensor • engine modification; fuel injection system repair • Oil change and oil wash; oil filter replacement for two gas cleaners •·: Xiaoyin exhaust system repair (not very common for new models) • Radiator filling and flushing; radiator leak • Fuel pump replacement • Hood gasket replacement • Water system replacement • Transmission flushing and repair • Brake pad replacement; Brake system repair • Timing and other belt replacement • Hose replacement • Smoke test • Scheduled every 15,000, 30,000 and 60,000 miles Maintaining the gasoline engine has become very complicated. Only the different flows required in a gasoline car = a long list: power steering fluid, brake fluid, transmission fluid, engine fluid, gasoline, radiator coolant. In the past, I have conducted a lot of research and design in the past years to drive more powerful, more efficient and less polluting gasoline. 98191.doc -21 - 1281892. Any/flying vehicle must have a main body, chassis, passenger compartment, steering mechanism and other "user interface", wheels and tires, as well as doors and windows. The petrol car also has the following systems to provide the necessary power to move the car. · Cooling system · Radiator, hose, fan, fan belt, thermostat. Fuel system: fuel tank, vaporizer or fuel injector, filter, oil line. Air intake system: air filter (optional turbocharger, supercharger, thermostat automatic adjustment machine). Engine: bow engine body, piston, piston ring, cylinder, cylinder head, washer, crankshaft, connecting rod. Valve mechanism system · · Valves, camshafts, timing belts. Lubrication system · oil pan, oil pump, oil filter. Insufflation system: battery, alternator, voltage regulator. With ignition system, system · distribution board, ignition wire, spark plug, coil, timing start system, electric starter motor, starter solenoid. Dynamic change fans Ai speed and drive train, system · gearbox and clutch assembly or self, universal joint, drive shaft, differential. Milk system, system: manifold, silencer, exhaust pipe. Waste: control system catalytic converter, PCV valve, sensing butterfly engine from the very volatile and extremely high energy explosion of the second system produced in private / fly 'by the control of a ... The rotation of the wheel is a 'hard, complicated, low efficiency process. The force generated by these explosions caused significant mechanical stress on the hand body and the pistons of the 98191.doc -22- 1281892. Most of the gasoline can be turned into heat instead of rotating power. In fact, the temperature in the engine's combustion chamber can reach 4,500 QF (2,500 ° C). Due to the high pressure and temperature in the gasoline engine, the engine body must be large and heavy. In addition to the extremely high pressure involved, the engine body must have an area for the refrigerant to circulate. It is especially important to cool the area around the cylinders. The area around the exhaust valve is particularly critical, and almost all of the space required for non-structural construction within the cylinder head around the valves is filled with coolant. = Provide a sufficiently strong structure to achieve these extremely high pressures, resist high temperatures and provide a number of large and heavy steel blocks for the cylinders and for the coolant. The volumetric weight also provides the rigidity needed to reduce the noise and vibration generated locally by the engine. Attempts have been made to use aluminum alloys, metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites 2, such as tantalum carbide, to make all or part of the engine body a success. Improvements can still be made on the basis of improvements. However, the physical and chemical properties of internal combustion impose strict limits on the size, weight and material strength required for gasoline engines. Assuming that electricity is the driving force of the car, efficiency, reliability, simplicity, quietness and cleanliness of the electric motor, it will be necessary to have the entire electric drive train and electric vehicle. : The advantages of the world, and the fact that they have been driving the car have been known. As observed in Science USA in 896, "The biggest advantage of electric vehicles is quiet: no odor, simple construction, easy control, and a wide range of speeds." This view encourages that after 100 years, a commentator once again mentioned in 1996, "Ken 98191.doc -23- 1281892 Wu Guo", "It seems that electric drive technology will definitely replace the internal combustion engine _ J can not Reporting is quick, consistent, or completely replacing _ but it is inevitable. The question is, when and how to implement the change.” Electric vehicles will not completely solve the pollution problems caused by old fuels. Early fuel cell vehicles can travel well with these fuels. Parallel cars and some tandem hybrids will burn these fuels, but they are more efficient. As commentators have pointed out, even a “battery-free” battery-powered vehicle T relies on electricity generated by the electric company of the utility company, which often burns oil or carbon. But electric vehicles are very different in terms of air pollution. The battery electric car will be second production: any exhaust gas. At least not in the car. In traffic jams or other nr-colored taillights, even many hybrid electric vehicles do not use movable property; ^Waste rolling is not like a gasoline car that wastes fuel and produces waste milk during its continuous driving and may let it come in the car. . Only this difference will make Los Angeles and Zhimeimei 2 people/% of others. Other Wuguo big cities and international cities The crowded idle highway has benefited a lot. Despite the power generation of battery electric vehicles, there is still a need for a source, but the power will be generated in the large power plant instead of focusing on small dyes to increase fuel, ... by the engine to reduce air pollution instead of... , a 'dense smoke is emitted from the - loud stack or smoke letter instead of the monks. This belt u can be # # ϋί g The advantage of the package train is that it is more advantageous, for example, the tide technology produces this energy. On the month of W, wind and hydropower, some people estimate that the power net has obtained its power, and it is quite suitable for the production of volatile organic compounds of the new type of gasoline vehicles. There must be 100 electric vehicles, which are equivalent to the output of nitrogen oxides in the general new gasoline vehicles. If there are 5 electric vehicles, it must be equivalent to one of the new type of oil vehicles. An electric car. Even parallel and series hybrid electric vehicles improve exhaust gas control. In a series of electric vehicles, the engine may be disconnected from the performance requirements. This situation means that the exhaust gas can be operated at least in five ways to operate at a constant optimum speed to minimize exhaust pipe exhaust per energy input unit. 2. Avoid engine transients. Engine transients are thought to produce a significant proportion of exhaust gas. One pair is optimally designed for the intended engine operation to provide the best possible performance. 4. It is expected that engine starting will not affect vehicle operation. This allows the direct use of a catalyst preheater to reduce the effects of cold start. The state does not produce associated exhaust gases. The engine only needs to operate when its output is 匕 & for useful work. It's all outside of the engine and the possibility of using the king's electric handle for short-distance driving. The reduction in noise pollution may be even more pronounced. In any electric vehicle that is not as fast as these wheels, the car can actually squat. Even if the speed and the sway of the tires on the road are guarded by mu, only one "/卞9 and some deflection of the main body of the car will be heard.
對於許多初次駕駛 A 的安靜性〜 冑車者而s ’印象最深的係其簡單 右"動車欲獲在域市道路交通中臝得較大比 98191.doc -25- 1281892 。我們擔心空氣污染, 大問題。電動車對解決 但噪 該問 例’則安靜可能係震耳欲聾的 音污染也已成為現代社會之一 題可能極有幫助。 電動馬達之效率有可能會比 ’飞’由車更南。美國•访zSW士 叶,汽油中僅約2〇%的化學能 ^ 有用^ 在油車的車輪處轉換成 有用的功,而75〇/。及更多來自 曰 取 車之車輪。 曰电池之此ϊ則到達電池電動For many of the first-time driving A's quietness ~ 胄 而 ' s 'the most impressive is its simple right quot; the motor car wants to be naked in the regional road traffic is larger than 98191.doc -25- 1281892. We are worried about air pollution and big problems. The electric car is correct but the noise is the case. The quietness may be deafening. The sound pollution has become a problem in modern society. The efficiency of an electric motor may be more south than that of a 'flying'. The United States • Visited zSW Shi Ye, only about 2% of the chemical energy in gasoline ^ Useful ^ Converted into useful work at the wheel of the oil truck, and 75 〇 /. And more from the wheels of the car. The battery of this battery reaches the battery electric
的 Γ、:=°— 的❿由/電動混合式車,該等車每加侖能行駛4<)至6〇英里 ^之下…可比的汽油車行㈣至30英里。僅有電池白 或串聯混合式電動車在該傳動系統内僅具有一或多個電, 馬達,其使得甚至可能獲得更高效率。Γ, :=°—The ❿/electric hybrid car, which can drive 4 liters per gallon to 6 〇 miles ^ comparable gasoline cars (four) to 30 miles. Only battery white or series hybrid electric vehicles have only one or more electric, motor in the transmission system, which makes it even possible to achieve higher efficiency.
除較高的操作效率外,電動車可制再生制動。再生制 可能恢復聯邦城市行車型態中所使用能量之約20%。 靠電來使車運行提供許多非基於石油的新型能源選項, 包括諸如風力及太陽能之類可更新的資源。㈣,電動車 優於汽油車之一明顯優點係有各種能源皆可提供運行電動 車(尤其係混合式車)之能量。 該等能源之範圍從不實際的能源_18 使用延伸的橡膠帶中所包含的妒旦……者建5義 厂’丨G 3的此里來運行電動車·到實際 ^已用於為電動馬達提供動力或延伸其最大行程之能源_ π油或天然氣引擎、高架電線、路面中嵌入的感應條、辦 料電池、電池、飛輪、水能儲存庫及太陽能電池。 ^午多人預測在今後2〇至3Q年内燃料電池將替代汽油作為 98191.doc -26- 1281892 A車用的較佳雷源 4 + ^ 電原右發生此情況,則將需要由電動馬達 ί該等燃料電池車提供動力。該等燃料電池車之成功可 月匕與驅動車幸兩的带&昆 #制:屯動達之效率及性能有很大關係。 、 衣t商大夕數已投身於製造以燃料電池來提供動力 的車輛。將有合理數量的燃料電池車輛出售之時間框架, 估計為從10至20年範圍内。 4工業的領柚斷言,在20至3〇年内,全世界銷售的新 中7%至2〇%將採用燃料電池來提供動力。此情況將使得 年之w將會有侧萬輛燃料電池車隊列在全球道路 上行敬。有些人,包括福特公司的主席WUHam C. F〇rd,Jr. ’ ^在2G25年之前燃料電池車超過汽油車成為居主導 的交通運輸形式。 4 A ^主席Wllliam c· Ford,Jr•在2000年1月國際汽車 、上說:「我相信燃料電池車輛最終將結束内燃引擎百年 :統治而成為居主導地位的個人交通運輸動力源。那將成 ^各方面全臝的局面·消費者將獲得-有效的電源,社會上 排放則將為零,而f理者將有另—大業務機會-發展 的機會。」 希望還是編局,來自n府及私人投資者的 貝…4燃料電池研究、開發及生產領域。甚至美國_ 統Ge〇rge w·Bush也已堅決表示,燃料電池技術已證明心 =汽油引擎之一「更具環保性」之替代方案。現/,、燃 屯池車輛商品化之國際競爭十分激烈,$ 了使對於消費 大眾而言買得起且具有吸引力也在技術方面展開了競爭。、 98191.doc -27- 1281892 甚至見在2003年便有一些燃料電池車輛在道路上行駛。 $術上要克服的最大障礙係成本、可靠性及耐用性。燃料 书池由於使用高技術薄膜及鉑作為觸媒而十分昂貴。其存 在可罪14及耐用性之問題。甚至在固定時,燃料電池之使 用』亦有限。已證明’燃料電池在―運動平臺(像汽車)上經 過數年的震動及運動便過於脆弱。而i,寒冷的溫度,像 吳國東北部及中西部的冬季溫度,也使得燃料電池產生一 大問題。 車製造商認識到為使燃料電池在汽車製造中實際可行 而要解决的右干問題。現在’許多製造商都說燃料電池車 至少15年將不會出現在汽車展室内。但是大多數人還相信 猎由-或另外的方法將能解決燃料電池之問題。 電動車仍然需要維護及修理。但是對於簡單得多之系 統,以及電動馬達内僅一個移動零件,處理爆炸性燃燒時 的出現的磨損及破裂便得到消除。尤其係,在—電動 驅動器中,難以A古紅七 _ ^ 、鬲性能的汽油引擎中處理的磨 擦(摩擦及磨損)、機械、化風 打化千及熱應力之類問題可在很大程 度上得到消除。 枉 藉由當前的資料,稂錐肢杂^ 士 ,、、,k — 難將%動車之維護需要與汽油車相 比。逞路上行駛的電動車f 車數目尚不足以作出很好的比較。 事貝上,已貫行的少數办 ^ , 九中有些已指示,與可比的汽油 車相比,電池電動車可处兩 f . ^而要更多的維護及更經常的修 理。此外,修理所需的眛 ^ 一 3可能多於汽油車所需的時間。 儘官尚不能作任何音定, ,但數年來已有許多高動力的電 98191.doc -28. 1281892 2馬達已用在運動應用中。電動馬達在高速火車、電 共汽車、地鐵及J:他車差由 /、他皁輛中使用的經歷已經證明,該 動馬達比汽油或其他内燃引擎可靠得多且更易於維護。1 一車卜制:::車製造商已開始生產其並聯的混合式車。 ^車衣4報告稱其電料達系統不存在耐用性 性或品質問題。名i立 * … 其…,此類問題係不可能的,因為 大的體積往往使電子學之應収佳心提供了輔助。 依據此赵驗,大多皇令直^ r 力機構及電動車之=Γ 電池替換外’對於動 表干不用換Γ 不需要例行的維護。此預测 以及不用Ρ ’不㈣侧^綱及叫⑽岐里之服務; 此外’電動車完全不需要汽油車之複雜的 ¥糸、,先及子糸統。一般 邱八”W - 的車車熱悉的需要替換之大 4刀/飞車苓件在電動車中完全看不到。 電=當嶋蝴增修理。正編車—樣, 在某些情況下,辜故蔣合 爭故將會知害推進系統,而在其他情況下, :動障將停駛並將需要修理。但似乎毫無疑問的 ’、扁除η車内的強動力汽油引擎可解決以杯打甘A 不能消除的維護及修理問題。 、可/、他方式 現代汽油車已發展成很複雜的機械。產生 的汽油引擎及苴如M工么 王4υυ馬力 ㈣六、 系統中併入大量研究及設計。轉換 μ 力以使車輪旋轉亦需 、 成七的糸統。電動車中能消除 /寺糸、、先中的大多數系統。 尤其係’後輪驅動的汽油車之傳動系 擎、離合器、變速器、傳動轴、差速齒輪、半轴及有車輪引 98191.doc -29- 1281892 將β引擎輸出(錢出可能在獅與8,嶋啊之速度之間變 化)轉換成零至1,5GG rpm之速度範圍(_般操作條件下車輪 在迢路上旋轉所需)需要此複雜性。傳動系統亦必須容納在 拐彎期間内輪及外輪速度之差異以及所需要的大範圍動力 對於電勳皁,儘管可能僅 手i_此舉將會利用電動驅動器之許多特徵。尤其係,從 零速度起動之能力使得可消除對離合器之需要,而可用速 度範圍足以使得不需要使用傳動齒輪。但h使用行星齒 輪而允許馬達⑽—給定的道路速度高得?的速度運行, 可能使得供敎應用的整個動力機構之效率明顯增加。 任何汽車皆必須具有-主體、底盤、乘客車庙、轉向機 構及其他「使用者介面」、車輪及輪胎、以及車門及車窗。 但是,在電動車中,儘管贫+ $么 σ私虱系統變得複雜得多,但以 下汽油車系統中的大多數皆非必要: 一 冷卻系統:散熱器、軟管、風扇、風扇皮帶、恒溫哭。 燃料系統:汽油箱、汽化器或燃料注射器、過渡器,、油 線0 選的滿輪增壓器 、汽缸、汽缸蓋 、增壓 墊圈、 空氣進氣糸統·空氣滤清器(可 器、冷熱器自動調節機)。 引擎:引擎本體、活塞、活塞環 機軸、連接棒。 汽門機構系統:汽門、凸輪軸、正時皮帶 潤滑系統:油盤、油泵、壚油哭、。 98191.doc -30- 1281892 火花塞、線圈、正時皮 點火系統:分電盤、點火導線 帶。 起動系統:電起動馬達、起動器螺線管。 。,速器及傳動系、统:變速箱及離合器裝配件或自動變速 為、萬向接頭、驅動軸、差速器。 排氣系統:歧管、消音器、排氣管。 廢氣控制系統:觸媒轉換器、PCV汽門、感測器、電腦。 不同的係’由-交流電感應馬達提供動力之電動車將具 有以下系統中的某些或所有系統。 電池 控制器 直流電/交流電轉換器 直流電/交流電轉換器 電動馬達 再生制動交流發電機 混雜的電子元件 機上充電器(可選) 低成本、高強度的永磁材料及有 令双的冷部方法之開發已 付產生適合於車輛推進之低成本 丄 X ^ 重里輕的電動馬達。 口又汁出較小而定價極高的交流電 「 L私汉热刷直流電」馬達 於%動推進,而該等較小但動力强 _ 勒刀強的馬達使得電動車輛 热刷直流電」馬 ^ %e六石聃貫際上係具有一 j 電/交流電轉換器之交流電同步機械,但其係作為τ。声 98191.doc 1281892In addition to higher operating efficiency, electric vehicles can be regeneratively braked. Recycling may restore about 20% of the energy used in the federal city model. Powering the car provides many new non-oil-based energy options, including renewable resources such as wind and solar. (4) Electric vehicles One of the obvious advantages over gasoline vehicles is that all kinds of energy can provide energy for running electric vehicles (especially hybrid vehicles). The range of such energy sources is not actual energy _18 The use of the extended rubber belt is included in the ...... ...... 建 建 义 义 义 义 丨 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 The motor provides power or extends its maximum stroke energy _ π oil or natural gas engine, overhead wires, sensor strips embedded in the road, battery, battery, flywheel, water storage and solar cells. ^Noon predicts that in the next 2 to 3Q years, the fuel cell will replace gasoline as the 98191.doc -26- 1281892 A. The preferred mine source for the vehicle is 4 + ^. The right source occurs. This will be required by the electric motor ί. These fuel cell vehicles provide power. The success of these fuel cell vehicles can be closely related to the efficiency and performance of the belt and the Kunming system. The clothing business has been devoted to the manufacture of vehicles powered by fuel cells. The time frame for the sale of a reasonable number of fuel cell vehicles will be estimated to range from 10 to 20 years. 4 Industrial grapefruit asserts that in the next 20 to 30 years, 7% to 2% of the world's new sales will use fuel cells to provide power. This situation will make the year w will have a side of the fuel cell vehicle queue on the global road. Some people, including Ford's chairman, WUHam C. F〇rd, Jr. ’ ^Before 2G25, fuel cell vehicles surpassed gasoline vehicles as the dominant form of transportation. 4 A ^President Wllliam c· Ford, Jr. said in an international car in January 2000: "I believe that fuel cell vehicles will eventually end the internal combustion engine for centuries: dominance and become the dominant personal transportation power source. In all aspects of the naked situation · consumers will get - effective power, social emissions will be zero, and the rationale will have another - big business opportunities - opportunities for development." Hope is still a book, from n The government and private investors in the field of ... 4 fuel cell research, development and production. Even the United States, Ge〇rge w·Bush, has firmly stated that fuel cell technology has proven to be a “greener” alternative to gasoline engines. At present, the international competition for the commercialization of vehicles in the Dianchi Lake is fierce, and the competition is attractive and attractive to the general public. 98191.doc -27- 1281892 Even in 2003, some fuel cell vehicles were driving on the road. The biggest obstacle to overcome in terms of cost is reliability, reliability and durability. The fuel pool is very expensive due to the use of high-tech films and platinum as a catalyst. It has the problem of guilty 14 and durability. Even when fixed, the use of fuel cells is limited. It has been proven that fuel cells are too fragile for years of vibration and movement on a sports platform (like a car). And i, cold temperatures, like the winter temperatures in the northeastern and midwestern parts of the country, also cause a major problem for fuel cells. Car manufacturers recognize the right-hand problem to be solved in order to make fuel cells practical in automotive manufacturing. Now many manufacturers say that fuel cell vehicles will not appear in the auto show room for at least 15 years. But most people also believe that hunting - or another method will solve the problem of fuel cells. Electric vehicles still require maintenance and repair. But for a much simpler system, and with only one moving part in the electric motor, the wear and tear that occurs during explosive combustion is eliminated. In particular, in the electric drive, it is difficult to deal with the friction (friction and wear), mechanical, chemical wind, and thermal stress in a gasoline engine that is difficult to perform. It was eliminated.藉 With the current information, the 稂 稂 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , The number of electric vehicles on the road is not enough to make a good comparison. On the matter, there are a few small ones that have been implemented. Some of the nine have indicated that compared with comparable gasoline vehicles, battery electric vehicles can be used for two f. ^ and more maintenance and more frequent repairs. In addition, the 眛 ^ 3 required for repairs may be more than the time required for a petrol car. The official can not make any notes, but for many years there have been many high-powered electric 98191.doc -28. 1281892 2 motors have been used in sports applications. The experience of electric motors in high-speed trains, electric cars, subways, and J: his cars are used in / and his soap cars have proven that the motor is much more reliable and easier to maintain than gasoline or other internal combustion engines. 1 One car system::: The car manufacturer has started to produce its parallel hybrid car. ^The car 4 reported that its electrical material system does not have durability or quality problems. Name i * * Its... This type of problem is impossible, because the large size often provides assistance for the goodness of electronics. According to this Zhao test, most of the Emperor's force and the electric vehicle = Γ battery replacement outside 'for the surface of the table does not need to change 不需要 no routine maintenance. This forecast does not need to be ’ 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不Generally, the Qiu Ba" W-car is hot and needs to be replaced by the big 4 knife/flying car parts that are completely invisible in the electric car. Electric = when the butterfly is added to the repair. The car is being sampled - in some cases Under the circumstance, Jiang Hezheng will know the propulsion system, and in other cases, the obstacle will stop and will need to be repaired. But there seems to be no doubt that the strong-powered gasoline engine in the flat Solve the maintenance and repair problems that can not be eliminated by the cup. Yes, his modern gasoline car has developed into a very complicated machine. The resulting gasoline engine and the M-worker King 4 hp (four) six, the system A lot of research and design. Converting the force to make the wheel rotate also needs to be in the seventh. The electric car can eliminate most of the systems in the temple, the first, especially the rear-wheel drive gasoline car drive. Engine, clutch, transmission, drive shaft, differential gear, half shaft and wheeled pin 98191.doc -29- 1281892 Converts the beta engine output (money out may vary between lion and 8, 嶋 speed) Zero to 1,5GG rpm speed range (_ under normal operating conditions) This complexity is required for the rotation of the wheel on the winding road. The transmission system must also accommodate the difference between the inner and outer wheel speeds during the turn and the wide range of power required for the electric soap, although it may only be used by the hand i_ Many features of electric drives. In particular, the ability to start from zero speed eliminates the need for clutches, and the available speed range is sufficient to eliminate the need to use drive gears. However, h uses planetary gears to allow the motor (10) - given road speed Operating at high speeds may significantly increase the efficiency of the entire powertrain for supply applications. Any car must have a main body, a chassis, a passenger car temple, a steering mechanism and other "user interfaces", wheels and tires, and Doors and windows. However, in electric vehicles, although the lean + $ σ private system becomes much more complicated, most of the following gasoline vehicle systems are not necessary: a cooling system: radiators, hoses, fans, fan belts, Crying at constant temperature. Fuel system: fuel tank, vaporizer or fuel injector, transitioner, full-wheel supercharger selected for oil line 0, cylinder, cylinder head, booster gasket, air intake system, air filter (can be used, hot and cold) Automatic adjustment machine). Engine: engine body, piston, piston ring shaft, connecting rod. Valve mechanism system: valve, camshaft, timing belt Lubrication system: oil pan, oil pump, oil crying. 98191.doc -30- 1281892 Spark plug, coil, timing leather Ignition system: distribution board, ignition wire. Starting system: electric starter motor, starter solenoid. . , speed and drive train, transmission: gearbox and clutch assembly or automatic transmission, universal joint, drive shaft, differential. Exhaust system: manifold, silencer, exhaust pipe. Exhaust gas control system: catalytic converter, PCV valve, sensor, computer. Different systems' electric vehicles powered by an AC induction motor will have some or all of the following systems. Battery Controller DC/AC Converter DC/AC Converter Electric Motor Regenerative Brake Alternator Hybrid Electronic Component Onboard Charger (optional) Low cost, high strength permanent magnet material and cold method with double Developed an electric motor that has been produced to produce a low-cost ^X^ light and light weight suitable for vehicle propulsion. The small and highly priced AC "L private heat brush DC" motor is propelled at %, and the smaller but powerful motor makes the electric vehicle hot brush DC. e Six Stones is an alternating current synchronous machine with a j electric/alternating current converter, but it is used as τ. Sound 98191.doc 1281892
Honda的並聯混合式汽車之馬達選擇而出現。有些美國汽車 衣造商仍然偏雯交流電感應馬達。表丨顯示某些普通的馬達 類型之馬達重量。 重里類型 馬達重量(kg) 線圈電場刷 130 感應 80 開關磁阻 80 刷直流電」 45 表1·使用不同機械技術之45 kw馬達之重量 性能最佳的汽油引擎之動力與馬達重量比超過電動馬達 之數字。而且,正如汽油引擎需要體積大而重的子系統來 作為其支撐’電動馬達也—樣常常需要體積大而重的電 池。然而’二者平衡起來’電動馬達將在產生特定數量的 動力所需之整體尺寸及重量方面更優越。 若不考慮電池購買及替換成本,則對電池電動車 ^ 1 电斯平里牙4 ) 琶之成本將低於重新補給可比數量的汽油之成本。難以 订比較。但是’與汽油引擎相比,關於電動馬達之效率 有些人估相则年美國的平均電力價格計,具有錯⑽ :也的電動車輛之燃料成本比—般汽油車之燃料成“ 8 5 % 〇 有一研究針對電池電動車使用备 一 干忧用母千瓦小時3.3英里的數 子’其發現電力成本將比一般汽 奴/飞油車之燃料成本低約 /〇。电動車效率及電池充電/放電 、垂斗、+ 包双手之梃鬲可能恰好到 運或超過上面提到的低85%之成本。 9819l.doc -32- 1281892 此外大夕數電池電動車重新充電可能多發生於夜間, 此k費率車乂低。電力公司夜間有大量電力未充分使用。電 動力研究機構已報告’纟國電力公用事業已有足夠的能力 以夜間充電來支援最多2_萬輛電動車,而無須構建新的 電廢。使用此電六將:古姑:2丨JrtJ + # ^ ^刀將直接引起電價降低、公用事業利潤更 阿或此二結果皆會因此而產生。 當然’若眾多電動車皆開始在夜間充電或在離家遠的充 ,電’則電價可能有適當的改變。加州電力市場由於 違規而出現的此亂顯不出電價對社會及政治變更有多敏 感但疋,假疋電動馬達與汽油引擎相比具有更高之效率, 則將持續下去的燃料價格似乎確有些不同。 ,不難明白,在像丁叮0^1^⑽及混合式H〇ndaCiviC之類的 二%此口式車中使用電動馬達如何使得燃料成本降低。在 h况下母英里之燃料成本已減少約$ 〇〇/0。 在汽車之傳動系統中裝—電動馬達在整個世紀中一直係 傳統趨勢·汽車電氣化。1912年,Ch牆山仙㈣及其同 事為汽車設計並構建了全電動的起動、點火及照明系統。 該趨勢具有促進作用。 事貫上,現在估計,新型汽車中電子元件之成本每年增 加9%至16%。在典型的·作,電子元件占中型車輛成本 之19/。2005年’其在中型汽車中可能占到25%而在豪華型 汽車中可能占到50%。 20世紀90年代末及21世紀初年,1〇丫〇^與11⑽如混合式汽 車使得汽油車的電氣化達到了新的水準。大量製造出的汽 98191.doc -33- 1281892 車首次在該傳動系統中裝有一電動馬達。而、_宣佈苴 計劃在2〇12年之前在其所有汽車之傳㈣統中皆裝:一電 動馬達。 汽車中越來越多地使用電子元件使得在汽油引擎情況下 不能在動力機構中使用的整體能量f理策略能得以實行。 全電動汽車允許將所有系統皆整合於—中央控制器下以獲 得最大效率。 已製造出許多直接車輛驅動原型之車輛。在直接車輪驅 動的功能性電動車輛之較早(1994)範例中,有—範例係呈有 =直接驅動後輪之Di_Elettrica,其係、一馬達小型摩托車。 / Elettrica係由-热縫軸流式永磁體直流電馬達來提供 動力,該馬達在二個永磁體碟片轉子之間夾有—單一的碟 片形定子。該馬達係安裝於該小型摩托車之驅動輪緣内。 另馬達配置具有附著於該車輔彈菁上主體的一永磁體 碟片馬達之一定子,而該轉子則附著於彈簧下的驅動輪 轴:此配置進-步減少該車輛之非菁載質量,但需要一相 對較複雜且動態的控制策略以容納因車婦吊裝置移動產 生的不變及可變的轉子與定子不對齊而導致馬達轉矩之波 動0 已有特別設計的馬達用於直接四輪獨立驅動的使用。設 :並最佳化存在永久磁體馬達的若干範例,其用以放置於 a電動車輛驅動輪之輪股内。最終,大多數人相信最佳的組 :係將已安裝的傳動馬達或甚至無傳動齒輪的馬達安裝於 電動車之驅動輪内。GM想在其Aut〇n〇my概念汽車中使用輪 98l9l.doc -34- 1281892 轂馬達,但已發現現在的中心馬達過重。 右电動車輛欲咼效率且有效地操作,則基本的係令整個 :輛系、冼一直最佳化以確保盡可能有效地使用可用的能 夕〇用此里之數里一般比以汽油提供動力之車輛小得 f °但是’若該電動車輛欲與傳統車輛同時在道路系統上 行敬,則性能需要具有可比性。 “在電動車輛之早期,僅控制電動馬達速度及轉矩。此係 精由將電池切換進入或切換脫離以產生粗略的電壓控制並 當時普遍❹的直流電馬達之電場及電枢阻抗而 疋成。该等控制技術足以使早期的電動車發展成具有 競筆性。但是,在20世紀頭十年,内部燃燒獲得充分的發 展’於是,使用此推進形式的車輛性能得到相當大的提高 以致電動車不再讓人有任何興趣。 田20世紀60年代’電動車輛再次少量出現時,仍在使用 早先用以控制直流雷g ;查+ + L私馬達之方法。隨著20世紀70年代及2〇 世紀8 0年代電晶體技術之發 七展5亥寻早期方法逐漸為「振 動換流器」電路所取代。 該等簡單的控制系統令的許多系統仍在使用,但是,近 年來已認識到若電動車輛欲充分發揮其零廢氣之優點,則 其必將在性能上更有效地盥姐◊ 一得、、充車輛爿兄肀。為實現此目 的,㈣必須對該車輛之各方面予以仔細控制。 電動車可精由使用複雜的軟體來運用_成熟的電能管理 ^統,從而以最有效的方式使用較有限的能量。一般的微 處理器控制系統利用來自感測器測量電池、馬達、車輛及 98191.doc 1281892 周圍條件之-串聯輸入。其將此資訊與來自煞車、轉向裝 置、加速器及各種可用的開關控制器之駕敬者需要的輸二 相結合。 然後,藉由使用該車輛之電子模型以及固持於記憶體内 的電池並實行最佳化以獲得能量之最佳使用,從而藉由該 微控制器而產生輸出以連續地控制馬達轉矩及速度、傳動 比率(在此使用馬達與驅動輪之間可變傳動)、再生制動、、外 部照明、供熱、通風及空調。 當該車輛停止並被插人—充電站時,該微處理器將臣七視 該電池,產生充電演算法’並控制該充電器。在最尖:的 糸統中’通可能將導航資訊保存於該微處理器之紀情體 内,並由該微處理器處理,以向該駕駛者提供導航指 遇可產生關於該車輛與電池狀況之資訊及車輛之駕敬方 法。然後可將此資訊保留於可重新程式化的記憶體内。上 迹使駕駛者在電池需要被重新充電之前,能獲得關於剩餘 資訊(若駕駛者繼續以相同方式駕駛)。還可提醒 速^.關於§亥車輛的任何功能性問題。該系統還為顯示 、又、已仃駛距離、充電狀態、離電池”用完,,的英 — 般認為係在百分之二十之電荷狀態)、操作中的充電哭以及 内部與外部空氣溫度之駕駛者儀器提供資訊。 •全面之能量管理系統需要控制該車辆内包括:照明、除 :示冰及座椅供熱在内的所有辅助系統。基於安全原因, 你了允許使用標準組件,該等系統常常以比主電池之電 件多之電㈣行運作。目前該等系統需要12 v,但是 98191.d〇i -36- 1281892 越來越多的設計者建議推動該等系統(即使在傳統的汽車 甲)改用4 2 V之電源供應。 低電壓操作亦可用於所有小馬達,且螺線管使用在車輛 各處,用於鎖門、開窗、調整座椅及其他方便功能。但是, 5亥空调壓縮機將以完全的主電池電壓運作,以避免如果此 一同動力系統以低電壓運作會發生的變換損失。 任何控制系、统中的電子控制器與電力電子元件之組態及 複雜性皆受若干因素(其中不只係欲使用的馬達數目二影 響。-般的電動車設計具有―、二個馬達或者在輪數式= 達之情況下具有四個馬達。多個馬達有效地排除使用齒輪 替換來作為使效率最佳化之方法,因為此舉過於複雜。 -般地’使用二個驅動馬達需要針對每—馬達而使用八 離的動力驅動器電路以及分離的固定比率之行星齒輪刀 舉確保可在該車輛拐彎時調整_ 岡 土圭 门正一馬達之間的轉矩以使得該 轉矩在該内輪上減小而在外輪 向-側而對任-馬達迭Lt:由於該車輛可能轉 、、達^成動力扣失亦係一潛在問題, 必須程式化該控制系統以考肩 1“此問碭’因為此係一 安全問題。 、重大的 影響控制系統複雜性之控制其他因素 用,若欲使該馬達與該等道路 逮相之使 化,則該變速m田 旱輪之間的能量傳輸最佳 貝卜亥又速相之使用需要電子控制。當煞 向方疋轉該驅動馬達或動力再生時 而要反 件之切換。 ^工制忒電力電子元 對於電動車,最右岳亡夕μ 士 & 直接輪驅動细態之-係四輪獨 98191.doc -37- 1281892 立驅動電動車。在每一輪内併入一馬達,使得該車輛内的 驅動馬達數目增加,從而減少所需功率及每一個別驅動馬 達之質量。四輪獨立驅動車輛需要一能將適當的控制輸送 給每一個別驅動馬達之分佈式控制系統。 儘管對一分佈式控制系統之此需要乍看起來似乎像一缺 點,但應注意,傳統的四輪驅動系統亦需要一相對較複雜 的控制系統來調整該傳動系統之性能。此外,現代的傳統 四輪機構及傳動系統在機械上相當複雜且製造起來十分昂 貝。可使在一電動四輪獨立驅動系統中實施控制需要的複 雜性降低以程式化一微控制器晶片。 將不斷開發出新的專用馬達拓樸。馬達設計與馬達控制 之『的分界線正變得不太明顯。隨著電腦及電力電子技術 不斷發展,新的控制之馬達設計變得更加普遍。 :機械包性設計與控制技術混合之此作法將為馬達設計 二支術專家及控制理信紙家提供新機會,使其能夠共同 ^出更強固而效率更高的電動車輛驅動系統。 士妾1^本 '歐洲 '美國、加拿大及許多其他國家,政府已 動車及复 研九開毛。一些政府為讓消費者購買電 商的备::他車輛而提供稅收鼓勵。美國石油的力量及製造 援。“義作用不可忽視。但是電動車的確往往吸引政治支 為發St:其控制電路經過適當設計之情況下 制動。事/。此情況使得大多數電動車中可進行再生 在1987年Μ· A· Darracq在巴黎展示的電動 98191.doc -38- 1281892 房車中首次使用了再生制動。 許多現代電動車亦使用再生制動。允許汽車的車輪機械 地超速驅動馬達可使該馬達變成發電機。令該馬達/發電機 充分負載可對該等車輪產生一強大的煞車力。 為了更有效率’必須在該車之整個操作範圍施加再生制 動:而機械煞車僅係用作一安全備份。當在該等條件下使 用時’基本的係要避免該馬達之過熱。 同樣重要的係,該電池能夠以最高的需要位準來吸收返 I的能量。此情況對於某些電池類型可能係一問題,在此 〖月况下’可能需要自動切換為動態煞車之設施,在該設施 中能量係散逸到電阻器而非返回到該電池。 在此$方面’難以藉由再生制動而使得遠多於推進汽車 所用總能量的約10%至15%能量得到恢4复。但是,蓉於電動 車中對取大行程之嚴格限制,此情況可能具有相當價值。 許多年來,大的汽車製造商僅重視汽油引擎。然而,藉 由機上電腦、新材料及新理念,用以合併電動舆汽油車輛 之技術慢慢開始出現。 4組合在终多方面皆十分理想。電動馬達具有很高的轉 k而成乎I立即讓汽車滾動起來。當以不變的速度行 驶時(例如,為產生雷、、与垂丨 /飞車引擎之效率更高。若使用電動 力則可在煞車時產生電動力,從而重新捕獲不然便會作 為熱量而損失之能量。 現在’幾乎各汽車製造商皆在進行混合式系統之攻關。 T〇y〇ta及H〇nda以其並聯的混合式汽車Toyoia Prius及 98191.doc -39- 1281892Honda's parallel hybrid car motor selection emerged. Some American automakers still prefer AC induction motors. The watch shows the weight of the motor for some common motor types. Heavy-duty type motor weight (kg) Coil electric field brush 130 Induction 80 Switched reluctance 80 Brush DC" 45 Table 1 · 45 kw motor with different mechanical technology The best performance of the gasoline engine power-to-motor weight ratio exceeds the electric motor digital. Moreover, just as gasoline engines require bulky and heavy subsystems to support their 'electric motors', they often require large and heavy batteries. However, the 'balance of the two' electric motors will be superior in terms of the overall size and weight required to produce a specific amount of power. If the cost of battery purchase and replacement is not considered, the cost of the battery electric vehicle will be lower than the cost of replenishing a comparable amount of gasoline. It is difficult to make a comparison. But 'compared with the gasoline engine, some people estimate the efficiency of the electric motor. The average electricity price in the United States is wrong (10): the fuel cost of the electric vehicle is 8.5 %. There is a study on battery electric vehicles that uses a mother's kilowatt hour and 3.3 miles. It finds that the cost of electricity will be lower than the fuel cost of a typical slave/flying vehicle. Electric vehicle efficiency and battery charging/discharging, The bucket and the +-packed hands may just arrive at or exceed the cost of 85% lower as mentioned above. 9819l.doc -32- 1281892 In addition, the recharge of the electric battery of the large-scale battery may occur at night, this k fee The power supply is low. The power company has a large amount of power not fully used at night. The electric power research institute has reported that 'the power utility of the country has enough capacity to support up to 2 million electric vehicles at night, without having to build new ones. Electric waste. Use this electric six will: Gu Gu: 2 丨 JrtJ + # ^ ^ knife will directly cause the price of electricity to reduce, the utility profit more or the second result will be generated. Of course, if many EMUs start to charge at night or charge far away from home. Electricity prices may change appropriately. The chaos in the California electricity market due to violations shows that electricity prices are sensitive to social and political changes, but false.疋Electric motors are more efficient than gasoline engines, and the fuel prices that continue will seem to be somewhat different. It is not difficult to understand that in the case of Ding Hao 0^1^(10) and hybrid H〇ndaCiviC % How does the use of electric motors in this type of car reduce fuel costs. In the case of h, the fuel cost of the mother's mile has been reduced by about $ 〇〇 / 0. In the drive system of the car - electric motors have been traditional throughout the century. Trends · Automotive Electrification. In 1912, Ch Wall Shan Xian (4) and his colleagues designed and built an all-electric starting, ignition and lighting system for the car. This trend has a positive effect. In fact, it is now estimated that electronic components in new automobiles Costs increase by 9% to 16% per year. In typical cases, electronic components account for 19% of medium-sized vehicles. In 2005, 'it may account for 25% of mid-size cars in luxury cars. May account for 50%. In the late 1990s and early 21st century, 1〇丫〇^ and 11(10) such as hybrid cars made the electrification of gasoline vehicles reach a new level. A large number of manufactured steam 98191.doc -33- 1281892 For the first time, the car was equipped with an electric motor in the transmission system. However, _ announced that it was planned to be installed in all of its cars (4) before 2:12 years: an electric motor. Electronic components are increasingly used in automobiles. The overall energy strategy that can't be used in a powertrain with a gasoline engine can be implemented. All-electric vehicles allow all systems to be integrated under a central controller for maximum efficiency. Many direct vehicle drive prototypes have been built. Vehicle. In the earlier (1994) example of a direct-wheel-driven functional electric vehicle, there was an example of Di_Elettrica, which directly drives the rear wheel, which is a motor scooter. / Elettrica is powered by a hot-slit axial-flow permanent magnet DC motor that houses a single disc-shaped stator between two permanent magnet disc rotors. The motor is mounted in the drive rim of the scooter. The motor arrangement has a stator of a permanent magnet disc motor attached to the upper body of the vehicle, and the rotor is attached to the drive axle under the spring: this configuration further reduces the non-cyanine quality of the vehicle. However, a relatively complex and dynamic control strategy is required to accommodate the constant and variable rotor-to-stator misalignment caused by the movement of the hoisting device, resulting in fluctuations in motor torque. 0 A specially designed motor has been used for direct The use of four-wheel independent drive. Set and optimize several examples of permanent magnet motors that are placed in the wheel of an electric vehicle drive wheel. In the end, most people believe that the best group is to install the installed drive motor or even the driveless gear in the drive wheel of the electric vehicle. GM wants to use the wheel 98l9l.doc -34- 1281892 hub motor in its Aut〇n〇my concept car, but has found that the current center motor is too heavy. The right electric vehicle is designed to operate efficiently and effectively, and the basic system is to optimize the entire system: the vehicle and the raft are always optimized to ensure that the available energy is used as efficiently as possible. The powered vehicle is small enough but the performance needs to be comparable if the electric vehicle wants to be on the road system at the same time as the conventional vehicle. "In the early days of electric vehicles, only the speed and torque of the electric motor were controlled. This was achieved by switching the battery into or out of the way to produce a rough voltage control and the electric field and armature impedance of the DC motor that was generally rampant at the time. These control techniques were sufficient to make early-stage electric vehicles develop competitive. However, in the first decade of the 20th century, internal combustion was fully developed. Thus, the performance of vehicles using this form of propulsion was considerably improved. No longer has any interest. In the 1960s, when electric vehicles appeared again in small quantities, they were still using the method used to control DC lightning; check + + L private motors. With the 1970s and 2〇 In the 1980s, the fourth phase of the transistor technology was gradually replaced by the "vibration converter" circuit. Many of these systems are still in use by these simple control systems, but in recent years it has been recognized that if an electric vehicle wants to take full advantage of its zero exhaust gas, it will surely be more effective in performance. Charge the vehicle and brother. In order to achieve this, (iv) all aspects of the vehicle must be carefully controlled. Electric vehicles can use the sophisticated power management system to use the more limited energy in the most efficient way. A typical microprocessor control system utilizes a series of inputs from the sensor to measure the battery, motor, vehicle, and conditions around 98191.doc 1281892. It combines this information with the two inputs required by drivers, steering gear, accelerators, and various available switch controllers. Then, by using the electronic model of the vehicle and the battery held in the memory and optimizing to obtain the best use of energy, the output is generated by the microcontroller to continuously control the motor torque and speed. Transmission ratio (here variable drive between motor and drive wheel), regenerative braking, external lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning. When the vehicle is stopped and plugged into the charging station, the microprocessor will look at the battery, generate a charging algorithm' and control the charger. In the most sophisticated: the system may store navigation information in the disciplinary body of the microprocessor and be processed by the microprocessor to provide navigational instructions to the driver to generate information about the vehicle and the battery. Information on the situation and how to respect the vehicle. This information can then be retained in reprogrammable memory. The upswing allows the driver to get information about the rest before the battery needs to be recharged (if the driver continues to drive in the same way). It can also remind you of any functional issues related to the vehicle. The system is also for display, yet, driving distance, state of charge, "running out of the battery," is considered to be in the state of charge of 20%), charging in operation, crying, and internal and external air. The temperature of the driver's instrument provides information. • The comprehensive energy management system needs to control all auxiliary systems in the vehicle including: lighting, except: ice and seat heating. For safety reasons, you are allowed to use standard components. These systems often operate in more power than the main battery's electrical components. Currently these systems require 12 v, but 98191.d〇i -36- 1281892 More and more designers recommend driving such systems ( Even in the traditional car A) switched to a 4 2 V power supply. Low-voltage operation can also be used for all small motors, and the solenoid is used throughout the vehicle to lock the door, open the window, adjust the seat and other conveniences. Function. However, the 5 Hai air conditioner compressor will operate with full main battery voltage to avoid the conversion loss that can occur if the same power system operates at low voltage. Any control system, electronic controller in the system The configuration and complexity of power electronic components are subject to several factors (not only the number of motors to be used, but also the number of motors to be used. - The electric vehicle design has -, two motors or four in the case of the wheel type = up to four) Motors. Multiple motors effectively eliminate the use of gear replacement as a way to optimize efficiency, as this is too complicated. - Using two drive motors requires the use of eight separate power drive circuits for each motor and The separate fixed ratio planetary gear cutter ensures that the torque between the motor and the motor can be adjusted when the vehicle turns to make the torque decrease on the inner wheel and the outer wheel to the side -Motor Die Lt: As the vehicle may turn, the power loss is also a potential problem, the control system must be stylized to test the shoulder 1 "this question" because this is a safety issue. The control of the complexity of the control system is used for other factors. If the motor is to be caught with the roads, the energy transmission between the variable speed m-field dry wheels is best. Electronic control. When the 煞 煞 该 该 该 驱动 驱动 驱动 驱动 驱动 驱动 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ The four-wheel independent 98191.doc -37- 1281892 vertical drive electric vehicle. Incorporating a motor in each round increases the number of drive motors in the vehicle, thereby reducing the required power and the quality of each individual drive motor. A wheel-independently driven vehicle requires a distributed control system that delivers appropriate control to each individual drive motor. Although the need for a distributed control system may seem like a disadvantage at the first sight, it should be noted that the conventional four-wheeler The drive system also requires a relatively complex control system to adjust the performance of the transmission system. In addition, modern conventional four-wheel mechanisms and transmission systems are mechanically complex and extremely expensive to manufacture. The complexity required to implement control in an electric four-wheel independent drive system can be reduced to program a microcontroller chip. A new dedicated motor topology will be continuously developed. The dividing line between motor design and motor control is becoming less obvious. As computer and power electronics technologies continue to evolve, new control motors have become more common. The combination of mechanical package design and control technology will provide new opportunities for motor design experts and control letter makers to work together to create a stronger and more efficient electric vehicle drive system. Gentry 1^ben 'Europe' In the United States, Canada and many other countries, the government has moved and re-examined the nine. Some governments provide tax incentives for consumers to purchase e-commerce: his vehicles. The power of American oil and manufacturing aid. "The role of justice can not be ignored. But electric vehicles do often attract political support to send St: its control circuit is braked under proper design. Things. This situation makes regeneration in most electric vehicles in 1987 Μ··· Regrac has used regenerative braking for the first time in the electric 98191.doc -38- 1281892 RV exhibited in Paris. Many modern electric vehicles also use regenerative braking, allowing the car's wheels to mechanically overdrive the motor to turn the motor into a generator. / Generator full load can generate a strong braking force for these wheels. To be more efficient 'regeneration braking must be applied throughout the entire operating range of the car: mechanical braking is only used as a safe backup. When in these conditions When used, the basic system is to avoid overheating of the motor. Equally important, the battery can absorb the energy of returning I at the highest required level. This situation may be a problem for some battery types. Under the condition of the month, it may be necessary to automatically switch to a dynamic brake facility where energy is dissipated to the resistor instead of being returned to the battery. In this aspect, it is difficult to recover from about 10% to 15% of the total energy used to propel the car by regenerative braking. However, in the case of electric vehicles, strict restrictions on the large stroke are imposed. It may be of considerable value. For many years, big automakers have only focused on gasoline engines. However, with the use of on-board computers, new materials and new ideas, the technology to incorporate electric naphtha vehicles is slowly beginning to emerge. It is ideal in many ways. The electric motor has a very high turn. It is immediately I let the car roll up. When driving at a constant speed (for example, to produce lightning, and the efficiency of the coveted/flying engine High. If you use electric power, you can generate electric power when you are braking, so you can recapture the energy that would otherwise be lost as heat. Now almost every car manufacturer is doing a hybrid system. T〇y〇ta and H〇nda with its parallel hybrid car Toyoia Prius and 98191.doc -39- 1281892
Honda Insight及隨後的Prius開闢出混合式汽車製造之路。 並聯的混合式汽車在該動力機構中組合汽油弓丨擎與電動馬 達。 結果產生由汽油引擎提供動力之車輛,因為,其係驅動 該等車輪或驅動向該電動馬動供電(直接或經由該電池)的 發電機之引擎。但是,該引擎之大小僅如其需要之大小。 其甚至並非一直運行,而且若要求突然加速,則該汽油引 擎與電動馬達共同承擔該負載。 在Prms之類的混合式車輛中,該引擎完全靠汽油運行, 而從不需要插入該動力系統之電性部分來充電。沒有束 縛,也無需等待。可以在任何地方任何一般的加氣站充滿 汽油。 然後,對於混合式車(如Prius)的車主與駕駛者以及對於 晨兄而0真男' 的優點在於數字上。Prius内部大得足以達 到EPA中型種類之標準,正如—樣。其在約w秒鐘内 從0加速到60 mph(約等於四汽缸的T〇y〇ta Camry),並在每 加侖50英里之半全距中能節約燃料。 此優點使得丁oyota Prius成為美國銷售的任何中型車輛中 燃料效率最高的車幸兩。而1其提供的組合里程率係其最大 競肀者之二倍。此外,Prius已被認證為sulev,或「廢氣 排放極低的超級車輛」。 2〇〇4款Toyota Prius可能有資格成為當今製造出的最成熟 之混合式車。別⑽年卜丨旧具有一 78馬力的15升、四汽缸汽 油引擎。該引擎係連接成直接經由一變速器來驅動該等^ 98191.doc -40- 1281892 輪、,而且,無論何時只要該引擎在運行,則其亦驅動令該 電池保持充電狀態之一發電機。該發電機按需要向該電動 馬達或該電池提供電力。 無論何時只要Prius停下來,該汽油引擎便關閉。此舉表 不當處於交通擁塞或受阻於停止信號時不會有不必要的閒 置或燃料浪費。當以—般速度從閒置狀態開始加速以及加 速達到半全距速度時,Prius係由該電動馬達來提供動力, 而由該電池對該電動馬達進行饋送。 提池電荷時’該汽油引擎藉由向該電動發電機 Μ作出回應,從而對該電池進行重新充電。一旦 =高速度並在一般條件下驅動,該引擎以其分離的動 ,達此動力之部分到達該發電機,進而供應該電動 馬達,而部分動力則驅動該等車輪。 序=該:油引擎切換為該電動馬達及返回切換之程 困難。有一紐約卡通晝描述一汽車銷 =的夫婦解說並聯的混合式車,他這樣說道 傳、、“以汽油提供動力之引擎來運行直 /、 此時它切換到電池動力β1負疚感’ 現只中,—直將來自該引 制成保持最有效的均衡。若產生突之分配控 路穿越機動動作或從閒置狀態較快地起動,二= 與該電動馬達皆驅動該等車輪。冑以〜由引擎 能其:Γ的減速期間,則將該運動車輛之動 成W,然後將此電能儲存於該電池内。任何時候 98191.doc -41 - 1281892 :::直監視該電池之充電狀態,而且任何需要的時候便由 °…由引擎來向該發電機提供動力以進行必需的充電。 J並聯的混合式車—樣,串聯混合車型亦兼具一汽油引 電動馬達。’然而,並非在該傳動系統中具有該汽油 孚而僅由该電動馬達來驅動該等車輪。 —熟悉的串聯混合車型係柴油電動鐵路機車。該等機車 具有龐大的柴油引擎來 t勒馮私動馬達提供電力之發電 1 動馬達進而驅動該等車輪。該柴油引擎在其 度範圍内操作,並經由該等電動馬達而完成該 而且很可#。 ^動力_具有报高的燃料效率 J是:―旦火車奔规起來,則其往往總會以相當固定的 速度行駛。汽車的一般铲叙低e 士 a 广驅動循壤中條件之變化使得串聯混 己式車面紗某些挑戰。 基此原因,串聯混合式車皆 未^其生產之方法,或者甚至根本不可能生產。 接供“ ^ 有能力以幾乎任何引擎速度來 來獲得最大動力,但電動逮轉速至較高—速度 接近夺值㈣力。此舉使得1 =㈣低料度來提供 態開始加速之性能。電動二=兩具有很強的從停止狀 引擎所不可比擬的性能達之该寻及其他特徵提供汽油 電動車存在的問題 「電動車係父通運輪聿的. a, . 士人+本+ 未來。」與1899年提出此表述 ^樣’如今此表述仍然正確。電動車天然的係清潔、安 98191.doc >42- 1281892 月爭,而且最重要的係效率高。但是,為什麼電動車之希望 從未獲得實現呢?為什麼如今道路上幾乎每輛車皆採用汽 油引擎來提供動力呢? 市場已證明,出於時間因素以及此外由於電動車不能以 相同或更低的成本來提供相同或更好的性能,因此電動車 不忐讓我們放棄我們的汽油車。因此,上述情況使得非常 需要一種能與汽油車競爭甚至優於汽油車之電動力。 1 ·有限的最大行程 〜大多數專家相信,電動車之主要缺點在於其有限的最大 ^程。「甚至在2G世紀早期,汽車購1者便因為主要欲獲得 全國「旅行」#能力而將汽油I之選擇列於電動車之上。 -些專家相信’汽車購買者將堅持在重新充電之前的最大 :程最少應為約250英里。當前電池技術由於未克服電池成 尺寸及重a:之障礙,因此還未能接近該最大行程。 乂於電不易健存或運輪,因此電動車輛所面鄰的大問題 係取大订知(—早次充電能行敬的里程)與重新充電時間。由 於冷天或熱天、陡坡及其他車輛動力要求(例如, 氣調節器)而使得最大行程複雜化。電池最大行程在從小: 100英里(鉛酸)至約2 产 、 子電池)範圍内變化。 ㉟池、辞空氣電池、鐘離 從間:變化範圍亦較廣。重新充滿電可能要花 丁 ’然後某些技術能在15分鐘的短時間裏獲得 1 目::的重新充電(錄基)。總而言之,在大多數專家看來, ^私動車仍然不普遍而一直主要係佔有利基市場,因為 98191.doc -43- 1281892 σ亥等最大行程及重新充電問題尚未解決。 基於此原因,並聯的混合式及锻斗σ — 式及燃科早兀車輛-其不存在最 之:程問題-受到汽車製造商及政客們的青睞。僅採用電池 的=車似乎幾乎已被大汽車製造商以及任何人(除忠誠 的但很小的電動車迷一族)所放棄。 2·份量重、體積大、昂貴的電池及汽車 任何電動車中的薄弱環境係、電池。電池有六個顯 者問通’必須使該等問題彼此相對平衡。對於用於電動車 之—般的鉛酸電池包,該等問題適用,其係·. 重量(一般的鉛酸電池包重1,0 0 0磅或更重) 體積(某些汽車具有多達50個 廷调电池,母一電池尺寸皆為 6 x8nx6”) 有限的容量(對於僅約5〇英里 、主 < 叙取大仃程,常小到12 至1 5千瓦小時之電容量) 充電緩慢(一般四至十小時) 有限的過度放電/重新充雷倨 里何兄私#%使用期(3〇〇至5〇〇循環) 使用期短(一般為三至四年) 昂貴(最便宜的一類係金L醅帝 只你蚝馱電池包,約2,000美元) 電池技術之成本差異在相者 、 牡相田大私度上,使得對於比不太 昂貴的技術具有更長的佶田如^ μ 吏用,月循裱而重新充電時間更快之 電池,能就較鬲的預付費作出 、F出取捨。例如,在以上範例中, 可能使用更昂貴的鎳笥雷、、士成 Α私池來取代該等鉛酸電池。該汽車 之最大行程將翻倍而該等雷 寺寬池之使用期將約翻三倍。成本 亦將高出10至15倍。 98191.doc -44- 1281892 由於鬲級電池(像鎳氫及鋰離子電池)獲得改進而且使用 更廣,因此該等電池之價格將下降。但是,一般地,用於 車輛之所有電池技術仍然遠比如今的内燃引擎昂貴,而且 對於在大市場上競爭的電動車而言仍係一大缺點。 错由一比較’可顯示該真正問題。二加侖的汽油重約15 碎,成本約$3.00,而且僅需要約半分鐘便能吸進油箱。 方金口 fee包池與該等二加侖汽油等效,而^㈣㉝酸電池之 成本為$2,_且要花四至十小時來重新充電。 / &電池重量及體積往往給電動車設計帶來很大問題。重量 犯任何車輛之性能皆有相當大的影響。此情況給以電池為 唯一動力源之電動車帶來一特定問題。 , 对% —飯的小型電動車,要獲得1〇〇 km的最小可接受 最大行程,目前需要400如上之錯酸電池,約: 氯(N綱電池或約12〇以鐘離子㈤離子)電池。此係假Honda Insight and the subsequent Prius opened the way for hybrid car manufacturing. A parallel hybrid car combines a gasoline bow engine with an electric motor in the power mechanism. The result is a vehicle powered by a gasoline engine because it drives the wheels or engines that drive the generators that supply power (directly or via the battery) to the electric horse. However, the size of the engine is only as large as it needs. It does not even run all the time, and if sudden acceleration is required, the gasoline engine and the electric motor share the load. In a hybrid vehicle such as Prms, the engine runs entirely on gasoline and never needs to be plugged into the electrical part of the power system to charge. There is no restraint and no waiting. Any general gas station can be filled with petrol anywhere. Then, the advantage for the owner and driver of a hybrid car (such as the Prius) and the true man for the morning brother is digital. The interior of the Prius is large enough to meet the standards of the EPA's medium-sized species. It accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in about w seconds (approximately equal to four cylinders of T〇y〇ta Camry) and saves fuel at half full distance of 50 miles per gallon. This advantage makes the Ding oyota Prius the most fuel efficient of any medium-sized vehicle sold in the United States. And 1 offers a combined mileage rate that is twice that of its largest competitor. In addition, the Prius has been certified as a suspension or “super vehicle with extremely low exhaust emissions”. Two to four Toyota Prius may be eligible to become the most mature hybrid car manufactured today. Do not (10) years old has a 78-horsepower 15-liter, four-cylinder gasoline engine. The engine is coupled to drive the wheels 98 through a transmission, and whenever the engine is running, it also drives one of the generators that maintains the battery in a charged state. The generator supplies power to the electric motor or the battery as needed. The petrol engine is turned off whenever the Prius stops. This is not an unnecessary vacancy or waste of fuel when traffic is congested or blocked. When accelerating from an idle state at a general speed and accelerating to a half full speed, the Prius is powered by the electric motor, and the electric motor is fed by the battery. When the battery is charged, the gasoline engine recharges the battery by responding to the motor generator. Once = high speed and driven under normal conditions, the engine moves to the generator with its separate motion, which in turn supplies the electric motor, and part of the power drives the wheels. Preface = this: It is difficult to switch the oil engine to the electric motor and return to the switching process. There is a New York cartoon 昼 describing a car pin = the couple explained the parallel hybrid car, he said that, "the gasoline-powered engine to run straight /, at this time it switches to battery power β1 negative ' feeling" - directly from the lead to maintain the most effective balance. If the sudden distribution of the control path through the maneuver or start from the idle state, the second = with the electric motor to drive the wheels. The engine can: during the deceleration of the crucible, move the moving vehicle into W, and then store the electric energy in the battery. Any time 98191.doc -41 - 1281892 ::: directly monitor the charging state of the battery, and Whenever needed, the engine is powered by the engine to perform the necessary charging. J-parallel hybrid-like, tandem hybrid models also have a petrol-driven electric motor. 'However, not in the transmission The gasoline is in the system and only the electric motor is used to drive the wheels. - The familiar series hybrid models are diesel electric railway locomotives. These locomotives have huge diesel engines. The Levon private motor provides power to generate electricity to drive the wheels. The diesel engine operates within its range and is completed via the electric motors. It is very powerful. The fuel efficiency J is: “When the train is on the way, it tends to travel at a fairly constant speed. The general shovel of the car is low, and the driving conditions in the soil are such that the tandem hybrid car veil is certain. For this reason, tandem hybrid cars are not produced by their method, or even impossible. It is available for "^ has the ability to get maximum power at almost any engine speed, but the electric drive speed is higher - speed Close to the value of the (four) force. This allows 1 = (four) low feed to provide performance that begins to accelerate. Electric two = two have a strong performance unmatched from the stop-like engine to achieve the problem of the gasoline electric vehicle provided by other features. "Electric car is the father of the rim. A, . Shiren + Ben + future With this statement in 1899, this statement is still correct. The natural system of electric vehicles is clean, and the most important ones are highly efficient. But why is the hope of electric vehicles never realized? Why are almost every car on the road now powered by a gasoline engine? The market has proven that electric vehicles don't let us give up our gasoline vehicles because of the time factor and because electric vehicles cannot provide the same or better performance at the same or lower cost. Therefore, the above situation makes it very necessary to have an electric power that can compete with a gasoline vehicle or even a gasoline vehicle. 1 · Limited maximum travel ~ Most experts believe that the main disadvantage of electric vehicles is their limited maximum range. "Even in the early 2G century, the car buyers were listed on the electric car because they mainly wanted to get the national "travel" # ability. - Some experts believe that 'car buyers will stick to the maximum before recharging: the minimum should be about 250 miles. Current battery technology has not yet reached this maximum stroke because it does not overcome the obstacles of battery size and weight a:. Because electric power is not easy to store or transport wheels, the big problem facing the electric vehicle is to draw a big understanding (the mileage that can be paid for early charging) and the recharging time. The maximum stroke is complicated by cold or hot days, steep slopes, and other vehicle power requirements (eg, gas regulators). The maximum battery travel varies from small: 100 miles (lead acid) to approximately 2, sub-batteries. 35 pools, air batteries, clocks and slaves: the scope of change is also wide. It may take a little time to recharge the power. Then some technologies can get 1 mesh:: recharge (recording) in 15 minutes. All in all, in the opinion of most experts, the private car is still not popular and has always dominated the niche market because 98191.doc -43- 1281892 σ Hai and other maximum travel and recharge problems have not been resolved. For this reason, parallel hybrid and forging σ-type and fuel-fired early-vehicle vehicles – which do not exist the most: the problem – are favored by car manufacturers and politicians. The battery-only=car seems to have been abandoned by big car manufacturers and anyone (except for loyal but small electric fan fans). 2. Heavy-duty, bulky, expensive batteries and automobiles. The weak environment and batteries in any electric vehicle. There are six obvious questions about the battery's that must be balanced against each other. For lead-acid battery packs used in electric vehicles, these problems apply. The weight (usual lead-acid battery pack weighs 1,0 0 pounds or more) volume (some cars have as many as 50 Ting batteries, the size of the mother battery is 6 x 8nx6") Limited capacity (for only about 5 miles, the main < the main process, the capacity is often as small as 12 to 15 kWh) Slow (generally four to ten hours) Limited over-discharge / re-filling 倨 倨 何兄私#% period of use (3 〇〇 to 5 〇〇 cycle) Short use period (usually three to four years) Expensive (cheap One type of gold L 醅 只 only you 蚝驮 battery pack, about 2,000 US dollars) The cost difference of battery technology in the phase, the big private degree of the oyster field, making it longer than the less expensive technology 佶田如 ^ μ吏 , , , , , 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池To replace these lead-acid batteries. The maximum journey of the car will be doubled. The service life of the Leisi Kuanchi will be approximately three times. The cost will be 10 to 15 times higher. 98191.doc -44- 1281892 Because the grade batteries (like nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries) have been improved and used more widely, The price of these batteries will fall. However, in general, all battery technologies used in vehicles are still far more expensive than today's internal combustion engines, and are still a major drawback for electric vehicles competing in the big market. Comparing 'can show the real problem. Two gallons of gasoline weighs about 15 pieces and costs about $3.00, and it takes only about half a minute to suck into the tank. The Fangjinkou fee pack pool is equivalent to the two gallons of gasoline, and ^ (4) The cost of the 33-acid battery is $2, _ and it takes four to ten hours to recharge. / & The weight and volume of the battery often poses a big problem for the design of the electric vehicle. The performance of any vehicle has a considerable impact. This situation poses a specific problem for electric vehicles with the battery as the sole source of power. For small electric vehicles with a %-rice, to obtain a minimum acceptable maximum stroke of 1 〇〇km, 400 acid is required. Battery, about: chlorine (N-class battery or about 12 〇 to clock ion (five) ion) battery. This is a fake
(S0C」)20%之最低特定位準。 制ΓΓΓ設計具有—錯酸電池及其相關電馬達及 :'。所有電池車都表明’該等電池、馬達及控制器之 里約為傳統汽車中等效的内燃 倍之多。該等組件之重量及成本㈣專動系統及燃料的- 最大行程限制相結合,使得僅 動車、 十年以及20世… 電池的電動車在過去凄 十平及世Z早期注定難㈣業厄運。 此外,此額外重量產生一複合效 此較重的結構組件來支撐隼中、使用較強且因 叉梡木中的,池重量並提供足夠的撞 98l9l.doc -45- 1281892 #保護。作為粗略的經驗法則,對於額外的每—公斤子系 重量’必須添加至少〇 3 k , 、,主〆0·31^之結構重量。此情況使得車輛 重整體上增Λπ0Λ。/ 2 =ri 統 ' — 太 认U .1 淨重整體上增加約20%並引起性能之對應損失。 當使用高級電池時,此拎署竑φ . 此日里減夕或4除,但是僅限於承 =的有:最大行程(對於以錯酸來提供動力之 二=:)之情況。若利用該等高級電池之最佳能量 二重量::的電池並增加最大行程,則不會消除電動 成的電動車-使用輕型材料、改進的動力結構以及 控制-能產生性能可與其汽油引擎等 之車輛。伸此集 1日仁匕(S0C") The lowest specific level of 20%. The sputum design has a faulty acid battery and its associated electric motor and: '. All battery vehicles indicate that the batteries, motors and controllers are equivalent to the equivalent internal combustion in conventional vehicles. The weight and cost of these components (4) combined with the special system and the maximum travel limit of the fuel, so that only the electric car, ten years and 20th... The electric car of the battery in the past 凄 十 平 平 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 . In addition, this extra weight produces a composite effect of this heavier structural component to support the raft, is stronger and uses the weight of the pool, and provides sufficient collision to provide protection against 98l9l.doc -45- 1281892 #. As a rough rule of thumb, a structural weight of at least k 3 k , , , and main 〆 0·31 ^ must be added for an additional per kilogram of weight. This situation increases the overall weight of the vehicle by π0Λ. / 2 = ri system ' — too U.1 The net weight is increased by about 20% overall and causes a corresponding loss in performance. When using an advanced battery, this sign 竑 φ . This day's eve or 4 division, but only for the = = maximum travel (for the second power supply with wrong acid =:). If you use the best energy of these advanced batteries, the weight of the battery and increase the maximum stroke, it will not eliminate the electric vehicle - using lightweight materials, improved power structure and control - can produce performance with its gasoline engine, etc. Vehicle. Stretch this episode 1
不能移除由於電池相對W由具有較低能 置岔度而對最大行料成的嚴格限制。 有H 較大的電池體積仏兩 箱包含之“士車设汁帶來另—大問題。一汽油 月b里相當於—鉛酸池 100多倍。汽油句A 母卞克有用特定能量之 密度之20# 3之能量密度相當於每公升體積有用能量 。。因此,電池之重量盥體 統汽車之油箱。 ”體和必須运遠大於傳 :務上’此情形意味著 而僅能载送二 干街趴%池所需之空間 般地,對於:门。高級電池在某種程度上改善此狀況。- 錯酸電池需要Γ儲存能量,鎳氫電池目前需要的體積比 小6〇%以上。鋰離子電池之另一優二Π需要的體積 性的箱構造而將〜“ ““糸,有時可能使用撓 針對最小重/4成為不同形狀。 里及體積之設計往往使車輛設計之成本顯著 98191.doc -46- 1281892 增加。例如’ Honda Insight具有高級鋁組件與ABS合成物以 使仔主體重里比一可比的鋼主體減輕40%。同樣,Honda聲 稱’已藉由使用引擎本體與連接棒之專門構造以及將鋁、 鎮及塑膠用於引擎組件而使得所使用的内燃引擎之重量減 輕 30% 〇 此高級設計大大增加了成本。該等目前生產混合式車(特 別係Honda及Toyota)之製造商必須為其混合式車輛之真正 成本提供超過50❶/〇的津貼以使得成本降至普通大眾將願意 租賃或購買之水準。 3 ·低動力 電動車之一缺點係缺乏用於從一停止狀態開始加速以及 用於穿越之動力。由於重量、電池動力產生率之問題及其 他問題,而將許多電池電動車限制為12至2〇秒鐘内速度為 每小%零至六十英里。此速度已慢得足以使許多消費者失 去對電動車之興趣。 4·條件變化產生低效率 可將電動馬達設計成在一有限的速度範圍内很有效地操 作。在此範圍外,其很快會失效。因此,儘管電動馬達在 理想條件下可能具有高於80%之效率,而在一般變動的驅 動循環中電動馬達之效率可能降至小於5〇%。 各類電動馬達之間的該等效率差異可能很大。由於折衷 難以避免,因此為汽車製作一實用的電動推進系統之一嘗 忒(第5,549,172號美國專利案)走向極端而在該汽車内使用 —馬達 0 98191.doc -47- 1281892 °亥發明認識到沒有任何現存 個範圍内具有很好的性能。因此=車她条件之整 有效的低速馬達與-極有效的高速法藉由將一極 性能升級。明顯的優點係需要二個完敕:二而使整體系統 5·輪較式馬達存在之_ 〜的分離電動馬達。 夕’弋車„又。十者相4輪轂或「 * 供最佳的架構。將一 :式」馬達為電動車提 動該輪而無需任何動力直接驅 的二間置。但是將-重型馬達放在 ^佔據 量,此舉可能係汽車操控之一關鍵因争内曰加5早性黃下質 J 統由無需任何插入齒輪或懸吊連結而直接 又驅動輪之—馬達驅動器。因此, 之旋轉與該受驅動輪之旋轉之間有 :‘…、驅動器 關係。 妾的一對一之對應 此配置使得該傳動系統明顯簡化 吊特徵。在-傳統的驅動系統(電或内燃=之懸 的非黃載質量係該等輪及該傳動系統之-小^ 地,直接輪驅動系統中的驅動 般 質量。 運係°亥車輛之部分非簧載 大夕數電動馬達及所有内燃弓丨擎皆過重* 之主體移除以及併入該等驅動輪之一或多個c %動馬達適用於一直接輪驅動系統,其為使-低的質量及一較高的轉矩對質量比。此外,、直=—相對較 、處於1區動輪附近或在-驅動輪内的位置_ 98l9l.doc -48- 1281892 致之實體尺寸。 車輪過重將會斟旱年黑A y-庄山士 „ θ 懸吊及订駛產生若干影響。該車輛之 彈黃下重罝越尚,則兮科品擺綠— 卜主 「 貝“亥懸吊弹黃在車輛拐彎或發生撞擊之 、、 、伸的力里越大。此舉引起該懸吊裝置之 過度運動’而使得乘坐不適並 . L上_ I五使侍扣穹時不太能緊握抓 —、車乂门的彈瓦下重量需要剛性避震器來控制過度 的彈簀運動,此舉亦能起到實現剛性、苛刻乘坐之作用。 此問題似乎不一定你士鬥 ^ 糸大問^。但疋,會產生實質上的影 曰且難以克服該等影響。基於此原因,利汽車已質疑, 輪毅馬達在其細㈣町概念汽車中是否將可行。 6_串聯混合式車存在之問題 將-汽油引擎用作一電源以產生電力用於完全電動的傳 動系統,能解決電池電動車所面臨的最大行程問題。但是 串聯混合式車使得汽油引擎及電動馬達之優點皆變弱,而 且使侍Ik之產生此二者的某些缺點。例如,汽油/電動混合 式汽車仍將造成污染。此情形使得汽油/電動混合式汽車對 於僅動的區域而言並不合格。 串聯混合式車輛需要該汽車機載之一汽油引擎與一電動 馬達攸而會增加重量、佔據空間,而且最重要的係增加 成本。在汽車内有_汽油引擎,即便僅係用於產生電力, :需要固定許多汽油引擎子系統。可能該等二系統之任何 父換$不會允許設計成與二者之優點皆匹配或設計成使整 個車輛像僅具有一系統的車輛一樣便宜。 串聯混合式車之另一問題係該重量。該汽車必須載送該 98191.doc -49- 1281892 電動馬達、該發電機、該汽油引擎及該等電池之重量。由 於需要的電池並不像電池電動車中需要的_樣多,因此節 令了一些重^但是,—完整尺寸的f動馬達加上-10千 瓦的發電機可能重達數百碎。 電力公用設施不喜歡串聯混合性,因為率聯混合性不從 该電網汲取動力而因此不會帶來任何新的業務。任何石油 公司皆不會對每加侖汽油能跑80英里甚至更多之汽車感到 興奮。最H師常常發現混合式車在概念上有趣但實 際上過於複雜。 7.並聯混合式車存在之問題 、广嶋式汽車需要複雜的控制系統及控制演算法。該 汽油引擎必須隨驅動條件之變化而高效率地與—或多個電 動馬達匹配。除在相同的汽車中需要二分離系統外一汽油 引擎及一或多個電動馬達-必須讓該等二分離系統一起運 作。 將-汽油引擎與電動馬達整合於—單一的引擎罩下產生 複雜的設計問題。正如—卫程師對並聯的混合式車所注意 到的,「其聽起來簡單。嘗試構建n*像人們所= 那樣容易。」 〜 此外’當有二個推進系統時’該車將會較昂貴。體積的 增加並不使價格大大降低。但是,製造並聯混合式車之價 格很高。比許多人想的要高得多。目前(2〇〇3年)市場:It is not possible to remove the strict limit on the maximum throughput due to the lower energy of the battery relative to W. There is a large battery size of H. The two boxes contain the "small car juice to bring another big problem. One gasoline month b is equivalent to - lead acid pool more than 100 times. Gasoline sentence A mother card with a certain energy density The energy density of 20# 3 is equivalent to the useful energy per liter volume. Therefore, the weight of the battery is the fuel tank of the car. “The body and the transport must be far greater than the pass: the situation means that this situation can only carry two dry The space required for the street 趴% pool is: for the door. Advanced batteries improve this situation to some extent. - The wrong acid battery needs to store energy, and the nickel-hydrogen battery currently requires a volume ratio of less than 6%. Another advantage of lithium-ion batteries is the volumetric box construction that will be ~" ""糸, sometimes it may be used for the minimum weight / 4 to become different shapes. The design of the volume and volume often makes the cost of vehicle design significant 98191 .doc -46- 1281892 Added. For example, 'Honda Insight has advanced aluminum components and ABS composites to reduce the weight of the body by 40% compared to a comparable steel body. Similarly, Honda claims that 'has been used by the engine body and the connecting rod Special construction and use of aluminum, town and plastic for engine components to reduce the weight of the internal combustion engine used by 30%. This advanced design adds significant cost. The production of these currently produced hybrid vehicles (especially Honda and Toyota) The merchant must provide a subsidy of more than 50 ❶ / 为其 for the true cost of the hybrid vehicle to reduce the cost to the level that the general public will be willing to lease or purchase. 3 · One of the shortcomings of low-power electric vehicles is used to start from a stop state Acceleration and power for traversing. Many battery electric vehicles are limited due to weight, battery power generation rate and other problems. The speed is from 0 to 60 miles per second in 12 to 2 seconds. This speed is slow enough for many consumers to lose interest in electric vehicles. 4. Conditional changes produce inefficiencies that can be designed in one Operating very efficiently over a limited range of speeds. Outside this range, it will quickly fail. Therefore, although electric motors may have efficiencies greater than 80% under ideal conditions, electric motors are used in generally variable drive cycles. Efficiency may drop to less than 5%. These differences in efficiency between various types of electric motors can be large. Since compromises are difficult to avoid, one of the practical electric propulsion systems for cars is being tried (US Patent No. 5, 549, 172) Towards extreme use in the car - motor 0 98191.doc -47 - 1281892 ° Hai invention realized that there is no good performance in any existing range. Therefore = the effective low speed motor and pole The effective high-speed method is to upgrade the performance of one pole. The obvious advantage is that two complete systems are required: the separation motor of the whole system 5·wheel type motor exists. Xi 'Yi car "and. The ten-phase four-wheel hub or "* is the best architecture. The one-style" motor is used to lift the wheel for the electric vehicle without any direct drive. However, placing the heavy-duty motor in the amount of ^, this may be one of the key reasons for the car's handling. In addition, the 5 early-yellow-yellow quality system directly drives the wheel without any insertion of gears or suspension links. driver. Therefore, there is a relationship between the rotation and the rotation of the driven wheel: ‘..., the driver relationship. One-to-one correspondence of the 此 This configuration allows the drive system to significantly simplify the sling feature. In the traditional drive system (electrical or internal combustion = the non-yellow load quality of the suspension is the same as the drive system - the small drive, the quality of the drive in the direct wheel drive system. The main body of the sprung-loaded electric motor and all the internal combustion engines are excessively heavy* and the one or more of the driving wheels incorporated in the driving wheels are suitable for a direct-wheel drive system, which is low-low Mass and a higher torque to mass ratio. In addition, straight = - relatively, in the vicinity of the 1 zone moving wheel or in the position of the - drive wheel _ 98l9l.doc -48- 1281892 to the physical size. Wheels will be too heavy In the dry year, the black A y-Zhuangshan Shi „ θ suspension and set-up will have some impact. The more the car’s yellow and yellow squats, the more the 兮 品 摆 — — — — — — — — — The greater the force of the vehicle turning or impacting, the extension of the force. This causes the over-movement of the suspension device to make the ride uncomfortable. L _ I five makes the buckle is not very tight when grasping the buckle - The weight of the slamming door of the car door requires a rigid shock absorber to control excessive magazine movement. It plays a role in achieving rigidity and harsh rides. This problem does not seem to be a problem for you. ^But it will have a substantial impact and it is difficult to overcome these effects. For this reason, Lee Motors has questioned Whether the wheel motor will be feasible in its fine (four) town concept car. 6_The problem of the series hybrid car will be - the gasoline engine is used as a power source to generate electricity for the fully electric transmission system, which can solve the problem faced by the battery electric vehicle. The biggest travel problem, but the tandem hybrid car makes the advantages of both the gasoline engine and the electric motor weak, and it causes some disadvantages of the two. For example, the gasoline/electric hybrid car will still cause pollution. The situation makes the gasoline/electric hybrid car unqualified for the moving area only. The tandem hybrid vehicle requires one of the car's onboard gasoline engine and an electric motor to increase weight, space, and most importantly. Increase the cost. There is a gasoline engine in the car, even if it is only used to generate electricity, it needs to fix many gasoline engine subsystems. Maybe these two systems Any parent exchange $ will not be allowed to be designed to match the advantages of both or be designed to make the entire vehicle as cheap as a vehicle with only one system. Another problem with tandem hybrid vehicles is the weight. The car must carry The 98191.doc -49- 1281892 electric motor, the generator, the gasoline engine and the weight of the batteries. Because the battery required is not as much as the battery required in the battery electric vehicle, so the throttle is somewhat heavy, however, - Full-size f-motors plus -10 kW generators can weigh up to hundreds of pieces. Power utilities don't like series hybrids because the rate-mixing does not draw power from the grid and therefore does not bring any new The business. No oil company will be excited about cars that run 80 miles or more per gallon. Most H divisions often find hybrid cars conceptually interesting but actually too complex. 7. Problems with parallel hybrid vehicles. Wide-angle vehicles require complex control systems and control algorithms. The gasoline engine must be efficiently matched to - or multiple electric motors as the drive conditions change. In addition to the need for a separate gasoline engine and one or more electric motors in the same car - these two separation systems must be operated together. Integrating a petrol engine with an electric motor - under a single hood creates complex design problems. As the Guardian noticed on the parallel hybrid car, "It sounds simple. Try to build n* as easy as people =." ~ In addition, 'when there are two propulsion systems, the car will be expensive. The increase in volume does not greatly reduce the price. However, the price of manufacturing a parallel hybrid car is high. It is much higher than many people think. Current (2〇〇3 years) market:
Honda及Toyota製造出的混合式車係以約相當於其真:生 產成本一半的價格在銷售。 98l91.doc -50- 1281892 有些人相信此情況不太可能改觀。即便對於數 該等並聯混合式車亦不可一定真的可與傳统的汽二在严 格上競f,或者,在藉由使用低成本高級電池之僅採用: 池的電動車而使得該等車變得可用之情況下亦如此。包 並聯的混合式車之目的—般係、使用燃料消耗最1化,作 是,可能由於在僅使用電力來滿足零廢氣要求時需要提^ -最小的特定最大行程而對此目的進行修改。混合式電動 車輛之主要問題係提供二個推進系統之成本,而且有:人 發現難以弄清如何才能克服此問題。 從行政角度說,混合式車具有吸引力。技術上講,可將 其視為沒有人想收養的棄兒。製造商對還需要工廠重新裝 備的混合式車有複雜的感情。了啊埃Honda皆已採用該概 念,至少達到辅助電力所及之程度。事實上,T〇y〇ta宣佈 I八汁3彳2〇 12年之岫在其所有汽車之傳動系統中皆裝上一 電動馬達。另一方面,。―㈣㈣心的高級管理人員完 全取消浪費時間的混合式車,聲言其新柴油引擎在最大行 程及廢氣控制二方面皆具有優越的潛力。 最後,並聯混合式車仍不能使在對於多數駕駛者而言很 普遍的短途行車時獲得特別高的燃料效率。某些專家估計 、子於城市及#區4駛者,所有行程中約5州皆小於3英里。 疋在萬駛的頭五分鐘期間,並聯混合式車的燃料效 率口其控制廢氣之方式而受到冷起動之影響。(冷起動亦使 知尾氣栓制之有效性降低,造成在該系統預熱之前釋放出 許多污染物。) 9819l.doc -51 - 1281892 :匕Μ幵^/轉換成數字,經美國環保署認證,2〇〇4款 ㈣在公路行料_效率騎加侖5i英里,而在城市行 車時料每加侖60英里。由於經常性的短途駕敬,因此使 用该汽車之-般城市或郊區駕駛者常常會變得少得多。 測试使用者發現’其在組合的城市/公路駕敬中平均僅 約每加舍42英里。在其五英里的往返通勤車程中,其平均 僅為每加侖3 1英里。 8·危險電壓及電流 、& 一般的設計者為使得必須藉由電力電子元件來切換的電 流數量減少以及減少該等動力元件中的電壓降所致之損失 而嘗試使用一較高的電池系統電《。但{,安全方面的考 慮往往限制所使用的電壓。λ多數電動車中使用的電壓範 圍介於200 V與350 ν之間’儘管已有人建議對於專門的車 輛使用500 V以上的電壓。 特定言之,安全不僅係與該車輛之撞擊性能相關,而且 還與保護操作者及服務人員免受電池、馬達及控制系統中 所使用的高電壓傷害(200至350 ν)有關。嘗試滿足對電動車 之南動力要求迫使Hobson在高電壓或高電流之間作出選 擇。二選項操控起來皆不容易。 9·所需要的複雜控制 要獲得該車輛推進馬達之充分操作並使之與二個完全電 動的混合式車輛之有效操作協調,便需要加以成熟的電子 控制。該等控制必須能夠適應範圍廣泛的操作條件。 同時’其必須使可能很複雜之一系統的效率及節約措施 9819l.doc -52- 1281892 最佳化。特定言之,馬達控制及再生制動完全取決於作為 一整合系統而一起操作的電子控制器以及該等電力電子元 件0 電動車輛必須係設計成滿足對最大效率及安全之專門兩 要。由於可儲存於電池内的能量與儲存於一汽油箱内的能 量相比數量相對較少,因此效率尤其重要。有些人已嘗試 藉由使用高壓輪胎並針對最小空氣阻力來設計該車輛I體 而使得重量最小化、減小滾動阻力,從而獲得較高的效率。 對用於此控制的軟體之依賴性增強產生一些問題。每一 電腦使用者皆知道,軟體遠比硬體更可能發生故障,而在 驅動狀態(例如,下坡急轉彎)下重新啟動幾乎係不可行的。 於是,汽車之軟體模組亦必須彼此連通並協調。此舉可能 亦會產生安全及可靠性之問題。 美國林林總總的規章制度、知名的汽車製造商及好爭論 的消費者令人眼花繚亂。此情況使得難以引入尚未得到時 間檢驗的複雜控制方案。電動車取決於電子元件。但其不 像電腦。電腦程式巾的錯誤造成麻煩。㈣車煞車系統令 的錯δ吳則可能致人死亡。此情形增加了風險。 針對最小重量及體積之設計往往使車輛設計《成本顯著 增加。例如,Honda lnsight具有高級鋁組件與ABS合成物以 使得主體重量比-可比的鋼主體減輕佩。同樣,Η。*聲 稱,已藉由使用引擎本體與連接棒之專門構造以及將鋁、 鎂及塑膠用於引擎組件而使得所使用的内燃引擎之重量減 輕 3 0%。 98191.doc -53- 1281892 此先進設計大大增加了成本。該等目前生產混合型車(特 別係Honda及Toyota)之製造商必須為其混合型車輛之真正 成本提供超過50%的津貝占以使得成本降至普通大眾將願意 租賃或購買之水準。 〜 、此津貼價格已起到仙,其有助於輕美國大眾(以及歐 洲自2000年以來而曰本自1998年以來)手中有相當多數量 的混合式車輛。大多數車主看起來對該等車之性能报滿意。 但疋,該等混合式車之生產成本尚未降低 商獲利之水準(對每-車輛上有效地採用二個推進 一重要挑戰)。在未大大降低該成本之前,難以明白如何能 銷售大量的混合式車輛以及如何實現使用該等車對環境之 ϋ處。 對於電池電動車,電池之高成本使得價格居高不下。隨 著其生產加速’電動車之價格可能下降。當然,汽油車亦 然。有-專家相信,大規模生產可能使電動車之成本降低 至大大低於當前水準之一半。某些分析家相信,十年内電 動車將在沒有補貼之情況下與以汽油來提供動力的汽車競 爭0 儘管此可能係真實情況,但電動車之價格仍然居高不 下。可能價格不下降便開發不了電動車市場。而市場不開 發’價格便降不下來。該情形將使得電動車受限於其目前 所佔據的利基市場。 在19世紀90年代’電動車順利取得成功。在咖年的紐 約汽車展上,展示的電動汽車比任何以蒸汽或汽油來提供 98191.doc -54- 1281892 動力的車輛都要多。至1910年,& v、a …击 .^ 田裕的豕庭常常擁有數輛 π車,其中至少有一輛係電動車。 而特別對於女性提供行駛的自由,因為其操控容易 =二!動起動器-早期媒氣機車中的曲柄而引起的 ”“田 牙I告中讚吴該等與馬車及 汽車的異味及噪音相比清潔而安靜的馬達。 但是,至1920年消費者們已 ^ ^ . . U、了電動車。與最大行程 限制的便宜而強動力之汽油車相比,電動車似 格限::動力不足’而且最重要的係其最大行程受到嚴 最大行程有限的昂貴、小型、 束p W日日「》 i狹乍、緩慢又笨重的電動 …%保」意識及對自然資源之保護係僅能吸引一 小部分消費大眾之賣點。同樣, 作為少數小公司和嗜好者之家广^車轉換成電動車已 等韓槌、,“ 子者之豕庭式工業而繁榮。但是,該 何跡象顯讀—微小部分汽車市場以外還 月b有任何收穫。 < 有r:=t及較熱的氣候中(尤其係在較冷的氣候中) 力二二t 。美國東北部及中西部大部分地區以及 :大=區的寒冷冬天,耗盡大部分電動電池動力。 n e對於嚴尽造成的問題有解決方 不便宜或皆不容易。例如,GM僅在加川广解決方法皆 賃兑EV1。 M僅在加州和亞利桑那州僅租 貝uEV-i,此二州冬天的溫度極少t降至#度以下。 沒有適當的基礎設施來處置電動車。σ:。 電池進行充電,無論何時,家庭與電料依靠對 "平1Τ皁的地方須有 98l9l.d0< -55- 1281892 合適的充電設施可用便並非一夫 樁小事。該可用性可能決定 肩費大小如何能有效地使用電動車。 务·將燃料電池用作該電動束虹 弘勤旱輛電源,則可克服該充電問 題。然後,僅需要在該車輛 子上W存虱或石厌氫化合物以對 燃料電池進行饋送,而且不需 而罟外部充電。混合式電動車 亦藉由載送其自己的由其熱引擎來操作之内部充電器而旁 通該充電問題,儘管此作法要以付出相當高的成本為代價。 由於電動車尚未攫取較大的市場份額,因此不存在任何 強大的基礎設計來進行對維護及修理進行處置。目前, Toyota及Honda混合式電動車的許多問題需要將汽車帶到 公司經銷商處才能獲得服務或得到修理。 某些現有的基礎設施,例如服務站及機構,無疑將開始 處置電動車’正如其現在處置汽油車一樣。但是,在道路 上有大量的電動車行駛之前’電動車車主將可能對電動車 與A油車相比缺乏基礎設施支援而感到失望。 笔動車提出了 一歧安全及援+立士 , 一女王及% i兄方面受到關注的問題。 某-颌里的电池中包含的高毒性物質(例如鉛酸、鋰及 硫化鈉)可能產生問題。該等材料需要極細緻的處置,兑可 能在重新充電期間排放出危險的蒸汽,並可能在有毒素 料之再循環期間或在H車事故而跌落時造成損害/、 一安全問題係關於在發生事故情況下電引起的火炎。节 等火災可能由於燃燒電池而產生的致命濃煙而難以撲滅f 當然’汽油車也會起火,但早期指示情況係混合式 災安全問題可能更為嚴重。 98191.doc -56- 1281892 人:軟體之依賴性增加也產生更多安全問題。而電動及混 的使用性測試參加者發現,尤其係因為電池及充電, 得車輛發生故障之可能性增加。儘管大多數專家認為 二車比汽油車更安全且更可靠,但迄今為止的經驗並未 證貫此點。 有些專家認為電動車之製造及維護成本將會高於汽油 。製造成本開始將會較高,因為電動車之製造技術並不 像在採用新技術條件一 币 丁「徕无進。但疋,某些人認為生產 =車Γ勞動力成本一般將直接或間接地高於生產汽油車 而之勞動力成本,即使在獲得經驗之情況下。 咳料電動車之-些維護及修理成本將比汽油車之該等維 :隻:修理成本更少,但大電池包之維護及替換可能改變該 寺;本。儘管可找到該電池問題之某些解決方式,但最後 ㈣現電池成本將超過考慮到的因維護減少而節省的任何 成本。 再=動可能產生大量的電動力。當汽車⑽mph減速 :广’可能產生2购之多的電。標準電池不 此水準之快速重新充電。 不能在較短的時間调细Μ m内㈣電量儲存於該電池内。在 許多情況下,僅約5%來自緊I ^ 緊心煞車的電可能係儲存於該電 /也内。,、餘的電則必須以輩 某些其他方式來處置,該等處置 方式品要用於該汽車之另-系統並導致電能之浪費。 在大多數情況下,還必須提供傳統的機械煞車。此舉考 慮到該馬達/發電機低速運行並不能產生足夠的能量來有 98191.doc -57 - 1281892 效地令α車煞車之情況。或者當汽車需要保持其在一山坡 上的位置時。 人們可能會認為再生制動能車將會允許使用更輕、成本 更低的機械煞車。不幸的係,此觀點不一定係實際情況。 該等機械煞車必帛能夠在該電動推動系統發生㈣或在上 面提到之情況下停止該汽車。 用於岭多電性推進系統之再生制動可能較複雜且較昂 貴。某些情況下能重新捕獲的能量可能很小。該情況使得 -些设計者得出再生制動不具有實施價值之結論。 【發明内容】 本發明係關於—種具有—或多個電動馬達或者發電機之 調適型電動車。較佳的係,至少—馬達或發電機係由二或 更多電磁電路組成之—調適型電動機器,該等電磁電 充分隔離成實質上消除該等電路之間的電磁及電性干样〃 替代性的係,該電動車可能具有連接至—電動發錢並 配置成具有一或多個電動馬達 敬 咬叼串馬卩組怨之一内燃引 【實施方式】 本發明提供一種具有特別的動力、 处k W Λ 双手及取大打程而信 ^仔合歡調適型電料或其他電料輛。調適型電動 =藉由使其㈣系統動態地適應使时輸人、機械 知件及機械操作參數的變化來提供最佳性能。 調適型電動車可採取許多形式。 / 飞此呪明書使用的術語「電 動車」廣義上包括在該傳㈣統 /、3 ^動馬達之各類 9819l.doc -58« 1281892 汽車。上述汽車包括電池電動汽車、燃料電池汽車、串聯 混合式汽車、並聯混合式汽車以及可能包括其他類型、、气車: 而且該術語「電動車」甚至可能在更廣義上使用Γ因為 該術語不僅包括汽車,還包括使用一電動馬達來產生盆部 分或全部推進動力之任何車輛。其可能係腳踏車、小型摩 托車、汽車、卡車、公共汽車、火車、小艇、船拍 甚至宇宙飛船。 更明確δ之’稱為「串聯」系統之電動車-般具有直接 安裝於-汽油引擎之一發電機。將來自則擎之所有動力 &直接轉換成電能_用於在輪軸或輪端驅動牵引馬達。在一 串聯系統t在該引擎與該等驅動輪之間無機械驅動路徑。 「亚聯」系統保持傳統的機械傳動系統之架構,但添加 了藉由電性轉矩而加大引擎馬力之能力。並聯系統提供串 胳系統中找不到的操作冗餘。該傳統動力能在-電性動力 故障之情況下繼續操作。 隔離調適型電動車之馬達和/或發電機電磁電路允許有 ==獨立參數。此舉使得能最佳化自由度並為電 ^車R比傳統設計更便宜、更小、更輕、動力更強且更 有效的調適型馬達及發電機。總體上,調適型電動車提供 (〜油車相比)可能更佳的性能_動力、效率、最大行程。 調適型輪數式馬達之調適型電動車以較低的非菩载 高的轉矩密度輸送較高的功率。該馬達控制系統 適應該車輛之操作條件(例如,起動、加速、轉彎、敎 車、南速巡行),從而一直提供較高的效率。 9819l.doc -59« 1281892 該車整個電性Μ之總能量管理允許實行大規模的 化。調適型的架構提高各種車輛之性能,尤其係該等處: 一系列操作條件而需要獲得最佳效率之車輛 、 :發明之調適型電動車提供—電動車,二提供特別的 動力、效率及及最大行程而其成本具有競爭力。調適型兩 動車具有在轉矩密度及效率方面優於現有電: 動馬達。 咬心电 其可適應範圍廣泛之操作條件,從而其能提供最佳性能 二;:二:Γ:可能最重要的係’調適型電動車首次提供 他夠在性月b與成本二方面與汽油車競爭之一電動車。 藉由電動馬達來為車輛提供動力產生 y變化。起動需要低速度下具有較高的轉矩。 2效ί °對電池動力之限制使得最大行程受到限制。在 么路上牙越需要較高轉矩之高速度叢發。 2動馬達在以衫速度操時效率最高。在許多情況下, 達可以超過90%之效率來操作,而效率提高方面則 車其係假定在一报小的操作速度範圍 合理的效率:有:適力合於該假定。現有電動馬達皆不能以 調適型電動車::二成本來滿足電動車之性能要求。 產生 2車U有二個特徵能使得在操作條件範圍 現有電 ^建(尤其係以可變速度操作者)更高之效率。 们::磁電路之調適型控制允許獲得最佳的性能及效 ;;4如電動車之類操作條件變化多端之應用中,調適 98191.doc -60- 1281892 型電動馬達之整體效率可能比先前技術馬達之整體效率高 出50%之多。 同 其次,具有一中央控制器之一調適型電動車可實施一「總 此里官理」策略以使得整個汽車之所有馬達及系統上的效 率最大化例如,若電池之充電狀態變低,則中央控制哭 能偵測到此狀況並切換成一能量保留模式。在該模式中, 該控制器可能限制附件之使用並限制該汽車之電動馬達提 供之動力。此舉將使得效率增加。 由於具有該等特徵’因此—調適型電動馬達有可能在處 於一操作條件範圍時提供特別的效率。此整個特徵使得最 高平均效率在整個轉矩/速度頻譜上得到最佳化。 由於、·α疋的電池組及所採用的電池技術,使提供動力 給汽車之較高效率電動馬達延長該汽車之最大行程—此為 y大優點。無論在城市或公路上,-般驅動循環達到9〇% 以上之動力機構之效率達到9〇%之目標可實現。 调適型電動馬達及發電機可使用—分佈式架構。此舉允 許馬達在低電壓(50伏特或更低)下操作時輸送較高的動 力。此外,該馬達每—相位中的峰值電流可能係限於⑽ amp或更少。 即使在該等低電壓及每_相位之低電流下,—組調適型 四輪獨立驅動馬達亦能產生68 kW之動力及26⑻Nm之峰 值I矩’而轉矩密度為21·7 Nm/kg。現有的馬達技術皆不 能與之相比。 分佈式的馬達架構由於其低電壓而增強人身安全。在電 98191.doc -61 - 1281892 動車中’該等馬達能輸送50伏特或更小之高電力,從而即 使在事故中亦將不會造成致命的震動。現有的電動車一般 在危險得多的電壓(一般從250伏特至500伏特)下操作。 具有分佈式架構之馬達亦藉由提供額外的容錯而增強安Honda and Toyota's hybrid cars are sold at about the equivalent of half the cost of production. 98l91.doc -50- 1281892 Some people believe that this situation is unlikely to change. Even for these parallel hybrid cars, it is not necessarily true that they can compete with the traditional steam two, or that they can be used only by using low-cost advanced batteries: The same is true when it is available. The purpose of a hybrid car that is connected in parallel is that the fuel consumption is the most common, and this may be modified by the need to provide a minimum specific maximum stroke when using only electric power to meet zero exhaust gas requirements. The main problem with hybrid electric vehicles is the cost of providing two propulsion systems, and some people find it difficult to figure out how to overcome this problem. From an administrative point of view, hybrid cars are attractive. Technically, it can be seen as a child who no one wants to adopt. Manufacturers have complex feelings about hybrid vehicles that also require factory re-assembly. Ah, Honda has adopted this concept, at least to the extent that auxiliary power is available. In fact, T〇y〇ta announced that I was eight years old and that after 12 years, an electric motor was installed in all of its car's transmission systems. on the other hand,. ― (4) (4) The senior management of the heart completely eliminated the wasted time hybrid car, claiming that its new diesel engine has superior potential in both maximum travel and exhaust gas control. Finally, parallel hybrid vehicles still do not achieve particularly high fuel efficiency when driving short distances that are common to most drivers. Some experts estimate that the sub-city and the #4 district are all less than 3 miles in all of the trips. During the first five minutes of Wanshang, the fuel efficiency port of the parallel hybrid vehicle was affected by the cold start by controlling the exhaust gas. (Cold start also reduces the effectiveness of the know-how, resulting in the release of many contaminants before the system is warmed up.) 9819l.doc -51 - 1281892 : 匕Μ幵^/ converted to numbers, certified by the US Environmental Protection Agency 2, 4 (4) on the road _ efficiency ride gallons 5i miles, while driving in the city is expected to 60 miles per gallon. Because of the frequent short-distance driving, the drivers of the city or the suburbs using the car often become much less. Test users found that they averaged only about 42 miles per stay in combined city/road driving. In its five-mile round-trip commuter drive, it averages only 31 miles per gallon. 8. Dangerous Voltages and Currents, & General designers attempt to use a higher battery system in order to reduce the amount of current that must be switched by power electronics and reduce the voltage drop in those power components. Electricity". But {, security considerations often limit the voltage used. λ The voltage range used in most electric vehicles is between 200 V and 350 ν, although it has been suggested to use more than 500 V for specialized vehicles. In particular, safety is not only related to the impact performance of the vehicle, but also to protect operators and service personnel from the high voltage damage (200 to 350 ν) used in batteries, motors and control systems. Trying to meet the south's power requirements for electric vehicles forces Hobson to choose between high voltages or high currents. The two options are not easy to control. 9. Complex Controls Needed To achieve full operation of the vehicle propulsion motor and coordinate it with the efficient operation of two fully electric hybrid vehicles, sophisticated electronic control is required. These controls must be able to adapt to a wide range of operating conditions. At the same time, it must optimize the efficiency and cost-saving measures of one of the systems that may be complicated. 9819l.doc -52- 1281892. In particular, motor control and regenerative braking are entirely dependent on the electronic controller operating together as an integrated system and the power electronic components. The electric vehicle must be designed to meet the requirements for maximum efficiency and safety. Efficiency is especially important because the amount of energy that can be stored in the battery is relatively small compared to the amount of energy stored in a fuel tank. Some have tried to achieve higher efficiency by using a high-pressure tire and designing the vehicle body for minimum air resistance to minimize weight and reduce rolling resistance. The dependency enhancement of the software used for this control creates some problems. Every computer user knows that software is far more likely to fail than hardware, and restarting in a driving state (for example, a downhill turn) is almost impossible. Therefore, the software modules of the car must also be connected and coordinated with each other. This may also create safety and reliability issues. The rules and regulations of the United States, the well-known car manufacturers and the controversial consumers are dazzling. This situation makes it difficult to introduce complex control schemes that have not yet been time tested. Electric vehicles depend on electronic components. But it's not like a computer. The error in the computer program towel caused trouble. (4) The wrong δ Wu of the car brake system order may cause death. This situation increases the risk. Designs for minimum weight and volume often result in a significant increase in cost for vehicle design. For example, Honda lnsight has advanced aluminum components and ABS composites to make the weight ratio of the body - comparable steel body. Again, hehe. * Acclaimed that the weight of the internal combustion engine used has been reduced by 30% by using the special construction of the engine body and the connecting rod and using aluminum, magnesium and plastic for the engine components. 98191.doc -53- 1281892 This advanced design adds significant cost. Manufacturers of these currently-produced hybrid vehicles (especially Honda and Toyota) must provide more than 50% of the total cost of their hybrid vehicles, so that the cost can be reduced to the level that the general public will be willing to lease or purchase. ~ The price of this allowance has already reached a level, which has helped a lot of hybrid vehicles in the hands of the American public (and Europe since 2000 and since 1998). Most car owners seem to be satisfied with the performance of these cars. However, the production costs of these hybrid vehicles have not yet lowered the level of profitability of the business (effectively adopting two advances per vehicle - an important challenge). It is difficult to understand how to sell a large number of hybrid vehicles and how to use them to the environment without significantly reducing the cost. For battery electric vehicles, the high cost of the battery makes the price high. As its production accelerates, the price of electric vehicles may fall. Of course, the gasoline car is also true. Yes - Experts believe that mass production may reduce the cost of electric vehicles to well below one-and-a-half of current levels. Some analysts believe that electric vehicles will compete with gasoline-powered cars in 10 years without subsidies. Although this may be true, the price of electric vehicles remains high. It is possible that the electric vehicle market cannot be developed without falling prices. And the market does not develop, the price will not fall. This situation will limit the electric vehicle to the niche market it currently occupies. In the 1890s, electric vehicles were successfully successful. At the New Year's Auto Show in the Year of the Year, more electric vehicles were displayed than any vehicle powered by steam or petrol to provide 98191.doc -54 - 1281892. By 1910, & v, a ... hit . ^ Tian Yu's court often has several π cars, at least one of which is an electric car. Especially for women, the freedom to drive, because its control is easy = two! The starter - caused by the crank in the early locomotive locomotive" "Tianya I confessed that the odor and noise of the carriage and the car A cleaner and quieter motor. However, by 1920, consumers had ^ ^ . . U, the electric car. Compared with the cheaper and more powerful gasoline vehicles with the maximum travel limit, the electric vehicles seem to be limited: the lack of power and the most important ones are the expensive, small, and bundled W W. i narrow, slow and cumbersome electric ...% protection and protection of natural resources can only attract a small number of consumers to sell. Similarly, as a small number of small companies and homes of hobbyists, the conversion of electric cars into electric vehicles has been waiting for Han Yu, "the prosperous industry of the children has prospered. However, what signs are obvious - the small part of the car market is still outside the month b has any harvest. < has r:=t and hotter climate (especially in colder climates) force 22t. Northeastern and Midwestern parts of the United States and: large = district cold winter Exhausting most of the electric battery power. ne is not cheap or easy to solve the problem caused by strictness. For example, GM only uses the EV1 solution in Jiachuan. M only rents in California and Arizona. uEV-i, the temperature of this two states in winter is very small, t falls below # degrees. There is no proper infrastructure to dispose of electric vehicles. σ: The battery is charged, whenever the home and electricity depend on the " The place must have 98l9l.d0<-55- 1281892. The right charging facility is not a trivial matter. The availability may determine how the size of the shoulder can effectively use the electric vehicle. Dry power supply The charging problem can be overcome. Then, it is only necessary to store the ruthenium or anahydrogen compound on the vehicle to feed the fuel cell without external charging. The hybrid electric vehicle also carries it. The charging problem is bypassed by its own internal charger operated by its thermal engine, although this practice comes at the expense of considerable cost. Since electric vehicles have not yet gained a large market share, there is no strong foundation. Designed to handle maintenance and repairs. Currently, many problems with Toyota and Honda hybrid electric vehicles require the car to be brought to the dealership of the company for service or repair. Some existing infrastructure, such as service stations and agencies It will undoubtedly begin to dispose of electric vehicles' just as it is now dealing with petrol cars. However, before there are a large number of electric vehicles on the road, 'electric vehicle owners may be disappointed that electric vehicles lack infrastructure support compared to A-oil vehicles. The pen and the car raised a problem of safety and assistance + Lishi, a queen and a brother of % i. The highly toxic substances contained in the batteries (such as lead acid, lithium and sodium sulfide) may cause problems. These materials require extremely careful disposal, which may emit dangerous steam during recharging, and may be in the presence of toxins. Damage caused during the recirculation or during a H-car accident. A safety problem is related to the fire caused by electricity in the event of an accident. A fire such as a fire may be difficult to extinguish due to the deadly smoke generated by burning the battery. Gasoline vehicles can also catch fire, but early indications are more likely to be a mixed-risk safety issue. 98191.doc -56- 1281892 People: Increased dependence on software also creates more safety issues. Electric and mixed use tests Participants found that, especially because of the battery and charging, the possibility of vehicle failure increased. Although most experts believe that the second car is safer and more reliable than the petrol car, the experience so far does not prove this. Some experts believe that the cost of manufacturing and maintenance of electric vehicles will be higher than that of gasoline. Manufacturing costs will start to be higher, because the manufacturing technology of electric vehicles is not as good as the adoption of new technology conditions. However, some people think that production = rut labor costs will generally be directly or indirectly high. The labor cost of producing gasoline vehicles, even in the case of experience. The cost of maintenance and repair of cough electric vehicles will be lower than that of gasoline vehicles: only: repair costs are less, but maintenance of large battery packs And replacement may change the temple; Ben. Although some solutions to the battery problem can be found, in the end (four) the current battery cost will exceed any cost saved due to reduced maintenance. Re-action may generate a large amount of electric power When the car (10) mph deceleration: wide 'may produce 2 more electricity. Standard battery is not recharged at this level quickly. Can not be fined in a short time Μ m (four) power stored in the battery. In many cases Only about 5% of the electricity from the tight I ^ compact car may be stored in the electricity / also. The rest of the electricity must be disposed of in some other way, this disposal method should be used The other system of the car - the waste of electrical energy. In most cases, the traditional mechanical brake must also be provided. This takes into account that the motor / generator running at low speed does not produce enough energy to have 98191.doc -57 - 1281892 Effectively makes the car awkward. Or when the car needs to maintain its position on a hillside. People may think that a regenerative braking car will allow the use of a lighter, lower cost mechanical brake. Unfortunately, This view is not necessarily the case. These mechanical brakes must be able to stop the vehicle in the electric propulsion system (4) or as mentioned above. Regenerative braking for the ridge multi-electric propulsion system may be more complicated and more Expensive. In some cases, the energy that can be recaptured may be small. This situation leads some designers to conclude that regenerative braking has no implementation value. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to having - or multiple electric An adaptive electric vehicle of a motor or generator. Preferably, at least the motor or generator is composed of two or more electromagnetic circuits - an adaptive electric type The electromagnetic power is sufficiently isolated to substantially eliminate the electromagnetic and electrical dry-like alternative between the circuits, and the electric vehicle may have a connection to - electric money and be configured to have one or more electric The present invention provides a vehicle with special power, k W Λ hands and a large stroke, and a versatile electric or other electric vehicle. Type Electric = Provides optimum performance by dynamically adapting its (4) system to changes in time, mechanical know-how, and mechanical operating parameters. Adapted electric vehicles can take many forms. / Fly the terminology used in this book. "Electric vehicles" are broadly included in the various types of 9819l.doc -58 « 1281892 cars of the transmission (4) system / 3 motor. The above-mentioned vehicles include battery electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, series hybrid vehicles, parallel hybrid vehicles, and possibly other types, air vehicles: and the term "electric vehicle" may even be used in a broader sense because the term includes not only The vehicle also includes any vehicle that uses an electric motor to generate some or all of the propulsion power. It could be a bicycle, a small motorbike, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, a boat, a boat, or even a spaceship. It is more clear that the δ's electric vehicle, called the "series" system, has a generator directly mounted on one of the gasoline engines. Convert all power from the engine to the electric energy directly _ used to drive the traction motor on the axle or wheel end. In a series system t there is no mechanical drive path between the engine and the drive wheels. The "Asian Link" system maintains the structure of a traditional mechanical transmission system, but adds the ability to increase engine horsepower through electrical torque. Parallel systems provide operational redundancy not found in the serial system. This conventional power can continue to operate in the event of an electrical power failure. The motor and / or generator electromagnetic circuit of the isolated adaptive electric vehicle is allowed to have == independent parameters. This makes it possible to optimize the degree of freedom and to adapt the motor and generator to the electric vehicle R which is cheaper, smaller, lighter, more powerful and more efficient than conventional designs. In general, adaptable electric vehicles offer better performance (power, efficiency, and maximum travel) compared to (~ oil trucks). The adaptable electric vehicle of the adapted wheel type motor delivers higher power at a lower non-Pu Bo high torque density. The motor control system adapts to the operating conditions of the vehicle (e.g., starting, accelerating, turning, braking, south speed patrol) to consistently provide higher efficiency. 9819l.doc -59« 1281892 The total energy management of the car's entire electrical system allows for large-scale implementation. The adaptable architecture enhances the performance of a wide range of vehicles, especially in those areas where a range of operating conditions are required to achieve optimum efficiency: the invention of an adaptable electric vehicle provides an electric vehicle, and provides special power, efficiency and The maximum journey and its cost is competitive. The adaptable two-car has superior torque and efficiency in terms of torque and efficiency: the motor. Bite ECG can adapt to a wide range of operating conditions, so it can provide the best performance 2; 2: Γ: Perhaps the most important line 'adaptive electric vehicle for the first time to provide him enough in the sex month b and cost two aspects with gasoline The car competes with one of the electric cars. The y change is produced by the electric motor to power the vehicle. Starting requires a higher torque at low speeds. 2 effect ί ° The limitation of battery power limits the maximum stroke. On the road, the teeth need higher speed and high speed. 2 The motor is the most efficient when operating at the speed of the shirt. In many cases, it is possible to operate at an efficiency of more than 90%, while in terms of efficiency, the vehicle assumes a reasonable efficiency in the range of small operating speeds: there is: fit to this assumption. Existing electric motors cannot be adapted to electric vehicles: two costs to meet the performance requirements of electric vehicles. The generation of the 2 car U has two features that enable higher efficiency in existing operating conditions (especially with variable speed operators). We:: The adaptive control of the magnetic circuit allows for the best performance and efficiency; 4 In applications such as electric vehicles, where the operating conditions vary, the overall efficiency of the 98191.doc -60- 1281892 electric motor may be better than the previous one. The overall efficiency of the technical motor is as much as 50% higher. Secondly, an adaptive electric vehicle with one of the central controllers can implement a "total" strategy to maximize efficiency on all motors and systems of the entire vehicle. For example, if the state of charge of the battery becomes low, then The central control cry can detect this condition and switch to an energy retention mode. In this mode, the controller may limit the use of accessories and limit the power provided by the car's electric motor. This will increase efficiency. Because of these characteristics, it is therefore possible for an adaptive electric motor to provide particular efficiency when in an operating condition range. This overall feature allows the highest average efficiency to be optimized over the entire torque/speed spectrum. Thanks to the battery pack and the battery technology used, the higher efficiency electric motor that provides power to the car extends the maximum travel of the car – this is a big advantage. Regardless of whether it is in a city or on a highway, the goal of a powertrain with a driving cycle of more than 9% is 99%. Adaptable electric motors and generators can be used—a distributed architecture. This allows the motor to deliver higher power when operating at low voltages (50 volts or less). In addition, the peak current per phase of the motor may be limited to (10) amp or less. Even at these low voltages and low currents per phase, the four-wheel independent drive motor can produce 68 kW of power and 26 (8) Nm peak I moment' with a torque density of 21.7 Nm/kg. None of the existing motor technologies can be compared. The distributed motor architecture enhances personal safety due to its low voltage. In the electric vehicle 98191.doc -61 - 1281892, these motors can deliver 50 volts or less of high power, so that even in the event of an accident, there will be no lethal vibration. Existing electric vehicles typically operate at much more dangerous voltages (typically from 250 volts to 500 volts). Motors with a distributed architecture also enhance safety by providing additional fault tolerance
全性。在-緊急情況下,馬達即使在一或多個電磁電路發 生故障之情況下亦能連續操作。 X 在使用電池或燃料電池之情況下(例如在電動車十),在 較低的系、统電壓下㈣之馬達允許該電池或燃肖電池具有 更少的單元。該較低電壓及分佈式的電流使熱量更容易處 置,因為該熱量在其不太集中時能更容易散逸。而且,藉 由每一相位中的較低電流而產生較少的熱量。 分佈式架構由於允許使用較便宜的電力電子元件,因此 使成本降低。其亦允許以重量輕的導線、開關及連接器來 製作更小、更輕的馬達。此外,使其可使用成本較低的電 池及燃料電池技術、簡化電池及燃料電池管理及更廣泛的 封裝選項。^ ' 具有凋適型架構之發電機提供類似於調適型電動馬達之 優點。由於電壓可保持較低以及電流分佈於該發電機的整 個獨立相位,因此,能獲得與採用馬達之情況下一樣的同 類優點。 調適型馬達技術使得在市場上可購得最高轉矩密度。表丄 將一組調適型四輪獨立驅動馬達與用在電動車中的四個其 他馬達相比,從而顯示轉矩密度之差異。 98191.doc -62- 1281892 機械特徵 調適型馬達設計 馬達1 馬達2 馬達3 馬達4 峰值電力 (kW) 68(4個馬達中每 一馬達中為17 kW) 56 100 150 122(4個馬達中 每一馬達中為 30.5 kW) 峰值轉矩 (Nm) 2600 1069 550 2750 1800 峰值電壓 (伏特) 42 500 300 220 220 有效質量 (kg) 120 2000 86 220 116 轉矩密度 (Nm/kg) 21.7 0.5 6.4 12 15.5 備 註 無刷直流電(四輪 獨立驅動馬達) 刷式 直流電 無刷 交流電 無刷 交流電 無刷交流電(四 輪獨立驅動馬 達) 表1 ··將四個17kW調適型馬達(總共提供68 kW)之性能 與四個其他傳統馬達相比。 該調適型馬達架構使可用重量及體積之轉矩率最大化。 其高級的磁材料及設計在消除重量之同時保持動力。 高轉矩可能係調適型電動馬達之另一與眾不同之特徵。 傳統的電動馬達不能主動地對轉矩進行很好的管理或於設 計層級對該轉矩產生影響。此係因為針對一特定應用而選 擇一特定類型的傳統馬達在相當大的程度上決定可用轉矩 之輪廓。 相比之下,調適型馬達可能一般不僅具有極高的轉矩, 而且具有高啟動之轉矩。其亦可能允許採用特別的演算法 以在必要情況下增加轉矩,而且一般會主動地管理在該馬 達操作條件的整個範圍内之轉矩。 在操作條件的廣泛範圍内之最佳性能形成最適合於電動 98191.doc -63 - 1281892 車之5周適型電動馬達及發 要求最嚴格之應用。特定言Γ可能係對電動馬達 提供較高的轉矩 4相馬達讀低的速度 予寻矩而允终直接驅勳 迄今為止,不兩要齒輪或變速器。 马止成乎所有電動車與並聯及串萨、9人^ * -變速器、齒輪 /及““合式車皆具有 能使得不需要^ M 3 Ί系統。調適型電動馬達可 災行个而要所有該等組件。 調適型電動車之一範例具有 -中央控制器。每一馬達皆 ^四輪獨立驅動馬達與 力電子元件及電池,如圖丨所示。 制时- 在調適型電動車之每一輪内 「 ^括调適型馬達提供允許 具止」四輪驅動之一車細靼 φ "" A還提供任何其他電動 車所熙法比擬的機動動作可撓性 ®罕控制。而且,若需 要避可能單獨在軟體中完成此整體操作。 藉由此架構,可獨立地控制每一 „士 AA 甘輪叙式馬達。控制係瞬 4的。對每一輪之此獨立且瞬時 蚵吋的牽引控制提供「真正的」 四輪驅動,因為可與任何其他輪不相關地旋轉或停止每一 輪。不同的輪甚至能同時以不同的方 … U妁方向旋轉,有些操作在 A油車中幾乎係不可能的。 該調適型車之瞬時且獨立之控制致動許多功能而不僅致 動推進功能。此控制轉換成某些勝過汽油及傳統電動車之 明顯優點。首先,調適型輪轂式馬達能以零及更低的速度 來產生高轉矩。 其次,調適型輪轂式馬達既能使車輪加速亦能使之減 速。第三’對於加速及減速’調適型馬達之轉矩產生很快 98l91.doc -64- 1281892 又精確。調適型馬達提供快速的頻率回應及較低的慣性。 第四,以與左輪中產生的轉矩相反之方向產生右輪中的 轉矩允許直接的偏航力矩控制。除僅向後及向前外還可向 右及向左,即可在二個方向上運動。 第五,馬達轉矩變得很容易理解。僅關於施加於一車輪 上的驅動或煞車轉矩存在稍許不確定。由於一汽油引擎與 車輪之間具有一變速器、差動器及其他驅動線組件,可能 難以決定施加㈣輪上之實際轉矩。煞車亦難以決定實際 施加的轉矩。 胎與路面之 其他應用有 獨立的車輪控制使得可簡單且即時地決定 間的驅動及煞車力量。卜與 、, 此舉對迢路狀況估計 相當大的幫助。 其提高若干功能之性能 •反鎖煞車 下面列出其t 一些功能: •直接牽引控制 •偏航轉矩/穩定性管理 •橫向穩定性 •煞車墊使用期 •回熱效率 •轉向效率 •車輪速度資訊 •推力性能 •停止距離 .轉矩轉向/分離轉矩煞車 98191.doc -65- 1281892 •電力消耗 *道路條件估計 輪叙式馬達驅動的電動車輛呈右 ^ 有緊密、高操作效率及驅 動、、泉間單之優點,因此已對 ^ 疋仃研究。此研究需要動力 中室里比报南之一馬達,因為兮奉 ^ ^ 马σ亥車輪内的可用空間有限以 及萬要令該彈簧下重量保持得盡 现j犯低。此並非一新理念 -1900年 Ferdinand p〇rsch 人士 又?出包動車,而1902年便使 用輪轂式電動馬達。 % 為開發適合轂輪式之馬達已花螫 你, 廷巳化費了相當大的功夫,但其 係一觀巨的任務。此係由於製 1、去兩 、衣运很小、高轉矩、高動力之 馬達兩要之成本。在該馬達盥竽直 ^ ^ ΰ亥車輪之間使用傳動裝置之 ::亦引入了複雜性。有些製造商,像gm在其— 二=上,已放棄將輪穀式馬達用於汽車,因為其擔心 该寻馬達總將會太重。 汽車車輪中的重量很重要。路面對該等車輪之作用對車 有至關重要的影響,因為該懸吊系統並不隔離該 面。為保持輪胎與該道路之接觸,必須藉由該 寺=二來克服道路上的凸塊所產生之力量。 彈簧上的力量產生於該汽車之曹旦*由从土 早之宣里。A車越輕,則由其 重夏產生的可用壓縮力越小。 » ^ j σ亥h形使得由該凸塊引起的 該等車輪之垂直運動更容县,〜二士 ^ .^ ^ 易攸而克服該汽車質量之慣性 並使其像輪子一樣良奸祕谨知 請地科。上述使乘客乘坐時顛簸不 平0 當該等車輪中的會景广# 里(非承載貝夏)相對於該汽車其餘部 98191.doc -66- 1281892 ^白勺重量(承m質量)是較高時’冑等輪胎在轉彎《穿越凸塊 時,將不能保持很好的抓地力。此外,乘客將感覺到道路 上的凸塊。當該汽車在該等彈簧上的重量大時,出現理想 =組合,亚藉由使該等車輪内的非承載質量小,而使慣性 取小化。上述高速率使得該等輪胎穩固地接觸該道路,而 其亦使得乘坐更舒適。 ”有高扭力密度之調適型馬4,每公斤冑量能提供的扭 力比現有馬達所能提供的更高。此情形使得可能使用調適 型電動馬達作為輪轂式馬達、或"輪轂馬達”,而不會增加 太多的非承載質量。調適型電動馬達之小巧亦使其料適 用於車輪。 *轂式馬達可能產生若干其他特定問題4馬達之煞車 產生之熱(由於提供有效冷卻之難度,使得此情形更糟糕、 可能係一問題。此暴露位置之馬達可能易受損害。決定是 否可在所有四個車輪中使用馬達時,成本㈣—大問題。 隨著所有該等問題,調適型電動馬達之性能優於現有馬 達。此情形可允許調適型電動車具有輪㈣馬達。即使非 :載質量或其他因素使得輪轂式馬達即使在調適 ::受可::其他馬達組態亦可能從調適型電動車的許多: 笔動單一直因其與汽油車相 κ二〜丨土驼(尤其係由 有限的動力及最大行程)而受㈣評。儘 汽油車更佳的動力耔、# 4 t 切早匕具有 一的購二! 但往往要付出代價-該電動 - '貝“。需要一種電動車’其能與該汽油車之] 98191.doc -67- 1281892 力、敢大行程及價格相比,且具有電動車效率。 調適型電動車有潛力勝過汽油車而不損失電動車之優 點。圖1顯示一串列混合式調適型電動車之一範例。 #該汽車有10秒内從零至100 mph之性能潛力、每加侖100 央里之汽油里程以及Looog里之最大行程,甚至該汽車之 靖買價格亦可與汽油車競爭。此性能及價袼可能足以打破 社會習慣定勢,而首次使得電動車對於大多數消費者而言 成為一可行而且可能較佳的車輛。 混合式調適型電動車解古畀 — % 一 軔早解决取大仃程有限之長期存在的問 Iκ現调適型電動車之效率及總能量管理而最大行程 运叉限制。在一串聯混合式 ^ Φ ^ + 早f以不受速度作為交流 毛電機來運行(此情況下效率 車引H +為^而π染最小)的小型汽 早㈣此對標準油箱進行完全饋 的最大行輯到_英里。 使仔各填滿狀怨之間Fullness. In an emergency situation, the motor can operate continuously even if one or more electromagnetic circuits fail. X In the case of a battery or fuel cell (for example, in electric vehicle 10), the motor at a lower system voltage (4) allows the battery or the battery to have fewer units. This lower voltage and distributed current makes heat easier to dispose because the heat is more easily dissipated when it is less concentrated. Moreover, less heat is generated by the lower current in each phase. The distributed architecture reduces costs by allowing the use of less expensive power electronics. It also allows for smaller, lighter motors with lighter wires, switches and connectors. In addition, it enables the use of lower cost battery and fuel cell technologies, simplified battery and fuel cell management, and a wider range of packaging options. ^ 'Generators with a compliant architecture offer advantages similar to adaptive electric motors. Since the voltage can be kept low and the current is distributed throughout the generator's independent phase, the same advantages as in the case of the motor can be obtained. Adapted motor technology makes it possible to purchase the highest torque density on the market. Table 丄 A set of adaptive four-wheel independent drive motors is compared to four other motors used in electric vehicles to show the difference in torque density. 98191.doc -62- 1281892 Mechanical Feature Adaptation Motor Design Motor 1 Motor 2 Motor 3 Motor 4 Peak Power (kW) 68 (17 kW in each of the 4 motors) 56 100 150 122 (4 motors each 30.5 kW in a motor) Peak torque (Nm) 2600 1069 550 2750 1800 Peak voltage (volts) 42 500 300 220 220 Effective mass (kg) 120 2000 86 220 116 Torque density (Nm/kg) 21.7 0.5 6.4 12 15.5 Remarks Brushless DC (four-wheel independent drive motor) Brush DC brushless AC brushless AC brushless AC (four-wheel independent drive motor) Table 1 · Performance of four 17kW adaptive motors (total 68 kW) Compared to four other conventional motors. The adaptable motor architecture maximizes the available weight and volume torque ratio. Its advanced magnetic materials and design maintain power while eliminating weight. High torque may be another distinctive feature of an adapted electric motor. Conventional electric motors do not actively manage the torque well or affect the torque at the design level. This is because the selection of a particular type of conventional motor for a particular application determines the profile of the available torque to a considerable extent. In contrast, an adaptable motor may generally have not only extremely high torque but also high starting torque. It may also allow for the use of special algorithms to increase torque if necessary, and generally actively manages torque over the entire range of operating conditions of the motor. The best performance over a wide range of operating conditions results in a five-week-fit electric motor and the most demanding application for the electric 98191.doc -63 - 1281892. The specific words may provide higher torque to the electric motor. The 4-phase motor reads the low speed and seeks the torque to allow the direct drive. So far, there are no gears or transmissions. The horses are all electric vehicles and parallel and series, 9 people ^ * - transmission, gear / and "" combined cars have the ability to make the system do not need ^ M 3 Ί. Adapted electric motors can be used for all of these components. An example of an adapted electric vehicle has a central controller. Each motor is a four-wheel independent drive motor with force electronics and battery, as shown in Figure 。. Timing - In each round of the tunable electric vehicle, "Compared with the adaptable motor to provide a stop", one of the four-wheel drive φ "" A also provides the maneuver of any other electric vehicle Motion Flex® is under control. Moreover, it is necessary to avoid this overall operation in the software alone. With this architecture, each „AA Gannon Syrian motor can be independently controlled. The control system is instantaneous 4. It provides “real” four-wheel drive for each independent and instantaneous 牵引 traction control of each round. Rotate or stop each round irrespective of any other wheel. Different wheels can even rotate in different directions at the same time, and some operations are almost impossible in the A-oil truck. The instantaneous and independent control of the adapted vehicle activates many functions and not only activates the propulsion function. This control translates into some of the obvious advantages over gasoline and conventional electric vehicles. First, the adaptive hub-type motor produces high torque at zero and lower speeds. Second, the adaptable hub-type motor can both accelerate and decelerate the wheel. The torque of the third 'acceleration and deceleration' adaptive motor is very fast. 98l91.doc -64- 1281892 is also accurate. The adaptive motor provides fast frequency response and low inertia. Fourth, generating the torque in the right wheel in the opposite direction to the torque produced in the left wheel allows direct yaw moment control. In addition to backwards and forwards, right and left, you can move in two directions. Fifth, the motor torque becomes easy to understand. There is only a slight uncertainty regarding the drive or brake torque applied to a wheel. Since there is a transmission, differential, and other drive line assembly between a gasoline engine and the wheel, it may be difficult to determine the actual torque applied to the (four) wheel. It is also difficult to determine the actual applied torque. The tires and other applications on the road have separate wheel controls that make it easy and instantaneous to determine the driving and braking forces. Bu and , this move is quite helpful in estimating the condition of the road. It improves the performance of several functions • Anti-lock brakes are listed below for some of its functions: • Direct traction control • Yaw torque / stability management • Lateral stability • Brake pad usage • Regeneration efficiency • Steering efficiency • Wheel speed information • Thrust performance • Stop distance. Torque steering/separation torque brake 98191.doc -65- 1281892 • Power consumption * Road condition estimation Wheel-driven motor-driven electric vehicle is right ^ Close, high operating efficiency and drive, spring The advantages of the single order, so have been studied. This study requires a motor in the middle room than in the South, because the space available in the wheel of the Ma Xinghai is limited and the weight of the spring is kept to a low level. This is not a new concept - 1900 Ferdinand p〇rsch people again? A motorized train was used, and a hub-type electric motor was used in 1902. % It has taken a long time to develop a motor suitable for the wheel hub type. It takes a lot of effort, but it is a huge task. This is due to the cost of the system 1, the two, the small clothes, high torque, high power of the motor. The use of a transmission between the motor and the wheel is also introducing complexity. Some manufacturers, like gm, have abandoned the use of wheeled motors in their cars because they fear that the motor will always be too heavy. The weight in the car's wheels is important. The effect of the road surface on these wheels is critical to the vehicle because the suspension system does not isolate the surface. In order to keep the tire in contact with the road, the power generated by the bumps on the road must be overcome by the temple = two. The force on the spring was generated by the car's Cao Dan* from the early days of the land. The lighter the A car, the smaller the available compression force generated by its heavy summer. » ^ j σ海h-shaped makes the vertical movement of the wheels caused by the bumps more suitable for the county, ~ two 士 ^ .^ ^ easy to overcome the inertia of the car quality and make it like a wheel like a secret Know the geology department. The above makes the passengers bump when they ride. When the wheels in the wheels are wide # (non-bearing Bescha), the weight of the rest of the car is 98191.doc -66- 1281892 ^ When the tires are waiting for the tires to turn through the bumps, they will not be able to maintain good grip. In addition, passengers will feel the bumps on the road. When the weight of the car on the springs is large, the ideal = combination occurs, and the inertia is reduced by making the non-load bearing mass in the wheels small. The high rate described above allows the tires to firmly contact the road, which also makes the ride more comfortable. "Adjustable horse 4 with high torque density, the torque per kilogram can provide higher torque than the existing motor. This situation makes it possible to use the adaptive electric motor as the hub motor, or "wheel motor", Without adding too much non-bearing quality. The compact size of the electric motor also makes it suitable for the wheels. *The hub motor may create several other specific problems. 4 The heat generated by the motor of the motor (due to the difficulty of providing effective cooling, this situation is worse and may be a problem. The motor in this exposed position may be vulnerable. Decide whether it is possible Cost (4) - big problem when using motors in all four wheels. With all these problems, the performance of the adaptable electric motor is better than the existing motor. This situation allows the adaptable electric vehicle to have a wheel (four) motor. Quality or other factors make the hub-type motor even if it is adapted:: Acceptable:: Other motor configurations may also be from many of the adaptive electric vehicles: The pen-moving list has always been due to its κ2 with the gasoline car~ According to the limited power and maximum stroke, it is subject to (4) evaluation. The better power of the petrol car, #4 t 切切匕 has a purchase of two! But often comes at a price - the electric - 'bei". Need an electric The car 'is able to compare with the gasoline car's 98191.doc -67- 1281892 force, dare to travel and price, and has electric vehicle efficiency. Adjustable electric car has the potential to outperform the gasoline car without losing electricity The advantages of motor trains. Figure 1 shows an example of a series of hybrid adaptive electric vehicles. # The car has a performance potential from zero to 100 mph in 10 seconds, a gas mileage of 100 cents per gallon and the maximum travel in Looog. Even the price of the car can compete with gasoline cars. This performance and price may be enough to break the social habits, and for the first time makes electric vehicles a viable and possibly better vehicle for most consumers. Hybrid-adapted electric vehicle solves the problem - % 轫 解决 解决 解决 解决 解决 解决 解决 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ^ Φ ^ + early f is operated by the AC motor without speed (in this case, the efficiency of the car is H + is ^ and the π is the smallest), the small steam early (four) this is the maximum row of the standard tank fully fed to _ Miles.
更精致的電動車型可能I 妒用你 犯將―小的渦輪用作該充電器戍可 此用作一燃料電池。結果將合相n u Λ 次了 池电動車使用的驅動電池更少, 早比电 電池數量。並聯混 ,·,、π卩程不再取決於 容易維護。 “池電動車更便宜、更輕且更 電動馬達優於汽油擎之_ 擎之動力機構皆不能實際控制車可控制性。汽油^ 时之-圈。該水準甚至比此精^=運動,比如旋轉 旋轉進行控制係-樁平常的事情。’的水準之電動馬達A more refined electric vehicle may use you as a fuel cell. The result is that the phase is n u Λ times. The electric battery used in the pool is less, compared to the number of batteries. Parallel mixing, ·,, π processes no longer depend on easy maintenance. "The pool electric car is cheaper, lighter and more electric motor than the gasoline engine. _ Kindle's power mechanism can not actually control the car's controllability. Gasoline ^ time - circle. This level is even better than this ^ ^ movement, such as Rotating rotation for control system - the usual thing in the pile. 'The level of electric motor
電動馬達之可控制性給 I 勒車ϋ憂於汽油車之 98191.doc -68 - 1281892 優點。由電動車的動力機構之架構決定,電動馬達能提供 高級運動控制、提供安全及改進的操控。亦可將電動馬達 控制成更有效地操作。 調適型電動車將該控制帶到更高的水準,其提供對一系 列參數之動態控制。調適型電動車能藉由使其控制系統動 態地適應使用者輪人、機械操作條件及機械操作參數的變 化來提供最佳性能。 隔離該調適型馬遠之雷成+ a ^ ^ 、主〇逞之电磁私路允許有效控制比在現有馬 達中更獨立的馬達參數。此舉使得能更加自由地實行最佳 化。該等結果係比傳統設計更便宜、更小、更輕、動力更 強且更有效的調適型馬達及發電機。 為提高能量效率’調適型馬達控制系統可幾乎瞬時地適 應調適型電動車之操作條件,包括起動、加速、轉彎、敎 車及高速巡行。為提高運動控制,調適型電動車之馬達 制器及中央控制器能直接並幾乎瞬時地使該等車輪之運動 適應道路狀況或駕敬者輸入之變化。 調適型控制器還能改進調適型電動馬達之操作以減少噪 音、振動及刺耳的尖叫(「NVHj )、消除或減少聽得到的 °喿音、控制負載峰值以及提供故障安全操作。此外,調適 控制可用來對馬達操作因磨損及破裂而發生之變化作出補 償,並減少轉矩漣波及其他低劣的馬達特徵。 調適型控制器之基於軟體的性質允許汽車設計者享有非 常大的自由。設計者可為其汽車完全定製—獨特的=差^ 感覺」並依據其自己的智慧產權而開發多個功能。 98191.doc -69- 1281892 ^體碼貫現該差動,而該差動過去常常需要複數個軟體 2。此情形使得開發之快達到前所未有的程度,而且轉 :時間短,從而允許對變化中的市場條件作出更快回應而 Γ需替換軟體。此優點使得產品開發及製造中能快速開發 即時控制程式並具有強大的成本效率。 余:上.周適型電動馬達控制技術可能影響整個設計概 :、汽車之-般方法及技術。調適型控㈣統使得能對該 π車進行完全電動及電子控制。 / 有,達控制皆可實施於軟體中,因此不用替換任何軟 體而JT藉由載入新型或升級的軟體來修改基本的控制演算 法。若需要,則可遠程(例如透過網際網路)實行此舉。此外7 在某些情況下可遠程實行故障偵測及修理。 猎由/飞車的集中電子控制系統及其推進系統,报容易相 =到無窮無盡的固定設備設計機會。該等機會包括集^ 々量控制、路線程式化、巡行控制、汽車自料航、事故: 乾、發現丟失及被偷車輛、提供服務之能力、對汽車進行 電:或隨行的無線修理及升級、汽車之未來軟體升級等。仃 整個汽車之調適型電子控制提供機會能使用每—車輪 :轉動·力機構之控制,從而控制該汽車底盤之橫向動二 線驅動」及其他電子控制方案取代機械連結。此方 案允許控制系統延伸於整個調適型電動車。 调適型電動車使得可使用「插播」組件。必須圍繞—敕 個推進系統來構建汽油車,而將該強動力汽油弓丨擎:於: 心。調適型電動車’如^所示之範例,可能破解成連接的 98191.doc -70- 1281892 但更獨立之組件。 在此程度上,汽油車類似於主機電腦,而調適型電動車 類似於一分佈式網路。正如主機電腦一樣,汽油車之所有 組件皆必須係由汽車製造商裝配而一起運作之自有組件。 正如分佈式網路一樣,調適型電動車使得可組合來自若干 不同製造商而皆係依據一般標準製作而成之設備。 可想像出,藉由如圖1所示之調適型電動車,汽車經銷商 可將來自若干製造商之組件與汽車組裝在一起以滿足客戶 之訂單需求。車輪及其馬達可能係由一製造商製造,汽油 引擎/發電機/油箱模組由另一製造商製造,「使用者介面」 將轉向、煞車及加速控制組合在由一第三製造商製造之一 操縱桿中,該底盤由一第四製造商製造,以此類推。 為使得此類「插播」裝配件可行而需要若干標準。汽車 業公會現在進行標準之發佈及開發。標準一直係提高可靠 性而降低成本及縮短上市時間之一方法,而汽車工業正在 建新的大體貫際的標準,即使該等標準與其歷史舊制 背道而驰。 、現在僅就介面事宜便已有二或三個公會。有一公會係關 於控制器區域網路(CAN),此係在歐洲得到廣泛接受而正在 逐漸為關市場所接受之車内網絡。但是,公共汽車則不 1疋’因為其延時沒有保證。因此,汽車製造商正在轉向 蜀動協疋(TTP)或FlexRay。事實上,二者皆係時間觸 動木構,其中依據優先權排定而於良好定義之時間實施動 k而致動為、馬達及所有其他網路節點依據其同步時 98191.doc 71 1281892 脈而具有一共用的時間參考。 其他公會已提出諸如0SEK(引擎控制單元軟體的即時執 灯者之k文鈿寫)、媒體導向系統傳輸(m〇st)及【Line (助〇)之類的公共汽車設計方案、協定及軟體環境。 許多汽車公司遵循該公會發佈的該等規格,但某些公司 添加了自有元件。-單—的汽車可能同時使用許多規格。 例如,函745i將大部分公車用於資訊娛樂傳輸;用於各 種控制應用之各種高速、低速及容錯⑽公共汽車;以及 BMW擁有的ByteFlight高速公共汽車(其發展成f㈣州, 其係用以控制安全氣袋及其㈣統以確保汽車乘駕者之安 全0 另一公會’美國汽車研究委員會⑽歇根州索斯菲爾梓 正在幫助製造商使諸如連接器、控制面板燈泡、點煙器插 座(現在主要用作電源插座)之類的零件標準化。而且,還在 朝電子煞車中的標準化實施方向進行努力。進—步, 標準減少在發生問題情況下製造商的責任風險。 敕=1吏得可(而且確係較佳)將調適型電動車的所有零件 二Γ於軟體之一般控制下’此架構使得可將「插播」 :::用於汽車。此舉有潛力為汽車工業帶來巨大而積極 :::「:播」裝配件之可能性外’如上面之論述,汽 ==其汽車,可僅藉由-次升級-或數個模組 電^替換整車。在此,此舉同樣類似於該値人 98l91.doc -72- 1281892 正如可能在一個人電腦中升級 ^ ^ |及硬碟,可能在一調適型電 動車内升級該等車輪馬達。盥、、与 ^ ^ 運Ηπ油車或無輪轂式馬達之電 動車相比,升級可能需要對敕駚 ^ 體作某些改變,但此改變將 間早得多。 此舉亦可允终替換該汽車主㈣ 飞早王體而不用替換該底盤。如今 在美國,除可收集的型號外,十 y 于a更長車齡的汽車市場 很小。 儘管,若調適型電動車降低上述車齡汽車之維護成本則 可能使該情況改觀,但人們更有可能一直想每隔數年便升 級其汽車。由於調適型雷動鱼且女「 玉电動旱具有「插播」可能性,因此 可有效地進行該升級,僅需替換該汽車之部分而獲得—「新 車」且成本及浪費少得多。 曰财的電動車能使用複雜的㈣而採用—絲的電子能 置官理系統。總能量管理系統能以盡可能有效的方式來使 用電動車中可用的經常有限之能量。某些汽油車系統(像電 ^燃料注人)之操作方式極其相同。但是’電動車能使用成 热的演异法,此演算法在汽油車中不可使用,該等汽油車 之汽油引擎要比電動馬達難控制得多。 一般的微處理器控制系統利用來自感測器測量電池、馬 達、車輛及周圍條件之一系列輸入。其將此資訊與來自煞 車、轉向裝置、加速器及各種可用的開關控制器之駕駛者 需要的輸入相結合。 然後,該控制系統產生適當的輸出以連續控制馬達轉矩 及速度、傳動比率(其t使用馬達與驅動輪之間的可變傳 98191.doc -73 - 1281892 動)、再生制動、外部照明、供熱、通風及空調。在需要時, 其遂控制電池重新充電及其他任務。 藉由㈣”料,與甚至録㈣現有系統相比,由 中央㈣器實施的總能量控制包括諸多更多的參數’並因 為取t化提供諸多更多的機會。藉由調適型電動車,可 有效而獨立地控制每一馬達中的每-電磁電路。使每一能 量傳輪皆最佳化。使能量轉換最小化。 母 -關鍵目標係增加控制該汽車操作之變數數目,但是所 =的方法使得每—變數皆對機械操作起到相當的作用。 :傳統電動車中的馬達,快速成增加變數數目使得回報 =,。因為改變該變數開始產生很小⑶有)的可預測之所需 ::之下,#由調適型電動車中的調適型電動馬達,可 兹電路皆為獨立且消除該等電路之間的干擾。 :個相位地對該馬達操作予以精確控制。其亦辦 =可有意義地加以控制之變數數目。同樣,該等參奸 制私池及其他系統可能擴展。 工 達到擁有大量變數(每一 關鍵目的後,可…, 有“上的效果)之此 淮4 4 κ現调適型電動車之許多優點。可達到椤 '卫制目的(例如,提供所需速度或轉矩 一 丁 根本上擴展該等標準控制目的。/ ,、、、後κ貝上及 儘管仍有取捨,但現在亦 的包括:使車η- 性能目的。該等目 作、争痒程最大化、使該馬達之效率隨著操 …改變而最大化、減少馬達產生的聲音及機械/電磁 98191.doc -74- 1281892 雜訊、縮短電池重新充電時間 電源之電流需求降低最佳化。理轉矩漣波、以及使得 藉由緊密整合調適型電動車之 略妒青了处+ 斤有系統,總能量管理策 略此胤可此有效地產生峰值性 JL , L 此舉使侍動力、效率及 取大仃程提高而不需花費昂責的新硬體。 二動車能以合理的價格匹配或超過汽油車之性能,則 ;9二可…業上獲得成功。電動力皆不能做到此點。自 ’己初茱發明電動車以來,沒有人能夠創造足夠小、足 夠便宜、動力Μ強從而能可靠且有效地推 車之一馬達架構。 j汽車的早期’汽油車與電動車均相當簡單。電動車在 °斗多方面優於早期的汽油車。但是,至1912年,汽油車開 始成為市場的主宰-。立本宴 豕]王辛其主辛地位至今從未削弱過而且一直 未受到挑戰。 疋 新的黾動車架構-小、輕、經濟且動力強_可能 =2池技術、燃料電池和/或混合式系統之進展相結合而使 得电動推進在商業上變成現實。如今存在的技術將道路上 订駛的以燃料電池來提供動力之汽車變成由電動馬達來提 i、動力並使之具有能與汽油車嫂美之性能。 不幸的係’此一汽車之購買及維護十分昂貴。技術上若 I大破’此燃料電池/電動馬達技術便不能提供汽油引擎之 可行的替代物。 但是’使用如今可用的技術可以競爭性的成本來製造調 適型電動車。調適型電動車,例如圖1所示之範例,利用調 98191.doc -75- 1281892 適型馬達及發電機技術來提供 (並可能超過)之動力、效率及最大二有的取佳汽油車競爭 油車競爭。 丨及取大仃其價格可與汽 :藉由將組件插在一起來裝配用於調適型電動車之推進 二在某些方面,調適型電動車,像電腦-樣,在輕量 型案例中可能係許多電子元件。沒有沈重的鋼鐵’·不需要 鏽帶工廠。可在全國任何地方裝配其零件。 取代中央生產卫廠的係,可能有地方性—線基地,盆對 區域市場波動的反應要快得多並實際運用「即時」的:迭 哲學-按需進零件,無庫存堆積。在電子技術發展如此= 的條件下,此方法可能要方便的多;其對於製造商的生存 可能係至關重要的。 不僅能更容易地裝配調適型電動車,而且調適型電動馬 達也比傳統的電動馬達更易於裝配。在調適型電動馬達 :’每-電磁電路皆係作為一獨立模組而存在。可在麥配 前製造並測試該等模組。每一模組可能分別纏繞有其銅導 線。藉由逐個模組地進行製造、測試、繞組及裝配,可保 持低成本。 。亥凋適型電動車之馬達系統之低成本係源於各種因素。 首先,該架構之可撓性允許採用可縮放的一般組件。每一 電磁電路可能係一分離組件而非一單一的定子裝配件。 此舉使得鑄件、鍛件及金屬粉末之製造簡化且成本降 低。此外,該馬達之低系統電壓-小於5〇伏特-允許使用更便 宜的組件,例如,M〇SFE丁而非IGBT,並能更容易地進行 9819i.doc -76- 1281892 製造’因為導線之規格更小。 可將調適型電動馬達之拓朴設計成使得鐵通量路後長度 最小化。此舉使得核心損失(遲滯效應及渦流損失)減少。永 磁體内無任何與該永磁體產生的磁通量相關之渦流損失。 因此在該轉子中使用永磁體亦有助於減少與鐵通量路徑 =關之損失。此外,由於永磁體產生磁通量,因此永磁體 轉子馬達之轉矩對重量比高於其鐵轉子配對物之轉矩對重 量比。 ^ 在调適型馬達中,通 卜A^毛岭芝間流 ,因此能將傳統定子路徑中使用的多數鐵一起消除。該 調適型馬達架構亦提供電磁電路之通量路徑隔離,從而顯 著地減少線圈至線圈之感應電感及相關損失。 此通里路授隔離結構亦允許控制策略之選擇擁有很大的 自由。由於此類馬達重量輕而效率高而使其成為電 之理想選擇。 隨著汽油車之發展,汽油車已變得十分複雜。由 引擎已變得更大且動力更強’因此引擎子系統之數目、尺 寸t重f皆有增長。對於汽油引擎,需要其他車辆系統, 如變速器。 對於調適型電動車之更簡單架構(如圖1所示之範例),可 行此程序。調適型純電動或串聯混合式車能消除該 、…、驅動轴、萬向接頭及分動箱。因此節省大量重量 及成本。 在圖1所示的串聯混合式調適型電動車中仍將需要其他 98191.doc -77- 1281892 系統。該等系統包括電池、發電機、汽油引擎、煞車、排 氣及其他系統。但是該等系統(除可能具有的電池外)皆可簡 化亚縮小尺寸。從而減輕重量、減少成本及複雜性。 5周適型電動車可實行多個功能而不需要汽油車所需的額 外系統。例如,可能使像反鎖煞車、牵引控制、動力轉向 :全輪驅動之類的系統複雜化或使之成為冗餘。潛在地可 能將該動力機構中的移動零件減少為少數軸承。 除重量及成本節省外’調適型電動車可藉由對車輛系統 予以消除、縮小尺寸以及「重新封裝」來節省空間。消除 該中心驅動馬達及傳動系統(包括變速器、差動器、萬向節 頭及驅動軸)能使電池及該汽油引擎/發電機模組之定位擁 有更多的空間。 =間節省以及將系統(除該等輪轂式馬達外)定位於該車 輛:任何地方之能力使得能靈活地定位重要的質量以改善 重1分佈。此舉亦使得可改善 擎區域设计,並使得定位 且ιΓ ㈣外的$活性,而且有能力提供更舒適 且見敞的内部空間(例如藉由降低車底)。 特定言之,對於調適型電動車之輪 統的汽油車中為消音器、傳 I 、’、 以在傳 空出。使用該空間來容置部:::加固框架所佔據的空間 及為該汽車提供動力刀:件-電池、中央控制器 的可用區域。 …他物件-顯著增加該汽車内 電池及其他組件的儲存容 若最重的組件及該等電池 該框架結構可能常常起到作為 為之雙重功能而減輕主體重量。 98l9l.doc -78- 1281892 位於車底下面’則重心會降低而使得該汽車穩定。重心可 比傳統車中的重心低2/3。 衫二匕、他系、統之尺寸。「藉由導線」技術以能放在車内 幾乎任何地方之電子控制系統來替代傳統的包括加速器、 、、甚至轉向i置之機械連結。此有效技術可望在汽車 設計中開闢有價值的固定空μ,此類固定空間一度由固定 的硬體所佔據。 結果呢?製造出重量更輕、空間更多、動力更強、燃料 效率更向、最大行程更長、牽引控制更強、更可靠、性能 更仏而八有只兄平力之成本之汽車。調適型電動車首次可以 有競爭力的價格提供比汽油車更佳之性能 在電池電動車中’該等電池及其他子系統之重量及尺寸 可能引起重量增加之「惡性循環」。必須使用較強且因此較 重的結構組件來支標集中的電池重量並提供足夠的撞擊保 護。作為粗略的經驗方法, 旦. 宏對於頜外的母一公斤子系統重 罝,必須添加至少0.3 kg之結構重量。 如圖1所示範例之調適切兩 迥孓%動力,能減少汽車中所需組件 (可凡全消除某些系統,例如該 等組件之重量。此舉引起重旦^^")之數目及該 牛W起重里減輕之「惡性循環」, 使用更輕的結構組件。該粗略經驗方法反向,而對於子^ 統破移除的每—公斤,亦可移除最多G.3 kg結構重量。” 電動馬達已證明在許客τ要—里 月在。午夕工業應用中皆很可靠。 達故障偵測而進行的工作 電動馬 的大型固定馬達。電動車提 業中使用 系馬達所面對的環 98191.doc -79- 1281892 %極為不同之工作環 千 、兄在即將來臨的混合式带叙UAL JU± 電池電動及純電動車辆 ^ 口“動、燃料 舲U立7占、Α Ύ W電動馬達為背景的禺磕 故障偵測領域將得到4大關注。 A的馬達 調適型電動馬達提供 藉由調適型馬達中獨立^ 早伯測及故障容許操作。 < 土句運T獨立的電 ^ ^ ^ 控制器可偵測及隔離低至電磁ψ_ Α馬達控制器及中央 _ 電兹電路層級之故障。 Μ::數’“ Τ ’在需要時,該電動機械可能依靠不起 過其總電磁電路容量鳩之容量來操作。因此,=不^ 測到此情況。 木作則一控制器能偵 於是,該中央控制器便擁有若干調 該電磁電路,並擴f0 、員其可取下 其可能取下整個馬達,並 負載。或者, 負载。 #騎跨其他調適型馬達之轉矩 在任一情況下,該汽車之駕駛者可「 進行修理。在草此产、F T 丁回豕」直至能 兮六 某二月下,故障之影響甚至不值得4立 一錯使得調適型電動馬達比 ,思。 減_因調適型電動車拒絕運動而=可靠,並 況出現之可能性。 、進退兩難的情 田调適型電動車具有獨立的輪穀式馬達時…、 車輛具有針對故障、事故或甚至(在軍用車輔之=或f他 之頜外保護。即使一或多個馬達變成不可用,:周下)襄擊 車或其他車輛亦可對此作出補償並繼 =型電動 損。 叉即使性能受 98191.dc, -80 * 1281892 」適型電動車使得再生制動更有效。調適型電動馬達之 性質使其易於控制,而其架構使得其成為高效率的發電機 及馬達。 同樣,用於調適型馬達之調適型控制系統能處置複雜的 控制方案。在對於斷路器或其他簡單的控㈣統而言實施 ^制動可能較複雜之情況下,調適型控制系統之成熟性 貝使得再生制動之挑戰性大為減小。 ^後’再生制動可能產生大量的電力。當汽車從6〇 _ ==止時,可能產生2_之多的電。標準電池不能處 置此水準之快速重新充電。 具有該適當電池之一調適型電動車 斗认土电助旱犯處置由再生制動產 生的攻夕70%之能量。盥許多 煞車後僅能儲存約5。/二相比可將此點與急 储存約5/°的電力而消耗掉其餘電力。 當調適,電動車每一輪具有一電池包時,如圖丄所示 例’必須藉由每一電池 μ夕^一 …咸小。流進及流出該 私/ 乂低电流意味著電池使用期更長。 調適型電動車可以其他方式提^ 重新充電的電流入四個分離的_也勺此。例如,當該 電池包_ * 包而料所有電注入- 私池包日可,再生制動更有效。 凋適型電動車之高動力、高電壓 獲得更佳的電、、也性& & ^ -兒机、、、口構亦使得能 池技術、簡化兩砷β 竿乂低的电池及燃料電 特定4 也及燃料電池管理及更廣泛的封裝選項。 。之,本發明之低電壓馬達系統使 提供更高的性能。首春 、動力電池能 百先,為數更少的串聯電池提供更好的 98191.doc -81 - 1281892 1 ·凋適型四輪獨立驅動馬達 "先係4等凋適型四輪獨立驅動馬達。此範例具有四輪 獨立驅動尾;♦ . ^ …達’但調適型電動車之其他範例可能具有二個 輪轂式馬達、-+ ^ ^ 一或四個輪旁馬達或與該等輪分離之一或多 T馬達。較佳的係,該等馬達將係直接驅動,但在需要更 多峰值轉矩時’可使用齒輪,特定言之係固定比率之齒輪。 即使在-輪較式馬達中亦可使用行星齒輪,從而以較小的 馬達獲得峰值更高之轉矩。 “在此範例中,每一馬達係額定為每一電磁電路17 峰值 乱力、2600 Nm峰值轉矩、42 v系統電壓及小於3〇 A之峰值 ' 母馬達白具有約3 〇 kg的有效質量。較佳的係該等 四輪獨立驅動馬達中的每—馬達皆具有相同的組態。從而 允許該等馬達成為標準化且可互換。 圖6顯示用在一調適型電動車中之一分佈式的調適型馬 達之一範例之一方塊概念圖。如此圖所示,該馬達之每一 「相位」或電磁電路之操作皆與其他相位不相關。所有該 等相位皆受該控制器之控制。 μ 在此圖6中,每一相位皆具有一獨立的電源信號產生器及 能量轉換器,所有該等組件皆組合成產生機械動力。以此 方式隔離每—相位能實質上消除該等電路之間的電磁及電 性干擾。 % 圖1所示的調適型電動車之範例不具有針對每一馬達的 每-相位之一分離電源。在該圖式中,每—馬達僅有一電 池。而且,如下面之說明,每組電力電子元件(信號產生器电 98191.doc -83 - 1281892 皆為三個相位提供動力。因此,一 作矣一 4 相位锰官有點變弱 仁母-相位之獨立性仍保持高於傳統馬達中的每 a·電磁學 仲 馬達中圍繞該定子的轉 圖2顯示在此範例之調適型電動 子之一般組態。 1.轉子 在此範例中’該轉子具有二皮帶,每一皮帶皆由以個永 磁體組成,該等二皮帶係沿一背環而並排配置。而且,該 車π子並不使用永磁體,而可能呈右盧 、曰 叩j此具有纒繞的電磁極以增加磁 通里和/或4助磁場南速度變弱。 ㈣每個皆由18個永磁體組成之二皮帶具有沿空氣間隙 而等距間隔且黏附於一非磁性的圓形背板之磁體。每一皮 帶中磁體之磁極性自北向南圍繞該皮帶而交變。該等皮帶 係沿該背板並排置放。每一皮帶的磁體之磁極性之偏移使 得一皮帶中的北極係置於另一皮帶中的南極旁邊,反之亦 每一%的磁體之磁極性成功地交變。可藉由添加一有磁 渗透性的元件(未顯示)來增強由該轉子的永磁體產生之磁 通量’該磁滲透性元件係安裝於該轉子永磁體之背部。 轉子磁體之數目僅係針對此範例。可以改變該數目。例 如’間隔較大距離之為數更少的磁體可能產生不同的轉矩 和/或速度特徵。 對欲使用哪一永磁體之選擇一般表示以較佳的性能換取 幸父低的成本。在此範例中,該等永磁體係一般的Bhmax或 98191.doc -84- 1281892 238至398 kJ/m 3 (3〇至5〇 MG〇e)之間系列能量產品之 NdFeB(鈥、鐵、)永磁體。 使圓形區段中的磁體成形為具有正方形斷面及錐形邊緣 可能有助於使不必要的磁通量之交又干擾最小化。可令該 等磁體放㈣磁化以為該轉子之每—分割區段提供垂直於 該背板平面之強磁偶極。 該背板可由!S或其他非磁性的滲透性材料形成。該背板 可能形成該電動機械外殼之部分,側壁係附著於該外殼部 分0 2.定子 在此範例中,該定子具有15個電磁對子,每一對子皆係 圍繞-圓形中μ路環而縱向配置。每—電磁對子皆係j 形電磁核心,而該「U」形狀之二賢直支架纏繞有銅導線以 充當電磁極。II由電力電子元件來切換該等定子繞組以形 成迫使該轉子旋轉之交變電磁場。 一在,馬達中可使用該等電磁核心之複雜的三維形狀以提 高性能。為更容易形成該等形狀,與層壓的電性鋼材相反, 可由軟磁合成物(「SMC」)粉末合金或合金燒結的粉末材料 (「SPM」)來製造該等電磁核心。。 該等SMC及SPM合金出現於新型各向同性粉末基體。使 用-樹脂黏接劑或氧化層使該粉末基體中的每—顆粒與其 他顆粒絕緣。此舉使得產生與最佳的w崎相比極高的 :阻牛(二000比40至5〇 一瓜cm)。其在相應頻率及磁通量 4度下還具有很低的渦流電流損失。 9819l.doc -85 - 1281892 該等SMC及SPM合金允許針對每— 定嚴格的幾何形狀約束及所需電磁特指 三維形狀可能明顯地減輕該定 s用㈣硬雜的 該等定子。 更里,並使得容易製造 在此範例中,調適型馬達之每—電磁電路或匕 已與其他電磁電路中的每一電路充分隔所、/白 控制的獨立機械參數之數目。 U “ 此舉可加大該電 械對控制及最佳化之有效回應。 ,二路之間的③性及電磁干擾。此舉可能增加可以改變及 動機 处此外,每-電磁電路皆與其他電磁電路中的每一電路在 、=構上和/或電磁分離’其可從該馬達控制器接收一分離的 控制信號。從而控制每'组電磁電路中的電磁流動而與其 :每-組中的電磁流動不相關。其可能允許控制每—電磁 包路或相位而與其他每一相位不相關。 作為一獨立的電磁電路,可獨立地驅動該馬達之每一「相 位」。但是,為了使該系統之複雜性最小化,並減少所需電 力私子元件之數目,將此範例中馬達的1 5個相位分成五 、、且,每組二個「相位」。圖4顯示此情形。 b·電力電子元件 此項技術中熟知,電子開關向此範例中的馬達繞組加 電。圖5顯示用於一個別定子繞組的開關組及驅動器之一部 分電路圖。充當一開關組之四個m〇SFet連接一橋接電路 中的每一定子繞組。一MOSFET之Η型橋接(例如國際整流 器1RFIZ48N-ND)可用作一電子開關組。 98191.doc -86- 1281892 MOSFET橋接電路可使得用於向該等定子繞組加電之電 壓及電流成形。此舉可藉由脈衝寬度調變(此項技術中熟知 之一技術)來完成。一數位信號處理器(DSP)或其他微處理 态產生该控制信號以驅動該等MOSFET。 用於脈衝寬度調變之橋接電路可能係一完全或一半橋接 包路。儘官在此顯示的係一四MOSFET開關組,但可使用 各種已知的電子切換元件令任—元件以向該等定子繞組提 供適當方向上的驅動電流。 -範例(圖4所示)具有五組電力電子元件,每一組皆驅動 三個分離的^子繞組。用於此15做子磁極的馬達之電力 電子元件組之數目亦可為15組,或係。的因數之任何數 五”且-出奴取佳化的最獨立參數’但亦可能係最昂貴 十五組電力電子元件(如圖4所示)可能係成本及複雜性 之-方面與最佳化的能力之另_方面之間一报好的折衷。 如圖3所示,來自該控制器之—控制信號控制該m〇sfet閑 極驅動器,該MOSFET閘極驅韌哭、仓r ^ 不驅動态進而驅動該MOSFET開關 組。該MOSFET開關組在該適者 哀通田方向上經該定子繞組傳送 來自该電源之驅動電流。 圖5顯示用於每組定子繞 ①、、且之切換電路。該馬達控 用脈衝寬度調變來改變經由每一 田母疋子繞組而傳送之雷户泠The controllability of the electric motor gives the I car a worry about the advantages of the gasoline car 98191.doc -68 - 1281892. Determined by the architecture of the electric vehicle's powertrain, the electric motor provides advanced motion control, safety and improved handling. The electric motor can also be controlled to operate more efficiently. The adaptable electric vehicle takes this control to a higher level, which provides dynamic control over a range of parameters. The adaptable electric vehicle can provide optimum performance by dynamically adapting its control system to changes in the user's wheel, mechanical operating conditions, and mechanical operating parameters. Isolation of the adaptive horse far-reaching + a ^ ^, the main electromagnetic circuit allows the effective control of the motor parameters more independent than in the existing motor. This allows for more freedom to optimize. These results are adaptive motors and generators that are cheaper, smaller, lighter, more powerful, and more efficient than conventional designs. To improve energy efficiency, the adaptive motor control system adapts almost instantaneously to the operating conditions of the tuned electric vehicle, including starting, accelerating, turning, braking and high-speed patrol. To improve motion control, the motor and central controller of the tunable electric vehicle can directly and almost instantaneously adapt the movement of the wheels to changes in road conditions or driver input. The adaptive controller also improves the operation of the adaptive electric motor to reduce noise, vibration and harsh screams ("NVHj", eliminate or reduce the perceived hum, control load peaks, and provide fail-safe operation. Control can be used to compensate for changes in motor operation due to wear and tear, and to reduce torque ripple and other poor motor characteristics. The software-based nature of the adaptive controller allows the car designer to enjoy a great deal of freedom. It can be completely customized for its car - unique = bad ^ feeling and develop multiple functions based on its own intellectual property rights. 98191.doc -69- 1281892 ^ The body code reflects the difference, and the difference often requires a plurality of software 2 . This situation allows for faster development than ever before, and the transition time is short, allowing for faster response to changing market conditions without the need to replace software. This advantage enables rapid development of real-time control programs and is cost effective in product development and manufacturing. Yu: The top-performing electric motor control technology may affect the entire design: car-like methods and technologies. The adaptive control (4) system enables full electric and electronic control of the π car. / Yes, the control can be implemented in the software, so there is no need to replace any software and JT modifies the basic control algorithm by loading new or upgraded software. If necessary, this can be done remotely (for example via the Internet). In addition, fault detection and repair can be performed remotely in some cases. The centralized electronic control system and its propulsion system for hunting/flying vehicles report easy to phase-to-end endless fixed equipment design opportunities. Such opportunities include collection control, route stylization, patrol control, vehicle self-flight, accidents: dryness, discovery of lost and stolen vehicles, ability to provide services, power to the car: or accompanying wireless repairs and Upgrade, future software upgrades for cars, etc.调 The adaptive electronic control of the entire car provides the opportunity to use the per-wheel: control of the rotating force mechanism to control the lateral dynamic drive of the chassis and other electronic control schemes to replace the mechanical linkage. This solution allows the control system to extend throughout the adapted electric vehicle. Adapted electric vehicles make it possible to use the "Insert" component. The petrol car must be built around a 推进 propulsion system, and the strong-powered petrol is smashed: The example of an adapted electric vehicle, as shown by ^, may be broken into a connected 98191.doc -70- 1281892 but more independent component. To this extent, a gasoline car is similar to a host computer, and an adapted electric vehicle is similar to a distributed network. Just like a host computer, all components of a gasoline vehicle must be self-contained components that are assembled and operated by the car manufacturer. As with distributed networks, adaptable electric vehicles allow for the assembly of equipment from a number of different manufacturers that are based on general standards. It is conceivable that with the adaptable electric vehicle shown in Figure 1, the car dealer can assemble components from several manufacturers and the car to meet the customer's order requirements. The wheel and its motor may be manufactured by a manufacturer, the gasoline engine/generator/fuel tank module is manufactured by another manufacturer, and the "user interface" combines steering, braking and acceleration control in a third manufacturer. In a joystick, the chassis is manufactured by a fourth manufacturer, and so on. Several standards are required to make such "insert" assemblies workable. The Automobile Industry Association now publishes and develops standards. Standards have always been one way to improve reliability while reducing costs and time to market, and the automotive industry is building new, generally consistent standards, even if they run counter to their historical legacy. There are now two or three guilds on the interface. There is a guild that is related to the Controller Area Network (CAN), which is widely accepted in Europe and is gradually becoming an accepted in-vehicle network. However, the bus is not 1 疋 because the delay is not guaranteed. As a result, automakers are turning to TTP or FlexRay. In fact, both are time-touched, in which the action k is actuated at a well-defined time according to the priority schedule, and the motor and all other network nodes are activated according to the 98191.doc 71 1281892 pulse. Has a shared time reference. Other guilds have proposed bus design schemes, agreements and software such as 0SEK (instant lighting for engine control unit software), media guidance system transmission (m〇st) and [Line] surroundings. Many car companies follow these specifications issued by the guild, but some companies have added their own components. - Single - cars may use many specifications at the same time. For example, Letter 745i uses most buses for infotainment transmission; various high-speed, low-speed and fault-tolerant (10) buses for various control applications; and BMW-owned ByteFlight high-speed buses (which evolved into f(four) states, which are used to control Safety airbags and their (4) system to ensure the safety of car riders 0 Another guild's US Automotive Research Council (10) Sosfair, Saskatchewan is helping manufacturers make connectors such as connectors, control panel bulbs, cigarette lighter sockets Standardization of parts such as (currently used as a power outlet), and efforts to standardize implementation in electronic brakes. Further, the standard reduces the risk of liability of the manufacturer in the event of a problem. 敕=1吏DEK (and indeed better) will replace all parts of the tuned electric vehicle with the general control of the software. 'This architecture allows the use of "insert" ::: for cars. This has the potential to bring to the automotive industry. Huge and positive::: ": Broadcasting the possibility of fittings" As discussed above, steam == its car, can only replace the whole vehicle by - upgrade - or several modules Here, the move is similar to the monk 98l91.doc -72- 1281892 Just as it is possible to upgrade ^ ^ | and hard disk in a personal computer, it is possible to upgrade the wheel motors in an adaptable electric vehicle. 盥, , and ^ ^ Compared to electric vehicles with Η oil trucks or without hub motors, the upgrade may require some changes to the body, but this change will be much earlier. This will also allow the replacement of the car owner (four) fly It is not necessary to replace the chassis. In the United States, in addition to the models that can be collected, the car market with a longer age is smaller. Although the adaptive electric vehicle reduces the maintenance cost of the above-mentioned car. This may change the situation, but people are more likely to always want to upgrade their cars every few years. Because of the adaptation of the thunder fish and the female "Jade Electric Drought" has the possibility of "insertion", this upgrade can be effectively carried out, only It is necessary to replace the part of the car to get the "new car" and the cost and waste are much less. The electric vehicle can use the complex (four) and the silk electronic energy system. The total energy management system can be as much as possible. Have The way to use the often limited energy available in electric vehicles. Some gasoline vehicle systems (like electric fuel injection) operate in exactly the same way. But 'electric vehicles can use the heat to perform the different method, this algorithm is It is not available in gasoline vehicles. The gasoline engine of these gasoline vehicles is much more difficult to control than electric motors. The general microprocessor control system uses a series of inputs from the sensor to measure the battery, motor, vehicle and surrounding conditions. This information is combined with the inputs required by the driver from the brakes, steering, accelerators and various available switch controllers. The control system then produces the appropriate output to continuously control the motor torque and speed, the transmission ratio (its t use) Variable transmission between the motor and the drive wheel 98191.doc -73 - 1281892), regenerative braking, external lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning. It also controls battery recharging and other tasks when needed. By (4), compared with the existing system (4), the total energy control implemented by the central (four) device includes many more parameters' and provides many more opportunities because of the t-type. By adapting the electric vehicle, Each of the electromagnetic circuits in each motor can be effectively and independently controlled to optimize each energy transfer to minimize energy conversion. The parent-critical target increases the number of variables that control the operation of the vehicle, but = The method makes each variable have a considerable effect on the mechanical operation.: The motor in a conventional electric vehicle quickly increases the number of variables so that the return =, because changing the variable starts to produce a small (3) yes) predictable Under::, # Adapted electric motor in the adaptable electric vehicle, the circuit can be independent and eliminate the interference between the circuits. : The phase operation of the motor is precisely controlled. = the number of variables that can be meaningfully controlled. Similarly, the private pools and other systems may expand. Workers have a large number of variables (after each key purpose, can... Fruit) of this Huai 4 4 κ many advantages of the electric car is now adapting. Can achieve the purpose of 'defense' (for example, to provide the required speed or torque to expand the standard control purposes. /,,,, after the κBei and although there are still trade-offs, but now also include: Car η- performance purpose. These goals, maximize the itch process, maximize the efficiency of the motor as a function of change, reduce the sound produced by the motor and mechanical / electromagnetic 98191.doc -74- 1281892 noise, Shorten the battery recharge time. Optimize the current demand of the power supply. The torque ripple and the system make the total energy management strategy effective by tightly integrating the adaptive electric vehicle. The ground produces a peak JL, L, which makes the power, efficiency and new process increase without the need for expensive new hardware. The second motor car can match or exceed the performance of the gasoline car at a reasonable price; It can be successful in the industry. Electric power can't do this. Since the invention of the electric car, no one has been able to create a motor that is small enough, cheap enough, and reluctant to reliably and efficiently push the cart. Architecture. j In the early days of the car, both the petrol and the electric car were quite simple. The electric car was superior to the earlier gasoline car in many aspects of the bucket. However, by 1912, the petrol car began to become the dominant market - the banquet] Wang Xinqi The status of the main singer has never been weakened and has never been challenged. The new sleek structure - small, light, economical and powerful _ possible = 2 pool technology, fuel cell and / or hybrid system development combined Electric propulsion has become a reality in business. Today's technology turns the car powered by a fuel cell on the road into an electric motor that gives it power and performance that rivals that of a gasoline car. The 'purchase and maintenance of this car is very expensive. If it is technically broken, this fuel cell/electric motor technology cannot provide a viable alternative to a gasoline engine. But 'using today's available technology can be a competitive cost. Manufacture of adaptable electric vehicles. Adapted electric vehicles, such as the example shown in Figure 1, are available using the 98191.doc -75- 1281892 adaptive motor and generator technology (and Exceeding the power, efficiency and competition of the top two gasoline vehicles competing for oil trucks. 丨 取 取 取 仃 仃 仃 仃 仃 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : In some respects, adaptable electric vehicles, like computer-like, may have many electronic components in lightweight cases. There is no heavy steel '· no need for rust belt factories. It can be assembled anywhere in the country. Replace central production The department of the factory may have a local-line base. The basin responds to regional market fluctuations much faster and actually uses "instant": the philosophy of stacking - on-demand parts, no stock accumulation. In the development of electronic technology such = This method may be more convenient; it may be critical to the survival of the manufacturer. Not only is it easier to assemble an adaptable electric vehicle, but the adaptive electric motor is also easier to assemble than a conventional electric motor. . In adaptable electric motors: 'Every-electromagnetic circuit exists as a separate module. These modules can be manufactured and tested before the wheat. Each module may be individually wrapped with its copper wire. Low cost can be achieved by manufacturing, testing, winding and assembling module by module. . The low cost of the motor system of the electric vehicle is derived from various factors. First, the flexibility of the architecture allows for the use of scalable general components. Each electromagnetic circuit may be a separate component rather than a single stator assembly. This simplifies the manufacture of castings, forgings and metal powders and reduces costs. In addition, the low system voltage of the motor - less than 5 volts - allows the use of cheaper components, such as M 〇 SFE but not IGBT, and can be easily fabricated 9819i.doc -76 - 1281892 'Because of wire specifications smaller. The topology of the adaptive electric motor can be designed to minimize the length of the rail flux path. This reduces core losses (hysteresis effects and eddy current losses). There is no eddy current loss in the permanent magnet associated with the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet. The use of permanent magnets in the rotor also helps to reduce losses with the iron flux path = off. In addition, since the permanent magnet generates magnetic flux, the torque-to-weight ratio of the permanent magnet rotor motor is higher than the torque-to-weight ratio of its iron rotor counterpart. ^ In the adaptive motor, the A-Mao Lingzhi flow is eliminated, so that most of the iron used in the conventional stator path can be eliminated together. The tunable motor architecture also provides flux path isolation of the electromagnetic circuit, thereby significantly reducing the inductor inductance and associated losses from the coil to the coil. This Tongli road isolation structure also allows for a great deal of freedom in the choice of control strategy. Because of their light weight and high efficiency, these motors are ideal for electricity. With the development of gasoline vehicles, gasoline vehicles have become very complicated. Since the engine has become larger and more powerful, the number of engine subsystems and the size of the engine have increased. For gasoline engines, other vehicle systems, such as transmissions, are needed. This procedure can be used for a simpler architecture of the adapted electric vehicle (as shown in the example in Figure 1). Adapted pure electric or series hybrid vehicles can eliminate the..., drive shaft, universal joint and transfer case. This saves a lot of weight and cost. Other 98191.doc -77- 1281892 systems will still be required in the series hybrid adaptive electric vehicle shown in Figure 1. These systems include batteries, generators, petrol engines, brakes, exhaust and other systems. However, these systems (with the exception of possible batteries) can be reduced in size. Thereby reducing weight, reducing cost and complexity. The 5-week-fit electric vehicle can perform multiple functions without the extra system required for a petrol vehicle. For example, systems such as anti-lock braking, traction control, power steering: all-wheel drive may be complicated or made redundant. It is potentially possible to reduce the moving parts in the power mechanism to a few bearings. In addition to weight and cost savings, 'adaptive electric vehicles can save space by eliminating, downsizing and "repackaging" the vehicle system. Elimination of the center drive motor and transmission system (including the transmission, differential, universal joint head and drive shaft) allows for more space in the battery and positioning of the gasoline engine/generator module. Between the savings and the positioning of the system (other than the hub-type motors) in the vehicle: the ability to flexibly position important masses to improve the weight distribution. This also allows for improved design of the area and allows for positioning and activity outside of (4), as well as the ability to provide a more comfortable and open interior (for example by lowering the underbody). Specifically, in the gasoline vehicle of the wheel of the adapted electric vehicle, there is a silencer, a pass, and a pass. Use this space to accommodate the space::: The space occupied by the reinforced frame and the power knife for the car: the battery-area, the available area of the central controller. ...he objects - significantly increase the storage capacity of the battery and other components in the car. If the heaviest components and the batteries, the frame structure may often serve as a dual function to reduce the weight of the body. 98l9l.doc -78- 1281892 is located under the car', then the center of gravity will be lowered to make the car stable. The center of gravity can be 2/3 lower than the center of gravity in a conventional car. The size of the shirt, his system, and the size of the system. The "wire" technology replaces traditional mechanical linkages including accelerators, and even steerings with electronic control systems that can be placed almost anywhere in the vehicle. This effective technology is expected to open up valuable fixed space μ in automotive design, which was once occupied by fixed hardware. The results of it? Create cars that are lighter in weight, more space-rich, more powerful, more fuel-efficient, longer-stroke, longer traction control, more reliable, and more powerful, with the cost of a single brother. For the first time, adaptable electric vehicles offer better performance than gasoline vehicles at competitive prices. In battery electric vehicles, the weight and size of these batteries and other subsystems may cause a "vicious circle" of weight increase. Stronger and therefore heavier structural components must be used to bolster the weight of the battery in the set and provide adequate impact protection. As a rough empirical method, Dan. For the weight of the mother's one kilogram subsystem outside the jaw, a structural weight of at least 0.3 kg must be added. The example shown in Figure 1 adjusts the power of two ,% to reduce the number of components required in the car (there is a total elimination of some systems, such as the weight of these components. This causes the number of heavy ^^") And the "vicious circle" of the cow's W lifting, using lighter structural components. This rough empirical method is reversed, and up to G.3 kg of structural weight can be removed for every kilogram of the removal of the sub-system. The electric motor has been proven to be in the passengers of the passengers. It is very reliable in the industrial application of the midnight. The large fixed motor of the electric horse is used for fault detection. The electric motor is used in the industry. The ring 98191.doc -79- 1281892 % very different work ring thousand, brother in the upcoming hybrid band UAL JU ± battery electric and pure electric vehicle ^ mouth "moving, fuel 舲 U Li 7 account, Α Ύ W electric motor as the background of the field of fault detection will receive 4 major concerns. A's motor-adapted electric motor provides independent and early detection and fault tolerance operation through the adaptive motor. < soil sentence transport T independent power ^ ^ ^ controller can detect and isolate the fault as low as the electromagnetic ψ _ Α motor controller and the central _ _ circuit level. Μ::Number '“ Τ 'When needed, the electromechanical machine may not be able to operate with its capacity of the total electromagnetic circuit capacity. Therefore, = not ^ detected this situation. Wood can be detected by a controller The central controller has a number of adjustments to the electromagnetic circuit, and expands the f0, the member can remove the entire motor and can load the load. Or, the load. #骑骑骑 other torque of the motor in either case, The driver of the car can "repair. In the grass, the FT will return to the 豕" until it can be smashed in June and February, the impact of the fault is not even worthy of a mistake. Less _ because the adaptive electric vehicle refuses to move and = reliable, and the possibility of emergence. The dilemma of the adaptable electric vehicle has an independent volute motor..., the vehicle has a fault, an accident or even (in the military vehicle auxiliary = or f his external protection. Even if one or more motors become Not available: Weekly) The sniper or other vehicle can also compensate for this and follow the type electric damage. Even if the performance is affected by 98191.dc, -80 * 1281892" electric vehicles make regenerative braking more effective. The nature of the adaptive electric motor makes it easy to control, and its architecture makes it a highly efficient generator and motor. Similarly, an adaptive control system for an adaptive motor can handle complex control schemes. In the case of a circuit breaker or other simple control system, the braking may be more complicated, and the maturity of the adaptive control system greatly reduces the challenge of regenerative braking. ^ After the regenerative braking may generate a lot of power. When the car is stopped from 6〇 _ ==, it may generate as much as 2_. Standard batteries cannot be quickly recharged at this level. An adaptable electric vehicle with one of the appropriate batteries is capable of handling 70% of the energy generated by regenerative braking.盥 Many cars can only store about 5 after braking. In contrast to this, the point can be stored with approximately 5/° of power and the remaining power is consumed. When the electric vehicle is equipped with one battery pack per wheel, as shown in the figure ’, it must be made by each battery. Flowing in and out of this private/low current means that the battery will last longer. The adaptable electric car can be used in other ways to recharge the current into four separate _ also scoop this. For example, regenerative braking is more effective when the battery pack _ * is all-in-one. The high power and high voltage of the compliant electric vehicle can get better electricity, and the &&&&&& ^ -Children,, and mouth structure also enable the pool technology, simplify the battery and fuel of two arsenic beta depletion Electrically specific 4 also with fuel cell management and a wider range of packaging options. . Thus, the low voltage motor system of the present invention provides higher performance. The first spring, the power battery can be 100 first, and the fewer series of batteries provide better 98191.doc -81 - 1281892 1 · Forty-type four-wheel independent drive motor " Xian 4 and other four-wheel independent drive motor . This example has four independent drive tails; ♦ . ^ ... up to but other examples of adaptable electric vehicles may have two hub motors, -+ ^ ^ one or four wheel motors or one of the wheels Or multiple T motors. Preferably, the motors will be driven directly, but when more peak torque is required, gears may be used, in particular fixed ratio gears. Planetary gears can be used even in a wheel-to-wheel type motor, resulting in a higher peak torque with a smaller motor. “In this example, each motor is rated for each electromagnetic circuit 17 peak force, 2600 Nm peak torque, 42 v system voltage, and a peak value less than 3〇A. The female motor white has an effective mass of approximately 3 〇kg. Preferably, each of the four-wheel independent drive motors has the same configuration, thereby allowing the motors to be standardized and interchangeable. Figure 6 shows one of the distributed in an adapted electric vehicle. One of the examples of the adaptive motor is a block concept diagram. As shown in the figure, the operation of each "phase" or electromagnetic circuit of the motor is not related to other phases. All of these phases are controlled by the controller. μ In this Figure 6, each phase has an independent power signal generator and energy converter, all of which are combined to produce mechanical power. Isolating each phase in this manner substantially eliminates electromagnetic and electrical interference between the circuits. % The example of an adapted electric vehicle shown in Figure 1 does not have a separate power supply for each phase of each motor. In this figure, there is only one battery per motor. Moreover, as explained below, each set of power electronic components (signal generators 98191.doc -83 - 1281892 are powered by three phases. Therefore, one for the four phase manganese officer is a little weaker and the mother-phase independent The performance is still higher than that of the conventional motor. The rotation around the stator in the secondary motor shows the general configuration of the adaptive rotor in this example. 1. The rotor in this example 'the rotor has two The belt, each belt is composed of a permanent magnet, and the two belts are arranged side by side along a back ring. Moreover, the car π does not use a permanent magnet, but may be right Lu, 此j. The wound electromagnetic poles are weakened by increasing the magnetic flux and/or the 4 assisting magnetic field. (4) The two belts each consisting of 18 permanent magnets have equidistant spacing along the air gap and adhere to a non-magnetic circular shape. a magnet of the backing plate. The magnetic polarity of the magnets in each belt alternates from north to south around the belt. The belts are placed side by side along the backing plate. The magnetic polarity of the magnets of each belt is offset in a belt. The Arctic is placed on another belt Beside the south pole, and vice versa, the magnetic polarity of each of the magnets is successfully alternating. The magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet of the rotor can be enhanced by adding a magnetically permeable element (not shown). The components are mounted on the back of the rotor permanent magnet. The number of rotor magnets is only for this example. This number can be varied. For example, a smaller number of magnets spaced a greater distance may produce different torque and/or speed characteristics. The choice of which permanent magnet to use generally means a better performance in exchange for the low cost of the father. In this example, the permanent magnet system generally has a Bhmax or 98191.doc -84 - 1281892 238 to 398 kJ/m. NdFeB (鈥, iron,) permanent magnets of a series of energy products between 3 (3〇 to 5〇MG〇e). Forming a magnet in a circular section with a square cross section and a tapered edge may help Unnecessary magnetic flux intersections and interference minimization. The magnets can be magnetized (4) to provide a strong magnetic dipole perpendicular to the plane of the backplane for each segment of the rotor. The backplane can be !S or other non- Magnetic permeability The backing plate may form part of the electromechanical outer casing to which the side wall is attached. 2. The stator In this example, the stator has 15 electromagnetic pairs, each pair being round-round The middle μ loop is arranged longitudinally. Each electromagnetic pair is a j-shaped electromagnetic core, and the “U” shaped two straight brackets are wound with copper wires to serve as electromagnetic poles. II is switched by power electronic components. To form an alternating electromagnetic field that forces the rotor to rotate. The complex three-dimensional shape of the electromagnetic core can be used in the motor to improve performance. To form the shape more easily, in contrast to the laminated electrical steel, it can be soft magnetic A composite ("SMC") powder alloy or alloy sintered powder material ("SPM") is used to make these electromagnetic cores. . These SMC and SPM alloys are present in novel isotropic powder matrices. Each of the particles in the powder matrix is insulated from other particles by a resin adhesive or an oxide layer. This makes it extremely high compared to the best w-saki: blocking cattle (two thousand to 40 to 5 〇 one melon cm). It also has a very low eddy current loss at the corresponding frequency and magnetic flux of 4 degrees. 9819l.doc -85 - 1281892 These SMC and SPM alloys allow for a strict geometric constraint and the required electromagnetic specificity of the three-dimensional shape, which may significantly alleviate the stators of the four (4) hard miscellaneous. Further, and making it easy to manufacture In this example, each of the adaptive motors - the number of independent mechanical parameters that the electromagnetic circuit or 匕 has been sufficiently separated from each of the other electromagnetic circuits, / white control. U “This move can increase the effective response of the electrical control to control and optimization. The 3rd and electromagnetic interference between the two roads. This move may increase the change and motivation. In addition, each-electromagnetic circuit is combined with other Each circuit in the electromagnetic circuit is in a configuration, and/or electromagnetically separated, which can receive a separate control signal from the motor controller, thereby controlling the electromagnetic flow in each 'group of electromagnetic circuits with: The electromagnetic flow is irrelevant. It may allow control of each electromagnetic packet or phase without being related to each of the other phases. As a separate electromagnetic circuit, each "phase" of the motor can be driven independently. However, in order to minimize the complexity of the system and reduce the number of required power components, the 15 phases of the motor in this example are divided into five, and each group has two "phases". Figure 4 shows this situation. b. Power Electronic Components As is well known in the art, electronic switches power up the motor windings in this example. Figure 5 shows a partial circuit diagram of a switch block and driver for a different stator winding. The four m〇SFets acting as a switch group are connected to each of the stator windings in a bridge circuit. A MOSFET type bridge (e.g., International Rectifier 1 RFIZ48N-ND) can be used as an electronic switch block. 98191.doc -86- 1281892 MOSFET bridge circuits allow the formation of voltage and current for energizing these stator windings. This can be done by pulse width modulation, one of the techniques well known in the art. A digital signal processor (DSP) or other micro-processing state generates the control signal to drive the MOSFETs. The bridge circuit used for pulse width modulation may be a full or half bridged packet. A four-to-four MOSFET switch set is shown here, but various known electronic switching elements can be used to provide the drive current in the appropriate direction to the stator windings. - The example (shown in Figure 4) has five sets of power electronics, each driving three separate windings. The number of power electronic component groups used for the motor of the 15 sub-poles may also be 15 groups, or a system. Any number of factors of five "and - the most independent parameter of the slaves" but may also be the most expensive fifteen sets of power electronic components (as shown in Figure 4) may be cost and complexity - aspects and best Another good compromise between the other aspects of the ability is as shown in Figure 3. The control signal from the controller controls the m〇sfet idler driver, and the MOSFET gate is resilience crying, bin r ^ no The driving state, in turn, drives the MOSFET switch bank. The MOSFET switch group transmits drive current from the power supply through the stator winding in the direction of the appropriate field. Figure 5 shows a switching circuit for each set of stator windings 1. The motor control uses pulse width modulation to change the Thunder 传送 transmitted through each of the 疋子疋子绕组
電壓數量。因此,藉由改變 ;,L 田巧疋子繞組而傳送之雷户 及電壓數量與該電流之方向來I轉該馬達。 浪 亦可增加電力電子組之數目 而要由母一開關組來 98i91.doc -87- 1281892 處置的電流數s。例如,若使用15組而非五組電力電子元 件,則需要由每一組來處置的電流數量下降三分之二。 c.馬達控制器 該馬達控制器控制從該電源傳送給該等定子繞組的電流 數量及方向。其係依據來自電流感測器、一轉子位置感測 器及一速度近似器之輸入而藉由控制該等閘極驅動器來實 行此控制。 圖8顯不一馬達控制器之一範例。在此範例中,該控制器 係德州儀器數位信號處理器TMS320LF2407APG。該控制器 亦需要記憶體以儲存電流驅動輪廓、其他資料及程式。在 此範例中,該驅動器具有四個記憶體。 為提问性能,該馬達控制器可令該馬達之轉矩/速度/效率 特徵動態地適應該馬達之特徵。隨著參數-驅動輸入、針對 每一馬達系統之感測器輸入、以及針對該車輛之感測器輸 入-改變,可令該馬達之操作改變成適應該等變化。 可將大多數調適型控制系統最佳化成使以下項目獲得平 衡: •功能需求 •性能品質 •系統效率 •系統安全 •容錯 =適型電動馬達之分佈式架構允許電路獨立性,同時使 ^和、電力需求、組件複雜性及軟體複雜性獲得 98191.doc -88 - 1281892 平衡。依據该等使用者輸入及環境、馬達或系統條件,可 將該等控制優先權調適成使性能最佳化。 例如,若汽車從停滯起動而需要高轉矩來以低速度爬 坡’則將該馬達控制ϋ調適成可提供此功能。若該汽車需 要高轉矩來以每小時7G英里之速度在高速公路上穿越,則 該馬達控制器可提供此功能。 一作為另一範例,該馬達控制器可使用一正弦波形輪廓來 經由其更高效率的操作來延長電池使用期。但是,在大多 數h况下,%源之頜定值係針對一最大電流放電率。若該 馬達控制器接收需要最大電流汲取之一控制輸入,則該馬 達輸出在該正弦波形輪廓之情況τ可能限於相對較低的轉 矩。 /該馬達控―決定該馬達需要產纽該正弦波形輪靡 ^供者更多之轉矩,則該控制器可切換為—方波輪廊。 該方波輪廓將產生比該方波形輪麻更多之轉矩而不超過該 電源供應之最大額定值。但是,該電力損失將增加約卿。, 從而大大降低效率。 在該馬達控制器中可實施各種不同演算法以獲得最佳結 例如’调適型電動馬達之—馬達控制器可使用—相位 提两方案來應對由反電動勢(EMF)高速度積聚產生之問題。 -般地,該馬達控制器藉由對應於使用者輸入 作條件及機械操作參數來㈣地選擇—控制 =The number of voltages. Therefore, by changing, the amount of the thunder and the amount of voltage transmitted by the L Tianqiao braid winding and the direction of the current are turned to the motor. Waves can also increase the number of power electronics groups. The number of currents to be disposed of by the parent switch group is 98i91.doc -87- 1281892. For example, if 15 sets of power electronics are used instead of five, the amount of current that needs to be disposed of by each group is reduced by two-thirds. c. Motor Controller The motor controller controls the amount and direction of current delivered from the power source to the stator windings. This control is performed by controlling the gate drivers based on inputs from current sensors, a rotor position sensor, and a speed approximator. Figure 8 shows an example of one of the motor controllers. In this example, the controller is the Texas Instruments digital signal processor TMS320LF2407APG. The controller also requires memory to store current to drive contours, other data, and programs. In this example, the drive has four memories. To question performance, the motor controller can dynamically adapt the torque/speed/efficiency characteristics of the motor to the characteristics of the motor. With the parameter-drive input, the sensor input for each motor system, and the sensor input-change for the vehicle, the operation of the motor can be changed to accommodate the changes. Most adaptive control systems can be optimized to balance the following: • Functional requirements • Performance quality • System efficiency • System security • Fault tolerance = The distributed architecture of the adaptive electric motor allows for circuit independence while enabling ^ and Power requirements, component complexity, and software complexity were balanced by 98191.doc -88 - 1281892. These control priorities can be adapted to optimize performance based on such user inputs and environmental, motor or system conditions. For example, if the car requires high torque from a stagnation start to climb at a low speed, then the motor control ϋ is adapted to provide this function. The motor controller provides this capability if the car requires high torque to traverse the highway at 7G mph. As another example, the motor controller can use a sinusoidal waveform profile to extend battery life through its more efficient operation. However, in most cases of h, the % source jaw setting is for a maximum current discharge rate. If the motor controller receives one of the control inputs requiring maximum current draw, the condition τ of the motor output in the sinusoidal waveform profile may be limited to a relatively low torque. / The motor control - determines that the motor needs to produce a sinusoidal waveform rim. ^ The supplier can switch to a square wave wheel. The square wave profile will produce more torque than the square wave without exceeding the maximum rating of the power supply. However, the power loss will increase to about Qing. , which greatly reduces efficiency. Various algorithms can be implemented in the motor controller to obtain optimal junctions such as 'adaptive electric motors' - motor controllers can be used - two phase schemes to cope with the problem of high speed accumulation caused by back electromotive force (EMF) . Typically, the motor controller is selected (4) by means of a conditional and mechanical operating parameter corresponding to the user input.
適^動馬達之性能最佳化。為實行此舉,器: 錢用各種㈣演算法,包括上面說”轉矩/效率最佳Z 98I91.doc -89- 1281892 及相位提前演算法。能想到至少三類演算法。 •T先係性a導向演算法。在此’計算出可控制的 以給定速度及轉矩使性能最佳化。上面所論述的^來 隶佳化及相位提前演算法屬於此類別。 、率 其他演算法可能包括設計成抑制振動或應對可能由 凸塊或其他不規則現象造成的其他處置問題之措施 上,該等演算法可用於至少在一定程度上抵消該汽車車二 中的非簧載質量之影響β 1車車輪 與藉由傳統的輪m統之情況相比,該輪較 動系統之此基於軟體的動態抑制可能產生較佳的道路= :能=使:駕更舒適。其在安全及舒適方面可提供優於 早馬達之傳統電動車、甚至優於汽油車之優點。 其次係以圍繞故障而進行的工作為導向之演算法。在 此’依據特定的故障資訊來重新計算可控制的表數,广而 Γ呆持—給定的速度轉矩㈣。亦可使其他所需性能㈣ 敢佳化至可能的程度。 例如’該中央控制器可圍繞故障而運作。調適型馬達之 每-「相位」或「電磁電路」皆可為獨立。在該情況下, 遠中央控制器或馬達控制器可對變得不能操作之一相位作 出補償。該馬達料行操作,但轉輯波增加、接頭增加 而轉矩減小。 僅該容錯便可能係優於其他馬達設計之一大優點。但 是二藉由適當的演算法,該控制器甚至可對該等故障作出 補仏,減少轉矩漣波及接頭而增加來自其他相位的轉矩作 98191.doc -90- 1281892 用以維持該轉矩。 針對處理製造容限及磨損而調整的演算法。該等 % ::;夂糸f於一W提條件,即該馬達之每-部分儘管係依 m而4造,但亦可與該規格有_定偏離。該等演算法 可月匕針對此類偏離以及由磨損造成的偏離而進行校正。 η由於該等演算法必須承受特定的馬達性能,因此其可能 :佳的係實施於該馬達控制器中而非該中央控制器中。但 是,其確可實施於此二處中任一處。 該馬達控制器在其執行再生制動時,還必須能夠控制作 為發電機之馬達。此範财的輪轂式馬達之調適型架構有 助於再生制動。 d·控制及感測器輸入 在此範例中’對該馬達控制器之控制輸入來自一中央控 制器。在其他範例中,該控制輪入可能來自使用者輸入或 其:來源。依據該控制及感測器輸人,該馬達控制器產生 一電流輪廓以驅動該等定子繞組。 、此範例中的每一馬達皆需要具有其獨立的絕對角度位置 感測杰。此點可能係依據若干技術(例如光學、電感、電容 或磁性)中的任一技術。 亦能貫行針對每一馬達系、统之其他感測。如目7所示,可 感測多個參數,例如車輪滑動、電池電流、電池溫度、電 力包子元件溫度、馬達溫度、車輪旋轉以及故障。來自該 等感測器之資訊可能到達該馬達控制器或該中央控制器。 亦可貝订針對該車輛之感測。該等參數可能包括車輛速 98191.doc -91 - 1281892 度、加速、内部空氣溫度、外部空氣溫度以及三維定位(例 如偏航彳貞測)。 駕駛者輸入可能包括煞車、轉向、加速及切換控制。藉 由此範例中的調適型電動車,獲取駕駛者輸入之「使用者 介面」可能係電子連接而非機械連接。從而使得可採用各 中使用者介面裝置-滑鼠、控制桿或者甚至語音命令_以取代 傳統的轉向輪、煞車及加速器。 e ·冷卻 右欲從一電動馬達汲取最大電力,則需要提供該定子及 轉子上的繞組之冷卻,還有其他可能併入該馬達設計的易 文扣夸件(例如永磁體)之冷卻。視該馬達類型、尺寸及負載 循壞而定,可經由空氣或一液態冷卻劑系統來提供此冷卻。 對於一電動車馬達,可藉由空氣、油或水來進行冷卻。 工氣強製冷部係大多數低價馬達中使用的方法。若欲使空 氣冷卻有效,則必須提供導管以使該冷卻空氣到達散逸多 數熱量之該等組件(例如定子繞組)。 但是,導管表示該馬達比採用其他方式時的馬達實際大 J更大因此,在改善冷卻、增加馬達尺寸及重量之間需 要-定折衷。此情形使得需以水及油來取代空氣。該等液 脰允许猎由更小的導管來更有效地冷卻並使得馬達重量減 輕、尺寸縮小而特定輸出更高。 對於水,馬達之電性活躍零件切勿接觸水,除非使用去 離子水。油及潑賤冷卻不存在此問題。在此,可安全地使 用與該等電性繞組相鄰的導f來冷卻轉子與定子。 9819l.doc -92- 1281892 若油進入轉子與定子之間的空氣間隙,則油冷卻可能造成 某些惡性的緩行。 油還具有一優點,即可將冷卻功能與該潤滑功能組合, 尤其係在具有積體馬達與變速箱之一推進系統中。在油與 水之二情況下,有時需要一散熱器以移除來自該冷卻流體 之熱量。此熱量可為該車輛供熱系統所使用。 2.四個電池 在此範例中,該等四輪獨立驅動馬達中的每一個皆具有 與其相鄰的其自己之電池。在此範例中,t池係用作電源 來源。更-般的係,此電源可能係一電池、燃料電池、發Optimize the performance of the motor. To implement this, the device uses a variety of (four) algorithms, including the above mentioned "torque / efficiency best Z 98I91.doc -89 - 1281892 and phase advance algorithm. At least three types of algorithms can be thought of. A-oriented algorithm. Here, 'controllable to optimize performance at a given speed and torque. The above-mentioned tactics and phase advance algorithm belong to this category. Rate other algorithms May include measures designed to suppress vibration or to deal with other disposal problems that may be caused by bumps or other irregularities that can be used to offset, at least to some extent, the effects of unsprung mass in the car 2 Compared with the case of the conventional wheel system, the β1 wheel has a better road based on the dynamic suppression of the software. = Can = make the car more comfortable. It is safe and comfortable. It can provide advantages over traditional electric vehicles of early motors and even better than gasoline vehicles. Secondly, it is a work-oriented algorithm around faults. Here, 'recalculate controllable according to specific fault information. The number of tables is wide and sturdy - given the speed torque (4). It can also make other required performance (4) to the extent possible. For example, 'the central controller can operate around the fault. Adaptation motor Each of the "phase" or "electromagnetic circuit" can be independent. In this case, the far central controller or motor controller can compensate for one phase that becomes inoperable. The motor is operated, but the number of revolutions is increased, the joint is increased, and the torque is reduced. This fault tolerance alone may be superior to one of the other motor designs. However, with proper algorithm, the controller can even compensate for these faults, reduce torque ripple and joints and increase torque from other phases to 98191.doc -90- 1281892 to maintain the torque. . An algorithm that adjusts to handle manufacturing tolerances and wear. The %:;夂糸f is conditional, that is, every part of the motor, although made by m, can also deviate from the specification. These algorithms can be corrected for such deviations and deviations caused by wear. Since η must be subjected to specific motor performance, it is possible that a good system is implemented in the motor controller rather than in the central controller. However, it can be implemented in either of these two locations. The motor controller must also be able to control the motor as a generator when it performs regenerative braking. This versatile architecture of the hub-type motor helps regenerative braking. d. Control and Sensor Inputs In this example, the control input to the motor controller is from a central controller. In other examples, the control wheeling may come from user input or its: source. Based on the control and sensor inputs, the motor controller generates a current profile to drive the stator windings. Each motor in this example needs to have its own absolute angular position sensing. This may be based on any of several techniques, such as optics, inductance, capacitance, or magnetism. It is also possible to perform other sensing for each motor system. As shown in Figure 7, multiple parameters can be sensed, such as wheel slip, battery current, battery temperature, power pack element temperature, motor temperature, wheel rotation, and fault. Information from such sensors may arrive at the motor controller or the central controller. It is also possible to subscribe to the sensing of the vehicle. These parameters may include vehicle speeds of 98191.doc -91 - 1281892 degrees, acceleration, internal air temperature, outside air temperature, and three-dimensional positioning (eg, yaw guessing). Driver input may include braking, steering, acceleration, and switching controls. With the adaptive electric vehicle in this example, the "user interface" for obtaining driver input may be an electronic connection rather than a mechanical connection. This allows the use of various user interface devices - mouse, joystick or even voice commands - to replace conventional steering wheels, brakes and accelerators. e · Cooling Right to draw maximum power from an electric motor, it is necessary to provide cooling of the windings on the stator and rotor, as well as other cooling that may be incorporated into the design of the motor (such as permanent magnets). Depending on the motor type, size and load cycle, this cooling can be provided via air or a liquid coolant system. For an electric vehicle motor, it can be cooled by air, oil or water. The Engineering Cooling Department is the method used in most low-cost motors. If air cooling is to be effective, a conduit must be provided to allow the cooling air to reach such components (e.g., stator windings) that dissipate most of the heat. However, the conduit indicates that the motor is actually larger than the actual motor J in other ways, so there is a trade-off between improving cooling, increasing motor size and weight. This situation makes it necessary to replace the air with water and oil. These liquids allow the hunting to be cooled more efficiently by smaller conduits and to make the motor lighter, smaller, and more specific. For water, do not touch the water for electrically active parts of the motor unless deionized water is used. This problem does not exist with oil and splash cooling. Here, the guides adjacent to the electrical windings can be safely used to cool the rotor and the stator. 9819l.doc -92- 1281892 If oil enters the air gap between the rotor and the stator, oil cooling may cause some malignant slowdown. The oil also has the advantage that the cooling function can be combined with the lubrication function, in particular in a propulsion system with an integrated motor and a gearbox. In the case of oil and water, a heat sink is sometimes required to remove heat from the cooling fluid. This heat can be used by the vehicle heating system. 2. Four Batteries In this example, each of the four-wheel independent drive motors has its own battery adjacent thereto. In this example, the t pool is used as a power source. More general, this power supply may be a battery, fuel cell, hair
電機或任何其他電力來源。 X 理想的係,即使每一馬達的電磁電路之每 1目位」/jj 將S具有其自己的分離電源。當該 田茨寺兒源彼此之間無電他 連接%,可令該電源來源與該 包吟 < 間的線電流保指 較低。此外,基本上能消除該 舉 . 予包路之間的電性干擾。此 举徒阿了馬達可控制性。 為獲得最佳的電池性能,應如 呌兮癸干丄 卜寻利案中之說明來载 汁5亥寻琶池··第5,370,71 1號美國專利 法彳、笙寻扪案(多滾柱捲線機方 去」)弟5,439,488號(「用以製作 衣丨卜人電池之方沐)、结 5,667,907號(「電動車輛 去」)弟 。口矿- 」)及6,265,〇98(「單元哼舛、 早一壓力容器及電流集電器」)。 該等電池使得電力更快 盔論該雷、、也夕仆总4 乂 更间地運動進出電池,而 、 ,之化予、,且成如何。該等電池由於農 速期間輸送較高的電力且在再 :、-在猛烈加 勳功間咼效率地重新捕 98l9l.doc -93- 1281892 獲明顯較多的能量而係混合式車之理想選擇。 、…电池技術藉由製造螺旋繞組堆疊而非—圓柱結構之電 也單凡,攸而在-單一設計中輸送高動力及高能量。盆電 j集電器技術使得電力能穿過該繞組單元之主體而直接從 一早疋到下—單元。傳統的電池使用較小的電流集電器以 使電力在單元之間穿過。 3 ·中央控制器 在此乾例中’该中央控制器對所有調適型電動車系統執 行^量管理。此舉允許以可能㈣有效方法來使用該可 :力、'二由β亥中央控制|g及該等馬達控制器,該電動車 在操作期間能動態地適應各種條件。 如圖7所示’該中央控制器利用來自感測器之一系列輪 入。遠等感測器輸入包括來自該等四輪獨立驅動馬達之每 個馬達的分離感測器以及針對整個車輛之感測器輸入。嗦 中央控制器將此資訊與經由該「使用者介面」接收到的駕 敬者輸入組合。-般地,該等駕駛者輸人包括煞車、轉向、 加速器及各種開關控制。 然後該中央控制器可依據知識而將該等輸人與儲存資訊 組合。該等知識依據可包含調適及最佳化演算法、儲存的 驅動輪廓、車輛規格及導航資訊。依據此整個資訊,該中 央控制器最佳化以獲得最佳性能。此舉需要向該等輪較式 馬達中的每—馬達傳送控制信號以連續控制馬達轉矩 度。 作為該中央控制器、該等馬達控制器及其他組件之間的 98l91.doc -94- 1281892 有或自有面皆可用來實現通信控制、輸入/輸出 力月b回&迴路及其他必要功能。該等介面使得汽車設計 者能進行大量的定製。 現有介面包括該控制器區域網路(CAN),此係在歐洲得 到廣泛接叉而正在逐漸為美國製造商所接受之車内網絡。 ^疋’,公共&車則不禮定’因為其延時沒有保證。因此, 汽車製造商正在轉向時間觸動協定(TTP)或FlexRay。事實 上,一者皆係時間觸動架構,其甲依據優先權排定而於良 好定義之時間實施動作,從而致動器、馬達及所有其他網 路節點依據其同步時脈而具有一共用的時間參考。 其他公共汽車設計、協定及軟體環境亦可用。該等公共 /飞車叹。十、協定及軟體環境包括OSEK(引擎控制單元軟體 的即時執行者之德文縮寫)、媒體導向线傳輸(M 0 s τ)及 LUne (IS0 14230)。一單一的汽車可能同時使用許多規格。 該中央控制器能以電子方式執行「差動功能」,而在汽油 車中該「差動功能」-般需要-機械差動。該差動功能意 味著在該等驅動輪上分割該動力。隨著該等驅動條件之變 化’例如’當汽車曲線繞行時’可向每一輪較式馬達饋送 必要的電流從而以正確的速度及轉矩來推進該輪。 由於具有四輪獨立驅動馬達’每—馬達皆能夠容納零速 度轉矩,因此,允許執行在汽油車或傳統的電動車中不可 能執行的許多功能。該馬達系統可執行對於其他 而言不可能的汽車功能。此舉允許消除某些車輛系統或縮 小某些車輛系統之尺寸。 98191.doc -95- 1281892 例如,可使用該中央控制器來提供改進的反鎖煞車系 統、機構控制及偏航穩定性控制。可以較低的摩擦係數來 仔細地施加對車輪之控制。每一車輪馬達皆有助於煞車、 吸收煞車能量以延長煞車墊使用期並減少該等車輪上的煞 車灰塵。 還可執行其他系統功能。可實施「坡道控制」功能。可 使知越野控制更精確。僅藉由電子煞車便可實施一機械輪 鎖功能(如同變速器停車鎖)。 可藉由一差動輪轂式轉矩來產生低速度轉矩轉向。此舉 允許動力轉向輔助,並以較低的車輛速度及較低的摩擦係 數來執行一偏航轉矩功能。 如前面所提到,該中央控制器能將每一個別馬達之轉矩 及速度控制成提供改進的牽引控制。由於每一馬達還具有 其自己的馬達控制器,因此,該分佈式控制系統及直接驅 動功能在加速及煞車時皆能提供獨立的車輪控制。此舉允 井軟體演异法容易地整合—四輪反鎖煞車係統與直接牵引 和/或穩定性控制功能。 每-輪㈣_電動馬達允許在整個零至最大轉矩範圍對 每:輪進行瞬時轉矩分配。車輪亦能以不同方向及瞬時反 °疋‘此【月形允终採取許多成熟的演算法來提高車輛性 能。 例如,該中央控制器可能具有針對將輪胎從雪地溝泪中 一搖動動作之-演算法。該中央控制器可能;該 ^。後運動直至其感測到該等車輪滑動時為止,然後將 98191.doc -96- 1281892 日;,以=刀換向則直至其感測到滑動,此時其再次反向 τ θ推直至該汽車能向前運動而不滑動為止。 该中央控制器還控制且最佳化藉由該汽油引擎/發 =二藉由再生制動產生的電力。在該,央控制器中操 的次异法能為在城市中使用的能量獲得最佳恢復,而提 供取,的再生式服務致動,從而延長最大行程及提高整個 ^统效率’。其控制流進及流出該等電池的所有電力,並 監視該電池電流及溫度。 該中央控制器亦能用於實施—「藉由導線來驅動」的轉 向系統。此解除了對一轉向輪與所轉向的輪之間存在一機 械連結之需要。因&,設計者能錢_控制桿、滑鼠或盆 他裝置來取代汽車之轉向輪。 八 在此範例中’導航貧訊亦可為該中央控制器所用,以由 其來處理此資訊’從而向該駕駛者提供導航指令。該中央 控制器還為該駕駛者儀器提供資訊,該等資訊顯示速度、 行程、燃料剩餘、電池充電狀態及類似資訊。 該中央控制器將控制外部照明、供熱、通風及空調、除 霧、除冰及座椅加熱。目前該等系統需要12 V,但是越來 越多的設計者建議針對該等系統(即使在傳統的汽車中)改 用42 V之電源供應。 4·控制及感測器輸入 圖7顯示該中央控制器如何接收各種輸入、汲取必須的資 訊(駕駛描述、車輛規格及導航資訊),並產生適當的輸出。 如圖7所示,該中央控制器利用來自感測器之一系列輪 98i91.doc •97- 1281892 入。該等感測器輸入包括來自該等四輪獨立驅動馬達的分 離感測器以及針對整個車輛之感測器輪入。該中央控制2 將此資訊與經由該「使用者介面」接收到的駕駛者輸入二 合。一般地,該等駕駛者輸入包括煞車、轉向、加速器及 各種開關控制。 然後,該中央控制器可將該等輸入與儲存的驅動輪廓、 車輛規格及導航資訊、組合。依據此整個資訊,該中央控制 為取佳化以獲得最佳性能。此舉需要向該等輪轂式馬達中 的每一馬達傳送控制信號以連續控制馬達轉矩及速度。 例如,在車輪打滑時,該旋轉車輪之速度快速變^。當 一車輪則該車輪快速旋轉而脫離控制。當一車輪在煞車時 打滑’則該車輪因具有一輪鎖而突然停止。調適型電動: 能容易地感測到車輪速度之該等快速變化。 感測車輪速度之該等變化允許該馬達和/或中央控制器 動^地且幾乎瞬時地適應該等變化。在加速幫助移動該汽 車時,不允許該車輪旋轉脫離控制。同樣,不允許該車輪 在煞車幫停止動該汽車時鎖定。 X ^ 5 ·調適型發電機 “範例中使5亥巧車運動之電力來自一汽油引擎/發電 機核、、且。,亥發電機較佳的係具有—調適型架構。此架構允 终其更有效地操作。調適型電動發電機之基本結構如同上 面概述的調適型電動馬達之結構。 斗寸疋3之,此範例中的調適型發電機具有「相位 磁電路,該等「如a 上、 」取弘 、 位」或電磁電路係充分隔離成實質上消 98191.doc -98- 1281892 除該等電路之間的電磁及電性干擾。 " 包1 丁 ?夂丨J樣,该發電機將具 十刀a員似於馬達控制器之一發電機控制器。 6·汽油引擎 % 在此範例中,該汽油引擎不提供動力來使該車輛運動。 其僅旋轉該調適型發電機以產生電力。較佳的得、,應使用 以一不變速度而有效操作的介㈣至15馬力之間的輕量汽 油:擎。藉由該中央控制器來開啟及關閉該汽油引擎從而 使知其僅在需要對該等電池充電之時才操作。 7 ·油箱 在此耗例中,使用保存有十加命汽油之一標準油箱。 關:調適型電動車之此詳細說明提供一範例。還有許多 ”他範例。不應將本發明視 【圖式簡單說明】 為限於此㈣或任何其他範例。 圖1顯示—調適型電動車之—範例之-方塊圖。 圖2顯示一調適型電動車 結構。 旱之馬達之關之基本實體 圖3顯示一調適型電動車 -方塊圖。 以‘焉達匕制糸統之一範例之 圖4顯示向一調適型電動車之 加電之電力電子元件之〜 一、、且疋子繞組 卞7L仵之一乾例之一方塊圖。 圖5顯示在—調料之—馬達 組之切換電路之一範例。 兮、,且疋子繞 圖6顯示用在一調適型带 ^ r , . ^動車中之刀佈式的調適型馬達 之一耗例之一方塊圖。 土,建 98191.doc -99-Motor or any other source of electricity. The X ideal system, even if each motor's electromagnetic circuit has a 1-bit position /jj will have its own separate power supply. When the source of the Tianz Temple is not connected to each other, the connection between the source of the power and the line current between the package < In addition, this can basically be eliminated. Electrical interference between the envelopes. This is a motor controllability. In order to obtain the best battery performance, it should be like the instructions in the 呌兮癸 丄 寻 寻 寻 载 载 5 5 5 5 5 亥 亥 亥 亥 亥 亥 亥 亥 · 第 第 第 第 第 第 第 第 第 第 第 第 美国 美国 美国 美国 美国 美国 美国The column reeling machine goes to the younger brother, No. 5, 439, 488 ("To make the battery of the 丨 丨 人 ) ”), and the 5,667,907 ("electric vehicle to go") brother. Mouth Mine - ") and 6,265, 〇98 ("Unit 早, Early Pressure Vessel and Current Collector"). These batteries make the power faster. Helmets, the servants, and the 4th 运动 运动 运动 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂These batteries are highly suitable for hybrid vehicles because they deliver higher power during the agricultural speed and are re-captured 98l9l.doc -93- 1281892 efficiently in the violent plus. . [...] Battery technology delivers high power and high energy in a single design by making a spiral winding stack rather than a cylindrical structure. The potentiometer j collector technology allows power to pass through the body of the winding unit directly from the early morning to the lower unit. Conventional batteries use smaller current collectors to allow power to pass between the units. 3 · Central controller In this example, the central controller performs management on all adaptive electric vehicle systems. This allows the use of the force in a possible (four) effective way: force, 'two by the central control|g and the motor controllers, which can dynamically adapt to various conditions during operation. As shown in Figure 7, the central controller utilizes a series of rounds from the sensor. The remote sensor inputs include separate sensors from each of the four-wheel independent drive motors and sensor inputs for the entire vehicle.中央 The central controller combines this information with the driver input received via the User Interface. In general, these driver inputs include brakes, steering, accelerators and various switch controls. The central controller can then combine the input and storage information based on knowledge. Such knowledge bases may include adaptation and optimization algorithms, stored drive profiles, vehicle specifications, and navigation information. Based on this entire information, the central controller is optimized for optimal performance. This requires a control signal to be transmitted to each of the motors of the equal-wheel motors to continuously control the motor torque. As a central controller, these motor controllers and other components, 98l91.doc -94- 1281892 can be used to achieve communication control, input / output force b back & loop and other necessary functions . These interfaces allow automotive designers to make a large number of customizations. The existing interface includes the Controller Area Network (CAN), which is widely used in Europe and is gradually becoming an in-vehicle network accepted by US manufacturers. ^疋’, public & car is indefinitely’ because its delay is not guaranteed. As a result, automakers are turning to Time Touch Protocol (TTP) or FlexRay. In fact, one is a time-touch architecture, and its actions are performed at a well-defined time according to the priority schedule, so that the actuator, motor and all other network nodes have a common time depending on their synchronization clock. reference. Other bus designs, agreements and soft environments are also available. These public/flying cars sigh. X. Agreements and software environments include OSEK (the German acronym for the immediate execution of engine control unit software), media guidance line transmission (M 0 s τ) and LUne (IS0 14230). A single car may use many specifications at the same time. The central controller can perform the "differential function" electronically, and in the gasoline vehicle, the "differential function" generally requires - mechanical differential. This differential function means that the power is split on the drive wheels. As the driving conditions change, e.g., when the car curve is bypassed, the necessary current can be fed to each of the wheeled motors to propel the wheel at the correct speed and torque. Since it has a four-wheel independent drive motor, each motor can accommodate zero-speed torque, it allows many functions that are not possible to perform in a gasoline or conventional electric vehicle. This motor system can perform other automotive functions that are not possible. This allows for the elimination of certain vehicle systems or the downsizing of certain vehicle systems. 98191.doc -95- 1281892 For example, the central controller can be used to provide improved anti-lock braking system, mechanism control and yaw stability control. The control of the wheel can be carefully applied with a lower coefficient of friction. Each wheel motor helps to brake the car and absorb the braking energy to extend the life of the brake pad and reduce the dust on the wheels. Other system functions can also be performed. The "Ramp Control" function can be implemented. It can make the off-road control more precise. A mechanical wheel lock function (like a transmission lock) can be implemented only by electronic brakes. Low speed torque steering can be produced by a differential hub torque. This allows power steering assistance and performs a yaw torque function with lower vehicle speed and lower friction factor. As mentioned previously, the central controller can control the torque and speed of each individual motor to provide improved traction control. Since each motor also has its own motor controller, the distributed control system and direct drive function provide independent wheel control for both acceleration and braking. This allows the well software to be easily integrated—four-wheel anti-lock braking system with direct traction and/or stability control. Each-wheel (four) _ electric motor allows instantaneous torque distribution for each wheel over the entire zero to maximum torque range. The wheels can also be reversed in different directions and moments. ‘This [moon shape allows many mature algorithms to improve vehicle performance. For example, the central controller may have an algorithm for shaking the tire from the snow ditch. The central controller may; the ^. After the movement until it senses that the wheels are sliding, then 98191.doc -96 - 1281892;; ============================================================================ The car can move forward without slipping. The central controller also controls and optimizes the power generated by the regenerative braking by the gasoline engine. In this case, the sub-method of the central controller can obtain the best recovery for the energy used in the city, and provide the regenerative service actuation, thereby extending the maximum travel and improving the overall efficiency. It controls all of the power flowing into and out of the batteries and monitors the battery current and temperature. The central controller can also be used to implement a "turn-by-wire" steering system. This relieves the need for a mechanical connection between a steering wheel and the wheel being turned. Because &, the designer can replace the steering wheel of the car with a control lever, mouse or pot. In this example, the 'navigation message can also be used by the central controller to process this information' to provide navigation instructions to the driver. The central controller also provides information to the driver instrument that displays speed, travel, fuel remaining, battery state of charge, and the like. The central controller will control external lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, defogging, deicing and seat heating. These systems currently require 12 V, but more and more designers recommend switching to a 42 V power supply for these systems, even in traditional cars. 4. Control and Sensor Inputs Figure 7 shows how the central controller receives various inputs, retrieves the necessary information (driving description, vehicle specifications, and navigation information) and produces the appropriate output. As shown in Figure 7, the central controller utilizes a series of wheels from the sensor 98i91.doc • 97- 1281892. The sensor inputs include separate sensors from the four-wheel independent drive motors and sensor wheels for the entire vehicle. The central control 2 combines this information with the driver input received via the "user interface". Typically, such driver inputs include brakes, steering, accelerators, and various switch controls. The central controller can then combine the inputs with the stored drive profiles, vehicle specifications, and navigation information. Based on this entire information, the central control is optimized for optimal performance. This requires the transmission of control signals to each of the hub-type motors to continuously control the motor torque and speed. For example, when the wheel is slipping, the speed of the rotating wheel changes rapidly. When a wheel is used, the wheel rotates quickly and out of control. When a wheel slips while braking, the wheel suddenly stops due to a wheel lock. Adapted Electric: These rapid changes in wheel speed can be easily sensed. Sensing these changes in wheel speed allows the motor and/or central controller to adapt to these changes, both dynamically and almost instantaneously. When the acceleration helps to move the car, the wheel is not allowed to rotate out of control. Also, the wheel is not allowed to lock when the brake car stops moving the car. X ^ 5 · Adapted generators "In the example, the power of the 5Hachite movement is from a gasoline engine/generator core, and the better system of the Hei generator has an adaptive architecture. This architecture allows it to end More efficient operation. The basic structure of the adaptive motor generator is the same as that of the adaptive electric motor outlined above. In this example, the adaptive generator has a "phase magnetic circuit, such as a". The "opper, bit" or electromagnetic circuit is sufficiently isolated to substantially eliminate electromagnetic and electrical interference between the circuits. " Package 1 Ding?夂丨J-like, the generator will be like a generator controller of one of the motor controllers. 6. Gasoline Engine % In this example, the gasoline engine does not provide power to move the vehicle. It only rotates the adapted generator to generate electricity. Preferably, a light gasoline oil between medium (four) and 15 horsepower that operates at a constant speed should be used. The gasoline engine is turned on and off by the central controller so that it is only operated when the batteries need to be charged. 7 · Fuel tank In this case, use a standard fuel tank that holds one of the ten plus life gasoline. Off: This detailed description of the tunable electric vehicle provides an example. There are many other examples. The invention should not be limited to this (4) or any other examples. Figure 1 shows an example of an adaptive electric vehicle - a block diagram. Figure 2 shows an adaptation. The structure of the electric vehicle. The basic entity of the dry motor is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows an adaptive electric vehicle - block diagram. Figure 4 shows an example of the power supply to an adaptable electric vehicle. One of the electronic components is a block diagram of one of the dry windings 卞 7L 。. Figure 5 shows an example of the switching circuit of the ---------- In one of the adjustments with a ^ r , . ^ motor car in the knife-type adaptive motor one of the consumption block diagram. Earth, built 98191.doc -99-
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8485146B2 (en) | 2010-11-24 | 2013-07-16 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Engine device |
TWI509939B (en) * | 2011-07-18 | 2015-11-21 | Hon Hai Prec Ind Co Ltd | Storage battery charging circuit |
TWI788751B (en) * | 2020-01-10 | 2023-01-01 | 日商豐田自動織機股份有限公司 | regenerative braking system |
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EP3025889A4 (en) * | 2013-07-24 | 2017-03-08 | Aleees Eco Ark (Cayman) Co. LTD. | Detachable high-voltage isolation structure of large-sized electric vehicle |
KR20190028926A (en) * | 2017-09-11 | 2019-03-20 | 현대자동차주식회사 | Vehicle Advertising System and Advertising Method Using It |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8485146B2 (en) | 2010-11-24 | 2013-07-16 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Engine device |
TWI509939B (en) * | 2011-07-18 | 2015-11-21 | Hon Hai Prec Ind Co Ltd | Storage battery charging circuit |
TWI788751B (en) * | 2020-01-10 | 2023-01-01 | 日商豐田自動織機股份有限公司 | regenerative braking system |
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