TWI281892B - An adaptive electric car - Google Patents

Abstract

An adaptive electric car or other vehicle with potentially better performance - power, efficiency, range - than a gasoline vehicle, at a competitive cost. The motor control system can dynamically adapt to the vehicle's operating conditions (starting, accelerating, turning, braking, cruising at high speeds) and other inputs and parameters. That consistently provides better performance. Isolating the vehicle's motor or generator electromagnetic circuits allows effective control of more independent parameters. That gives great freedom to optimize. Adaptive motors and generators for an electric vehicle are cheaper, smaller, lighter, more powerful, and more efficient than conventional designs. An electric vehicle with in-wheel adaptive motors delivers high power with low unsprung mass and high torque and power-density. Total energy management of the vehicles entire electrical system allows for large-scale optimization. An adaptive architecture improves performance of a wide variety of vehicles, particularly those that need optimal efficiency over a range of operating conditions.

Description

1281892 IX. Description of the Invention: TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to electric vehicles and other electric vehicles. [Prior Art] The market has begun to occupy the global automotive market, and today it is still dominated by controllers. Cars powered by gasoline, despite their long history, are generally accepted, but they also have shortcomings. Gasoline vehicles are polluted = large, and because they rely on fossil fuels, their fuel sources are limited: 曰. Cars powered by gasoline also have moving parts. , 箄ία... To be slippery and often maintain θ pieces °Ha Temple orders often wear and the cars are often thrown. Taking the important system, the gasoline car is inefficient due to the inherent limitations of the thermal power. -, electric vehicles are much better than gasoline vehicles' hybrid cars (four) "holes and ^ can be used for right-handed silk; ^ source. It has fewer moving parts and σ, Λ ^ ^ _ Rarely. Based on the same =^': They are not often (four) and more reliable. The most important system, its efficiency is different, and it is many times more efficient than gasoline vehicles. Although electric vehicles have the advantages of basins, Bo 3, Bans often operate The disadvantage is that compared with the gasoline car, the battery is the most pH due to the battery), the space is small (the same τ ^ 仃 is limited and the cost is higher. The hybrid electric vehicle can overcome the shortage of the material stroke to some extent. And poor performance. But _ = 6 'such as limited maximum quantity and cost _ worse, making the complex, size, heavy dominance passenger car and light truck market, according to some estimates, the market annual sales of 600 million $50 million. In 1999, the global lock sales of the car 98191.doc 1281892 and light trucks exceeded 56 million. If the adaptable electric car can compete in this market and gain even a small share, there will be I have a big economic return. Every car on the road is powered by gasoline or diesel 2. Historically, gasoline cars offer more, more convenient, longer travel and cheaper prices than electric vehicles. Today's October This is still the case. 4 Two homes, dominating status has its complex reasons. However, the main reason can be the moon; the nature of the package compared with / fly oil. Storage Μ +,, & It is not easy to move. The stored gasoline is easy to move. Just as the gasoline monopoly generates the activity power, the application of the knife is the same, the electric monopoly is fixed power. The electric motor is like a modern society, and the H ^ φ activity, its total It is a gasoline engine, and it is a W-box. In addition to the subway, there are certain trains, public trains, and trams. For the direct one ^ ^, the search for vehicles, the power supply that has a proven track record is available. .) 'Why do we use the gasoline engine with easy-to-use, and the tops are used to make all the vehicles? Because the gasoline plant... has a very south energy density of about 45,300 Btu per kilogram. Save electricity. Mother克约125 Btu) to store the gasoline, at least in theory, can be rotated in the same way - Letin is equivalent to 360 times the energy of the battery, and the gasoline car can be used to make a sound... Within four to five minutes, the fuel tank of the petrol car is filled in with five knives. The charging of the battery generally takes at least four to five hours. The gasoline is used as a force to be 乂 ^ The advantages of this source are very different. 1895 'Chicago pioneer Reported TJ Wu Guobai's official car race, 98191.doc 1281892 is the 50 Yangli durability test. Only two of the six cars are running completely. The power-driven engine of the winning car is using a rare and dangerous Stable kerosene refining by-product: gasoline. For more than 100 years, the gasoline engine has proven to be a powerful, reliable, relatively inexpensive and adaptable propulsion power source that has been invented by humans. Gasoline engine, and L are constantly modified to adapt to reduce exhaust gas and increase fuel. Greater economic challenges. In order to meet federal and state regulations, automakers have modified their gasoline engines to burn cleaner, error-free gasoline; installed catalytic converters and sophisticated exhaust turbulence systems to develop even more Good transmission, fuel injection system and multi-valve engine to improve fuel delivery and combustion; create more aerodynamics = reduce hysteresis; use light materials such as aluminum and plastic. Use aluminum in oil production A good example. For the fuel efficiency requirement, 'More aluminum is used in automobile manufacturing to make lighter cars. In 1980, Ming accounted for about 3% of the weight of a typical medium-sized car. About 199 。. In the year, it will reach about 5%. For future car forecasts, the use of |g will rise to between 10% and 20% of the total weight of the vehicle, while the engine body, steam red cover and outer casing part Made entirely of aluminum alloy. Due to the use of more and more light metal components in automotive production, steps have been taken to make the four components (4) so that the components with the remaining weight can withstand the test of severe conditions. High performance ceramics to reinforce lightweight components.

For metal and ceramic composites (metal-based composites, CMC), a metal substrate having a ceramic body composition, MMC or ceramic-based hardened particles is used as a reinforcement with 98191.doc 1281892. Thus, the lighter weight of the metal can be combined with the resistance of the ceramic to higher friction (friction and wear), mechanical, chemical and thermal stress conditions. Compared to the long history of this innovation, electric vehicles have been competitive for almost the entire century. To ^ ^ , the year, the pen and the car have basically disappeared in the market: Today, Ford executives' comments reflect that most car manufacturers scoop up i & we may see some alternatives, but Ford phase ^ internal combustion engine It will continue to be the main element for the foreseeable future. "

The energy density of the gasoline gives the gasoline car the energy to burn. People have been able to pay for larger engines and powerful transmissions, and $ has become a common occurrence. Lighter materials, more advanced designs and advanced cooling, fuel injection and lubrication systems have made high-powered engines practical and reliable. Although large engines do use a lot of gasoline, even for high-powered engines, the economics of the materials have improved. When the car is driving on a flat road at a cruising speed, the engine is dealing with the following three things: <

- Overcoming the rolling resistance of the drive train. - Overcome air resistance. - Powered drive accessories such as alternators, air conditioners and power steering pumps. Due to the proper transmission, the engine of the car may need to generate no more than 10 or 20 horsepower to carry the load. The reason why a car has an engine of i 0 0 or 200 horsepower is to accelerate the larger heavy-duty car today from a fixed stop state, as well as for crossing and climbing: in many cases 'may only be 1% of the drive time Use maximum horsepower. However, the driver will notice the need to use the power of the temple. 98191.doc 1281892 A typical four-door sedan may have an engine. It is necessary to finish the report for a small amount of time = (say) 2 ° ° horsepower through the maneuver or climb the steep slope: 00 horsepower - generally only in the fast is 1 to finish the τ two. Most of the time, the engine will operate at a small rate of one or one round. Once the car is at highway speed, it needs a small horsepower of (four) or 30. Keeping things in motion may be rare (if f is there. ^ The driver is driving while driving. The people who really need it occasionally use horsepower, and most of the time needs about 3. Or: Sometimes I need it. The power demand of the car may increase during cold or hot periods, as heating and defrost or air conditioning will increase the power demand. For example, if the air compressor is running, the engine power is taken (10) or more. The operation of entertainment components such as DVD players, power windows, heated seats, and other equipment also requires power. All the entertainment components and materials that consumers want, fixed stop acceleration, traverse acceleration, and heavy load loading As well as small boats and trailers, there is a large demand for power. We expect today's gasoline engines to meet these power demands. And it does. Many people believe that the longer maximum stroke is better than the electric car. The biggest advantage. The average driver will be satisfied with the maximum travel of Ο miles before a refueling is required. Modern gasoline vehicles can easily meet the requirements. At this point, most brakes will carry a fuel tank for 3 (10) to 5 miles. Now the maximum travel of some cars is far more than the maximum number of trips. For example, the 2004 Toyota Pdus ensures an average of 66 以 in a single fuel tank. Miles 98191.doc -10- 1281892 The maximum itinerary. Because the whole world 4 « 夕 a 4 people's eves can provide gasoline fuel to replenish fuel supply only takes a few minutes, therefore, the maximum stroke is for; 3 Asian and African _, BB gs, Q ^ 〇 As the proponents of electric vehicles point out, many commutes: returning to 50 miles or less. For almost all drivers, there are far fewer than 100 miles of maximum travel. But it is enough. But from the heart of the king j μ~, 5 brothers, the distance limit is important. Even in the early days when the gasoline is still very rare, ^^ 夕, > 'Dou Xi, / speed car owners want to make the car " Travel, ie =: use the car for this purpose. Even today, most of the sports car's upper eunuch has never driven off-road, but it still pays a lot of money in order to make the car realize their fantasies. Window and number & car owner Wanted entertainment components · air conditioners, moving chimneys and other electrical accessories _ exhausted will be combined with the headlights at night to use the headlights generally do not see the use of the ~ ~ car, then may take a big trip The influence of the limiting factors. The prior art electric vehicle 'this effect; will report serious, sometimes the combined maximum travel of the two cars has been limited and the 'night'. Due to the lack of recharging facilities and heavy weights more than the steam I Μ + Hehe is very long, so the battery of the /speed car has been used up and there is still a lack of electricity. There must be a good selection of car costs for consumers to have serious changes. The cost is too serious... 〉 'Car propulsion power system especially for similar hybrid cars. The heart of the two pieces will be the same, 疋 between the gasoline and electricity energy 98191.d〇彳1281892 density difference once again plays an important role. This difference affects the weight of the electric vehicle, internal space, power and the most important system impact As a sport energy, gasoline is unmatched in terms of maximum travel or cost. Gasoline vehicles are cheaper to manufacture than electric vehicles. The problem lies in power supplies. One-time auto industry managers pointed out that "it is not difficult to find that we can It's hard to know how to make an electric car that's as cheap as our current car or maybe even a little cheaper. How can I adopt a battery and let it compete with the $50 fuel tank at a cost? The bottom line of cost is the battery. In addition to expensive batteries, prior art electric vehicles require other expensive equipment and options to keep weight lighter, reduce air resistance and increase maximum travel. Today, only 12 major automakers have a large portion of the global automotive market. These automakers sell a lot of the same cars, and economies of scale help reduce costs. This makes the gasoline car significantly cheaper than the electric car. For gasoline vehicles, fuel costs may also be lower. Looking at the general production of gasoline vehicles into electric driving, you can see the fuel cost economics. Gasoline engines, fuel tanks and related components are replaced by electric motors and (iv) batteries. Here are some interesting statistics: The maximum trip for a smashed car is about $ 每次 miles per fuel addition. - Recharge time is 6 to 8 hours. - Recharging the batteries requires approximately 12 kilowatt hours of electricity. - The battery weighs approximately 1,1 lb. The pool can be used for two to four years, or about (10) miles. If the electricity bill is 8 cents per kilowatt hour, then recharging will cost $1, 98191.doc * 12 - 1281892 and the electricity bill is 2 cents per mile. If the steam + fee is 1 - 50 US dollars for the mother gallon, and the A car can travel 30 miles per gallon 彳 y ^ The flying oil fee is 5 cents per mile. But shopping must consider the cost of battery replacement ^ ^ with (/ fly tank does not need to be replaced). The mine replacement will be approximately $2,0. The 唁聱μ^3 Temple battery will last for about 20 miles, and this battery cost will be about 10 cents per mile. Therefore, a comparable fuel cost would be 12 cents for electricity and 5 cents for gasoline. Of course, in some European countries, the price of gasoline is much higher than in the United States. In the country of search, the petrol fee may exceed the electricity bill, compared to the electricity charge. In Japan, for example, both petrol and electricity are bought back in Laos. This situation makes it difficult to compare. ' Cheap gasoline can't last. But gasoline prices in the United States and most other countries have remained relatively stable for decades. Of course, the petrol fee from the pump is not: it reflects all the economic costs of getting gasoline in these countries. Subsidies, tax exemptions, and even military operations in the Persian Gulf region may be considered as part of the petrol cost to a considerable extent. Even in 2003, the retail price of a gallon of gasoline (less tax) was estimated at an average of 90 cents in the United States. The price includes · oil exploration, drilling, transportation of crude oil, refining, transportation of gasoline and retailer profits. Buying a bottle of water is even more expensive. Because one gallon of gasoline contains energy, this price is hard to match. Back in 1905, when I started to buy a gasoline car in the United States, it was not easy to pay for it. 'It is easy to get it from D kerosene. Kerosene is available at grocery stores and stalls. Gasoline is a relatively worthless by-product of petroleum refining, sometimes only dumped or burned. This situation has changed very quickly. 98191.doc -13- 1281892 As in 7', it is easy to buy gasoline almost anywhere in the world. In order to ensure a stable supply of oil, war has also started. Oil exploration, mining technology, super-large shapes for transporting large quantities of crude oil, mountain recognition, oil tankers, k-oil refining and gasoline, and the distribution and sale of gasoline infrastructure have become the focus of countless investments. Such as: battery and recharging technology and infrastructure far behind the gasoline 4 and other related aspects. Recharging points for electric vehicles have been placed at parking spaces at airports, government offices, and some locations in the Dali Division. These recharging points are often used by no one. For recharging at home, you may be able to use an electrical outlet in a home garage. However, in the United States, looking at the infrastructure of a petrol vehicle dwarfs the recharging infrastructure of electric vehicles. Due to government pressure, automakers have significantly reduced emissions from gasoline vehicles. By taking some measures, 'the cleanliness of gasoline vehicles is 9G% higher than that of 2"0:6G. In the year of the year, the environmental protection organizations evaluated (four) the most valuable" cars and trucks. The car is powered by a car engine. Electric and alternative fuel vehicles occupy the throne of the past winners. Automakers have also improved fuel efficiency. In the mid-1960s, the π car traveled an average of 14 miles per gallon (mpg), while the 1998 model reached an average of 27.5 mpg at the federal government's request. According to an environmental organization, the doubling of fuel savings since the 1960s has saved millions of tons of substances that pollute the air. However, the mileage of cars and vehicles on the road has also increased significantly since the 1960s. Vehicles that burn gasoline are still a major factor in air quality problems. It is necessary to continue to reform the gasoline engine and other major automotive components to further reduce emissions. Car manufacturers are working hard to do this. 9819l.doc -14- 1281892 For example, Honda has produced a "Z-LEV" version of the 2" bucket---liter, four-cylinder engine. Honda claims that the engine is sparse > 戍 戍 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无 无"In some dense fog areas, such as the mouth of the cedar, Z-LEV emissions of waste _ y τ τ calendar milk may be cleaner than the surrounding air," said one Honda representative. In the United States, consumers have shown a preference for cars with the most powerful power, entertainment components and space of Hyundai Gasoline. Movement ^ L Luqi sells mussels back and does not save fuel. In the United States, it is still very popular for sports cars such as 4β, because it is a powerful and comfortable car. Smaller and cheaper cars that save more fuel (whether gasoline or electricity) are “selling. But automakers need to meet the growing demand of consumers. Basic transportation is not what is being bought in the market. For developed countries. Consumers, the state of the car, the level of luxury and the level of comfort (4). All the important issues of the vehicle are the additional entertainment components that are needed for comfort. The air conditioning and basic sound system have become basic Rather than choosing. Some of the new vehicles on the US market now offer "surround sound", "play center" DVD cinema players, Gsp-based navigation systems, and seats that support or treat painful backs. These components take up space and use up power and something that is not as good as in a gasoline car in an electric car. Most importantly, gasoline vehicles have set some standards for consumers in terms of style, convenience, spaciousness, power, maximum travel, fuel costs and vehicle costs. Gasoline vehicles have won their markets after a century of competition. The car with the largest travel limit and few entertainment components is expensive, small and narrow. 98191.doc 15 1281892 Slow and cumbersome 'It proves one thing · The contention and protection from Qiuqiu can only attract - A small part of the selling point of the consumer. When we use the term "gasoline fish to fly by car", the broader term "internal combustion pilot vehicle" can be more appropriate. Due to certain differences in the calculation of the δ, these vehicles can drive various octane gasoline, diesel fuel, alcohol, natural gas and other high energy according to # different types of fuel..., IX, Hey. But hey, the fuel must be an explosive liquid or gas. The number of 箄揪n going to the 8th Temple is limited. It has improved over the years. When bran fields..., a new generation of diesel engines have shown that in some cases these reliable ancient crimes can replace the gasoline engine. Modern heavy-duty road vehicles, life-long L 4 ships, most long-distance locomotives, large-capacity power generators, and most of the I and P4 i 辰 Chen and k mine vehicles use diesel engines. This is because the fuel efficiency of the diesel engine 卞 刃 刃 刃 筝 is higher than that of the gasoline engine, which is comparable to the dynamic strength and has proven to be extremely reliable and reliable. However, diesel engines are not universal in passenger cars. Diesel engines are heavy and have a loud slap. Its performance characteristics make its gasoline vehicles more expensive. However, in Europe, the tax rate in many countries makes Huayou fuels cheaper than gasoline, so diesel vehicles are widely reported. The updated sigh makes the difference between the gasoline and diesel vehicles in the above mentioned areas = the difference is significantly reduced. The example of this design may be very interesting. The Formula 1 force racer Jenson Button was detained for driving a diesel-powered BMw car at a speed of 230 km/h (about 14 mph). Some people think that such speed is impossible in the manufacture of diesel vehicles. However, today, the life and reliability of gasoline vehicles have been suppressed. ‘Air oil 孳 孳 does not stop technically. However, the improvement is difficult, the cost is 98191.doc -16- 1281892 ^Ah and the gain is small. In order to provide new functions and convenience to drivers and passengers, it is necessary to develop expensive and complicated new technologies to reduce pollution and increase mileage in the country. ' Due to the following numerous social and technical conditions surrounding gasoline vehicles - mechanical inefficiency, oil shortages, oil supply from foreign weaknesses, petrol costs and gas miles are unsatisfactory, due to &, regional air quality, to: chamber gases Exhaust gas restrictions and the competition that may not be known to the new technology ~ fly oil trucks, such problems that people are worried about will inevitably increase. , — > The flying oil engine now provides cheap and reliable transportation for billions of people. However, ... the engine has a big drawback. They are very noisy. Anyone in the city or suburbs will hear the noise generated by the gasoline engine in the following vehicles π cars, trucks, buses, scooters, weeders and blowers. Especially on crowded city streets or on busy interstate roads, there may be noise from the deafening gasoline engine and the 'gasoline engine is still dirty. Even modern vehicles with complex exhaust gas control systems emit contaminants before their catalytic converters become hot. Without the engine of these control systems, it is a terrible polluter. It has been reported that small motorbikes are driven by the above-mentioned: the amount of unburned money compounds emitted by the stroke gasoline engine into the air is much the same as the amount of chlorocarbons emitted by modern gasoline vehicles into the air during the (9) British stroke. Cities in the countries of the country, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and India have seen their air becoming dusty due to the large number of second-wheel-drive vehicles on the road. In the United States, California has a good example of this problem. In California, the car 989.1.doc 1281892 depleted 95% of the state's carbon dioxide, 77% of its nitrogen oxides and 55% of its active organic gases. _ On some days, the ozone level in Southern California may be three times the federal limit. In recent years, California's air has become cleaner, due to the state's rigor. The regulations encourage car manufacturers to establish a special "California version" of cars that control pollution in their cars. The United States continues to have controversy over such vehicle emissions. Some people claim that the question has been eliminated in great privacy. Others claim that the problem is still serious. But both sides agree with certain matters. First, exhaust gas does detract from air quality. 7 _ The largest source of air pollution in most cities around the world is automotive emissions. Second, at least in the United States, cheap and simple measures that can be technically taken to reduce emissions have been implemented. The third 'in many parts of the world, the exhaust gas is increasing σ, especially in the developing countries where the majority of the people are keen on cars and are benefiting from the development of the health industry. 7 In fact, the growth of population and vehicle sales in developed countries has begun. Weakened. Even so, the increase in the number of vehicles worldwide has increased tenfold between 195 and 2 years (8 years) and has consistently matched the rapid growth of the world's total population and has exceeded the rate of total population growth. In addition, there is very little debate about the air pollution of large cities if electric vehicles are feasible and widely accepted. Even the most advanced and expensive Wei _ system can't match the propulsion power of the internal combustion engine to power the car: zero pollution. >' / For the billions of cars, trucks, scooters on the road, I: We need to take advantage of its effectiveness. There is no way to eliminate all of these vehicles in our environment; 98191.doc • 18 - 1281892 heart 3 but hey, we can eliminate most of the noise, dust and inefficiency, we should do it. This will make the quality of the world inherited by future generations from our hands very different. The efficiency of the 7 oil truck is low. In fact, it is estimated that depending on the conditions, only 7% to 18% of the energy in motor gasoline actually causes the car to move. Only 12.6% of the energy in a gallon of gasoline is used on wheels, resulting in 62% energy loss due to engine friction and heat loss. When the car is stopped and in the city, when driving, the most needed acceleration is followed by the second, followed by aerodynamic drag. On the road, the order is reversed. • The increase in speed with the speed of the vehicle increases the amount of energy required for air-power towing (about 1〇.9%). Ironically, the current fuel economy in the United States is worse than it was 14 years ago. The average lock sales of all passenger and light trucks per year fell from 25.9 miles per gallon in 1987 to 24 miles per year. What is the reason? 2 0 〇 3 years The most popular vehicle in the US is the sports car (suv), which accounts for the total sales of new cars. These fuel inefficient trucks reduce the overall efficiency of the fuel and increase the exhaust. , / / 祀 祀 〇 but we are running out of the environment. That is, our brothers are increasingly incapable of doing things: the absorption of energy influences on the other side can bear the intolerable damage _ dependence on oil makes it necessary to bear the production, economic and political responsibility brought by the old fuel, because Rong #』,, I brother U is the target of 4 kinds of search for fuel to be mined, burned and warned. , 98191.doc -19- 1281892,: When the demand for oil products is seriously reduced (because gas and electricity replace kerosene for lighting), the vehicles powered by gasoline are still new in many cars (believe A vehicle that may be dangerous). Then, the advantages of gasoline as an energy-rich, portable fuel quickly made gasoline vehicles popular. Gasoline-powered handles now consume half of the world's oil and account for a quarter of its greenhouse gas emissions. In the United States, the fuel economy has become sluggish as new car registrations have increased and the number of miles that ordinary motorists drive each year has increased. China is in a leading position in the wave of modernization of private cars in the world. Some people predict that in the next five years, there will be more than 10,000 drivers to start driving gasoline-powered cars. This number, together with many people in India and other countries trying to modernize other aspects, will put enormous pressure on the world's oil resources. That is, so many cars will not cause problems with air pollution. Ts this one of the six conditions in the gasoline is particularly cheap - the cycle looks like the car can be '! St., but the ancient era of the burning era really may have to be *. Many people predict that they will be able to report more than supply. Since a small number of Middle Eastern countries have gathered - direct access to large reserves of oil, this problem may be intensified (the recent war in the Persian Gulf region is a reflection of this problem). Some experts also said that the problem is worse than its emergence because oil reserves in many countries have been systematically exaggerated for political and economic reasons. Gasoline vehicles require routine maintenance, taking measures such as changing oil and oil filters to: correcting belts. Repairs are frequent and often very expensive. The average gasoline vehicle owner has to visit the machinery or other service for several times a year. 98191.doc -20- 1281892 The maintenance of the scheduled schedule is generally %. Repairs usually take more than a day to spend less than a full day. A tanker often has the following aspects during its service period: maintenance and repairs required include: engine fuel sensor, air sensing, and other needs replacement/repair. Engine sensor • engine modification; fuel injection system repair • Oil change and oil wash; oil filter replacement for two gas cleaners •·: Xiaoyin exhaust system repair (not very common for new models) • Radiator filling and flushing; radiator leak • Fuel pump replacement • Hood gasket replacement • Water system replacement • Transmission flushing and repair • Brake pad replacement; Brake system repair • Timing and other belt replacement • Hose replacement • Smoke test • Scheduled every 15,000, 30,000 and 60,000 miles Maintaining the gasoline engine has become very complicated. Only the different flows required in a gasoline car = a long list: power steering fluid, brake fluid, transmission fluid, engine fluid, gasoline, radiator coolant. In the past, I have conducted a lot of research and design in the past years to drive more powerful, more efficient and less polluting gasoline. 98191.doc -21 - 1281892. Any/flying vehicle must have a main body, chassis, passenger compartment, steering mechanism and other "user interface", wheels and tires, as well as doors and windows. The petrol car also has the following systems to provide the necessary power to move the car. · Cooling system · Radiator, hose, fan, fan belt, thermostat. Fuel system: fuel tank, vaporizer or fuel injector, filter, oil line. Air intake system: air filter (optional turbocharger, supercharger, thermostat automatic adjustment machine). Engine: bow engine body, piston, piston ring, cylinder, cylinder head, washer, crankshaft, connecting rod. Valve mechanism system · · Valves, camshafts, timing belts. Lubrication system · oil pan, oil pump, oil filter. Insufflation system: battery, alternator, voltage regulator. With ignition system, system · distribution board, ignition wire, spark plug, coil, timing start system, electric starter motor, starter solenoid. Dynamic change fans Ai speed and drive train, system · gearbox and clutch assembly or self, universal joint, drive shaft, differential. Milk system, system: manifold, silencer, exhaust pipe. Waste: control system catalytic converter, PCV valve, sensing butterfly engine from the very volatile and extremely high energy explosion of the second system produced in private / fly 'by the control of a ... The rotation of the wheel is a 'hard, complicated, low efficiency process. The force generated by these explosions caused significant mechanical stress on the hand body and the pistons of the 98191.doc -22- 1281892. Most of the gasoline can be turned into heat instead of rotating power. In fact, the temperature in the engine's combustion chamber can reach 4,500 QF (2,500 ° C). Due to the high pressure and temperature in the gasoline engine, the engine body must be large and heavy. In addition to the extremely high pressure involved, the engine body must have an area for the refrigerant to circulate. It is especially important to cool the area around the cylinders. The area around the exhaust valve is particularly critical, and almost all of the space required for non-structural construction within the cylinder head around the valves is filled with coolant. = Provide a sufficiently strong structure to achieve these extremely high pressures, resist high temperatures and provide a number of large and heavy steel blocks for the cylinders and for the coolant. The volumetric weight also provides the rigidity needed to reduce the noise and vibration generated locally by the engine. Attempts have been made to use aluminum alloys, metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites 2, such as tantalum carbide, to make all or part of the engine body a success. Improvements can still be made on the basis of improvements. However, the physical and chemical properties of internal combustion impose strict limits on the size, weight and material strength required for gasoline engines. Assuming that electricity is the driving force of the car, efficiency, reliability, simplicity, quietness and cleanliness of the electric motor, it will be necessary to have the entire electric drive train and electric vehicle. : The advantages of the world, and the fact that they have been driving the car have been known. As observed in Science USA in 896, "The biggest advantage of electric vehicles is quiet: no odor, simple construction, easy control, and a wide range of speeds." This view encourages that after 100 years, a commentator once again mentioned in 1996, "Ken 98191.doc -23- 1281892 Wu Guo", "It seems that electric drive technology will definitely replace the internal combustion engine _ J can not Reporting is quick, consistent, or completely replacing _ but it is inevitable. The question is, when and how to implement the change.” Electric vehicles will not completely solve the pollution problems caused by old fuels. Early fuel cell vehicles can travel well with these fuels. Parallel cars and some tandem hybrids will burn these fuels, but they are more efficient. As commentators have pointed out, even a “battery-free” battery-powered vehicle T relies on electricity generated by the electric company of the utility company, which often burns oil or carbon. But electric vehicles are very different in terms of air pollution. The battery electric car will be second production: any exhaust gas. At least not in the car. In traffic jams or other nr-colored taillights, even many hybrid electric vehicles do not use movable property; ^Waste rolling is not like a gasoline car that wastes fuel and produces waste milk during its continuous driving and may let it come in the car. . Only this difference will make Los Angeles and Zhimeimei 2 people/% of others. Other Wuguo big cities and international cities The crowded idle highway has benefited a lot. Despite the power generation of battery electric vehicles, there is still a need for a source, but the power will be generated in the large power plant instead of focusing on small dyes to increase fuel, ... by the engine to reduce air pollution instead of... , a 'dense smoke is emitted from the - loud stack or smoke letter instead of the monks. This belt u can be # # ϋί g The advantage of the package train is that it is more advantageous, for example, the tide technology produces this energy. On the month of W, wind and hydropower, some people estimate that the power net has obtained its power, and it is quite suitable for the production of volatile organic compounds of the new type of gasoline vehicles. There must be 100 electric vehicles, which are equivalent to the output of nitrogen oxides in the general new gasoline vehicles. If there are 5 electric vehicles, it must be equivalent to one of the new type of oil vehicles. An electric car. Even parallel and series hybrid electric vehicles improve exhaust gas control. In a series of electric vehicles, the engine may be disconnected from the performance requirements. This situation means that the exhaust gas can be operated at least in five ways to operate at a constant optimum speed to minimize exhaust pipe exhaust per energy input unit. 2. Avoid engine transients. Engine transients are thought to produce a significant proportion of exhaust gas. One pair is optimally designed for the intended engine operation to provide the best possible performance. 4. It is expected that engine starting will not affect vehicle operation. This allows the direct use of a catalyst preheater to reduce the effects of cold start. The state does not produce associated exhaust gases. The engine only needs to operate when its output is 匕 & for useful work. It's all outside of the engine and the possibility of using the king's electric handle for short-distance driving. The reduction in noise pollution may be even more pronounced. In any electric vehicle that is not as fast as these wheels, the car can actually squat. Even if the speed and the sway of the tires on the road are guarded by mu, only one "/卞9 and some deflection of the main body of the car will be heard.

For many of the first-time driving A's quietness ~ 胄 而 ' s 'the most impressive is its simple right quot; the motor car wants to be naked in the regional road traffic is larger than 98191.doc -25- 1281892. We are worried about air pollution and big problems. The electric car is correct but the noise is the case. The quietness may be deafening. The sound pollution has become a problem in modern society. The efficiency of an electric motor may be more south than that of a 'flying'. The United States • Visited zSW Shi Ye, only about 2% of the chemical energy in gasoline ^ Useful ^ Converted into useful work at the wheel of the oil truck, and 75 〇 /. And more from the wheels of the car. The battery of this battery reaches the battery electric

Γ, :=°—The ❿/electric hybrid car, which can drive 4 liters per gallon to 6 〇 miles ^ comparable gasoline cars (four) to 30 miles. Only battery white or series hybrid electric vehicles have only one or more electric, motor in the transmission system, which makes it even possible to achieve higher efficiency.

In addition to higher operating efficiency, electric vehicles can be regeneratively braked. Recycling may restore about 20% of the energy used in the federal city model. Powering the car provides many new non-oil-based energy options, including renewable resources such as wind and solar. (4) Electric vehicles One of the obvious advantages over gasoline vehicles is that all kinds of energy can provide energy for running electric vehicles (especially hybrid vehicles). The range of such energy sources is not actual energy _18 The use of the extended rubber belt is included in the ...... ...... 建 建 义 义 义 义 丨 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 The motor provides power or extends its maximum stroke energy _ π oil or natural gas engine, overhead wires, sensor strips embedded in the road, battery, battery, flywheel, water storage and solar cells. ^Noon predicts that in the next 2 to 3Q years, the fuel cell will replace gasoline as the 98191.doc -26- 1281892 A. The preferred mine source for the vehicle is 4 + ^. The right source occurs. This will be required by the electric motor ί. These fuel cell vehicles provide power. The success of these fuel cell vehicles can be closely related to the efficiency and performance of the belt and the Kunming system. The clothing business has been devoted to the manufacture of vehicles powered by fuel cells. The time frame for the sale of a reasonable number of fuel cell vehicles will be estimated to range from 10 to 20 years. 4 Industrial grapefruit asserts that in the next 20 to 30 years, 7% to 2% of the world's new sales will use fuel cells to provide power. This situation will make the year w will have a side of the fuel cell vehicle queue on the global road. Some people, including Ford's chairman, WUHam C. F〇rd, Jr. ’ ^Before 2G25, fuel cell vehicles surpassed gasoline vehicles as the dominant form of transportation. 4 A ^President Wllliam c· Ford, Jr. said in an international car in January 2000: "I believe that fuel cell vehicles will eventually end the internal combustion engine for centuries: dominance and become the dominant personal transportation power source. In all aspects of the naked situation · consumers will get - effective power, social emissions will be zero, and the rationale will have another - big business opportunities - opportunities for development." Hope is still a book, from n The government and private investors in the field of ... 4 fuel cell research, development and production. Even the United States, Ge〇rge w·Bush, has firmly stated that fuel cell technology has proven to be a “greener” alternative to gasoline engines. At present, the international competition for the commercialization of vehicles in the Dianchi Lake is fierce, and the competition is attractive and attractive to the general public. 98191.doc -27- 1281892 Even in 2003, some fuel cell vehicles were driving on the road. The biggest obstacle to overcome in terms of cost is reliability, reliability and durability. The fuel pool is very expensive due to the use of high-tech films and platinum as a catalyst. It has the problem of guilty 14 and durability. Even when fixed, the use of fuel cells is limited. It has been proven that fuel cells are too fragile for years of vibration and movement on a sports platform (like a car). And i, cold temperatures, like the winter temperatures in the northeastern and midwestern parts of the country, also cause a major problem for fuel cells. Car manufacturers recognize the right-hand problem to be solved in order to make fuel cells practical in automotive manufacturing. Now many manufacturers say that fuel cell vehicles will not appear in the auto show room for at least 15 years. But most people also believe that hunting - or another method will solve the problem of fuel cells. Electric vehicles still require maintenance and repair. But for a much simpler system, and with only one moving part in the electric motor, the wear and tear that occurs during explosive combustion is eliminated. In particular, in the electric drive, it is difficult to deal with the friction (friction and wear), mechanical, chemical wind, and thermal stress in a gasoline engine that is difficult to perform. It was eliminated.藉 With the current information, the 稂 稂 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , The number of electric vehicles on the road is not enough to make a good comparison. On the matter, there are a few small ones that have been implemented. Some of the nine have indicated that compared with comparable gasoline vehicles, battery electric vehicles can be used for two f. ^ and more maintenance and more frequent repairs. In addition, the 眛 ^ 3 required for repairs may be more than the time required for a petrol car. The official can not make any notes, but for many years there have been many high-powered electric 98191.doc -28. 1281892 2 motors have been used in sports applications. The experience of electric motors in high-speed trains, electric cars, subways, and J: his cars are used in / and his soap cars have proven that the motor is much more reliable and easier to maintain than gasoline or other internal combustion engines. 1 One car system::: The car manufacturer has started to produce its parallel hybrid car. ^The car 4 reported that its electrical material system does not have durability or quality problems. Name i * * Its... This type of problem is impossible, because the large size often provides assistance for the goodness of electronics. According to this Zhao test, most of the Emperor's force and the electric vehicle = Γ battery replacement outside 'for the surface of the table does not need to change 不需要 no routine maintenance. This forecast does not need to be ’ 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不 不Generally, the Qiu Ba" W-car is hot and needs to be replaced by the big 4 knife/flying car parts that are completely invisible in the electric car. Electric = when the butterfly is added to the repair. The car is being sampled - in some cases Under the circumstance, Jiang Hezheng will know the propulsion system, and in other cases, the obstacle will stop and will need to be repaired. But there seems to be no doubt that the strong-powered gasoline engine in the flat Solve the maintenance and repair problems that can not be eliminated by the cup. Yes, his modern gasoline car has developed into a very complicated machine. The resulting gasoline engine and the M-worker King 4 hp (four) six, the system A lot of research and design. Converting the force to make the wheel rotate also needs to be in the seventh. The electric car can eliminate most of the systems in the temple, the first, especially the rear-wheel drive gasoline car drive. Engine, clutch, transmission, drive shaft, differential gear, half shaft and wheeled pin 98191.doc -29- 1281892 Converts the beta engine output (money out may vary between lion and 8, 嶋 speed) Zero to 1,5GG rpm speed range (_ under normal operating conditions) This complexity is required for the rotation of the wheel on the winding road. The transmission system must also accommodate the difference between the inner and outer wheel speeds during the turn and the wide range of power required for the electric soap, although it may only be used by the hand i_ Many features of electric drives. In particular, the ability to start from zero speed eliminates the need for clutches, and the available speed range is sufficient to eliminate the need to use drive gears. However, h uses planetary gears to allow the motor (10) - given road speed Operating at high speeds may significantly increase the efficiency of the entire powertrain for supply applications. Any car must have a main body, a chassis, a passenger car temple, a steering mechanism and other "user interfaces", wheels and tires, and Doors and windows. However, in electric vehicles, although the lean + $ σ private system becomes much more complicated, most of the following gasoline vehicle systems are not necessary: a cooling system: radiators, hoses, fans, fan belts, Crying at constant temperature. Fuel system: fuel tank, vaporizer or fuel injector, transitioner, full-wheel supercharger selected for oil line 0, cylinder, cylinder head, booster gasket, air intake system, air filter (can be used, hot and cold) Automatic adjustment machine). Engine: engine body, piston, piston ring shaft, connecting rod. Valve mechanism system: valve, camshaft, timing belt Lubrication system: oil pan, oil pump, oil crying. 98191.doc -30- 1281892 Spark plug, coil, timing leather Ignition system: distribution board, ignition wire. Starting system: electric starter motor, starter solenoid. . , speed and drive train, transmission: gearbox and clutch assembly or automatic transmission, universal joint, drive shaft, differential. Exhaust system: manifold, silencer, exhaust pipe. Exhaust gas control system: catalytic converter, PCV valve, sensor, computer. Different systems' electric vehicles powered by an AC induction motor will have some or all of the following systems. Battery Controller DC/AC Converter DC/AC Converter Electric Motor Regenerative Brake Alternator Hybrid Electronic Component Onboard Charger (optional) Low cost, high strength permanent magnet material and cold method with double Developed an electric motor that has been produced to produce a low-cost ^X^ light and light weight suitable for vehicle propulsion. The small and highly priced AC "L private heat brush DC" motor is propelled at %, and the smaller but powerful motor makes the electric vehicle hot brush DC. e Six Stones is an alternating current synchronous machine with a j electric/alternating current converter, but it is used as τ. Sound 98191.doc 1281892

Honda's parallel hybrid car motor selection emerged. Some American automakers still prefer AC induction motors. The watch shows the weight of the motor for some common motor types. Heavy-duty type motor weight (kg) Coil electric field brush 130 Induction 80 Switched reluctance 80 Brush DC" 45 Table 1 · 45 kw motor with different mechanical technology The best performance of the gasoline engine power-to-motor weight ratio exceeds the electric motor digital. Moreover, just as gasoline engines require bulky and heavy subsystems to support their 'electric motors', they often require large and heavy batteries. However, the 'balance of the two' electric motors will be superior in terms of the overall size and weight required to produce a specific amount of power. If the cost of battery purchase and replacement is not considered, the cost of the battery electric vehicle will be lower than the cost of replenishing a comparable amount of gasoline. It is difficult to make a comparison. But 'compared with the gasoline engine, some people estimate the efficiency of the electric motor. The average electricity price in the United States is wrong (10): the fuel cost of the electric vehicle is 8.5 %. There is a study on battery electric vehicles that uses a mother's kilowatt hour and 3.3 miles. It finds that the cost of electricity will be lower than the fuel cost of a typical slave/flying vehicle. Electric vehicle efficiency and battery charging/discharging, The bucket and the +-packed hands may just arrive at or exceed the cost of 85% lower as mentioned above. 9819l.doc -32- 1281892 In addition, the recharge of the electric battery of the large-scale battery may occur at night, this k fee The power supply is low. The power company has a large amount of power not fully used at night. The electric power research institute has reported that 'the power utility of the country has enough capacity to support up to 2 million electric vehicles at night, without having to build new ones. Electric waste. Use this electric six will: Gu Gu: 2 丨 JrtJ + # ^ ^ knife will directly cause the price of electricity to reduce, the utility profit more or the second result will be generated. Of course, if many EMUs start to charge at night or charge far away from home. Electricity prices may change appropriately. The chaos in the California electricity market due to violations shows that electricity prices are sensitive to social and political changes, but false.疋Electric motors are more efficient than gasoline engines, and the fuel prices that continue will seem to be somewhat different. It is not difficult to understand that in the case of Ding Hao 0^1^(10) and hybrid H〇ndaCiviC % How does the use of electric motors in this type of car reduce fuel costs. In the case of h, the fuel cost of the mother's mile has been reduced by about $ 〇〇 / 0. In the drive system of the car - electric motors have been traditional throughout the century. Trends · Automotive Electrification. In 1912, Ch Wall Shan Xian (4) and his colleagues designed and built an all-electric starting, ignition and lighting system for the car. This trend has a positive effect. In fact, it is now estimated that electronic components in new automobiles Costs increase by 9% to 16% per year. In typical cases, electronic components account for 19% of medium-sized vehicles. In 2005, 'it may account for 25% of mid-size cars in luxury cars. May account for 50%. In the late 1990s and early 21st century, 1〇丫〇^ and 11(10) such as hybrid cars made the electrification of gasoline vehicles reach a new level. A large number of manufactured steam 98191.doc -33- 1281892 For the first time, the car was equipped with an electric motor in the transmission system. However, _ announced that it was planned to be installed in all of its cars (4) before 2:12 years: an electric motor. Electronic components are increasingly used in automobiles. The overall energy strategy that can't be used in a powertrain with a gasoline engine can be implemented. All-electric vehicles allow all systems to be integrated under a central controller for maximum efficiency. Many direct vehicle drive prototypes have been built. Vehicle. In the earlier (1994) example of a direct-wheel-driven functional electric vehicle, there was an example of Di_Elettrica, which directly drives the rear wheel, which is a motor scooter. / Elettrica is powered by a hot-slit axial-flow permanent magnet DC motor that houses a single disc-shaped stator between two permanent magnet disc rotors. The motor is mounted in the drive rim of the scooter. The motor arrangement has a stator of a permanent magnet disc motor attached to the upper body of the vehicle, and the rotor is attached to the drive axle under the spring: this configuration further reduces the non-cyanine quality of the vehicle. However, a relatively complex and dynamic control strategy is required to accommodate the constant and variable rotor-to-stator misalignment caused by the movement of the hoisting device, resulting in fluctuations in motor torque. 0 A specially designed motor has been used for direct The use of four-wheel independent drive. Set and optimize several examples of permanent magnet motors that are placed in the wheel of an electric vehicle drive wheel. In the end, most people believe that the best group is to install the installed drive motor or even the driveless gear in the drive wheel of the electric vehicle. GM wants to use the wheel 98l9l.doc -34- 1281892 hub motor in its Aut〇n〇my concept car, but has found that the current center motor is too heavy. The right electric vehicle is designed to operate efficiently and effectively, and the basic system is to optimize the entire system: the vehicle and the raft are always optimized to ensure that the available energy is used as efficiently as possible. The powered vehicle is small enough but the performance needs to be comparable if the electric vehicle wants to be on the road system at the same time as the conventional vehicle. "In the early days of electric vehicles, only the speed and torque of the electric motor were controlled. This was achieved by switching the battery into or out of the way to produce a rough voltage control and the electric field and armature impedance of the DC motor that was generally rampant at the time. These control techniques were sufficient to make early-stage electric vehicles develop competitive. However, in the first decade of the 20th century, internal combustion was fully developed. Thus, the performance of vehicles using this form of propulsion was considerably improved. No longer has any interest. In the 1960s, when electric vehicles appeared again in small quantities, they were still using the method used to control DC lightning; check + + L private motors. With the 1970s and 2〇 In the 1980s, the fourth phase of the transistor technology was gradually replaced by the "vibration converter" circuit. Many of these systems are still in use by these simple control systems, but in recent years it has been recognized that if an electric vehicle wants to take full advantage of its zero exhaust gas, it will surely be more effective in performance. Charge the vehicle and brother. In order to achieve this, (iv) all aspects of the vehicle must be carefully controlled. Electric vehicles can use the sophisticated power management system to use the more limited energy in the most efficient way. A typical microprocessor control system utilizes a series of inputs from the sensor to measure the battery, motor, vehicle, and conditions around 98191.doc 1281892. It combines this information with the two inputs required by drivers, steering gear, accelerators, and various available switch controllers. Then, by using the electronic model of the vehicle and the battery held in the memory and optimizing to obtain the best use of energy, the output is generated by the microcontroller to continuously control the motor torque and speed. Transmission ratio (here variable drive between motor and drive wheel), regenerative braking, external lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning. When the vehicle is stopped and plugged into the charging station, the microprocessor will look at the battery, generate a charging algorithm' and control the charger. In the most sophisticated: the system may store navigation information in the disciplinary body of the microprocessor and be processed by the microprocessor to provide navigational instructions to the driver to generate information about the vehicle and the battery. Information on the situation and how to respect the vehicle. This information can then be retained in reprogrammable memory. The upswing allows the driver to get information about the rest before the battery needs to be recharged (if the driver continues to drive in the same way). It can also remind you of any functional issues related to the vehicle. The system is also for display, yet, driving distance, state of charge, "running out of the battery," is considered to be in the state of charge of 20%), charging in operation, crying, and internal and external air. The temperature of the driver's instrument provides information. • The comprehensive energy management system needs to control all auxiliary systems in the vehicle including: lighting, except: ice and seat heating. For safety reasons, you are allowed to use standard components. These systems often operate in more power than the main battery's electrical components. Currently these systems require 12 v, but 98191.d〇i -36- 1281892 More and more designers recommend driving such systems ( Even in the traditional car A) switched to a 4 2 V power supply. Low-voltage operation can also be used for all small motors, and the solenoid is used throughout the vehicle to lock the door, open the window, adjust the seat and other conveniences. Function. However, the 5 Hai air conditioner compressor will operate with full main battery voltage to avoid the conversion loss that can occur if the same power system operates at low voltage. Any control system, electronic controller in the system The configuration and complexity of power electronic components are subject to several factors (not only the number of motors to be used, but also the number of motors to be used. - The electric vehicle design has -, two motors or four in the case of the wheel type = up to four) Motors. Multiple motors effectively eliminate the use of gear replacement as a way to optimize efficiency, as this is too complicated. - Using two drive motors requires the use of eight separate power drive circuits for each motor and The separate fixed ratio planetary gear cutter ensures that the torque between the motor and the motor can be adjusted when the vehicle turns to make the torque decrease on the inner wheel and the outer wheel to the side -Motor Die Lt: As the vehicle may turn, the power loss is also a potential problem, the control system must be stylized to test the shoulder 1 "this question" because this is a safety issue. The control of the complexity of the control system is used for other factors. If the motor is to be caught with the roads, the energy transmission between the variable speed m-field dry wheels is best. Electronic control. When the 煞 煞 该 该 该 驱动 驱动 驱动 驱动 驱动 驱动 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ The four-wheel independent 98191.doc -37- 1281892 vertical drive electric vehicle. Incorporating a motor in each round increases the number of drive motors in the vehicle, thereby reducing the required power and the quality of each individual drive motor. A wheel-independently driven vehicle requires a distributed control system that delivers appropriate control to each individual drive motor. Although the need for a distributed control system may seem like a disadvantage at the first sight, it should be noted that the conventional four-wheeler The drive system also requires a relatively complex control system to adjust the performance of the transmission system. In addition, modern conventional four-wheel mechanisms and transmission systems are mechanically complex and extremely expensive to manufacture. The complexity required to implement control in an electric four-wheel independent drive system can be reduced to program a microcontroller chip. A new dedicated motor topology will be continuously developed. The dividing line between motor design and motor control is becoming less obvious. As computer and power electronics technologies continue to evolve, new control motors have become more common. The combination of mechanical package design and control technology will provide new opportunities for motor design experts and control letter makers to work together to create a stronger and more efficient electric vehicle drive system. Gentry 1^ben 'Europe' In the United States, Canada and many other countries, the government has moved and re-examined the nine. Some governments provide tax incentives for consumers to purchase e-commerce: his vehicles. The power of American oil and manufacturing aid. "The role of justice can not be ignored. But electric vehicles do often attract political support to send St: its control circuit is braked under proper design. Things. This situation makes regeneration in most electric vehicles in 1987 Μ··· Regrac has used regenerative braking for the first time in the electric 98191.doc -38- 1281892 RV exhibited in Paris. Many modern electric vehicles also use regenerative braking, allowing the car's wheels to mechanically overdrive the motor to turn the motor into a generator. / Generator full load can generate a strong braking force for these wheels. To be more efficient 'regeneration braking must be applied throughout the entire operating range of the car: mechanical braking is only used as a safe backup. When in these conditions When used, the basic system is to avoid overheating of the motor. Equally important, the battery can absorb the energy of returning I at the highest required level. This situation may be a problem for some battery types. Under the condition of the month, it may be necessary to automatically switch to a dynamic brake facility where energy is dissipated to the resistor instead of being returned to the battery. In this aspect, it is difficult to recover from about 10% to 15% of the total energy used to propel the car by regenerative braking. However, in the case of electric vehicles, strict restrictions on the large stroke are imposed. It may be of considerable value. For many years, big automakers have only focused on gasoline engines. However, with the use of on-board computers, new materials and new ideas, the technology to incorporate electric naphtha vehicles is slowly beginning to emerge. It is ideal in many ways. The electric motor has a very high turn. It is immediately I let the car roll up. When driving at a constant speed (for example, to produce lightning, and the efficiency of the coveted/flying engine High. If you use electric power, you can generate electric power when you are braking, so you can recapture the energy that would otherwise be lost as heat. Now almost every car manufacturer is doing a hybrid system. T〇y〇ta and H〇nda with its parallel hybrid car Toyoia Prius and 98191.doc -39- 1281892

Honda Insight and the subsequent Prius opened the way for hybrid car manufacturing. A parallel hybrid car combines a gasoline bow engine with an electric motor in the power mechanism. The result is a vehicle powered by a gasoline engine because it drives the wheels or engines that drive the generators that supply power (directly or via the battery) to the electric horse. However, the size of the engine is only as large as it needs. It does not even run all the time, and if sudden acceleration is required, the gasoline engine and the electric motor share the load. In a hybrid vehicle such as Prms, the engine runs entirely on gasoline and never needs to be plugged into the electrical part of the power system to charge. There is no restraint and no waiting. Any general gas station can be filled with petrol anywhere. Then, the advantage for the owner and driver of a hybrid car (such as the Prius) and the true man for the morning brother is digital. The interior of the Prius is large enough to meet the standards of the EPA's medium-sized species. It accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in about w seconds (approximately equal to four cylinders of T〇y〇ta Camry) and saves fuel at half full distance of 50 miles per gallon. This advantage makes the Ding oyota Prius the most fuel efficient of any medium-sized vehicle sold in the United States. And 1 offers a combined mileage rate that is twice that of its largest competitor. In addition, the Prius has been certified as a suspension or “super vehicle with extremely low exhaust emissions”. Two to four Toyota Prius may be eligible to become the most mature hybrid car manufactured today. Do not (10) years old has a 78-horsepower 15-liter, four-cylinder gasoline engine. The engine is coupled to drive the wheels 98 through a transmission, and whenever the engine is running, it also drives one of the generators that maintains the battery in a charged state. The generator supplies power to the electric motor or the battery as needed. The petrol engine is turned off whenever the Prius stops. This is not an unnecessary vacancy or waste of fuel when traffic is congested or blocked. When accelerating from an idle state at a general speed and accelerating to a half full speed, the Prius is powered by the electric motor, and the electric motor is fed by the battery. When the battery is charged, the gasoline engine recharges the battery by responding to the motor generator. Once = high speed and driven under normal conditions, the engine moves to the generator with its separate motion, which in turn supplies the electric motor, and part of the power drives the wheels. Preface = this: It is difficult to switch the oil engine to the electric motor and return to the switching process. There is a New York cartoon 昼 describing a car pin = the couple explained the parallel hybrid car, he said that, "the gasoline-powered engine to run straight /, at this time it switches to battery power β1 negative ' feeling" - directly from the lead to maintain the most effective balance. If the sudden distribution of the control path through the maneuver or start from the idle state, the second = with the electric motor to drive the wheels. The engine can: during the deceleration of the crucible, move the moving vehicle into W, and then store the electric energy in the battery. Any time 98191.doc -41 - 1281892 ::: directly monitor the charging state of the battery, and Whenever needed, the engine is powered by the engine to perform the necessary charging. J-parallel hybrid-like, tandem hybrid models also have a petrol-driven electric motor. 'However, not in the transmission The gasoline is in the system and only the electric motor is used to drive the wheels. - The familiar series hybrid models are diesel electric railway locomotives. These locomotives have huge diesel engines. The Levon private motor provides power to generate electricity to drive the wheels. The diesel engine operates within its range and is completed via the electric motors. It is very powerful. The fuel efficiency J is: “When the train is on the way, it tends to travel at a fairly constant speed. The general shovel of the car is low, and the driving conditions in the soil are such that the tandem hybrid car veil is certain. For this reason, tandem hybrid cars are not produced by their method, or even impossible. It is available for "^ has the ability to get maximum power at almost any engine speed, but the electric drive speed is higher - speed Close to the value of the (four) force. This allows 1 = (four) low feed to provide performance that begins to accelerate. Electric two = two have a strong performance unmatched from the stop-like engine to achieve the problem of the gasoline electric vehicle provided by other features. "Electric car is the father of the rim. A, . Shiren + Ben + future With this statement in 1899, this statement is still correct. The natural system of electric vehicles is clean, and the most important ones are highly efficient. But why is the hope of electric vehicles never realized? Why are almost every car on the road now powered by a gasoline engine? The market has proven that electric vehicles don't let us give up our gasoline vehicles because of the time factor and because electric vehicles cannot provide the same or better performance at the same or lower cost. Therefore, the above situation makes it very necessary to have an electric power that can compete with a gasoline vehicle or even a gasoline vehicle. 1 · Limited maximum travel ~ Most experts believe that the main disadvantage of electric vehicles is their limited maximum range. "Even in the early 2G century, the car buyers were listed on the electric car because they mainly wanted to get the national "travel" # ability. - Some experts believe that 'car buyers will stick to the maximum before recharging: the minimum should be about 250 miles. Current battery technology has not yet reached this maximum stroke because it does not overcome the obstacles of battery size and weight a:. Because electric power is not easy to store or transport wheels, the big problem facing the electric vehicle is to draw a big understanding (the mileage that can be paid for early charging) and the recharging time. The maximum stroke is complicated by cold or hot days, steep slopes, and other vehicle power requirements (eg, gas regulators). The maximum battery travel varies from small: 100 miles (lead acid) to approximately 2, sub-batteries. 35 pools, air batteries, clocks and slaves: the scope of change is also wide. It may take a little time to recharge the power. Then some technologies can get 1 mesh:: recharge (recording) in 15 minutes. All in all, in the opinion of most experts, the private car is still not popular and has always dominated the niche market because 98191.doc -43- 1281892 σ Hai and other maximum travel and recharge problems have not been resolved. For this reason, parallel hybrid and forging σ-type and fuel-fired early-vehicle vehicles – which do not exist the most: the problem – are favored by car manufacturers and politicians. The battery-only=car seems to have been abandoned by big car manufacturers and anyone (except for loyal but small electric fan fans). 2. Heavy-duty, bulky, expensive batteries and automobiles. The weak environment and batteries in any electric vehicle. There are six obvious questions about the battery's that must be balanced against each other. For lead-acid battery packs used in electric vehicles, these problems apply. The weight (usual lead-acid battery pack weighs 1,0 0 pounds or more) volume (some cars have as many as 50 Ting batteries, the size of the mother battery is 6 x 8nx6") Limited capacity (for only about 5 miles, the main < the main process, the capacity is often as small as 12 to 15 kWh) Slow (generally four to ten hours) Limited over-discharge / re-filling 倨 倨 何兄私#% period of use (3 〇〇 to 5 〇〇 cycle) Short use period (usually three to four years) Expensive (cheap One type of gold L 醅 只 only you 蚝驮 battery pack, about 2,000 US dollars) The cost difference of battery technology in the phase, the big private degree of the oyster field, making it longer than the less expensive technology 佶田如 ^ μ吏 , , , , , 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 月 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池 电池To replace these lead-acid batteries. The maximum journey of the car will be doubled. The service life of the Leisi Kuanchi will be approximately three times. The cost will be 10 to 15 times higher. 98191.doc -44- 1281892 Because the grade batteries (like nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries) have been improved and used more widely, The price of these batteries will fall. However, in general, all battery technologies used in vehicles are still far more expensive than today's internal combustion engines, and are still a major drawback for electric vehicles competing in the big market. Comparing 'can show the real problem. Two gallons of gasoline weighs about 15 pieces and costs about $3.00, and it takes only about half a minute to suck into the tank. The Fangjinkou fee pack pool is equivalent to the two gallons of gasoline, and ^ (4) The cost of the 33-acid battery is $2, _ and it takes four to ten hours to recharge. / & The weight and volume of the battery often poses a big problem for the design of the electric vehicle. The performance of any vehicle has a considerable impact. This situation poses a specific problem for electric vehicles with the battery as the sole source of power. For small electric vehicles with a %-rice, to obtain a minimum acceptable maximum stroke of 1 〇〇km, 400 acid is required. Battery, about: chlorine (N-class battery or about 12 〇 to clock ion (five) ion) battery. This is a fake

(S0C") The lowest specific level of 20%. The sputum design has a faulty acid battery and its associated electric motor and: '. All battery vehicles indicate that the batteries, motors and controllers are equivalent to the equivalent internal combustion in conventional vehicles. The weight and cost of these components (4) combined with the special system and the maximum travel limit of the fuel, so that only the electric car, ten years and 20th... The electric car of the battery in the past 凄 十 平 平 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 世 . In addition, this extra weight produces a composite effect of this heavier structural component to support the raft, is stronger and uses the weight of the pool, and provides sufficient collision to provide protection against 98l9l.doc -45- 1281892 #. As a rough rule of thumb, a structural weight of at least k 3 k , , , and main 〆 0·31 ^ must be added for an additional per kilogram of weight. This situation increases the overall weight of the vehicle by π0Λ. / 2 = ri system ' — too U.1 The net weight is increased by about 20% overall and causes a corresponding loss in performance. When using an advanced battery, this sign 竑 φ . This day's eve or 4 division, but only for the = = maximum travel (for the second power supply with wrong acid =:). If you use the best energy of these advanced batteries, the weight of the battery and increase the maximum stroke, it will not eliminate the electric vehicle - using lightweight materials, improved power structure and control - can produce performance with its gasoline engine, etc. Vehicle. Stretch this episode 1

It is not possible to remove the strict limit on the maximum throughput due to the lower energy of the battery relative to W. There is a large battery size of H. The two boxes contain the "small car juice to bring another big problem. One gasoline month b is equivalent to - lead acid pool more than 100 times. Gasoline sentence A mother card with a certain energy density The energy density of 20# 3 is equivalent to the useful energy per liter volume. Therefore, the weight of the battery is the fuel tank of the car. “The body and the transport must be far greater than the pass: the situation means that this situation can only carry two dry The space required for the street 趴% pool is: for the door. Advanced batteries improve this situation to some extent. - The wrong acid battery needs to store energy, and the nickel-hydrogen battery currently requires a volume ratio of less than 6%. Another advantage of lithium-ion batteries is the volumetric box construction that will be ~" ""糸, sometimes it may be used for the minimum weight / 4 to become different shapes. The design of the volume and volume often makes the cost of vehicle design significant 98191 .doc -46- 1281892 Added. For example, 'Honda Insight has advanced aluminum components and ABS composites to reduce the weight of the body by 40% compared to a comparable steel body. Similarly, Honda claims that 'has been used by the engine body and the connecting rod Special construction and use of aluminum, town and plastic for engine components to reduce the weight of the internal combustion engine used by 30%. This advanced design adds significant cost. The production of these currently produced hybrid vehicles (especially Honda and Toyota) The merchant must provide a subsidy of more than 50 ❶ / 为其 for the true cost of the hybrid vehicle to reduce the cost to the level that the general public will be willing to lease or purchase. 3 · One of the shortcomings of low-power electric vehicles is used to start from a stop state Acceleration and power for traversing. Many battery electric vehicles are limited due to weight, battery power generation rate and other problems. The speed is from 0 to 60 miles per second in 12 to 2 seconds. This speed is slow enough for many consumers to lose interest in electric vehicles. 4. Conditional changes produce inefficiencies that can be designed in one Operating very efficiently over a limited range of speeds. Outside this range, it will quickly fail. Therefore, although electric motors may have efficiencies greater than 80% under ideal conditions, electric motors are used in generally variable drive cycles. Efficiency may drop to less than 5%. These differences in efficiency between various types of electric motors can be large. Since compromises are difficult to avoid, one of the practical electric propulsion systems for cars is being tried (US Patent No. 5, 549, 172) Towards extreme use in the car - motor 0 98191.doc -47 - 1281892 ° Hai invention realized that there is no good performance in any existing range. Therefore = the effective low speed motor and pole The effective high-speed method is to upgrade the performance of one pole. The obvious advantage is that two complete systems are required: the separation motor of the whole system 5·wheel type motor exists. Xi 'Yi car "and. The ten-phase four-wheel hub or "* is the best architecture. The one-style" motor is used to lift the wheel for the electric vehicle without any direct drive. However, placing the heavy-duty motor in the amount of ^, this may be one of the key reasons for the car's handling. In addition, the 5 early-yellow-yellow quality system directly drives the wheel without any insertion of gears or suspension links. driver. Therefore, there is a relationship between the rotation and the rotation of the driven wheel: ‘..., the driver relationship. One-to-one correspondence of the 此 This configuration allows the drive system to significantly simplify the sling feature. In the traditional drive system (electrical or internal combustion = the non-yellow load quality of the suspension is the same as the drive system - the small drive, the quality of the drive in the direct wheel drive system. The main body of the sprung-loaded electric motor and all the internal combustion engines are excessively heavy* and the one or more of the driving wheels incorporated in the driving wheels are suitable for a direct-wheel drive system, which is low-low Mass and a higher torque to mass ratio. In addition, straight = - relatively, in the vicinity of the 1 zone moving wheel or in the position of the - drive wheel _ 98l9l.doc -48- 1281892 to the physical size. Wheels will be too heavy In the dry year, the black A y-Zhuangshan Shi „ θ suspension and set-up will have some impact. The more the car’s yellow and yellow squats, the more the 兮 品 摆 — — — — — — — — — The greater the force of the vehicle turning or impacting, the extension of the force. This causes the over-movement of the suspension device to make the ride uncomfortable. L _ I five makes the buckle is not very tight when grasping the buckle - The weight of the slamming door of the car door requires a rigid shock absorber to control excessive magazine movement. It plays a role in achieving rigidity and harsh rides. This problem does not seem to be a problem for you. ^But it will have a substantial impact and it is difficult to overcome these effects. For this reason, Lee Motors has questioned Whether the wheel motor will be feasible in its fine (four) town concept car. 6_The problem of the series hybrid car will be - the gasoline engine is used as a power source to generate electricity for the fully electric transmission system, which can solve the problem faced by the battery electric vehicle. The biggest travel problem, but the tandem hybrid car makes the advantages of both the gasoline engine and the electric motor weak, and it causes some disadvantages of the two. For example, the gasoline/electric hybrid car will still cause pollution. The situation makes the gasoline/electric hybrid car unqualified for the moving area only. The tandem hybrid vehicle requires one of the car's onboard gasoline engine and an electric motor to increase weight, space, and most importantly. Increase the cost. There is a gasoline engine in the car, even if it is only used to generate electricity, it needs to fix many gasoline engine subsystems. Maybe these two systems Any parent exchange $ will not be allowed to be designed to match the advantages of both or be designed to make the entire vehicle as cheap as a vehicle with only one system. Another problem with tandem hybrid vehicles is the weight. The car must carry The 98191.doc -49- 1281892 electric motor, the generator, the gasoline engine and the weight of the batteries. Because the battery required is not as much as the battery required in the battery electric vehicle, so the throttle is somewhat heavy, however, - Full-size f-motors plus -10 kW generators can weigh up to hundreds of pieces. Power utilities don't like series hybrids because the rate-mixing does not draw power from the grid and therefore does not bring any new The business. No oil company will be excited about cars that run 80 miles or more per gallon. Most H divisions often find hybrid cars conceptually interesting but actually too complex. 7. Problems with parallel hybrid vehicles. Wide-angle vehicles require complex control systems and control algorithms. The gasoline engine must be efficiently matched to - or multiple electric motors as the drive conditions change. In addition to the need for a separate gasoline engine and one or more electric motors in the same car - these two separation systems must be operated together. Integrating a petrol engine with an electric motor - under a single hood creates complex design problems. As the Guardian noticed on the parallel hybrid car, "It sounds simple. Try to build n* as easy as people =." ~ In addition, 'when there are two propulsion systems, the car will be expensive. The increase in volume does not greatly reduce the price. However, the price of manufacturing a parallel hybrid car is high. It is much higher than many people think. Current (2〇〇3 years) market:

Honda and Toyota's hybrid cars are sold at about the equivalent of half the cost of production. 98l91.doc -50- 1281892 Some people believe that this situation is unlikely to change. Even for these parallel hybrid cars, it is not necessarily true that they can compete with the traditional steam two, or that they can be used only by using low-cost advanced batteries: The same is true when it is available. The purpose of a hybrid car that is connected in parallel is that the fuel consumption is the most common, and this may be modified by the need to provide a minimum specific maximum stroke when using only electric power to meet zero exhaust gas requirements. The main problem with hybrid electric vehicles is the cost of providing two propulsion systems, and some people find it difficult to figure out how to overcome this problem. From an administrative point of view, hybrid cars are attractive. Technically, it can be seen as a child who no one wants to adopt. Manufacturers have complex feelings about hybrid vehicles that also require factory re-assembly. Ah, Honda has adopted this concept, at least to the extent that auxiliary power is available. In fact, T〇y〇ta announced that I was eight years old and that after 12 years, an electric motor was installed in all of its car's transmission systems. on the other hand,. ― (4) (4) The senior management of the heart completely eliminated the wasted time hybrid car, claiming that its new diesel engine has superior potential in both maximum travel and exhaust gas control. Finally, parallel hybrid vehicles still do not achieve particularly high fuel efficiency when driving short distances that are common to most drivers. Some experts estimate that the sub-city and the #4 district are all less than 3 miles in all of the trips. During the first five minutes of Wanshang, the fuel efficiency port of the parallel hybrid vehicle was affected by the cold start by controlling the exhaust gas. (Cold start also reduces the effectiveness of the know-how, resulting in the release of many contaminants before the system is warmed up.) 9819l.doc -51 - 1281892 : 匕Μ幵^/ converted to numbers, certified by the US Environmental Protection Agency 2, 4 (4) on the road _ efficiency ride gallons 5i miles, while driving in the city is expected to 60 miles per gallon. Because of the frequent short-distance driving, the drivers of the city or the suburbs using the car often become much less. Test users found that they averaged only about 42 miles per stay in combined city/road driving. In its five-mile round-trip commuter drive, it averages only 31 miles per gallon. 8. Dangerous Voltages and Currents, & General designers attempt to use a higher battery system in order to reduce the amount of current that must be switched by power electronics and reduce the voltage drop in those power components. Electricity". But {, security considerations often limit the voltage used. λ The voltage range used in most electric vehicles is between 200 V and 350 ν, although it has been suggested to use more than 500 V for specialized vehicles. In particular, safety is not only related to the impact performance of the vehicle, but also to protect operators and service personnel from the high voltage damage (200 to 350 ν) used in batteries, motors and control systems. Trying to meet the south's power requirements for electric vehicles forces Hobson to choose between high voltages or high currents. The two options are not easy to control. 9. Complex Controls Needed To achieve full operation of the vehicle propulsion motor and coordinate it with the efficient operation of two fully electric hybrid vehicles, sophisticated electronic control is required. These controls must be able to adapt to a wide range of operating conditions. At the same time, it must optimize the efficiency and cost-saving measures of one of the systems that may be complicated. 9819l.doc -52- 1281892. In particular, motor control and regenerative braking are entirely dependent on the electronic controller operating together as an integrated system and the power electronic components. The electric vehicle must be designed to meet the requirements for maximum efficiency and safety. Efficiency is especially important because the amount of energy that can be stored in the battery is relatively small compared to the amount of energy stored in a fuel tank. Some have tried to achieve higher efficiency by using a high-pressure tire and designing the vehicle body for minimum air resistance to minimize weight and reduce rolling resistance. The dependency enhancement of the software used for this control creates some problems. Every computer user knows that software is far more likely to fail than hardware, and restarting in a driving state (for example, a downhill turn) is almost impossible. Therefore, the software modules of the car must also be connected and coordinated with each other. This may also create safety and reliability issues. The rules and regulations of the United States, the well-known car manufacturers and the controversial consumers are dazzling. This situation makes it difficult to introduce complex control schemes that have not yet been time tested. Electric vehicles depend on electronic components. But it's not like a computer. The error in the computer program towel caused trouble. (4) The wrong δ Wu of the car brake system order may cause death. This situation increases the risk. Designs for minimum weight and volume often result in a significant increase in cost for vehicle design. For example, Honda lnsight has advanced aluminum components and ABS composites to make the weight ratio of the body - comparable steel body. Again, hehe. * Acclaimed that the weight of the internal combustion engine used has been reduced by 30% by using the special construction of the engine body and the connecting rod and using aluminum, magnesium and plastic for the engine components. 98191.doc -53- 1281892 This advanced design adds significant cost. Manufacturers of these currently-produced hybrid vehicles (especially Honda and Toyota) must provide more than 50% of the total cost of their hybrid vehicles, so that the cost can be reduced to the level that the general public will be willing to lease or purchase. ~ The price of this allowance has already reached a level, which has helped a lot of hybrid vehicles in the hands of the American public (and Europe since 2000 and since 1998). Most car owners seem to be satisfied with the performance of these cars. However, the production costs of these hybrid vehicles have not yet lowered the level of profitability of the business (effectively adopting two advances per vehicle - an important challenge). It is difficult to understand how to sell a large number of hybrid vehicles and how to use them to the environment without significantly reducing the cost. For battery electric vehicles, the high cost of the battery makes the price high. As its production accelerates, the price of electric vehicles may fall. Of course, the gasoline car is also true. Yes - Experts believe that mass production may reduce the cost of electric vehicles to well below one-and-a-half of current levels. Some analysts believe that electric vehicles will compete with gasoline-powered cars in 10 years without subsidies. Although this may be true, the price of electric vehicles remains high. It is possible that the electric vehicle market cannot be developed without falling prices. And the market does not develop, the price will not fall. This situation will limit the electric vehicle to the niche market it currently occupies. In the 1890s, electric vehicles were successfully successful. At the New Year's Auto Show in the Year of the Year, more electric vehicles were displayed than any vehicle powered by steam or petrol to provide 98191.doc -54 - 1281892. By 1910, & v, a ... hit . ^ Tian Yu's court often has several π cars, at least one of which is an electric car. Especially for women, the freedom to drive, because its control is easy = two! The starter - caused by the crank in the early locomotive locomotive" "Tianya I confessed that the odor and noise of the carriage and the car A cleaner and quieter motor. However, by 1920, consumers had ^ ^ . . U, the electric car. Compared with the cheaper and more powerful gasoline vehicles with the maximum travel limit, the electric vehicles seem to be limited: the lack of power and the most important ones are the expensive, small, and bundled W W. i narrow, slow and cumbersome electric ...% protection and protection of natural resources can only attract a small number of consumers to sell. Similarly, as a small number of small companies and homes of hobbyists, the conversion of electric cars into electric vehicles has been waiting for Han Yu, "the prosperous industry of the children has prospered. However, what signs are obvious - the small part of the car market is still outside the month b has any harvest. < has r:=t and hotter climate (especially in colder climates) force 22t. Northeastern and Midwestern parts of the United States and: large = district cold winter Exhausting most of the electric battery power. ne is not cheap or easy to solve the problem caused by strictness. For example, GM only uses the EV1 solution in Jiachuan. M only rents in California and Arizona. uEV-i, the temperature of this two states in winter is very small, t falls below # degrees. There is no proper infrastructure to dispose of electric vehicles. σ: The battery is charged, whenever the home and electricity depend on the " The place must have 98l9l.d0<-55- 1281892. The right charging facility is not a trivial matter. The availability may determine how the size of the shoulder can effectively use the electric vehicle. Dry power supply The charging problem can be overcome. Then, it is only necessary to store the ruthenium or anahydrogen compound on the vehicle to feed the fuel cell without external charging. The hybrid electric vehicle also carries it. The charging problem is bypassed by its own internal charger operated by its thermal engine, although this practice comes at the expense of considerable cost. Since electric vehicles have not yet gained a large market share, there is no strong foundation. Designed to handle maintenance and repairs. Currently, many problems with Toyota and Honda hybrid electric vehicles require the car to be brought to the dealership of the company for service or repair. Some existing infrastructure, such as service stations and agencies It will undoubtedly begin to dispose of electric vehicles' just as it is now dealing with petrol cars. However, before there are a large number of electric vehicles on the road, 'electric vehicle owners may be disappointed that electric vehicles lack infrastructure support compared to A-oil vehicles. The pen and the car raised a problem of safety and assistance + Lishi, a queen and a brother of % i. The highly toxic substances contained in the batteries (such as lead acid, lithium and sodium sulfide) may cause problems. These materials require extremely careful disposal, which may emit dangerous steam during recharging, and may be in the presence of toxins. Damage caused during the recirculation or during a H-car accident. A safety problem is related to the fire caused by electricity in the event of an accident. A fire such as a fire may be difficult to extinguish due to the deadly smoke generated by burning the battery. Gasoline vehicles can also catch fire, but early indications are more likely to be a mixed-risk safety issue. 98191.doc -56- 1281892 People: Increased dependence on software also creates more safety issues. Electric and mixed use tests Participants found that, especially because of the battery and charging, the possibility of vehicle failure increased. Although most experts believe that the second car is safer and more reliable than the petrol car, the experience so far does not prove this. Some experts believe that the cost of manufacturing and maintenance of electric vehicles will be higher than that of gasoline. Manufacturing costs will start to be higher, because the manufacturing technology of electric vehicles is not as good as the adoption of new technology conditions. However, some people think that production = rut labor costs will generally be directly or indirectly high. The labor cost of producing gasoline vehicles, even in the case of experience. The cost of maintenance and repair of cough electric vehicles will be lower than that of gasoline vehicles: only: repair costs are less, but maintenance of large battery packs And replacement may change the temple; Ben. Although some solutions to the battery problem can be found, in the end (four) the current battery cost will exceed any cost saved due to reduced maintenance. Re-action may generate a large amount of electric power When the car (10) mph deceleration: wide 'may produce 2 more electricity. Standard battery is not recharged at this level quickly. Can not be fined in a short time Μ m (four) power stored in the battery. In many cases Only about 5% of the electricity from the tight I ^ compact car may be stored in the electricity / also. The rest of the electricity must be disposed of in some other way, this disposal method should be used The other system of the car - the waste of electrical energy. In most cases, the traditional mechanical brake must also be provided. This takes into account that the motor / generator running at low speed does not produce enough energy to have 98191.doc -57 - 1281892 Effectively makes the car awkward. Or when the car needs to maintain its position on a hillside. People may think that a regenerative braking car will allow the use of a lighter, lower cost mechanical brake. Unfortunately, This view is not necessarily the case. These mechanical brakes must be able to stop the vehicle in the electric propulsion system (4) or as mentioned above. Regenerative braking for the ridge multi-electric propulsion system may be more complicated and more Expensive. In some cases, the energy that can be recaptured may be small. This situation leads some designers to conclude that regenerative braking has no implementation value. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to having - or multiple electric An adaptive electric vehicle of a motor or generator. Preferably, at least the motor or generator is composed of two or more electromagnetic circuits - an adaptive electric type The electromagnetic power is sufficiently isolated to substantially eliminate the electromagnetic and electrical dry-like alternative between the circuits, and the electric vehicle may have a connection to - electric money and be configured to have one or more electric The present invention provides a vehicle with special power, k W Λ hands and a large stroke, and a versatile electric or other electric vehicle. Type Electric = Provides optimum performance by dynamically adapting its (4) system to changes in time, mechanical know-how, and mechanical operating parameters. Adapted electric vehicles can take many forms. / Fly the terminology used in this book. "Electric vehicles" are broadly included in the various types of 9819l.doc -58 « 1281892 cars of the transmission (4) system / 3 motor. The above-mentioned vehicles include battery electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, series hybrid vehicles, parallel hybrid vehicles, and possibly other types, air vehicles: and the term "electric vehicle" may even be used in a broader sense because the term includes not only The vehicle also includes any vehicle that uses an electric motor to generate some or all of the propulsion power. It could be a bicycle, a small motorbike, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, a boat, a boat, or even a spaceship. It is more clear that the δ's electric vehicle, called the "series" system, has a generator directly mounted on one of the gasoline engines. Convert all power from the engine to the electric energy directly _ used to drive the traction motor on the axle or wheel end. In a series system t there is no mechanical drive path between the engine and the drive wheels. The "Asian Link" system maintains the structure of a traditional mechanical transmission system, but adds the ability to increase engine horsepower through electrical torque. Parallel systems provide operational redundancy not found in the serial system. This conventional power can continue to operate in the event of an electrical power failure. The motor and / or generator electromagnetic circuit of the isolated adaptive electric vehicle is allowed to have == independent parameters. This makes it possible to optimize the degree of freedom and to adapt the motor and generator to the electric vehicle R which is cheaper, smaller, lighter, more powerful and more efficient than conventional designs. In general, adaptable electric vehicles offer better performance (power, efficiency, and maximum travel) compared to (~ oil trucks). The adaptable electric vehicle of the adapted wheel type motor delivers higher power at a lower non-Pu Bo high torque density. The motor control system adapts to the operating conditions of the vehicle (e.g., starting, accelerating, turning, braking, south speed patrol) to consistently provide higher efficiency. 9819l.doc -59« 1281892 The total energy management of the car's entire electrical system allows for large-scale implementation. The adaptable architecture enhances the performance of a wide range of vehicles, especially in those areas where a range of operating conditions are required to achieve optimum efficiency: the invention of an adaptable electric vehicle provides an electric vehicle, and provides special power, efficiency and The maximum journey and its cost is competitive. The adaptable two-car has superior torque and efficiency in terms of torque and efficiency: the motor. Bite ECG can adapt to a wide range of operating conditions, so it can provide the best performance 2; 2: Γ: Perhaps the most important line 'adaptive electric vehicle for the first time to provide him enough in the sex month b and cost two aspects with gasoline The car competes with one of the electric cars. The y change is produced by the electric motor to power the vehicle. Starting requires a higher torque at low speeds. 2 effect ί ° The limitation of battery power limits the maximum stroke. On the road, the teeth need higher speed and high speed. 2 The motor is the most efficient when operating at the speed of the shirt. In many cases, it is possible to operate at an efficiency of more than 90%, while in terms of efficiency, the vehicle assumes a reasonable efficiency in the range of small operating speeds: there is: fit to this assumption. Existing electric motors cannot be adapted to electric vehicles: two costs to meet the performance requirements of electric vehicles. The generation of the 2 car U has two features that enable higher efficiency in existing operating conditions (especially with variable speed operators). We:: The adaptive control of the magnetic circuit allows for the best performance and efficiency; 4 In applications such as electric vehicles, where the operating conditions vary, the overall efficiency of the 98191.doc -60- 1281892 electric motor may be better than the previous one. The overall efficiency of the technical motor is as much as 50% higher. Secondly, an adaptive electric vehicle with one of the central controllers can implement a "total" strategy to maximize efficiency on all motors and systems of the entire vehicle. For example, if the state of charge of the battery becomes low, then The central control cry can detect this condition and switch to an energy retention mode. In this mode, the controller may limit the use of accessories and limit the power provided by the car's electric motor. This will increase efficiency. Because of these characteristics, it is therefore possible for an adaptive electric motor to provide particular efficiency when in an operating condition range. This overall feature allows the highest average efficiency to be optimized over the entire torque/speed spectrum. Thanks to the battery pack and the battery technology used, the higher efficiency electric motor that provides power to the car extends the maximum travel of the car – this is a big advantage. Regardless of whether it is in a city or on a highway, the goal of a powertrain with a driving cycle of more than 9% is 99%. Adaptable electric motors and generators can be used—a distributed architecture. This allows the motor to deliver higher power when operating at low voltages (50 volts or less). In addition, the peak current per phase of the motor may be limited to (10) amp or less. Even at these low voltages and low currents per phase, the four-wheel independent drive motor can produce 68 kW of power and 26 (8) Nm peak I moment' with a torque density of 21.7 Nm/kg. None of the existing motor technologies can be compared. The distributed motor architecture enhances personal safety due to its low voltage. In the electric vehicle 98191.doc -61 - 1281892, these motors can deliver 50 volts or less of high power, so that even in the event of an accident, there will be no lethal vibration. Existing electric vehicles typically operate at much more dangerous voltages (typically from 250 volts to 500 volts). Motors with a distributed architecture also enhance safety by providing additional fault tolerance

Fullness. In an emergency situation, the motor can operate continuously even if one or more electromagnetic circuits fail. X In the case of a battery or fuel cell (for example, in electric vehicle 10), the motor at a lower system voltage (4) allows the battery or the battery to have fewer units. This lower voltage and distributed current makes heat easier to dispose because the heat is more easily dissipated when it is less concentrated. Moreover, less heat is generated by the lower current in each phase. The distributed architecture reduces costs by allowing the use of less expensive power electronics. It also allows for smaller, lighter motors with lighter wires, switches and connectors. In addition, it enables the use of lower cost battery and fuel cell technologies, simplified battery and fuel cell management, and a wider range of packaging options. ^ 'Generators with a compliant architecture offer advantages similar to adaptive electric motors. Since the voltage can be kept low and the current is distributed throughout the generator's independent phase, the same advantages as in the case of the motor can be obtained. Adapted motor technology makes it possible to purchase the highest torque density on the market. Table 丄 A set of adaptive four-wheel independent drive motors is compared to four other motors used in electric vehicles to show the difference in torque density. 98191.doc -62- 1281892 Mechanical Feature Adaptation Motor Design Motor 1 Motor 2 Motor 3 Motor 4 Peak Power (kW) 68 (17 kW in each of the 4 motors) 56 100 150 122 (4 motors each 30.5 kW in a motor) Peak torque (Nm) 2600 1069 550 2750 1800 Peak voltage (volts) 42 500 300 220 220 Effective mass (kg) 120 2000 86 220 116 Torque density (Nm/kg) 21.7 0.5 6.4 12 15.5 Remarks Brushless DC (four-wheel independent drive motor) Brush DC brushless AC brushless AC brushless AC (four-wheel independent drive motor) Table 1 · Performance of four 17kW adaptive motors (total 68 kW) Compared to four other conventional motors. The adaptable motor architecture maximizes the available weight and volume torque ratio. Its advanced magnetic materials and design maintain power while eliminating weight. High torque may be another distinctive feature of an adapted electric motor. Conventional electric motors do not actively manage the torque well or affect the torque at the design level. This is because the selection of a particular type of conventional motor for a particular application determines the profile of the available torque to a considerable extent. In contrast, an adaptable motor may generally have not only extremely high torque but also high starting torque. It may also allow for the use of special algorithms to increase torque if necessary, and generally actively manages torque over the entire range of operating conditions of the motor. The best performance over a wide range of operating conditions results in a five-week-fit electric motor and the most demanding application for the electric 98191.doc -63 - 1281892. The specific words may provide higher torque to the electric motor. The 4-phase motor reads the low speed and seeks the torque to allow the direct drive. So far, there are no gears or transmissions. The horses are all electric vehicles and parallel and series, 9 people ^ * - transmission, gear / and "" combined cars have the ability to make the system do not need ^ M 3 Ί. Adapted electric motors can be used for all of these components. An example of an adapted electric vehicle has a central controller. Each motor is a four-wheel independent drive motor with force electronics and battery, as shown in Figure 。. Timing - In each round of the tunable electric vehicle, "Compared with the adaptable motor to provide a stop", one of the four-wheel drive φ "" A also provides the maneuver of any other electric vehicle Motion Flex® is under control. Moreover, it is necessary to avoid this overall operation in the software alone. With this architecture, each „AA Gannon Syrian motor can be independently controlled. The control system is instantaneous 4. It provides “real” four-wheel drive for each independent and instantaneous 牵引 traction control of each round. Rotate or stop each round irrespective of any other wheel. Different wheels can even rotate in different directions at the same time, and some operations are almost impossible in the A-oil truck. The instantaneous and independent control of the adapted vehicle activates many functions and not only activates the propulsion function. This control translates into some of the obvious advantages over gasoline and conventional electric vehicles. First, the adaptive hub-type motor produces high torque at zero and lower speeds. Second, the adaptable hub-type motor can both accelerate and decelerate the wheel. The torque of the third 'acceleration and deceleration' adaptive motor is very fast. 98l91.doc -64- 1281892 is also accurate. The adaptive motor provides fast frequency response and low inertia. Fourth, generating the torque in the right wheel in the opposite direction to the torque produced in the left wheel allows direct yaw moment control. In addition to backwards and forwards, right and left, you can move in two directions. Fifth, the motor torque becomes easy to understand. There is only a slight uncertainty regarding the drive or brake torque applied to a wheel. Since there is a transmission, differential, and other drive line assembly between a gasoline engine and the wheel, it may be difficult to determine the actual torque applied to the (four) wheel. It is also difficult to determine the actual applied torque. The tires and other applications on the road have separate wheel controls that make it easy and instantaneous to determine the driving and braking forces. Bu and , this move is quite helpful in estimating the condition of the road. It improves the performance of several functions • Anti-lock brakes are listed below for some of its functions: • Direct traction control • Yaw torque / stability management • Lateral stability • Brake pad usage • Regeneration efficiency • Steering efficiency • Wheel speed information • Thrust performance • Stop distance. Torque steering/separation torque brake 98191.doc -65- 1281892 • Power consumption * Road condition estimation Wheel-driven motor-driven electric vehicle is right ^ Close, high operating efficiency and drive, spring The advantages of the single order, so have been studied. This study requires a motor in the middle room than in the South, because the space available in the wheel of the Ma Xinghai is limited and the weight of the spring is kept to a low level. This is not a new concept - 1900 Ferdinand p〇rsch people again? A motorized train was used, and a hub-type electric motor was used in 1902. % It has taken a long time to develop a motor suitable for the wheel hub type. It takes a lot of effort, but it is a huge task. This is due to the cost of the system 1, the two, the small clothes, high torque, high power of the motor. The use of a transmission between the motor and the wheel is also introducing complexity. Some manufacturers, like gm, have abandoned the use of wheeled motors in their cars because they fear that the motor will always be too heavy. The weight in the car's wheels is important. The effect of the road surface on these wheels is critical to the vehicle because the suspension system does not isolate the surface. In order to keep the tire in contact with the road, the power generated by the bumps on the road must be overcome by the temple = two. The force on the spring was generated by the car's Cao Dan* from the early days of the land. The lighter the A car, the smaller the available compression force generated by its heavy summer. » ^ j σ海h-shaped makes the vertical movement of the wheels caused by the bumps more suitable for the county, ~ two 士 ^ .^ ^ easy to overcome the inertia of the car quality and make it like a wheel like a secret Know the geology department. The above makes the passengers bump when they ride. When the wheels in the wheels are wide # (non-bearing Bescha), the weight of the rest of the car is 98191.doc -66- 1281892 ^ When the tires are waiting for the tires to turn through the bumps, they will not be able to maintain good grip. In addition, passengers will feel the bumps on the road. When the weight of the car on the springs is large, the ideal = combination occurs, and the inertia is reduced by making the non-load bearing mass in the wheels small. The high rate described above allows the tires to firmly contact the road, which also makes the ride more comfortable. "Adjustable horse 4 with high torque density, the torque per kilogram can provide higher torque than the existing motor. This situation makes it possible to use the adaptive electric motor as the hub motor, or "wheel motor", Without adding too much non-bearing quality. The compact size of the electric motor also makes it suitable for the wheels. *The hub motor may create several other specific problems. 4 The heat generated by the motor of the motor (due to the difficulty of providing effective cooling, this situation is worse and may be a problem. The motor in this exposed position may be vulnerable. Decide whether it is possible Cost (4) - big problem when using motors in all four wheels. With all these problems, the performance of the adaptable electric motor is better than the existing motor. This situation allows the adaptable electric vehicle to have a wheel (four) motor. Quality or other factors make the hub-type motor even if it is adapted:: Acceptable:: Other motor configurations may also be from many of the adaptive electric vehicles: The pen-moving list has always been due to its κ2 with the gasoline car~ According to the limited power and maximum stroke, it is subject to (4) evaluation. The better power of the petrol car, #4 t 切切匕 has a purchase of two! But often comes at a price - the electric - 'bei". Need an electric The car 'is able to compare with the gasoline car's 98191.doc -67- 1281892 force, dare to travel and price, and has electric vehicle efficiency. Adjustable electric car has the potential to outperform the gasoline car without losing electricity The advantages of motor trains. Figure 1 shows an example of a series of hybrid adaptive electric vehicles. # The car has a performance potential from zero to 100 mph in 10 seconds, a gas mileage of 100 cents per gallon and the maximum travel in Looog. Even the price of the car can compete with gasoline cars. This performance and price may be enough to break the social habits, and for the first time makes electric vehicles a viable and possibly better vehicle for most consumers. Hybrid-adapted electric vehicle solves the problem - % 轫 解决 解决 解决 解决 解决 解决 解决 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ^ Φ ^ + early f is operated by the AC motor without speed (in this case, the efficiency of the car is H + is ^ and the π is the smallest), the small steam early (four) this is the maximum row of the standard tank fully fed to _ Miles.

A more refined electric vehicle may use you as a fuel cell. The result is that the phase is n u Λ times. The electric battery used in the pool is less, compared to the number of batteries. Parallel mixing, ·,, π processes no longer depend on easy maintenance. "The pool electric car is cheaper, lighter and more electric motor than the gasoline engine. _ Kindle's power mechanism can not actually control the car's controllability. Gasoline ^ time - circle. This level is even better than this ^ ^ movement, such as Rotating rotation for control system - the usual thing in the pile. 'The level of electric motor

The controllability of the electric motor gives the I car a worry about the advantages of the gasoline car 98191.doc -68 - 1281892. Determined by the architecture of the electric vehicle's powertrain, the electric motor provides advanced motion control, safety and improved handling. The electric motor can also be controlled to operate more efficiently. The adaptable electric vehicle takes this control to a higher level, which provides dynamic control over a range of parameters. The adaptable electric vehicle can provide optimum performance by dynamically adapting its control system to changes in the user's wheel, mechanical operating conditions, and mechanical operating parameters. Isolation of the adaptive horse far-reaching + a ^ ^, the main electromagnetic circuit allows the effective control of the motor parameters more independent than in the existing motor. This allows for more freedom to optimize. These results are adaptive motors and generators that are cheaper, smaller, lighter, more powerful, and more efficient than conventional designs. To improve energy efficiency, the adaptive motor control system adapts almost instantaneously to the operating conditions of the tuned electric vehicle, including starting, accelerating, turning, braking and high-speed patrol. To improve motion control, the motor and central controller of the tunable electric vehicle can directly and almost instantaneously adapt the movement of the wheels to changes in road conditions or driver input. The adaptive controller also improves the operation of the adaptive electric motor to reduce noise, vibration and harsh screams ("NVHj", eliminate or reduce the perceived hum, control load peaks, and provide fail-safe operation. Control can be used to compensate for changes in motor operation due to wear and tear, and to reduce torque ripple and other poor motor characteristics. The software-based nature of the adaptive controller allows the car designer to enjoy a great deal of freedom. It can be completely customized for its car - unique = bad ^ feeling and develop multiple functions based on its own intellectual property rights. 98191.doc -69- 1281892 ^ The body code reflects the difference, and the difference often requires a plurality of software 2 . This situation allows for faster development than ever before, and the transition time is short, allowing for faster response to changing market conditions without the need to replace software. This advantage enables rapid development of real-time control programs and is cost effective in product development and manufacturing. Yu: The top-performing electric motor control technology may affect the entire design: car-like methods and technologies. The adaptive control (4) system enables full electric and electronic control of the π car. / Yes, the control can be implemented in the software, so there is no need to replace any software and JT modifies the basic control algorithm by loading new or upgraded software. If necessary, this can be done remotely (for example via the Internet). In addition, fault detection and repair can be performed remotely in some cases. The centralized electronic control system and its propulsion system for hunting/flying vehicles report easy to phase-to-end endless fixed equipment design opportunities. Such opportunities include collection control, route stylization, patrol control, vehicle self-flight, accidents: dryness, discovery of lost and stolen vehicles, ability to provide services, power to the car: or accompanying wireless repairs and Upgrade, future software upgrades for cars, etc.调 The adaptive electronic control of the entire car provides the opportunity to use the per-wheel: control of the rotating force mechanism to control the lateral dynamic drive of the chassis and other electronic control schemes to replace the mechanical linkage. This solution allows the control system to extend throughout the adapted electric vehicle. Adapted electric vehicles make it possible to use the "Insert" component. The petrol car must be built around a 推进 propulsion system, and the strong-powered petrol is smashed: The example of an adapted electric vehicle, as shown by ^, may be broken into a connected 98191.doc -70- 1281892 but more independent component. To this extent, a gasoline car is similar to a host computer, and an adapted electric vehicle is similar to a distributed network. Just like a host computer, all components of a gasoline vehicle must be self-contained components that are assembled and operated by the car manufacturer. As with distributed networks, adaptable electric vehicles allow for the assembly of equipment from a number of different manufacturers that are based on general standards. It is conceivable that with the adaptable electric vehicle shown in Figure 1, the car dealer can assemble components from several manufacturers and the car to meet the customer's order requirements. The wheel and its motor may be manufactured by a manufacturer, the gasoline engine/generator/fuel tank module is manufactured by another manufacturer, and the "user interface" combines steering, braking and acceleration control in a third manufacturer. In a joystick, the chassis is manufactured by a fourth manufacturer, and so on. Several standards are required to make such "insert" assemblies workable. The Automobile Industry Association now publishes and develops standards. Standards have always been one way to improve reliability while reducing costs and time to market, and the automotive industry is building new, generally consistent standards, even if they run counter to their historical legacy. There are now two or three guilds on the interface. There is a guild that is related to the Controller Area Network (CAN), which is widely accepted in Europe and is gradually becoming an accepted in-vehicle network. However, the bus is not 1 疋 because the delay is not guaranteed. As a result, automakers are turning to TTP or FlexRay. In fact, both are time-touched, in which the action k is actuated at a well-defined time according to the priority schedule, and the motor and all other network nodes are activated according to the 98191.doc 71 1281892 pulse. Has a shared time reference. Other guilds have proposed bus design schemes, agreements and software such as 0SEK (instant lighting for engine control unit software), media guidance system transmission (m〇st) and [Line] surroundings. Many car companies follow these specifications issued by the guild, but some companies have added their own components. - Single - cars may use many specifications at the same time. For example, Letter 745i uses most buses for infotainment transmission; various high-speed, low-speed and fault-tolerant (10) buses for various control applications; and BMW-owned ByteFlight high-speed buses (which evolved into f(four) states, which are used to control Safety airbags and their (4) system to ensure the safety of car riders 0 Another guild's US Automotive Research Council (10) Sosfair, Saskatchewan is helping manufacturers make connectors such as connectors, control panel bulbs, cigarette lighter sockets Standardization of parts such as (currently used as a power outlet), and efforts to standardize implementation in electronic brakes. Further, the standard reduces the risk of liability of the manufacturer in the event of a problem. 敕=1吏DEK (and indeed better) will replace all parts of the tuned electric vehicle with the general control of the software. 'This architecture allows the use of "insert" ::: for cars. This has the potential to bring to the automotive industry. Huge and positive::: ": Broadcasting the possibility of fittings" As discussed above, steam == its car, can only replace the whole vehicle by - upgrade - or several modules Here, the move is similar to the monk 98l91.doc -72- 1281892 Just as it is possible to upgrade ^ ^ | and hard disk in a personal computer, it is possible to upgrade the wheel motors in an adaptable electric vehicle. 盥, , and ^ ^ Compared to electric vehicles with Η oil trucks or without hub motors, the upgrade may require some changes to the body, but this change will be much earlier. This will also allow the replacement of the car owner (four) fly It is not necessary to replace the chassis. In the United States, in addition to the models that can be collected, the car market with a longer age is smaller. Although the adaptive electric vehicle reduces the maintenance cost of the above-mentioned car. This may change the situation, but people are more likely to always want to upgrade their cars every few years. Because of the adaptation of the thunder fish and the female "Jade Electric Drought" has the possibility of "insertion", this upgrade can be effectively carried out, only It is necessary to replace the part of the car to get the "new car" and the cost and waste are much less. The electric vehicle can use the complex (four) and the silk electronic energy system. The total energy management system can be as much as possible. Have The way to use the often limited energy available in electric vehicles. Some gasoline vehicle systems (like electric fuel injection) operate in exactly the same way. But 'electric vehicles can use the heat to perform the different method, this algorithm is It is not available in gasoline vehicles. The gasoline engine of these gasoline vehicles is much more difficult to control than electric motors. The general microprocessor control system uses a series of inputs from the sensor to measure the battery, motor, vehicle and surrounding conditions. This information is combined with the inputs required by the driver from the brakes, steering, accelerators and various available switch controllers. The control system then produces the appropriate output to continuously control the motor torque and speed, the transmission ratio (its t use) Variable transmission between the motor and the drive wheel 98191.doc -73 - 1281892), regenerative braking, external lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning. It also controls battery recharging and other tasks when needed. By (4), compared with the existing system (4), the total energy control implemented by the central (four) device includes many more parameters' and provides many more opportunities because of the t-type. By adapting the electric vehicle, Each of the electromagnetic circuits in each motor can be effectively and independently controlled to optimize each energy transfer to minimize energy conversion. The parent-critical target increases the number of variables that control the operation of the vehicle, but = The method makes each variable have a considerable effect on the mechanical operation.: The motor in a conventional electric vehicle quickly increases the number of variables so that the return =, because changing the variable starts to produce a small (3) yes) predictable Under::, # Adapted electric motor in the adaptable electric vehicle, the circuit can be independent and eliminate the interference between the circuits. : The phase operation of the motor is precisely controlled. = the number of variables that can be meaningfully controlled. Similarly, the private pools and other systems may expand. Workers have a large number of variables (after each key purpose, can... Fruit) of this Huai 4 4 κ many advantages of the electric car is now adapting. Can achieve the purpose of 'defense' (for example, to provide the required speed or torque to expand the standard control purposes. /,,,, after the κBei and although there are still trade-offs, but now also include: Car η- performance purpose. These goals, maximize the itch process, maximize the efficiency of the motor as a function of change, reduce the sound produced by the motor and mechanical / electromagnetic 98191.doc -74- 1281892 noise, Shorten the battery recharge time. Optimize the current demand of the power supply. The torque ripple and the system make the total energy management strategy effective by tightly integrating the adaptive electric vehicle. The ground produces a peak JL, L, which makes the power, efficiency and new process increase without the need for expensive new hardware. The second motor car can match or exceed the performance of the gasoline car at a reasonable price; It can be successful in the industry. Electric power can't do this. Since the invention of the electric car, no one has been able to create a motor that is small enough, cheap enough, and reluctant to reliably and efficiently push the cart. Architecture. j In the early days of the car, both the petrol and the electric car were quite simple. The electric car was superior to the earlier gasoline car in many aspects of the bucket. However, by 1912, the petrol car began to become the dominant market - the banquet] Wang Xinqi The status of the main singer has never been weakened and has never been challenged. The new sleek structure - small, light, economical and powerful _ possible = 2 pool technology, fuel cell and / or hybrid system development combined Electric propulsion has become a reality in business. Today's technology turns the car powered by a fuel cell on the road into an electric motor that gives it power and performance that rivals that of a gasoline car. The 'purchase and maintenance of this car is very expensive. If it is technically broken, this fuel cell/electric motor technology cannot provide a viable alternative to a gasoline engine. But 'using today's available technology can be a competitive cost. Manufacture of adaptable electric vehicles. Adapted electric vehicles, such as the example shown in Figure 1, are available using the 98191.doc -75- 1281892 adaptive motor and generator technology (and Exceeding the power, efficiency and competition of the top two gasoline vehicles competing for oil trucks. 丨 取 取 取 仃 仃 仃 仃 仃 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : In some respects, adaptable electric vehicles, like computer-like, may have many electronic components in lightweight cases. There is no heavy steel '· no need for rust belt factories. It can be assembled anywhere in the country. Replace central production The department of the factory may have a local-line base. The basin responds to regional market fluctuations much faster and actually uses "instant": the philosophy of stacking - on-demand parts, no stock accumulation. In the development of electronic technology such = This method may be more convenient; it may be critical to the survival of the manufacturer. Not only is it easier to assemble an adaptable electric vehicle, but the adaptive electric motor is also easier to assemble than a conventional electric motor. . In adaptable electric motors: 'Every-electromagnetic circuit exists as a separate module. These modules can be manufactured and tested before the wheat. Each module may be individually wrapped with its copper wire. Low cost can be achieved by manufacturing, testing, winding and assembling module by module. . The low cost of the motor system of the electric vehicle is derived from various factors. First, the flexibility of the architecture allows for the use of scalable general components. Each electromagnetic circuit may be a separate component rather than a single stator assembly. This simplifies the manufacture of castings, forgings and metal powders and reduces costs. In addition, the low system voltage of the motor - less than 5 volts - allows the use of cheaper components, such as M 〇 SFE but not IGBT, and can be easily fabricated 9819i.doc -76 - 1281892 'Because of wire specifications smaller. The topology of the adaptive electric motor can be designed to minimize the length of the rail flux path. This reduces core losses (hysteresis effects and eddy current losses). There is no eddy current loss in the permanent magnet associated with the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet. The use of permanent magnets in the rotor also helps to reduce losses with the iron flux path = off. In addition, since the permanent magnet generates magnetic flux, the torque-to-weight ratio of the permanent magnet rotor motor is higher than the torque-to-weight ratio of its iron rotor counterpart. ^ In the adaptive motor, the A-Mao Lingzhi flow is eliminated, so that most of the iron used in the conventional stator path can be eliminated together. The tunable motor architecture also provides flux path isolation of the electromagnetic circuit, thereby significantly reducing the inductor inductance and associated losses from the coil to the coil. This Tongli road isolation structure also allows for a great deal of freedom in the choice of control strategy. Because of their light weight and high efficiency, these motors are ideal for electricity. With the development of gasoline vehicles, gasoline vehicles have become very complicated. Since the engine has become larger and more powerful, the number of engine subsystems and the size of the engine have increased. For gasoline engines, other vehicle systems, such as transmissions, are needed. This procedure can be used for a simpler architecture of the adapted electric vehicle (as shown in the example in Figure 1). Adapted pure electric or series hybrid vehicles can eliminate the..., drive shaft, universal joint and transfer case. This saves a lot of weight and cost. Other 98191.doc -77- 1281892 systems will still be required in the series hybrid adaptive electric vehicle shown in Figure 1. These systems include batteries, generators, petrol engines, brakes, exhaust and other systems. However, these systems (with the exception of possible batteries) can be reduced in size. Thereby reducing weight, reducing cost and complexity. The 5-week-fit electric vehicle can perform multiple functions without the extra system required for a petrol vehicle. For example, systems such as anti-lock braking, traction control, power steering: all-wheel drive may be complicated or made redundant. It is potentially possible to reduce the moving parts in the power mechanism to a few bearings. In addition to weight and cost savings, 'adaptive electric vehicles can save space by eliminating, downsizing and "repackaging" the vehicle system. Elimination of the center drive motor and transmission system (including the transmission, differential, universal joint head and drive shaft) allows for more space in the battery and positioning of the gasoline engine/generator module. Between the savings and the positioning of the system (other than the hub-type motors) in the vehicle: the ability to flexibly position important masses to improve the weight distribution. This also allows for improved design of the area and allows for positioning and activity outside of (4), as well as the ability to provide a more comfortable and open interior (for example by lowering the underbody). Specifically, in the gasoline vehicle of the wheel of the adapted electric vehicle, there is a silencer, a pass, and a pass. Use this space to accommodate the space::: The space occupied by the reinforced frame and the power knife for the car: the battery-area, the available area of the central controller. ...he objects - significantly increase the storage capacity of the battery and other components in the car. If the heaviest components and the batteries, the frame structure may often serve as a dual function to reduce the weight of the body. 98l9l.doc -78- 1281892 is located under the car', then the center of gravity will be lowered to make the car stable. The center of gravity can be 2/3 lower than the center of gravity in a conventional car. The size of the shirt, his system, and the size of the system. The "wire" technology replaces traditional mechanical linkages including accelerators, and even steerings with electronic control systems that can be placed almost anywhere in the vehicle. This effective technology is expected to open up valuable fixed space μ in automotive design, which was once occupied by fixed hardware. The results of it? Create cars that are lighter in weight, more space-rich, more powerful, more fuel-efficient, longer-stroke, longer traction control, more reliable, and more powerful, with the cost of a single brother. For the first time, adaptable electric vehicles offer better performance than gasoline vehicles at competitive prices. In battery electric vehicles, the weight and size of these batteries and other subsystems may cause a "vicious circle" of weight increase. Stronger and therefore heavier structural components must be used to bolster the weight of the battery in the set and provide adequate impact protection. As a rough empirical method, Dan. For the weight of the mother's one kilogram subsystem outside the jaw, a structural weight of at least 0.3 kg must be added. The example shown in Figure 1 adjusts the power of two ,% to reduce the number of components required in the car (there is a total elimination of some systems, such as the weight of these components. This causes the number of heavy ^^") And the "vicious circle" of the cow's W lifting, using lighter structural components. This rough empirical method is reversed, and up to G.3 kg of structural weight can be removed for every kilogram of the removal of the sub-system. The electric motor has been proven to be in the passengers of the passengers. It is very reliable in the industrial application of the midnight. The large fixed motor of the electric horse is used for fault detection. The electric motor is used in the industry. The ring 98191.doc -79- 1281892 % very different work ring thousand, brother in the upcoming hybrid band UAL JU ± battery electric and pure electric vehicle ^ mouth "moving, fuel 舲 U Li 7 account, Α Ύ W electric motor as the background of the field of fault detection will receive 4 major concerns. A's motor-adapted electric motor provides independent and early detection and fault tolerance operation through the adaptive motor. < soil sentence transport T independent power ^ ^ ^ controller can detect and isolate the fault as low as the electromagnetic ψ _ Α motor controller and the central _ _ circuit level. Μ::Number '“ Τ 'When needed, the electromechanical machine may not be able to operate with its capacity of the total electromagnetic circuit capacity. Therefore, = not ^ detected this situation. Wood can be detected by a controller The central controller has a number of adjustments to the electromagnetic circuit, and expands the f0, the member can remove the entire motor and can load the load. Or, the load. #骑骑骑 other torque of the motor in either case, The driver of the car can "repair. In the grass, the FT will return to the 豕" until it can be smashed in June and February, the impact of the fault is not even worthy of a mistake. Less _ because the adaptive electric vehicle refuses to move and = reliable, and the possibility of emergence. The dilemma of the adaptable electric vehicle has an independent volute motor..., the vehicle has a fault, an accident or even (in the military vehicle auxiliary = or f his external protection. Even if one or more motors become Not available: Weekly) The sniper or other vehicle can also compensate for this and follow the type electric damage. Even if the performance is affected by 98191.dc, -80 * 1281892" electric vehicles make regenerative braking more effective. The nature of the adaptive electric motor makes it easy to control, and its architecture makes it a highly efficient generator and motor. Similarly, an adaptive control system for an adaptive motor can handle complex control schemes. In the case of a circuit breaker or other simple control system, the braking may be more complicated, and the maturity of the adaptive control system greatly reduces the challenge of regenerative braking. ^ After the regenerative braking may generate a lot of power. When the car is stopped from 6〇 _ ==, it may generate as much as 2_. Standard batteries cannot be quickly recharged at this level. An adaptable electric vehicle with one of the appropriate batteries is capable of handling 70% of the energy generated by regenerative braking.盥 Many cars can only store about 5 after braking. In contrast to this, the point can be stored with approximately 5/° of power and the remaining power is consumed. When the electric vehicle is equipped with one battery pack per wheel, as shown in the figure ’, it must be made by each battery. Flowing in and out of this private/low current means that the battery will last longer. The adaptable electric car can be used in other ways to recharge the current into four separate _ also scoop this. For example, regenerative braking is more effective when the battery pack _ * is all-in-one. The high power and high voltage of the compliant electric vehicle can get better electricity, and the &&&&&& ^ -Children,, and mouth structure also enable the pool technology, simplify the battery and fuel of two arsenic beta depletion Electrically specific 4 also with fuel cell management and a wider range of packaging options. . Thus, the low voltage motor system of the present invention provides higher performance. The first spring, the power battery can be 100 first, and the fewer series of batteries provide better 98191.doc -81 - 1281892 1 · Forty-type four-wheel independent drive motor " Xian 4 and other four-wheel independent drive motor . This example has four independent drive tails; ♦ . ^ ... up to but other examples of adaptable electric vehicles may have two hub motors, -+ ^ ^ one or four wheel motors or one of the wheels Or multiple T motors. Preferably, the motors will be driven directly, but when more peak torque is required, gears may be used, in particular fixed ratio gears. Planetary gears can be used even in a wheel-to-wheel type motor, resulting in a higher peak torque with a smaller motor. “In this example, each motor is rated for each electromagnetic circuit 17 peak force, 2600 Nm peak torque, 42 v system voltage, and a peak value less than 3〇A. The female motor white has an effective mass of approximately 3 〇kg. Preferably, each of the four-wheel independent drive motors has the same configuration, thereby allowing the motors to be standardized and interchangeable. Figure 6 shows one of the distributed in an adapted electric vehicle. One of the examples of the adaptive motor is a block concept diagram. As shown in the figure, the operation of each "phase" or electromagnetic circuit of the motor is not related to other phases. All of these phases are controlled by the controller. μ In this Figure 6, each phase has an independent power signal generator and energy converter, all of which are combined to produce mechanical power. Isolating each phase in this manner substantially eliminates electromagnetic and electrical interference between the circuits. % The example of an adapted electric vehicle shown in Figure 1 does not have a separate power supply for each phase of each motor. In this figure, there is only one battery per motor. Moreover, as explained below, each set of power electronic components (signal generators 98191.doc -83 - 1281892 are powered by three phases. Therefore, one for the four phase manganese officer is a little weaker and the mother-phase independent The performance is still higher than that of the conventional motor. The rotation around the stator in the secondary motor shows the general configuration of the adaptive rotor in this example. 1. The rotor in this example 'the rotor has two The belt, each belt is composed of a permanent magnet, and the two belts are arranged side by side along a back ring. Moreover, the car π does not use a permanent magnet, but may be right Lu, 此j. The wound electromagnetic poles are weakened by increasing the magnetic flux and/or the 4 assisting magnetic field. (4) The two belts each consisting of 18 permanent magnets have equidistant spacing along the air gap and adhere to a non-magnetic circular shape. a magnet of the backing plate. The magnetic polarity of the magnets in each belt alternates from north to south around the belt. The belts are placed side by side along the backing plate. The magnetic polarity of the magnets of each belt is offset in a belt. The Arctic is placed on another belt Beside the south pole, and vice versa, the magnetic polarity of each of the magnets is successfully alternating. The magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet of the rotor can be enhanced by adding a magnetically permeable element (not shown). The components are mounted on the back of the rotor permanent magnet. The number of rotor magnets is only for this example. This number can be varied. For example, a smaller number of magnets spaced a greater distance may produce different torque and/or speed characteristics. The choice of which permanent magnet to use generally means a better performance in exchange for the low cost of the father. In this example, the permanent magnet system generally has a Bhmax or 98191.doc -84 - 1281892 238 to 398 kJ/m. NdFeB (鈥, iron,) permanent magnets of a series of energy products between 3 (3〇 to 5〇MG〇e). Forming a magnet in a circular section with a square cross section and a tapered edge may help Unnecessary magnetic flux intersections and interference minimization. The magnets can be magnetized (4) to provide a strong magnetic dipole perpendicular to the plane of the backplane for each segment of the rotor. The backplane can be !S or other non- Magnetic permeability The backing plate may form part of the electromechanical outer casing to which the side wall is attached. 2. The stator In this example, the stator has 15 electromagnetic pairs, each pair being round-round The middle μ loop is arranged longitudinally. Each electromagnetic pair is a j-shaped electromagnetic core, and the “U” shaped two straight brackets are wound with copper wires to serve as electromagnetic poles. II is switched by power electronic components. To form an alternating electromagnetic field that forces the rotor to rotate. The complex three-dimensional shape of the electromagnetic core can be used in the motor to improve performance. To form the shape more easily, in contrast to the laminated electrical steel, it can be soft magnetic A composite ("SMC") powder alloy or alloy sintered powder material ("SPM") is used to make these electromagnetic cores. . These SMC and SPM alloys are present in novel isotropic powder matrices. Each of the particles in the powder matrix is insulated from other particles by a resin adhesive or an oxide layer. This makes it extremely high compared to the best w-saki: blocking cattle (two thousand to 40 to 5 〇 one melon cm). It also has a very low eddy current loss at the corresponding frequency and magnetic flux of 4 degrees. 9819l.doc -85 - 1281892 These SMC and SPM alloys allow for a strict geometric constraint and the required electromagnetic specificity of the three-dimensional shape, which may significantly alleviate the stators of the four (4) hard miscellaneous. Further, and making it easy to manufacture In this example, each of the adaptive motors - the number of independent mechanical parameters that the electromagnetic circuit or 匕 has been sufficiently separated from each of the other electromagnetic circuits, / white control. U “This move can increase the effective response of the electrical control to control and optimization. The 3rd and electromagnetic interference between the two roads. This move may increase the change and motivation. In addition, each-electromagnetic circuit is combined with other Each circuit in the electromagnetic circuit is in a configuration, and/or electromagnetically separated, which can receive a separate control signal from the motor controller, thereby controlling the electromagnetic flow in each 'group of electromagnetic circuits with: The electromagnetic flow is irrelevant. It may allow control of each electromagnetic packet or phase without being related to each of the other phases. As a separate electromagnetic circuit, each "phase" of the motor can be driven independently. However, in order to minimize the complexity of the system and reduce the number of required power components, the 15 phases of the motor in this example are divided into five, and each group has two "phases". Figure 4 shows this situation. b. Power Electronic Components As is well known in the art, electronic switches power up the motor windings in this example. Figure 5 shows a partial circuit diagram of a switch block and driver for a different stator winding. The four m〇SFets acting as a switch group are connected to each of the stator windings in a bridge circuit. A MOSFET type bridge (e.g., International Rectifier 1 RFIZ48N-ND) can be used as an electronic switch block. 98191.doc -86- 1281892 MOSFET bridge circuits allow the formation of voltage and current for energizing these stator windings. This can be done by pulse width modulation, one of the techniques well known in the art. A digital signal processor (DSP) or other micro-processing state generates the control signal to drive the MOSFETs. The bridge circuit used for pulse width modulation may be a full or half bridged packet. A four-to-four MOSFET switch set is shown here, but various known electronic switching elements can be used to provide the drive current in the appropriate direction to the stator windings. - The example (shown in Figure 4) has five sets of power electronics, each driving three separate windings. The number of power electronic component groups used for the motor of the 15 sub-poles may also be 15 groups, or a system. Any number of factors of five "and - the most independent parameter of the slaves" but may also be the most expensive fifteen sets of power electronic components (as shown in Figure 4) may be cost and complexity - aspects and best Another good compromise between the other aspects of the ability is as shown in Figure 3. The control signal from the controller controls the m〇sfet idler driver, and the MOSFET gate is resilience crying, bin r ^ no The driving state, in turn, drives the MOSFET switch bank. The MOSFET switch group transmits drive current from the power supply through the stator winding in the direction of the appropriate field. Figure 5 shows a switching circuit for each set of stator windings 1. The motor control uses pulse width modulation to change the Thunder 传送 transmitted through each of the 疋子疋子绕组

The number of voltages. Therefore, by changing, the amount of the thunder and the amount of voltage transmitted by the L Tianqiao braid winding and the direction of the current are turned to the motor. Waves can also increase the number of power electronics groups. The number of currents to be disposed of by the parent switch group is 98i91.doc -87- 1281892. For example, if 15 sets of power electronics are used instead of five, the amount of current that needs to be disposed of by each group is reduced by two-thirds. c. Motor Controller The motor controller controls the amount and direction of current delivered from the power source to the stator windings. This control is performed by controlling the gate drivers based on inputs from current sensors, a rotor position sensor, and a speed approximator. Figure 8 shows an example of one of the motor controllers. In this example, the controller is the Texas Instruments digital signal processor TMS320LF2407APG. The controller also requires memory to store current to drive contours, other data, and programs. In this example, the drive has four memories. To question performance, the motor controller can dynamically adapt the torque/speed/efficiency characteristics of the motor to the characteristics of the motor. With the parameter-drive input, the sensor input for each motor system, and the sensor input-change for the vehicle, the operation of the motor can be changed to accommodate the changes. Most adaptive control systems can be optimized to balance the following: • Functional requirements • Performance quality • System efficiency • System security • Fault tolerance = The distributed architecture of the adaptive electric motor allows for circuit independence while enabling ^ and Power requirements, component complexity, and software complexity were balanced by 98191.doc -88 - 1281892. These control priorities can be adapted to optimize performance based on such user inputs and environmental, motor or system conditions. For example, if the car requires high torque from a stagnation start to climb at a low speed, then the motor control ϋ is adapted to provide this function. The motor controller provides this capability if the car requires high torque to traverse the highway at 7G mph. As another example, the motor controller can use a sinusoidal waveform profile to extend battery life through its more efficient operation. However, in most cases of h, the % source jaw setting is for a maximum current discharge rate. If the motor controller receives one of the control inputs requiring maximum current draw, the condition τ of the motor output in the sinusoidal waveform profile may be limited to a relatively low torque. / The motor control - determines that the motor needs to produce a sinusoidal waveform rim. ^ The supplier can switch to a square wave wheel. The square wave profile will produce more torque than the square wave without exceeding the maximum rating of the power supply. However, the power loss will increase to about Qing. , which greatly reduces efficiency. Various algorithms can be implemented in the motor controller to obtain optimal junctions such as 'adaptive electric motors' - motor controllers can be used - two phase schemes to cope with the problem of high speed accumulation caused by back electromotive force (EMF) . Typically, the motor controller is selected (4) by means of a conditional and mechanical operating parameter corresponding to the user input.

Optimize the performance of the motor. To implement this, the device uses a variety of (four) algorithms, including the above mentioned "torque / efficiency best Z 98I91.doc -89 - 1281892 and phase advance algorithm. At least three types of algorithms can be thought of. A-oriented algorithm. Here, 'controllable to optimize performance at a given speed and torque. The above-mentioned tactics and phase advance algorithm belong to this category. Rate other algorithms May include measures designed to suppress vibration or to deal with other disposal problems that may be caused by bumps or other irregularities that can be used to offset, at least to some extent, the effects of unsprung mass in the car 2 Compared with the case of the conventional wheel system, the β1 wheel has a better road based on the dynamic suppression of the software. = Can = make the car more comfortable. It is safe and comfortable. It can provide advantages over traditional electric vehicles of early motors and even better than gasoline vehicles. Secondly, it is a work-oriented algorithm around faults. Here, 'recalculate controllable according to specific fault information. The number of tables is wide and sturdy - given the speed torque (4). It can also make other required performance (4) to the extent possible. For example, 'the central controller can operate around the fault. Adaptation motor Each of the "phase" or "electromagnetic circuit" can be independent. In this case, the far central controller or motor controller can compensate for one phase that becomes inoperable. The motor is operated, but the number of revolutions is increased, the joint is increased, and the torque is reduced. This fault tolerance alone may be superior to one of the other motor designs. However, with proper algorithm, the controller can even compensate for these faults, reduce torque ripple and joints and increase torque from other phases to 98191.doc -90- 1281892 to maintain the torque. . An algorithm that adjusts to handle manufacturing tolerances and wear. The %:;夂糸f is conditional, that is, every part of the motor, although made by m, can also deviate from the specification. These algorithms can be corrected for such deviations and deviations caused by wear. Since η must be subjected to specific motor performance, it is possible that a good system is implemented in the motor controller rather than in the central controller. However, it can be implemented in either of these two locations. The motor controller must also be able to control the motor as a generator when it performs regenerative braking. This versatile architecture of the hub-type motor helps regenerative braking. d. Control and Sensor Inputs In this example, the control input to the motor controller is from a central controller. In other examples, the control wheeling may come from user input or its: source. Based on the control and sensor inputs, the motor controller generates a current profile to drive the stator windings. Each motor in this example needs to have its own absolute angular position sensing. This may be based on any of several techniques, such as optics, inductance, capacitance, or magnetism. It is also possible to perform other sensing for each motor system. As shown in Figure 7, multiple parameters can be sensed, such as wheel slip, battery current, battery temperature, power pack element temperature, motor temperature, wheel rotation, and fault. Information from such sensors may arrive at the motor controller or the central controller. It is also possible to subscribe to the sensing of the vehicle. These parameters may include vehicle speeds of 98191.doc -91 - 1281892 degrees, acceleration, internal air temperature, outside air temperature, and three-dimensional positioning (eg, yaw guessing). Driver input may include braking, steering, acceleration, and switching controls. With the adaptive electric vehicle in this example, the "user interface" for obtaining driver input may be an electronic connection rather than a mechanical connection. This allows the use of various user interface devices - mouse, joystick or even voice commands - to replace conventional steering wheels, brakes and accelerators. e · Cooling Right to draw maximum power from an electric motor, it is necessary to provide cooling of the windings on the stator and rotor, as well as other cooling that may be incorporated into the design of the motor (such as permanent magnets). Depending on the motor type, size and load cycle, this cooling can be provided via air or a liquid coolant system. For an electric vehicle motor, it can be cooled by air, oil or water. The Engineering Cooling Department is the method used in most low-cost motors. If air cooling is to be effective, a conduit must be provided to allow the cooling air to reach such components (e.g., stator windings) that dissipate most of the heat. However, the conduit indicates that the motor is actually larger than the actual motor J in other ways, so there is a trade-off between improving cooling, increasing motor size and weight. This situation makes it necessary to replace the air with water and oil. These liquids allow the hunting to be cooled more efficiently by smaller conduits and to make the motor lighter, smaller, and more specific. For water, do not touch the water for electrically active parts of the motor unless deionized water is used. This problem does not exist with oil and splash cooling. Here, the guides adjacent to the electrical windings can be safely used to cool the rotor and the stator. 9819l.doc -92- 1281892 If oil enters the air gap between the rotor and the stator, oil cooling may cause some malignant slowdown. The oil also has the advantage that the cooling function can be combined with the lubrication function, in particular in a propulsion system with an integrated motor and a gearbox. In the case of oil and water, a heat sink is sometimes required to remove heat from the cooling fluid. This heat can be used by the vehicle heating system. 2. Four Batteries In this example, each of the four-wheel independent drive motors has its own battery adjacent thereto. In this example, the t pool is used as a power source. More general, this power supply may be a battery, fuel cell, hair

Motor or any other source of electricity. The X ideal system, even if each motor's electromagnetic circuit has a 1-bit position /jj will have its own separate power supply. When the source of the Tianz Temple is not connected to each other, the connection between the source of the power and the line current between the package < In addition, this can basically be eliminated. Electrical interference between the envelopes. This is a motor controllability. In order to obtain the best battery performance, it should be like the instructions in the 呌兮癸 丄 寻 寻 寻 载 载 5 5 5 5 5 亥 亥 亥 亥 亥 亥 亥 亥 · 第 第 第 第 第 第 第 第 第 第 第 第 美国 美国 美国 美国 美国 美国 美国The column reeling machine goes to the younger brother, No. 5, 439, 488 ("To make the battery of the 丨 丨 人 ) ”), and the 5,667,907 ("electric vehicle to go") brother. Mouth Mine - ") and 6,265, 〇98 ("Unit 早, Early Pressure Vessel and Current Collector"). These batteries make the power faster. Helmets, the servants, and the 4th 运动 运动 运动 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂 乂These batteries are highly suitable for hybrid vehicles because they deliver higher power during the agricultural speed and are re-captured 98l9l.doc -93- 1281892 efficiently in the violent plus. . [...] Battery technology delivers high power and high energy in a single design by making a spiral winding stack rather than a cylindrical structure. The potentiometer j collector technology allows power to pass through the body of the winding unit directly from the early morning to the lower unit. Conventional batteries use smaller current collectors to allow power to pass between the units. 3 · Central controller In this example, the central controller performs management on all adaptive electric vehicle systems. This allows the use of the force in a possible (four) effective way: force, 'two by the central control|g and the motor controllers, which can dynamically adapt to various conditions during operation. As shown in Figure 7, the central controller utilizes a series of rounds from the sensor. The remote sensor inputs include separate sensors from each of the four-wheel independent drive motors and sensor inputs for the entire vehicle.中央 The central controller combines this information with the driver input received via the User Interface. In general, these driver inputs include brakes, steering, accelerators and various switch controls. The central controller can then combine the input and storage information based on knowledge. Such knowledge bases may include adaptation and optimization algorithms, stored drive profiles, vehicle specifications, and navigation information. Based on this entire information, the central controller is optimized for optimal performance. This requires a control signal to be transmitted to each of the motors of the equal-wheel motors to continuously control the motor torque. As a central controller, these motor controllers and other components, 98l91.doc -94- 1281892 can be used to achieve communication control, input / output force b back & loop and other necessary functions . These interfaces allow automotive designers to make a large number of customizations. The existing interface includes the Controller Area Network (CAN), which is widely used in Europe and is gradually becoming an in-vehicle network accepted by US manufacturers. ^疋’, public & car is indefinitely’ because its delay is not guaranteed. As a result, automakers are turning to Time Touch Protocol (TTP) or FlexRay. In fact, one is a time-touch architecture, and its actions are performed at a well-defined time according to the priority schedule, so that the actuator, motor and all other network nodes have a common time depending on their synchronization clock. reference. Other bus designs, agreements and soft environments are also available. These public/flying cars sigh. X. Agreements and software environments include OSEK (the German acronym for the immediate execution of engine control unit software), media guidance line transmission (M 0 s τ) and LUne (IS0 14230). A single car may use many specifications at the same time. The central controller can perform the "differential function" electronically, and in the gasoline vehicle, the "differential function" generally requires - mechanical differential. This differential function means that the power is split on the drive wheels. As the driving conditions change, e.g., when the car curve is bypassed, the necessary current can be fed to each of the wheeled motors to propel the wheel at the correct speed and torque. Since it has a four-wheel independent drive motor, each motor can accommodate zero-speed torque, it allows many functions that are not possible to perform in a gasoline or conventional electric vehicle. This motor system can perform other automotive functions that are not possible. This allows for the elimination of certain vehicle systems or the downsizing of certain vehicle systems. 98191.doc -95- 1281892 For example, the central controller can be used to provide improved anti-lock braking system, mechanism control and yaw stability control. The control of the wheel can be carefully applied with a lower coefficient of friction. Each wheel motor helps to brake the car and absorb the braking energy to extend the life of the brake pad and reduce the dust on the wheels. Other system functions can also be performed. The "Ramp Control" function can be implemented. It can make the off-road control more precise. A mechanical wheel lock function (like a transmission lock) can be implemented only by electronic brakes. Low speed torque steering can be produced by a differential hub torque. This allows power steering assistance and performs a yaw torque function with lower vehicle speed and lower friction factor. As mentioned previously, the central controller can control the torque and speed of each individual motor to provide improved traction control. Since each motor also has its own motor controller, the distributed control system and direct drive function provide independent wheel control for both acceleration and braking. This allows the well software to be easily integrated—four-wheel anti-lock braking system with direct traction and/or stability control. Each-wheel (four) _ electric motor allows instantaneous torque distribution for each wheel over the entire zero to maximum torque range. The wheels can also be reversed in different directions and moments. ‘This [moon shape allows many mature algorithms to improve vehicle performance. For example, the central controller may have an algorithm for shaking the tire from the snow ditch. The central controller may; the ^. After the movement until it senses that the wheels are sliding, then 98191.doc -96 - 1281892;; ============================================================================ The car can move forward without slipping. The central controller also controls and optimizes the power generated by the regenerative braking by the gasoline engine. In this case, the sub-method of the central controller can obtain the best recovery for the energy used in the city, and provide the regenerative service actuation, thereby extending the maximum travel and improving the overall efficiency. It controls all of the power flowing into and out of the batteries and monitors the battery current and temperature. The central controller can also be used to implement a "turn-by-wire" steering system. This relieves the need for a mechanical connection between a steering wheel and the wheel being turned. Because &, the designer can replace the steering wheel of the car with a control lever, mouse or pot. In this example, the 'navigation message can also be used by the central controller to process this information' to provide navigation instructions to the driver. The central controller also provides information to the driver instrument that displays speed, travel, fuel remaining, battery state of charge, and the like. The central controller will control external lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, defogging, deicing and seat heating. These systems currently require 12 V, but more and more designers recommend switching to a 42 V power supply for these systems, even in traditional cars. 4. Control and Sensor Inputs Figure 7 shows how the central controller receives various inputs, retrieves the necessary information (driving description, vehicle specifications, and navigation information) and produces the appropriate output. As shown in Figure 7, the central controller utilizes a series of wheels from the sensor 98i91.doc • 97- 1281892. The sensor inputs include separate sensors from the four-wheel independent drive motors and sensor wheels for the entire vehicle. The central control 2 combines this information with the driver input received via the "user interface". Typically, such driver inputs include brakes, steering, accelerators, and various switch controls. The central controller can then combine the inputs with the stored drive profiles, vehicle specifications, and navigation information. Based on this entire information, the central control is optimized for optimal performance. This requires the transmission of control signals to each of the hub-type motors to continuously control the motor torque and speed. For example, when the wheel is slipping, the speed of the rotating wheel changes rapidly. When a wheel is used, the wheel rotates quickly and out of control. When a wheel slips while braking, the wheel suddenly stops due to a wheel lock. Adapted Electric: These rapid changes in wheel speed can be easily sensed. Sensing these changes in wheel speed allows the motor and/or central controller to adapt to these changes, both dynamically and almost instantaneously. When the acceleration helps to move the car, the wheel is not allowed to rotate out of control. Also, the wheel is not allowed to lock when the brake car stops moving the car. X ^ 5 · Adapted generators "In the example, the power of the 5Hachite movement is from a gasoline engine/generator core, and the better system of the Hei generator has an adaptive architecture. This architecture allows it to end More efficient operation. The basic structure of the adaptive motor generator is the same as that of the adaptive electric motor outlined above. In this example, the adaptive generator has a "phase magnetic circuit, such as a". The "opper, bit" or electromagnetic circuit is sufficiently isolated to substantially eliminate electromagnetic and electrical interference between the circuits. " Package 1 Ding?夂丨J-like, the generator will be like a generator controller of one of the motor controllers. 6. Gasoline Engine % In this example, the gasoline engine does not provide power to move the vehicle. It only rotates the adapted generator to generate electricity. Preferably, a light gasoline oil between medium (four) and 15 horsepower that operates at a constant speed should be used. The gasoline engine is turned on and off by the central controller so that it is only operated when the batteries need to be charged. 7 · Fuel tank In this case, use a standard fuel tank that holds one of the ten plus life gasoline. Off: This detailed description of the tunable electric vehicle provides an example. There are many other examples. The invention should not be limited to this (4) or any other examples. Figure 1 shows an example of an adaptive electric vehicle - a block diagram. Figure 2 shows an adaptation. The structure of the electric vehicle. The basic entity of the dry motor is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows an adaptive electric vehicle - block diagram. Figure 4 shows an example of the power supply to an adaptable electric vehicle. One of the electronic components is a block diagram of one of the dry windings 卞 7L 。. Figure 5 shows an example of the switching circuit of the ---------- In one of the adjustments with a ^ r , . ^ motor car in the knife-type adaptive motor one of the consumption block diagram. Earth, built 98191.doc -99-

Claims (1)

1281892 1) Repair (more) Original Patent No. 093139548 Patent Application Replacement (Chinese March 1995) X. Application Patent Range: ^ An electric vehicle comprising: one or more electric motors and / Or a generator, wherein at least one motor and/or generator is an adapted electric machine comprising two or more electromagnetic circuits, the electromagnetic circuits being completely isolated to substantially eliminate electromagnetic and electrical interference between the circuits . 2. The electric vehicle of claim 1 having an internal combustion engine, a steam engine, or a turbine engine 'the engine is coupled to the motor generator and configured in series with the one or more of the electric motors Hybrid configuration / - the electric vehicle of the present invention, which has a fuel cell, the combustion unit or the plurality of electric motors - the electric vehicle configured as - the hybrid hybrid request item 1 There is an internal combustion engine, a thirsty wheel engine, and the engine is connected to the - or the plurality of electric motors; 2 An electric vehicle having - or a plurality of electric motors, wherein the torque/speed/efficiency characteristic of at least one of the electric motors is movably adapted to the vehicle's operating conditions to optimize vehicle performance. . ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, - Parallel or series hybrid configuration. 5 up 7 ● As requested in item 5 of the lightning φ O: \98\98191-950315.doc turbo engine, 兮: engine has an internal combustion engine, steam engine °H engine is connected to the - motor generator, and with the one 1281892 ----- Xu) 丨 丨 日 ( 更 更 更 更 ( ( ( ( ( ( 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该 该It includes a motor in each wheel of the vehicle: 9. Two: The motors all have their own motor controllers and power electronic components, "8 electric vehicles, each for each electric motor and have a pool. "Battery, 虿一, Μ · The electric vehicle of claim 8, which has: a battery for each electric motor, a steam bow, a full or full-wheel engine/generator module, and a battery Charging power, a user interface for obtaining from the driver of the vehicle and a: a central controller that controls the operation of the motor, battery and gasoline engine, m engine or full wheel engine/generator module u·; seed is driven by one or more electric motors - electricity The method of the vehicle, the steps comprising: m sensing or multiple driver inputs, sensor inputs (pinning each motor system) and/or sensor inputs (for vehicles), and allowing at least one motor The torque/speed/efficiency feature dynamically adapts to the change in the input or/or the sensor input. 98191-950315.doc -2- 1281892 Η^一,图: Patent Application No. 093139548 Chinese map replacement page (March 1995) 9819141ο