TWI281011B - Improved containers and methods for containing pressurized fluids using reinforced fibers and methods for making such containers - Google Patents

Abstract

Containers suitable for storing pressurized fluids at cryogenic temperatures of -62 DEG C (-80 DEG F) and colder are provided and comprise a self-supporting liner and load-bearing composite overwrap, whereby means are provided for substantially preventing failure of the container during temperature changes.

Description

1281011 (1) Description of the Invention [Technical Field] The present invention relates to an improved container and method for containing a pressurized fluid, and a method of manufacturing the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a container comprising a self-sustaining liner and a load-bearing composite coating disposed to substantially prevent the container from changing between ambient temperature and about -123 ° C (-190 ° F). Time rupture, and a method of using the container to contain a pressurized fluid, and a method of making the container. In some embodiments, the present invention relates to improved containers and methods for use in pressurized liquefied natural gas (PLNG) containers. [Prior Art] The following specification defines each vocabulary. For convenience, the lexicon of the present invention is directly received before the scope of the patent application. U.S. Patent No. 6,085,528 ("PLNG Patent") entitled "Improved System for Processing, Storing, and Transporting Liquefied Natural Gas" describes a container and a transport vessel for use in 1 03 5 kPa (150 psi a) to approximately 7590 kP a (1100 psi a) for a wide range of pressures and temperatures ranging from approximately -123 ° C (-190 ° F) to approximately - 62 ° C (_8 0 ° F) Storage and marine transportation of pressurized liquefied natural gas (PLNG). The container described in the PLNG patent is made from ultra high strength, low alloy steel which contains less than 9% by weight of nickel and has a tensile strength greater than 83 0 MPa (120 ksi), while DBTT (a measure of toughness, such as The dictionary is defined as less than approximately -73 ° C (-100 ° F). As discussed in the PLNT patent, at the preferred operating pressures and temperatures described therein, -6-1281011 (2) about 3 V2 by weight of nickel steel can be used in the coldest operating zone of the PLNG plant. Equipment, while the same equipment in the conventional LNG plant (β卩, a plant that produces LNG at atmospheric pressure and about -162 °C (-260 °F)) typically requires a relatively expensive 9 wt% nickel steel. It is preferred to use low alloy steels with appropriate strength and fracture toughness under the operating conditions of PLNG plants to construct piping and joint components (such as flanges, valves, and fittings), pressurized vessels, and other PLNG plants. Equipment to provide economic advantages over conventional LNG plants. U.S. Patent No. 6,212,891 ("Processing Module Patent") is entitled "Process Components, Containers, and Pipes Suitable For Containing and Transporting Cryogenic Temperature Fluids". Program components, containers, and tubing for containing and transporting cryogenic fluids. The program component patent particularly describes program components, vessels, and tubing that contain less than 9% by weight nickel and have a tensile strength above 83 0 MPa (120 ksi) and less than about -73 ° C ( -l〇〇°F) DBTT ultra high strength, low alloy steel construction. U.S. Patent No. 6,460,72 ("Unloaded Pad Container Patent") "Systems and Methods For Producing And Storing Pressurized Liquefied Natural Gas" describes containers and transportation The vessel is used for a wide range of pressures from about 1035 kPa (150 psia) to about 7590 kPa (1 100 psia) and a wide range of about -123 ° C (-190 ° F ) to about -62 乞 ( -80 ° F ) Storage and maritime transport of pressurized liquefied natural gas (PLNG) at temperatures. The container described in the non-load bearing liner container is constructed from (a) a carrier-type vessel made of a composite material suitable for 1281011 (3) to withstand about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about a pressure of 75 90 kPa (1100 psia) and a temperature of about -123 ° C (-190 T) to about -62 ° C (-80 ° F); and (b) a substantially non-loading liner in contact with the vessel, The liner provides a substantially impenetrable barrier to the pressurized liquefied natural gas. The PLNG patent and program component patents use ultra-high strength, low alloy steel as the subject of connection between the PLNG plant and the container for storing and transporting the PLNG. If the construction of the container using steel does not provide a commercial unit for storing and transporting PLNG on a ship on the sea, then the application of any steel in the plant is meaningless because there is no mechanism to commercially transport the PLNG generated by the plant. Conversely, while the use of steel in a PLNG plant is somewhat economical than the LNG operation, the most substantial economic advantage comes from the simplification of the plant (and subsequent cost reductions). Because of its relatively simple design, the PLNG plant is essentially less expensive than a conventional LNG plant of the same capacity. In addition, although the use of steel in PLNG conveyor systems is economical and indeed economical compared to conventional LNG operations, the weight of steel containers is greater than that of PLNG cargoes, resulting in a relatively low cargo load capacity performance factor (PF). The pressure (P) and the container weight (W) generated by the PF of the compressed fluid storage container versus the volume (V) of the container have the relationship of equation PF = PV/W. What is currently lacking in all-steel PLNG systems (ie, factory plus transport) is the combination of a low-cost, high-PF, container-based conveyor system for PLNG plants and operational PLNG. A pressurized vessel coated with a lightweight composite is constructed using high performance fibers that provide a high strength-to-weight ratio. This lightweight pressurizing vessel has been widely used in the aviation industry and in life-sustaining systems, such as emergency fire-fighting equipment used by professional firefighters, miners and rescuers to make 1281011 (4). These pressurized vessels are also used in medical applications and for carrying oxygen for flight crews and passengers. Seal et al. (U.S. Patent No. 5,82 2,8 3 8) describe two main techniques used in the design of the high pressure gas containment system. The most common first type of study uses thin metal liners (e.g., aluminum) that yield in the use cycle due to various pressure cycles resulting in fiber/composite strain above the yield strain of the liner. This condition typically limits the cycle life of the liner, thus limiting the cycle life of the pressurized vessel. In this study, the liner is unloaded; it does not carry structural loads, but only serves as a gas barrier for pressurized vessels. The liner is typically attached to the composite. In the second study, the liner was selected to have a higher elastic range relative to fiber strain during pressurization. This condition increases the life of the liner because the liner remains resilient between operating pressure cycles. The lining also needs to share the structural load and therefore has the characteristics of carrying. The composite is typically applied only in the circumferential direction because the liner needs to be thick enough to operate in the elastic range. Seal et al. prefer a titanium liner. U.S. Patent Nos. 5,577,630 (Blair et al.) and U.S. Patent No. 5,798,156 (Mitlitsky et al.), each of which are incorporated herein by reference. The use of such a composite-coated pressurized vessel at low temperatures is a problem because the gasket material and the composite material have a difference in CTE or thermal expansion S length or shrinkage. The typical enthalpy of CTE is about -5·6χ1 (Γ7 m/m/K (-1x1 0_6 in/in/°F) in carbon fiber composites and about 3.3xl0·6 m/m/K in glass fiber composites ( 6xl (T6 in/in/°F), and in the case of about 7·2χ10·6 m/m/K (13xl0·6 in/in/°F). When the typical composite is pressurized, 1281011 (5) is cooled by the vessel. At low temperatures, the liner (usually aluminum) tends to shrink more than the composite material', causing the liner to separate from the winding, causing premature failure. The novelty of the CTE problem is patented, for example, US Patent No. 4 , 8 3 5, 9 75 (Brook et al.), U.S. Patent No. 3,83,0,180 (Bolton), and U.S. Patent No. 4,073,400 (Brook et al.), for example, Windecker (U.S. Patent No. 4,8 3 5,975) No.) proposes the use of low carbon steel liners (CTE approximately 3·1χ1〇·6 m/m/K (5·5χ10·6 in/in/°F) and fiberglass composites with equivalent CTE to Avoid this problem. US Patent No. 3,8 3 0,180 ("Bolton") discusses the use of a double-walled composite cylindrical vessel structure to deliver general LNG at atmospheric pressure and at about -162 ° C (-260 °F) LNG at temperature. However, the bearing inner wall of Bolton's vessels is designed for a maximum pressure of about 0.34 to 0.41 MpA (50 to 60 psi), so Bolton vessels are not suitable for transporting and storing PLNG. In addition, 'Bolton did not discuss liner materials, only mention And the use of plastics, such as FRP tubing (fiber-reinforced plastic tubing), or other materials suitable for forming the inner and outer walls of the vessel "can withstand exposure and stress at low temperatures"; however, the use of FRP requires the use of gaskets because of FRP The resin will be slightly cracked at low temperatures and the product will be impermeable, as is well known to those skilled in the art. SG Ladkany, Advance in Cryogenic Engineering, Materials, Vol. 28 (Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Low Temperature Materials) ), San Diego, California, USA, "Aluminum-glass fiber epoxy resin pressurized vessels for transporting LNG at intermediate temperatures" published from August 10, 1981 to August 14, 1981 Design of pressurized container for transporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) under temperature and pressure conditions between critical conditions -10- 1281011 (6), 191K, 4.69 MPa (-116°F, 680 psi) Environmental conditions 106 K, 0.1 MPa (-268 ° F, 14.7 psi). The Ladkany design is a 47 mm (1.85 inch) thick aluminum vessel surrounded by a 17 mm (.67 inch) thick high strength fiberglass epoxy layer or a 51 mm (2 inch) thick drawn glass. The polyester coating was reinforced and strengthened for buckling by a perimeter frame placed at a spacing of 2.16 meters (7.1 inches). The reinforced frame is also used to structurally support and secure the self-standing vessel during transport and operation. The metal liner used for the circumferential frame winding of the pressure vessel thus requires buckling resistance, which increases design complexity and limits the size of the pressurized container. Ladkany chose to weld aluminum pressurization vessels to accommodate the intermediate temperature LNG. U.S. Patent No. 5,499,73 (Greist, III et al.) discusses the use of a thermoplastic liner made of a modified nylon 6 or nylon 11 material for use in pressurized vessels to control gas permeation and to allow for low temperatures. For operation, the stated low point is -40 ° C (-40 ° F). U.S. Patent No. 5,65,013 (Bees et al.) discusses fuel tanks used in vehicles for the containment and distribution of liquid and gaseous fuels, and it is suggested that a complete composite or fiberglass can be used in the construction. Reinforce the material. The liquid fuel discussed in this patent is a conventional liquid fuel at ambient temperature and pressure. Both Bees et al. and Mitlitsky et al. have proposed metal coated, polymer based liners which further increase the performance factor of the gutter/ware. However, the complexity of the metal deposition method and the method of manufacturing the liner and the resulting high cost make the tank/ware of Bees et al. and Mitlitsky et al. mainly suitable for the application of the largest toll container as the main object, therefore, the tank/ The low weight of the vessel is extremely important. U.S. Patent No. 5,69,5,8,9 (Yamada et al.) discusses a composite container having 1281011 (7) having gas barrier properties, wherein the materials used to construct the container have a laminated structure and materials A layer such as an aluminum foil is disposed or sandwiched in the laminated structure. However, none of the vessels discussed in these publications are designed to accommodate fluids at temperatures below -40 °C (-40 °F) and high pressures, such as the temperature and pressure of PLNG. Conventional liquefied natural gas ("LNG") is generally transported by sea at a temperature of about -162 ° C (-260 Torr) and at ambient pressure, using spherical or closed spherical grooves made of aluminum or steel for low temperature ( Often referred to as M〇Ss Ppheres). The use pressure of these ball slots is too low for PLNG. The use of conventional materials to design extremely large grooves suitable for the use of PLNG is faced with manufacturing challenges because it generally requires a very large material thickness. Containers for storing and transporting PLNG as described in PLNG are made from ultra high strength, low alloy steel. However, despite the high strength of the steel used to construct the PLNG container described in the PLNG patent, the weight of the containment system using such containers is relatively high for cargo, limiting vessel design via parameters such as draft and stability. . In addition, these containers are mostly cylindrical and have a small diameter relative to a typical Moss LNG container system, so it is often necessary to connect low temperature grade materials to a small number of containers to simplify loading and unloading. In addition, the configuration of the cylindrical container is susceptible to the geometric design of the vessel, affecting the segment coefficient, thus increasing the power demand and obstructing the view of the machine room. The coefficient of the ship segment used in the present invention is defined as V/(L)(B)(T), where V is the volume of the fluid placed by the ship, L is the length between the vertical lines of the ship, and B is the width of the ship. And the T system is the draft of the ship. The non-load bearing pad patent proposes an alternative containment system design based on a lightweight -12-1281011 (8) quality composite container with a non-load bearing pad. The lighter weight enhances the design of the vessel by removing weight-related limitations. However, the manufacturing complexity of a thin lining composite container limits the size and geometry of the container' thus increasing the complexity of the pipeline requirements and the impact on the pipeline geometry design. Despite the foregoing advances in technology, even though systems and methods for manufacturing and storing pressurized liquefied natural gas (PLNG) are provided, improved containers and methods for storing and transporting PLNG are preferred. Accordingly, the object of the present invention is to provide such an improved container and method. Other objects of the invention will be apparent from the description of the invention below. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment of the present invention, a container suitable for storing a pressurized fluid is provided, which is suitable for a pressure of from about 10 3 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 7 5 90 kPa (1 100 psia) and At a temperature of from about -123 ° C (-190 ° F) to about -62 ° C (-80 ° F), the container comprises: (a) a self-sustaining liner for which the self-sustaining liner is applied The fluid provides a substantially impermeable barrier; and (b) a carrier vessel in contact with the self-sustaining liner, the carrier being fabricated from a composite material and adapted to withstand from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 75 a pressure of 90 kPa (1 100 psia) and a temperature of about -123 ° C (-190 ° F ) to about -62 ° C (-80 ° F ), and the composite has a coefficient of thermal expansion, (i) substantial The coefficient of thermal expansion is the same as the self-sustaining pad at the self-sustaining pad interface, and (ii) the thickness across the carrier vessel gradually decreases as the distance from the interface increases. In one embodiment, the container of the container has a topmost layer of -13 - 1281011 (9) and the outer cover layer is constructed substantially of carbon fiber or a material that provides creep properties similar to those provided by carbon fibers. In another embodiment, the component (b) of the container is replaced by: (b) a carrier vessel in contact with the self-sustaining liner. The carrier vessel is made from a composite material and is adapted to withstand about 103 5 kPa (150 psia) to a pressure of about 7590 kPa (1100 psia) and a temperature of about -123 t (-190 °F) to about -62 ° C (-80 ° F), the composite material is included in the self-sustaining An intermediate material on the interface of the liner, wherein the intermediate material has suitable shear strength or strain to substantially prevent damage to the container when the temperature changes between ambient temperature and about -123 ° C ("90 ° F ). In another embodiment, the self-sustaining liner of the container is made of a material consisting essentially of aluminum and the element (b) is replaced by: (b) a carrier vessel in contact with the self-sustaining liner, The carrier vessel is made from a composite material and is adapted to withstand a pressure of from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 75 90 kPa (1100 psia) and from about -123 ° C (_190 ° F) to about -62 °. C (-80 °F), the composite material comprises fibers (1) carbon selected from the group consisting of (ii) glass, (iii) kevlar, (iv) aromatic polyamines, and v) Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. In another embodiment, the self-sustaining liner of the container is made of a material consisting essentially of steel having a yield strength of at least about 690 MPa (100 ksi), the substrate and the ductility in the heated zone after welding - The brittle transition temperature is less than about -62 °C (-80 °F), and element (b) is replaced by: (b) a carrier vessel in contact with the self-sustaining liner, the carrier being made from a composite material And suitable for withstanding a pressure of from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 7590 kPa (1100 psia) and a temperature of from about -123 ° C (-190 ° F) to about -62 t (-80 ° F), The composite material comprises fibers (i) carbon selected from the group consisting of (ii) glass, (iii) Kevlar-14-1281011 (10) kevlar, (iv) aromatic polyamines, and v) Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. In another embodiment of the invention, a pressure suitable for from about 1 03 5 kPa (15 0 psia) to about 75 90 kPa (1 100 psia) and from about -123 ° C ( _190 ° F ) to about -62 is provided. A container for pressurized liquefied natural gas at a temperature of °C (-80 °F), the container comprising: (a) a self-sustaining liner that provides a substantially impermeable barrier to the pressurized fluid And (b) a carrier vessel in contact with the self-sustaining liner, the carrier being made from a composite material and adapted to withstand from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 75 90 kPa (1 100 psia) Pressure and a temperature of from about -123 ° C (-190 ° F) to about -62 ° C (-80 ° F), and the composite material has substantially a self-sustaining gasket at the interface of the self-sustaining gasket The coefficient of thermal expansion is the same as the coefficient of thermal expansion. Also provided is a method of making a container suitable for a pressure of from about 1035 kPa (150 psia) to about 7590 kPa (1100 psia) and from about -123 °C (-190 °F) to about -62\: (-8 Storing a pressurized fluid at a temperature of 0 °F), the method comprising the steps of: (a) constructing a self-contained liner adapted to provide a substantially impermeable barrier to the pressurized fluid; and (b Covering the self-sustaining liner with a suitable composite material to form a carrier that is in contact with the self-sustaining liner that is adapted to withstand from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 75 90 kPa ( a pressure of 1100 psia) and a temperature of from about -123 ° C (-190 ° F) to about -62 ° C (-80 ° F), and the composite material has a coefficient of thermal expansion, (i) substantially The self-sustaining pad of the self-sustaining pad interface has the same coefficient of thermal expansion, and (ii) its thickness across the carrier vessel gradually decreases as the distance from the interface increases. In another embodiment, step (b) of the method is replaced by: (b) coating the self-sustaining liner with a composite material of appropriate -15-1281011 (11) to form a self-sustaining liner Contact carrier, the carrier is adapted to withstand a pressure of from about 1035 kPa (150 psia) to about 7 5 90 kPa (1100 psia) and from about -123 ° C (-190 T) to about -62 ° C (-80 ° F) the temperature, and the composite material comprises an intermediate material at the interface of the self-sustaining liner, wherein the intermediate material has suitable shear strength or strain to substantially prevent the container from being at ambient temperature and about -1 2 Damaged when changing between 3 °C (-1 90 °F). In another embodiment of the method, the self-sustaining liner of step (a) is made of a material consisting essentially of aluminum and the step (b) is replaced by: (b) using a suitable composite package Covering the self-contained liner to form a carrier vessel in contact with the self-sustaining liner, the carrier vessel being adapted to withstand a pressure of from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 75 90 kPa (1100 psia) and about _i23 From °C (-190 °F) to a temperature of about -62 °C (-80 °F), the composite material comprises fibers selected from the group consisting of (i) carbon, (ii) glass, (iii) Kevlar. (kevlar), (iv) aromatic polyamines, and (v) ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. In another embodiment of the method, the self-sustaining liner of step (a) is made of a material consisting essentially of steel having a yield strength of at least about 690 MPa (100 ksi), the substrate and the heat after welding. The ductile-brittle transition temperature in the zone is less than about -62 °C (-80 T), and step (b) is replaced by: (b) coating the self-sustaining liner with a suitable composite material to form a carrier vessel in contact with the self-sustaining liner, the carrier vessel being adapted to withstand a pressure of from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 75 90 kPa (1100 psia) and about -123 ° C (-190 ° F) to At a temperature of about -62 ° C (-80 ° F), the composite material comprises fibers selected from the group consisting of (i) carbon, (ii) glass, (iii) kevlar, (iv) aromatic Polyamide, and (v) ultra high molecular weight polyethylene-16-1281011 (12) also provides a method of making a container suitable for use from about 1035 kPa (150 psia) to about 7 5 90 kPa (1100 psia) Pressure and storage of pressurized liquefied natural gas at a temperature of about -123 t (-19 ° ° F) to about -62 ° C (-8 0 ° F), the method comprising the steps of: (a) constructing a self-sustaining gasket , the a self-contained liner adapted to provide a substantially impermeable barrier to the pressurized fluid; and (b) coating the self-sustaining liner with a suitable composite material to form a carrier vessel that is in contact with the self-sustaining liner The carrier vessel is adapted to withstand a pressure of from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 75 90 kPa (1100 psia) and from about -123 ° C (-190 ° F) to about -62 ° C (-80 ° F) The temperature, and the composite has a coefficient of thermal expansion that is substantially the same as the coefficient of thermal expansion of the self-sustaining liner at the interface of the self-sustaining liner. In another embodiment of the invention, a pressure of from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 7590 kPa (1100 psia) and from about -123 ° C (-190 ° F) to about - 62 ° C (- A method of storing pressurized liquefied natural gas at a temperature of 80 °F, the method comprising the steps of: installing the pressurized liquefied natural gas in at least one container, the at least one container comprising (a) a self-sustaining gasket, The self-sustaining liner provides a substantially impermeable barrier to the pressurized fluid: and (b) a carrier vessel in contact with the self-sustaining liner, the carrier being fabricated from a composite material and adapted to withstand about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to a pressure of about 7590 kPa (1100 psia) and a temperature of about -123 °C (-190 °F) to about 62 °C (-80 °F), and the composite has substantial The coefficient of thermal expansion is the same as the coefficient of thermal expansion of the self-sustaining pad at the self-sustaining pad interface. In another embodiment of the method, the at least one container comprises (a) -17- 1281011 (13) a self-sustaining liner that provides a substantially impermeable barrier to the pressurized fluid; (b) a carrier vessel in contact with the self-sustaining liner, the carrier being made from a composite material and adapted to withstand a pressure of from about 1035 kPa (150 psia) to about 75 5 kPa (1100 psia) and about -123 °C (-190 °F) to a temperature of about -621 (-8 (^), and the composite has a coefficient of thermal expansion, (i) substantially in self-sustaining lining at the interface of the self-sustaining pad The pad has the same coefficient of thermal expansion, and (ii) its thickness across the carrier vessel gradually decreases as the distance from the interface increases. In another embodiment of the method, the at least one container comprises (a)- a self-contained liner that provides a substantially impermeable barrier to the pressurized fluid; and (b) a carrier vessel in contact with the self-sustaining liner, the carrier being fabricated from a composite material, and Suitable to withstand approximately 1035 kPa (150 psia) to approximately

a pressure of 7 5 90 kPa (1 100 psia) and a temperature of about -123 ° C (-190 ° F ) to about -62 ° C (-8 0 ° F ), and the composite material is contained in the self-sustaining lining An intermediate material on the pad interface, wherein the intermediate material has suitable shear strength or strain to substantially prevent damage to the container when the temperature changes between ambient temperature and about 23 (-1900 °F). In another embodiment of the method, the at least one container comprises (a) a self-sustaining liner made of a material consisting essentially of aluminum and providing a substantially impermeable barrier to the pressurized fluid; b) - the carrier vessel is in contact with the self-sustaining liner, the carrier vessel being made from a composite material and adapted to withstand from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about

75 90 kPa (1100 psia) pressure and a temperature of about -123 ° C (-190 ° F) to about -62 ° C (-8 0 ° F), the composite material contains fibers selected from the following (i Carbon '(ii) glass' (iii) kevlar, (iv) aromatic polyamine, 1281011 (14) and (v) ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. In another embodiment of the method, the at least one container comprises (a) a self-sustaining liner made of a material consisting essentially of steel having a yield strength of at least about 690 MPa (100 ksi) and a substrate and The ductile-brittle transition temperature in the heated zone after welding is less than about -62 °C (-80 °F), and provides a substantially impermeable barrier to the pressurized fluid; and (b) a carrier vessel, with the self-sustaining The liner is made from a composite material and is adapted to withstand a pressure of from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 7590 kPa (1100 psia) and about -123° (: (-190°? ) to a temperature of about -62° (: (-80 °F), the composite material comprises fibers selected from the group consisting of (i) carbon, (Π) glass '(iii) kevlar, (iv Aromatic polyamines, and (v) ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. Unlike the conventional use of non-loaded liners, the container of the present invention is designed to use a self-sustaining metal liner coated with a low temperature resin. Performance Composite Fiber. The present invention is directed to a liner, which is self-sustaining, and means that its structural integrity can be maintained. Its own weight. Once the coating is applied, the composite provides additional buckling resistance to the container. For example, reference is made to Figure 6 which has a transverse coordinate of 6 inches in millimeters and a pound per square inch. The number indicates the ordinate of the systolic pressure ordinate 61, the line 62 indicates the non-critical pressure line 'line 6 3 indicates the contraction pressure of the liner having a diameter of 1 cm, and the line 6 4 indicates the diameter of 2 〇 (6 5 · 6 inches) of the shrinkage pressure of the liner' and line 65 represents the shrinkage pressure of the liner of 40 meters (131.2 inches) in diameter. Other criteria besides the shrinkage pressure can be used to determine whether the liner of the container is self-sustaining, as It is well known to those skilled in the art. The present invention is directed to composite materials or fibers, which have high performance, meaning that the tensile strength is greater than about -19 - 1281011 (15) 340 1 MPa (500 ksi) and the modulus is greater than about 1 3 6054 MPa (20 million pounds per square inch (msi)). An embodiment includes a basic LNG spherical tank coated with a high performance composite to provide the structural integrity required for PLNG containment. The advantages and characteristics are more clearly described below. The liner itself provides primary structural support for fiber tension as it is wound onto the liner. The fibers wound on the liner contribute to the support force. The liner can withstand portions of the load contained in the container. The load of the pressurized, cryogenic fluid. As is well known to those skilled in the art, design details such as the thickness of the liner, or the percentage of load carried by the liner, are based on the inclusion of a liner and a composite coating by those skilled in the art. The materials are determined according to other factors well known to those skilled in the art. Secondly, several design studies are provided to address the difference in CTE between the metal liner and the composite. In one embodiment, the CTE difference is the use of an intermediate matrix-fiber material index that has a CTE that is substantially the same as the liner CTE of the liner interface, the further away from the liner, the lower the JCTE. In one embodiment, the outermost cladding layer consists essentially of carbon fibers for improving the latent properties or consisting essentially of a material that provides the latent properties as carbon fibers. The matrix-fiber material design comprises an in-layer hybrid fiber mixture in which carbon and glass fibers are mixed (or fiber bundles). This has the added advantage of achieving good composite compressibility. The changes in this hybrid matter are mixed in layers to use alternating layers of different fibers. The third variation includes different resin ratios of the laminate: the laminate adjacent to the liner has a resin ratio that is higher than the laminate farther from the liner, and the resin that is furthest from the laminate of the liner The proportional ratio gradually decreases as the distance from the pad increases by 1281011 (16). The resin is particularly tailored to the adjusted CTE properties to enhance the properties of the layers of the composite or laminate. If an aluminum liner is used, this study confirms that there is a relatively large difference in CTE between aluminum and carbon fiber (which is advantageous for this design due to better creep properties) and a relatively small difference between aluminum and glass fibers. The term "latent change" as used in the present invention means a time-dependent strain caused by stress. In another embodiment, the self-sustaining liner is designed to withstand the critical buckling load of the application. As a result, the interface between the metal liner and the composite cladding remains unattached. This is different from conventional padded composite container designs in which the non-loaded liner is attached to the composite cladding using an adhesive that can carry the interfacial shear produced by the application; The coating separates and the liner is less damaged. In another embodiment, the outermost cladding layer consists essentially of carbon fibers to improve creep properties or materials that provide creep properties similar to carbon fibers. An intermediate layer mainly composed of glass fibers is placed between the outermost carbon fiber clad layer and a liner made of aluminum which can be used for low temperature. The self-tightening method is used to provide residual compressive pre-stress in the liner to compensate for the differential heat shrinkage of the system. When the glass fiber intermediate layer is not used, the residual compressive pre-stress is insufficient to compensate for the much larger difference in shrinkage between aluminum and carbon. The following data for a spherical pressure vessel using aluminum 5 083 -0 illustrates this point. The interface carrying the 34 kP a (5 ksi) tension develops around the aluminum and carbon fiber composite when the pressure vessel is cooled to -95 t (-140 °F). This occurs after a self-tightening pressure of 6.78 MPa (850 psig) and subsequent 5. 1 MPa (75 0 psig) of the insured pressure, both at room temperature. Correspond to the release of self-insurance pressure -21 - 1281011 (17) The load bearing pressure is 3 40 kPa (50 psig) compression. The glass determines that the interface is positively loaded to prevent cracking of the bond wires. The low yield strength of aluminum limits the residual compressive prestress induced in the liner after the self-tightening process. In another embodiment of the invention, the outermost cladding layer consists essentially of carbon fibers to improve creep properties, or materials that provide creep properties like carbon fibers. The liner uses a material with high yield strength to induce higher residual compressive prestress. This higher pre-stress substantially compensates for the differential shrinkage between the liner and the carbon, and substantially no intermediate material, such as fiberglass or adhesive, is required between the liner and the carbon composite. In addition to high yield strength, the material needs to have adequate low temperature toughness. The high yield strength material preferably has a yield strength of at least about 690 MPa (100 ksi) on the substrate and the heated zone after welding ("HAZ"), and a ductile-brittleness of less than about -62 ° C (-80 T). Transition temperature ("DBTT"). Exemplary materials that meet the yield strength and BDTT requirements are discussed in International Publication No. WO 99/32672, WO 00/3 93 52, WO 99/32670, WO 00/40764, WO 99/3267 1, WO 00/3 7689, and WO 99/95 3 3 5 and U.S. Patent Nos. 625 1 1 98, 6254698, 60662 12, 6 1 593 1 2 and 62 64 760. A welding technique that can be used to join the steel is discussed in International Publication No. WO 0 1/63 974, WO 99/05 3 3 5, and WO 00/56498, and U.S. Patent Nos. 6,114,656 and 6,336, 583. Other suitable steel and welding techniques may exist or develop later. All steel and welding techniques are included within the scope of the invention. Non-limiting liner steel and welding examples are provided at the end of the Detailed Description of the Invention. -22- 1281011 (18) The design provided has several advantages over the steel-based PLNG containment system, including: (i) simplified manufacturing method; (ii) reduced weight of the containment system, designed for transport vessels There is a positive impact; (iH) product piping requirements are greatly simplified; (iv) unloading flow chart is simplified; and (v) insulation requirements are reduced. [Embodiment] Composite Coating Layer The composite cladding layer of the container of the present invention preferably provides a main structural support for the operation load. The composite coating is preferably a material system comprising high performance fibers in a resin matrix that can be used at low temperatures. As used herein, "low temperature," means any temperature of about _62 ° C (-80 T ) and colder. An example of such a resin is CTD 525 epoxy low temperature resin. Two types of material systems have been designed in the present invention. One type of material system consists of (i) high performance fibers, preferably selected from the following fibers (carbon, glass, kevlar, aromatic polyamine, UHMWP); and (Π) thermosetting resins. (such as CTD-525 epoxy low temperature resin). One embodiment uses high performance carbon fiber such as TORAY T-700, GRAFIL 34-600 or ZOTTEC PANEX 35 for better creep properties. This first type of material system It is characterized by a fixed CTE 値. For example, the average CTE 测量 measured for carbon/epoxy laminates at room temperature and -73 t (-100 °F) is l.lxl·7 m/m/K (0·19χ10·6 in/in/°F). This crucible is generally combined with several metal liners, especially aluminum and the high yield strength steel discussed in the present invention, ie having at least about 690 MPa (100 - 23- 1281011 (19) ksi) Yield strength of steel. The second type of material system is characterized by an adjustable CTE値 and contains fibers ( Combining different fibers, such as glass and carbon, with various resin compositions. The resin composition may comprise a resin having substantial purity, and an additive designed to change the CTE of the resin. By judiciously, parameters such as fiber ratio, resin fraction And optimizing the content of the additive to obtain a preferred CTE. The representative measurement of the CTE system is - for example, does not limit the aluminum 7.2 χ 1 (Γ6 m/m/K (13xl0·6 in/in/°F) of the present invention, Pure resin 18·8χ1 (Γ6 m/m/K (33·9χ10·6 in/in/°F), and carbon 1 · 1 x 1 0·7 m/m/K (0.1 9x 1 Ο·6 in/ InTF). The optimization method required is well known to those skilled in the art, based on the desired performance parameters of the container to be constructed. Furthermore, the different laminates of the coating are adjusted to different CTEs, resulting in CTE self. The pad interface has a grade to the outer surface of the cladding. This grade is designed to achieve acceptable interlaminar stress. This acceptable factor can be determined by analytical techniques such as detailed finite element analysis (FEA analysis). As is well known to those skilled in the art. A spacer material having any CTE characteristics can be used with the second type of material. Conversely, the fixed CTE値 characteristics of the first type of material limit its use to liners with closely fitting CTEs, such as liners made by INVAR. The average CTE tantalum of INVAR has the same size as carbon, 5.0·χ1 ( Γ7 in/in/K is more than l.lxlO·7 in/in/K (0.9xl (T6 in/in/. !? Than 〇·19χ10_6 irWin/°F ). Another aspect of the invention is to use an intermediate material having a high strain capacity at the interface between the liner and the material system of the first type, that is, the strain energy absorption capacity is greater than about 34 joules per square meter (3 square feet per square inch). 0χ10·3 Btu). -24- 1281011 (20) Metal Liner The metal liner of the container of the present invention preferably has three main functions: (i) providing an impermeable barrier to the contained fluid; (ii) providing fiber during winding The primary structural support force required for tension; and (iii) providing at least partial structural support for the operational load. In addition, the liner provides at least partial structural support for operating loads and applied loads due to internal pressure of the PLNG, such as due to vessel movement. Referring to Figure 5, an embodiment of the container 5 of the present invention comprises a composite vessel 12 and a liner 10 made of a substantially impermeable material such as aluminum or a high yield strength steel as discussed herein, i.e., It has a yield strength of at least about 6 90 MPa (100 ksi) which provides a barrier to the PLNG contained in the container 5. In this embodiment, the composite vessel 12 is subjected to the structure of the tamper 5, including what the internal pressure is. The lining 10 is completely surrounded by the composite material 12 and is therefore a fully coated pressure vessel. Another example of a surrounding wrap can be designed in which the liner 10 is sized to carry the full load in the hemispherical portion. Preferably, the container 5 is protected by an outer coating 14 and is made of a material that protects the composite vessel 12 from moisture, acids, ultraviolet light and other environmentally hazardous materials. For example, without limiting the invention, the outer coating 14 can be made from polyurethane vinegar. The container 5 can also include a carrier system. For example, a reinforcing relief (not shown in Figure 5) may be provided at the bottom end of the container 5 as an interface with the support skirt (not shown in Figure 5). The design of the support skirt can have any general design' as is well known to those skilled in the art. Preferably, any additional reinforcement is provided. 1281011 (21) The relief is integrally wound into a composite vessel. This provides an important economy ^' also improves the structural strength and integrity of the interface between the support system and the container 5. A nozzle 20 is provided, preferably at the top end of the container 5, for penetration into the container 5, for example to load or remove PLNG. In one embodiment, the nozzle 20 is derived from a metal relief (not shown in Figure 5) and is disposed prior to winding the composite material comprising the composite vessel 12. The metal relief is coated with a composite material to provide a non-leakage and high strength interface to the interior of the container 5. In another embodiment, the horizontal orientation of the container of the present invention in the marine carrier 90 maximizes the volume of the cargo, while transporting The vessel 90 has a thinner hull as illustrated in Figures 7A-7C. Referring now to Figure 7B, the length of the horizontally oriented container 92 is preferably defined such that each container 92 can be supported at two points, such as points 93 and 94. With regard to the complex movement of the PLNG carrier 90, a simple two-point support system is advantageous for horizontally oriented containers 92, as is well known to those skilled in the art. As is well known to those skilled in the art, the two point support system steps the length of the container 92. When the design requires a storage capacity greater than that of a container having an allowable length of the two-point support system, a slight increase in the complexity of the support system may use a container having a longer length. As shown in Fig. 1, the container 1 of the present invention comprising a self-sustaining liner 3 and a composite coating layer 2 may have a spherical shape. The container 1 can include a nozzle 4 for penetrating into the container 1. Referring now to Figure 2A, an embodiment of a four-spherical container 24 of the present invention mounted on a vessel 22 carries about 200,000 cubic meters of PLNG product 'found below the ship and cargo requirements, and the aforementioned liner functionality - 26- 1281011 (22) Required gasket geometry: diameter of about 46 meters (150.9 inches) gasket material - aluminum alloy 5 083 -0 yield strength - about 190 MPa (2 8 000 psi) average thickness of about 45 Millimeter (1.77 inches) at 2 7 ° C to - 95 ° C (80 ° F to -140 ° F ) unit heat shrinkage (UTC) - about 0.256% or 2.56 mm / m (2.56 \ 10_3 inches / inch The choice of aluminum in this embodiment is such that the coefficient of thermal expansion and the carbon coating (UTC) <0.02%) Substantially does not match. Thus, the preferred composite system is selected from the group that adjusts the different cladding layers to different CTEs and produces a combination of CTE gradients from the outer surface of the cladding from the inner interface. Referring again to Figures 2A through 2C, an alternative embodiment of the four-ball container 24 of the present invention mounted on the vessel 22 carries about 200,000 cubic meters (7062891 cubic feet) of PLNG product and is found to meet the ship and cargo requirements, and The pad geometry required for the aforementioned pad functional requirements: diameter of about 46 meters (150.9 inches) pad material - INVAR-36 (iron and 36% nickel alloy) yield strength of about 23 6.7 MPa (34·8) Ksi) ultimate strength - about 43 2.7 MPa (63.6 ksi) average thickness of about 35 mm (1·38 inches) at 27 ° C to -162 ° C (8 0 ° F to - 2 60 ° F ) unit heat Shrinkage (UTC) - about 0.03% or 0.3 mm/m (3.0x1 (Γ4 inches/inch) This alternative embodiment is for a minimum CTE unsuitability system using a basic material system such as the aforementioned carbon-fiber-epoxy System Design -27- 1281011 (23) In another alternative embodiment, the following gasket geometry parameters meeting ship and cargo requirements and the aforementioned pad functional requirements were found: diameter of approximately 46 meters (150.9 inches) Lining material - The yield strength of the steel discussed in the present invention is about 120,000 psi (816 MPa). Approximately 25.4 mm (1 inch) at 27 ° C to _95 ° C (80 ° F to -140 ° F ) unit heat shrinkage (UTC) - about 0.1 2 8 ° /. or 1.28 mm / m (1.28x1 0·3 吋/英吋) This alternative embodiment provides a higher residual compressive pre-stress in the liner to compensate for thermal contraction between the liner and the carbon coating. The geometry is a cylinder with a geodetic-isotensoid hemisphere superior to a sphere. The geodesic-isotensoid profile is a hemispherical profile in which the filaments are placed on a geodetic path such that the fiber The wire has a uniform tension over the entire length of the load. The geodesic path is the shortest distance between the two points on the surface. As a result, this geometry results in a lower fiber requirement than the spherical structure (about 30% lower). The geodetic-isolation (ge 〇desic - is 〇tens 〇id) hemispherical cylindrical system has a space utilization efficiency higher than that of the sphere. Referring now to Figure 4, it is connected to the relatively short cylindrical portion 45 and has geodesic-isolation ( Ge 〇desic -isotensoid) hemisphere 41 container 40 contains The retaining liner 43 and the composite coating 42. The container 40 can have a nozzle 44. Referring now to Figure 3, the container 30 having the oblate spheroid geometry includes a self-sustaining liner 33 and a composite coating 32. The container 30 can have a nozzle 34. Advantages of the present invention for a composite containment system for P L N G include 1281011 (24). The boat design is optimized for the geometry and large size of the PLNG container. The composite containment system of the present invention can be manufactured for the unique large size of PLNG transport, i.e., provides a self-sustaining structure for use in the filament winding manufacturing process. Moreover, the system functions under low temperature conditions because the CTE difference between the liner and the composite cladding material is properly matched. A method of preparing an ultra-high strength, dual-phase steel sheet having a microstructure, as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,066,621 (and the corresponding International Publication No. WO 99/3267 1), which is incorporated herein by reference. And comprising from about 10% by volume to about 40% by volume of the first phase, which is substantially 100% by volume (i.e., substantially pure or "substantially") ferrite, and from about 60% to about 90 volumes. a second phase of bismuth, which is mainly a fine particle lath martensite, a lower bainite, or a mixture thereof, wherein the method comprises the following steps: (a) ingot Heating to a reheating temperature which is high enough to (i) substantially homogenize the ingot, (Π) substantially dissolve all of the niobium and vanadium carbides and carbonitrides in the ingot, and (iii) in the ingot Establishing an initial austenite grain; (b) in the first temperature range of recrystallization of the Worth field, the steel ingot is reduced to form a steel plate in one or more hot rolling processes; Further reducing the steel sheet in one or more hot rolling passes at a second temperature range below about Tnr temperature and above the Ar3 conversion temperature; (d) below about Ar3 conversion temperature and above about In the third temperature range between Ar! conversion temperatures (ie, the intercritical temperature range), in one or more hot rolling procedures, the steel plate is further reduced by 1281011 (25); (e) per Cooling speed from about 10 ° C to about 40 ° C (18 ° F / sec to 72 ° F / sec) per second At a rate, the steel plate is quenched to a quenching termination temperature (QST), preferably less than about the M s conversion temperature plus 200 ° C (360 ° F); and (f) terminating the quenching In another embodiment of this steel example, QST is preferably less than about the Ms conversion temperature plus 10 (TC (180 °F), more preferably less than about 350 ° C (662 °F). In one embodiment of the example, the steel sheet is cooled to room temperature with air after step (f). This treatment facilitates the transformation of the microstructure of the steel sheet to from about 1% by volume to about 40% by volume of ferrite. a first phase, and a second phase of from about 60% by volume to about 90% by volume of the main fine-grained lath martensite, the lower-grain bainite or a mixture thereof (refer to the Tnr temperature and Ar3, An in the dictionary) And the definition of Ms conversion temperature.) In order to determine the environmental and low temperature toughness, the microstructure of the second phase in this steel example mainly includes fine-grained bainite, fine-grained lath martensite, or a mixture thereof. The system essentially minimizes the embrittlement components in the second phase, such as upper bainite, twin martensite, and MA. This steel example and the scope of the patent application are used primarily. Means at least about 50 volume percent. The remaining second phase microstructure may comprise other fine subgranular bainite, other fine grain lath martensite, or ferrite. The microstructure of the second phase to contain at least More preferably from about 60% by volume to about 80% by volume of finely divided bainite, fine-grained lath martensite, or a mixture thereof. The microstructure of the second phase comprises at least about 90% by volume of fine particles. Bainite, fine-grained lath martensite, or a mixture thereof is preferred. When manufacturing the steel of this example, a steel ingot is prepared by the conventional method, which comprises iron and the following alloying elements, preferably in the following percentage by weight: 〇4 To -30- 1281011 (26) 〇·12 carbon (C), 0·04 to 0.07C is better; 0·5 to 2.5 manganese (Μη), 1·〇 to 1·8 Μη is better; 1.0 to 3· 0 nickel (Ni), more preferably from 1. 5 to 2.5 ;; 0.02 to 0·1 铌 (Nb), more preferably from 0.02 to 0.05 Nb; from 0.008 to 0.03 titanium (Ti), preferably from 0.01 to 0.02 Ti; To 0.05 aluminum (A1), preferably 0.005 to 0.03A1; and 0.002 to 0.005 nitrogen (N), preferably 0.002 to 0.003 N. Chromium (Cr) is sometimes added to the steel, preferably up to about 1.0% by weight, more preferably from about 0.2% by weight to about 0.6% by weight. Molybdenum (Mo) is sometimes added to the steel, preferably up to about 0.8% by weight, more preferably from about 0.1% by weight to about 0.3% by weight. Niobium (Si) is sometimes added to the steel, preferably up to about 0.5% by weight, more preferably from about 0.01% to about 0.5% by weight, still more preferably from about 0.05% to about 0.1% by weight. Copper (Cu) is sometimes added to the steel, preferably from about 0.1% by weight to about 1.0% by weight, more preferably from about 0.2% by weight to about 0.4% by weight. Boron (B) is sometimes added to the steel in an amount of up to about 0.0020% by weight, more preferably from about 0.0006% by weight to about 0.0010% by weight. Preferably, the steel material contains at least about 1% by weight nickel. If it is desired to improve the properties after welding, the nickel content of the steel can be increased to about 3% by weight or more. It is expected that the DBTT of the steel will be reduced by about 10 ° C (18 ° F) per 1% by weight of nickel added. The nickel content is preferably less than 9% by weight, more preferably less than about 6% by weight. The nickel content is preferably minimized to minimize the cost of the steel. If the nickel content is increased to about 3% by weight or more, the manganese content may be reduced to about 5% by weight or less to 0% by weight. Therefore, in a broad sense, manganese is preferably up to about 2.6 wt%. In addition, the residue in the steel is preferably substantially minimized. Disc (P) -31 - 1281011 (27) The content is preferably less than about 0.01% by weight. The sulfur (S) content is preferably less than about 0.004% by weight. The oxygen (0) content is preferably less than about 0.002% by weight. In more detail, the steel of this steel example is formed by forming a steel ingot having a desired composition; heating the ingot to a temperature of from about 195 ° C to about 1 0 6 5 ° C (1 7 5 0 ° F to 1) a temperature of 95 ° ° °; the steel ingot is hot rolled in one or more passes in the first temperature car E of the re-crystallization of the Worth field (ie, about the T nr temperature), and is reduced by about 30% to Approximately 70% to form a steel sheet which is hot rolled in one or more passes at a temperature lower than about the Tnr temperature and above about the Ar3 conversion temperature, and is reduced by about 40% to about 8 0%, and in the intermediate critical temperature range below about Ar3 conversion temperature and above about Ar! conversion temperature, the steel sheet is subjected to final rolling in one or more passes to reduce it by about 15 percentage points to about 5 0 percentage. The rolled steel sheet is then quenched to a suitable quenching temperature at a cooling rate of from about 10 ° C per second to about 40 ° C per second (1 8 ° F / sec to 7 2 T / sec). (QST), preferably less than about the Ms conversion temperature plus 200 °C (3 60 °F), at which point the quenching is terminated. In another embodiment of this embodiment, the QST is preferably less than about the Ms conversion temperature plus l 〇〇 ° C (1 80 ° F), more preferably less than about 350 ° C (662 ° F). In one embodiment of the steel, the steel sheet is cooled to room temperature by air after termination of quenching. As is known to those skilled in the art, the "thickness reduction percentage" as used herein means the steel ingot or steel sheet. The percentage reduction in thickness before the so-called reduction. In the case of illustration only and without limitation to this example, a steel ingot of approximately 2 5.4 cm (10 inches) thickness may be reduced by approximately 50% (50% reduction) to approximately 12.7 cm in the first temperature range (5 In English, the thickness of 1281011 (28) is reduced by about 80% (80% reduction) in the second temperature range to a thickness of about 2.5 cm (1 inch). Again for illustrative purposes without limiting this example, a steel ingot of approximately 25.4 cm (10 inches) thickness can be reduced by approximately 30% (30% reduction) to approximately 17.8 cm (7 inches) in the first temperature range.吋) thickness, then reduced by about 80% (80% reduction) in the second temperature range to a thickness of about 3.6 cm (1.4 inches), and then reduced by about 30% in the third temperature range (30%) Reduced) to a thickness of about 2.5 cm (1 inch). "Steel ingot" as used in the present invention means a steel sheet having any size. In the case of the exemplified steel, as is known to those skilled in the art, the ingot is preferably reheated in a suitable manner to increase the temperature of the substantially integral ingot as a whole steel ingot to the desired reheating temperature, For example, the ingot is placed in a stove for a period of time. The particular reheating temperature that should be used can be readily determined by one skilled in the art by experimentation or by using appropriate model calculations. In addition, it is preferred that the temperature of the substantially integral ingot is as a whole ingot. The temperature and reheating time required to increase the reheating temperature required can be easily determined by those skilled in the art with reference to standard industrial publications. In the case of this exemplary steel, as is known to those skilled in the art, the temperature Tnr which defines the boundary between the recrystallization range and the non-recrystallization range depends on the chemical nature of the steel, especially the reheating temperature before rolling. , carbon concentration, strontium concentration and the amount of reduction that occurs during the rolling process. Those skilled in the art can determine the temperature of each steel composition by experiment or model calculation. Similarly, the An, Ar2 and Ms conversion temperatures used in the present invention can be determined by those skilled in the art by experimental or simulation calculations - 33· 1281011 (29). For this steel example, as is known to those skilled in the art, the subsequent temperatures described in the processing methods of this example are those measured on the surface of the steel, except for the reheating temperature applied to the substantially integral steel ingot. The surface temperature of the steel can be measured using, for example, an optical pyrometer, or any other device suitable for measuring the surface temperature of the steel. The cooling rate according to the present invention is located at the center, or substantially at the center, or is the thickness of the steel sheet; and the quenching termination temperature (QST) is the heat transmitted by the intermediate thickness of the steel sheet after the quenching is terminated. And the highest on the surface of the steel plate ... or the highest - temperature. For example, during the experimental heat treatment of the steel composition of this example, the thermocouple is placed at the center of the thickness of the steel sheet, or substantially at the center, to measure the center temperature, which is measured using an optical pyrometer. The relationship between the center temperature and the surface temperature is derived for subsequent use of the same...or substantially the same...steel composition process to determine the center temperature via direct measurement of the surface temperature. Moreover, the temperature and flow rate of the quench fluid required to achieve the desired accelerated cooling rate can be determined by those skilled in the art with reference to standard industry publications. Those skilled in the art having the necessary knowledge and skill in using the information provided by the present invention can produce ultra high strength, low alloy steel sheets having suitable high strength and toughness for use in constructing the liner of the present invention. Those skilled in the art having the necessary knowledge and skill to use the information provided by the present invention can produce ultra-high strength, low alloy steel sheets having a modified thickness compared to the thickness of the steel sheets produced in the examples of the present invention, while still making A steel sheet having a suitable high strength and suitably low -34 - 1281011 (30) temperature toughness for use in constructing the gasket of the present invention. Other suitable steels may or may be developed later. All steels are included within the scope of the invention. When a duplex steel is used to construct the container liner of the coated composite of the present invention, the duplex steel is preferably treated in such a manner that the steel is maintained at an intermediate critical temperature range to produce the dual phase structure in the accelerated cooling or quenching. Before the step. Preferably, the dual phase structure is formed during the cooling of the steel between the Ar3 conversion temperature and the Ar 1 conversion temperature. Another advantage of the steel material used to form the gasket of the present invention is that the steel has a yield strength greater than 690 MPa (100 ksi) and less than about -73 ° C (-100 ° F) upon completion of the accelerated cooling or quenching step. The DBTT, that is, does not use any additional treatment that requires reheating the steel, such as tempering. More preferably, the steel has a yield strength greater than about 690 MPa (100 ksi) upon completion of the quenching or cooling step. In order to join the steel material to the liner of the present invention, a suitable steel sheet joining method is required. Any joining method that provides suitable strength and toughness to the present invention is applicable. A welding method suitable for providing suitable strength and burst toughness to contain or transport fluids is used to construct the liner of the present invention. Preferably, the welding method includes a suitable consumable welding wire, a suitable consumable gas, a suitable welding procedure, and a suitable welding method. For example, gas shielded metal arc welding (GMAW) and inert gas shielded tungsten arc welding (TIG), both of which are well known to the steel industry, can be used to join the steel sheet, with the proviso that appropriate flammable welding wire is used - Gas composition. In a first exemplary welding method, a gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is used to produce a weld metal chemistry comprising iron and about 0.07% by weight carbon, about 0.25 wt%, about 0. 32 wt%. Sand, about 2.20 weight - 35 - 1281011 (31) amount / nickel, about 0.45 weight percent chromium, about 0.56 weight percent molybdenum, less than about no P pm dish, and less than about 50 ppm sulfur. The welding is carried out on steel, such as any of the foregoing steels, using a shielding gas containing less than about 1% by weight oxygen, based primarily on argon. The weld heat input is in the range of about 0.3 仟 joules/mm to about 1.5 仟 joules/mm (7.6 仟 joules/inch to 38 仟 joules/inch). The welding by this method provides a welded structure (referred to as a dictionary) having a tensile strength greater than 900 MPa (130 ksi), preferably greater than about 930 MPa (135 ksi), and greater than about 965 MPa (140 ksi). Good, and at least about 1 000 MPa (145 ksi) is even better. In addition, welding by this method provides a weld metal having a DBTT of less than about -73 ° C (-100 ° F), preferably less than about -96 ° C (-140 ° F), less than about 1 · 6 ° ° 〇: (-160 ° Ρ) is better, and less than about -1 15 t: ("75 ° F" is even better. In another example of the welding method, the GMAW method is used to produce a weld metal chemistry comprising iron and about 0.10% by weight of carbon (preferably less than about 0.10% by weight of carbon, more preferably from about 〇·〇7 to about 〇·〇8 wt% carbon), about 1.60% by weight of manganese, about 0.25 wt% 矽, about 1.87 wt% nickel, about 87 wt% chromium, about 0.51 wt% molybdenum, less than about 75 ppm phosphorus, and less than about 100 ppm sulfur. The weld heat input is about 0.3 仟 joules/mm to about 1.5 仟. Joules/mm (7.6 仟 joules/inch to 38 仟 joules/inch) and preheating at approximately 1 °C (212 °F). The weld is made on steel, such as any of the aforementioned steels. a shielding gas containing less than about 1% by weight of oxygen, mainly argon, is used. The welding by this method provides a welded structure having a tensile strength greater than 900 MPa (130 ksi), which is greater than 93 0 MPa (135 ksi) is preferred, greater than about 965 MPa (140 ksi) -36· 1281011 (32) is better, and at least about 1 000 MPa (145 ksi) is better. In addition, this method provides welding with DBTT. Solder metals below about -73 ° C (-l 〇〇 °F), preferably below about -96 ° C (-140 ° F), below about -106 ° C (-160 ° F) Preferably, less than about -115° (: (-175°?) is better. In another exemplary welding method, an inert gas shielded tungsten arc welding (TIG) method is used to produce a weld metal chemical comprising iron and About 0.07 wt% carbon (preferably less than about 0.07 wt% carbon), about 1.80 wt% manganese, about 0.2 wt% rhodium, about 4.00 wt% nickel, about 0.5 wt% chromium, about 0.40 wt% molybdenum, about 0.02 Weight % copper, about 0.02 wt./〇 aluminum, about 0.010 wt% titanium, about 0.015 wt% pin (Z〇, less than about 50 ppm phosphorus, and less than about 30 ppm sulfur. The weld heat input is about 0.3).仟 joules/mm to about 1.5 仟 joules/mm (7.6 仟 joules/inch to 38 仟 joules/inch) and use about 10 (TC ° 212 °F) for preheating. The weld is on steel Carry out The above steel material uses a shielding gas containing argon mainly containing less than about 1% by weight of oxygen. The welding by this method provides a welded structure having a tensile strength of more than 900 MPa (130 ksi) to be greater than about 93. 0 MPa (135 ksi) is preferred, more preferably greater than about 965 MPa (140 ksi), and at least about 1 〇〇〇Μ P a (1 4 5 ksi) is preferred. In addition, welding by this method provides a weld metal having a DBTT of less than about -73 ° C (-100 ° F), preferably less than about -96 t: (-140 ° F), less than about 106 Τ: (-160 °Ρ) is better, and less than about -1 15 ° C (-175 ° F) is better. The weld metal chemistry described in the examples can be made using GMAW or TIG welding methods. However, it is expected that the TIG welding will have a lower impurity content and a higher degree of refining of the micro-junction -37-1281011 (33) compared to the GMAW welding, thus improving the low temperature toughness. Those skilled in the art have the necessary knowledge and skill to use the information provided by the present invention to weld ultra high strength, low alloy steel sheets to produce joints of suitable high strength and fracture toughness to produce the liner of the present invention. Other suitable joining or welding methods may be developed or later. All joining or welding methods are included within the scope of the invention. As is well known to those skilled in the art, the operating conditions contemplated for use in the design of self-welding steel and coated composite materials for storing and transporting pressurized cryogenic fluids such as PLNG include operating pressures and temperatures. And additional stresses that are easily applied to steel and welded structures (see lexicon). Standard fracture mechanics measurements such as (1) critical stress intensity factor (KIC), a measure of plane strain fracture toughness, and (ii) crack tip opening displacement (CTOD), which can be used to measure elastic-plastic fracture toughness - both As is well known to those skilled in the art, it can be used to measure the fracture toughness of the steel and welded structure. Acceptable standards for general steel structure design, such as those listed in the B SI Bulletin "Guidance on methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in fusion welded structures" - commonly known as "PD 6493: 1 99 1", based on the steel And the fracture toughness of the welded structure (including HAZ) and the stress acting on the liner determine the maximum allowable crucible size of the liner. Those skilled in the art can develop a fracture control program to minimize stress applied by (i) appropriate pad design, (ie) appropriate manufacturing quality control to minimize defects, and (iii) application to the liner. Appropriate control of the cyclic loading and pressure of the mat, and (W) appropriate inspection procedures to reliably detect flaws and defects in the liner to reduce the onset of cracking. -38- 1281011 (34) The preferred design philosophy of the system of the present invention is "leakage prior to damage" as is known to those skilled in the art. Such considerations are generally referred to in the present invention as "known principles of ruptured animals." The following is a non-limiting example of applying such known principles of fracture mechanics to the calculation of the depth of the crucible at a particular crucible length to prevent cracking from occurring in the liner of the present invention in the fracture control program. Figure 8B illustrates a crucible length 315 and a crucible depth 310. Using PD6493 to calculate Figure 8A based on the following design conditions for the pressure vessel or liner of the present invention (the abscissa 323 represents CTOD fracture toughness, millimeters, and the ordinate 301 represents critical enthalpy depth, millimeters), the critical enthalpy shown Dimensional drawing 3 00 値: Vessel diameter: 4.57 m (15 ft) Vessel wall thickness: 25.4 mm (1.00 ft) Design pressure: 3445 kPa (500 psi) Allowable circumferential stress · 333 MPa (48·3 ksi For this example, it is assumed that the surface has a length of 100 mm (4 inches), for example, an axial flaw in the wire bonding. Referring now to Figure 8A, Figure 300 shows the critical enthalpy depth 当 when the residual stress is 15% yield stress (line 303), 50 percent yield stress (line 304), and 100 percent yield stress (line 305), to CTOD A function of the fracture toughness and residual stress. Residual stresses are caused by manufacturing and welding; and PD 64 93 recommends residual stresses of 100% yield stress in welding (including welding HAZ) unless techniques such as post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) or mechanical stress relief are used to eliminate welding. Stress in the material. -39- 1281011 (35) Based on the CTOD fracture toughness of the steel at the lowest operating temperature, the gasket can be adjusted to reduce residual stress and can be subjected to inspection procedures (simultaneous inspection and in-use inspection) The control sputum is detected for the critical 瑕疵 size. In this embodiment, if the steel has a CTOD toughness of 0.025 mm (measured using a laboratory sample) at the lowest use temperature and the residual stress is reduced to 15% of the yield strength of the steel, the critical enthalpy depth is about 4 mm (refer to point 3 2 0 in Figure 8 A). According to the same calculation method, as is well known to those skilled in the art, the critical enthalpy depth can be determined for various raft lengths and various 瑕疵 geometry. Using this information, quality control procedures and inspection procedures (techniques, detectable size, frequency) can be developed to determine and remediate defects before reaching critical depths or before applying design loads. Based on the open experimental relationship between CVN, KIC, and CTOD fracture toughness, the 0.025 mm CTOD toughness is typically associated with about 37 joules of CVN値. This embodiment does not limit the invention. In the case of a liner that requires steel to be bent, for example, to be cylindrical, the steel is preferably bent to a desired shape at ambient temperature to avoid impairing the superior low temperature toughness of the steel. If the steel is to be heated to achieve the desired shape after bending, the steel is preferably heated to a temperature not higher than about 600 ° C (1112 ° F) to retain the advantages of the aforementioned steel microstructure. While the present invention is highly suitable for storing and transporting PLNG, it is not limited thereto; the present invention is suitable for storing and transporting any fluid, including cryogenic fluids, pressurized fluids, and low temperature, pressurized fluids. In addition, although the invention has been described in terms of one or more preferred embodiments, it is known that other modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention, as set forth in the following claims. Dictionary

An conversion temperature: the temperature at which the Worth field is completely converted to ferrite or converted to ferrite plus cementite during cooling; Αγ3 conversion temperature: the temperature at which the Worth field begins to convert to ferrite during cooling; CNG: compressed natural gas; thermal expansion or contraction coefficient: volume increment per unit solid volume at a fixed pressure, temperature per enthalpy; creep: time-dependent strain due to stress; low temperature: about -62° C (-80 ° F) and any colder temperature; CTE: thermal expansion or contraction coefficient; DBTT (ductile-brittle transition temperature): depict two fracture mechanisms in structural steel; when the temperature is lower than DBTT, it is easy to break due to low energy ( Brittleness is broken and damaged, and when the temperature is higher than DBTT, it is easily damaged by high energy ductile fracture; High performance: in the case of composite or fiber, it means tensile strength higher than about 3410 MPa (500 ksi), And a modulus greater than about 1 3 6054 MPa (20 msi); INVAR: a material consisting essentially of iron and town; ksi: pounds per square inch; LNG: at atmospheric pressure and about -162 ° C (- Liquefied natural gas at 260 °F

Ms conversion temperature: During cooling, the Worth field begins to transform into the temperature of the horse -41 · 9 1281011 (37); msi: millions of pounds per square inch; non-loading liner container patent: United States Patent No. 6,460,72 1; PLNG: a wide range of pressures from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 75 90 kPa (1100 psia) and about -123 ° C (-190 ° F) to about -62 ° C (-80T) Pressurized liquefied natural gas at a wide range of temperatures; PLNG patent: US Patent No. 6,085,528; Program component patent: US Patent No. 6,212,891; psi: pounds per square inch; self-sustaining: bearing its own weight In the case of a liner mechanism that maintains structural integrity; segment coefficient: V / (L) (B) (T), where V is the volume of the fluid placed by the ship, and L is the length between the vertical lines of the ship , B is the ship's width, and T is the draft of the ship;

Tnr temperature: below this temperature, the temperature at which the Worth field can no longer recrystallize; welded structure: solder joints, including (i) weld metal, (ii) heated zone (HAZ), and (iii) near HAZ" The base metal. The basic metal portion that is considered to be "near" of the HAZ and is part of the welded structure is determined by factors known to those skilled in the art, such as, without limitation, the width of the welded structure, the size of the object being welded, and the manufacture of the The number of welded structures required for the object, and the distance between the welded structures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The advantages of the present invention will be further clarified with reference to the foregoing embodiments and the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a container having a spherical geometry according to the present invention; Is a front cross-sectional view of a container having a spherical geometry and located in a PLng transport hull of the present invention; and FIG. 2B is a side cross-sectional view of the configuration of a PLNG transport hull having a plurality of containers having a spherical geometry of the present invention. 2C is a top cross-sectional view of a PLNG transport hull having a plurality of containers having a spherical geometry according to the present invention; and FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the container having an oblate spherical geometry according to the present invention; Is a cross-sectional view of a container of the present invention having a geodesic-isotensoid hemisphere attached to a relatively short cylindrical portion; FIG. 5 illustrates a cutaway view, an embodiment of the container of the present invention having a cylindrical geometry and Geodetic-isolation (ge 〇desic - is 〇tens 〇id) hemisphere; Figure 6 shows the relationship between shrinkage pressure of the liner, the thickness of the liner of the container, and the diameter of the liner of the container. Figure 7A is a front cross-sectional view of a configuration of a PLNG transport hull having a cylindrical geometry of the present invention; Figure 7B is a PLNG transport hull having a horizontal position container of the cylindrical geometry of the present invention; Figure 7C is a top cross-sectional view of a configuration of a PLNG transport hull having a horizontally-positioned container of the cylindrical geometry of the present invention; Figure 8A illustrates a plot of critical depth at a particular length of the crucible, -43- 1281011 (39) expressed as a function of C TOD fracture toughness and residual stress; Figure 8B illustrates the geometry (length and depth) of the crucible. Although the invention has been described with respect to preferred embodiments, the invention is known. Not limited to this. Rather, the invention is to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, which are included within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Component symbol comparison table

1,5,92,3 0,40 container 2,32,42 composite. cladding 4,20,34,44 nozzle 3,3 3,43 self-sustaining gasket 10 liner 12 composite material blood 14 Coating 22 boat

2 4 Spherical container 4 1 Hemisphere 9〇 Conveyor m 93,94 points •44-

Claims (1)

I would like to ask the Committee 8 to express it - whether the case is more correct after the amendment; ?!:..;:: 1281011 (1) Pick up, apply for patent scope Annex II A: No. 92106971 On February 15, 1995, the Republic of China was a container suitable for storing pressurized fluid, which was suitable for a pressure of about 1 03 5 kPa (150 Psia) to about 759 kPa (11 〇〇 psia) and about _123. °C (-190 °F) to a temperature of about _62. 0 (_80 卞), the container comprises: (a) - a self-sustaining liner that provides substantial impermeability to the pressurized fluid a barrier rib; and (b) a carrier vessel in contact with the self-sustaining liner, the carrier vessel being fabricated from a composite material and adapted to withstand from about 1 〇 35 kPa (150 psia) to about 7590 kPa (1 1 〇) 〇psia) pressure and about - i23 ° C (-19 CTF ) to about -6 2 ° C (-8 0 ° F), and the composite has a coefficient of thermal expansion, # (i) substantially and located The self-sustaining pad of the self-sustaining pad interface has the same coefficient of thermal expansion, and (ii) its thickness across the carrier vessel gradually decreases as the distance from the interface increases. 2. The container of claim 1, wherein the carrier has an outermost coating layer consisting essentially of carbon fibers or a material that provides creep properties similar to those provided by carbon fibers. 3. The container of claim 1, wherein the composite material comprises an intermediate material at the interface of the self-sustaining pad, wherein the intermediate material has an appropriate shear strength or strain to substantially prevent the container from being exposed to temperature. Damaged when the ambient temperature changes between approximately -123 ° C (-190 T ). 4. The container of claim 1 of the patent scope, wherein the self-sustaining lining 1281011 (2) The mat is made of a material consisting essentially of aluminum, and the composite comprises fibers selected from the group consisting of (1) carbon, (ii) glass, (iii) kevlar, (iv) Aromatic polyamines, and (v) ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. 5. The container of claim 1, wherein the self-sustaining liner is made of a material consisting essentially of steel having a yield strength of at least about 690 MPa (100 ksi), the substrate and the heat after welding. The ductile-brittle transition temperature in the zone is less than about -62 °C (-80 °F), and the composite material comprises fibers selected from the group consisting of (1) carbon, (ii) glass, (iii) kevlar (kevlar) ), (iv) aromatic polyamines, and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. 6. A container suitable for storing pressurized liquefied natural gas, using a pressure of from about 10 3 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 7 5 9 kPa (1100 psia) and about -123 ° C (-190 ° F) ) to a temperature of about -62 ° C (-80 ° F), the container comprising (a) a self-sustaining liner that provides a substantially impermeable barrier to the pressurized fluid; and (b) - a carrier vessel in contact with the self-sustaining liner, the carrier vessel being made from a composite material and adapted to withstand a pressure of from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 7590 kPa (1100 psia) and about 123 °〇: (-190°Ρ) to a temperature of about -62°C (-80°F), and the composite has substantially the same thermal expansion coefficient as the self-sustaining gasket at the interface of the self-sustaining gasket. . 7. A method of making a container suitable for a pressure of from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 75 90 kPa (1 100 psia) and from about -123 t: (-190 °F) to about -62° Storage of pressurized fluid at a temperature of C (-80 °F), method 1281011 ...................................I _ 1丨厂:'· ”, (3) i1 ........——,” includes the following steps: (a) Construction of a self-contained gasket suitable for providing the pressurized fluid a substantially impermeable barrier; and (b) coating the self-sustaining liner with a suitable composite material to form a carrier that is in contact with the self-sustaining liner, the carrier being adapted to withstand about 1 03 5 kPa ( 150 psia) to a pressure of about 7 5 90 kPa (1100 psia) and a temperature of about -123 ° C (-190 ° F) to about -62 ° C (-80 ° F), and the composite has a coefficient of thermal expansion (i) is substantially the same as the coefficient of thermal expansion of the self-sustaining pad at the self-sustaining pad interface, and (ii) its thickness across the carrier vessel gradually decreases as the distance from the interface increases. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the composite material comprises an intermediate material at the interface of the self-sustaining liner, wherein the intermediate material has suitable shear strength or strain to substantially prevent the container from being exposed to temperature. Damaged when the ambient temperature changes between approximately -123 t (-190 °F). 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the self-sustaining liner of step (a) is made of a material consisting essentially of aluminum, and the composite material comprises fibers selected from the group consisting of: (i) carbon (ii) glass, (iii) keWar, (iv) aromatic polyamine, and (v) ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the self-sustaining liner of step (a) is made of a material consisting essentially of steel having a yield strength of at least about 690 MPa (100 ksi), the substrate and The ductile-brittle transition temperature in the heated zone after welding is less than about -62 °C (-8 0 °F), and the composite material comprises fibers (i) carbon selected from the group consisting of (ii) glass, ( Iii) kevlar, (iv) aromatic polyamines, and (v) ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. 1281011 (4) f 1 1. A method of making a container suitable for a pressure of from about 10 3 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 7590 kPa (1100 psia) and about -123 ° C ( _190 Τ ) to about - Storage of pressurized liquefied natural gas at a temperature of 62 ° C (-80 ° F), the method comprising the steps of: (a) constructing a self-contained liner adapted to provide substantial impermeability to the pressurized fluid And (b) coating the self-sustaining liner with a suitable composite material to form a carrier vessel that is in contact with the self-sustaining liner, the carrier vessel being adapted to withstand about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) a pressure of about 75 90 kPa (1100 psia) and a temperature of about -123 ° C (-190 ° F) to about -62 ° C (-80 ° F), and the composite material is substantially in self-sustaining The self-sustaining pad of the pad interface has the same coefficient of thermal expansion as the coefficient of thermal expansion. 12. A pressure of from about 1 03 5 kPa (150 psia) to about 75 90 kPa (1 100 psia) and a temperature of from about -123 ° C (-190 ° F) to about - 62 t: (-80 ° F) A method of storing pressurized liquefied natural gas, the method comprising the steps of: accommodating the pressurized liquefied natural gas in at least one container, the at least one container comprising (a) a self-sustaining gasket, the self-sustaining gasket Providing a substantially impermeable barrier to the pressurized fluid; and (b) a carrier vessel in contact with the self-sustaining liner, the carrier being fabricated from a composite material and adapted to withstand about 1035 kPa (150 psia) to a pressure of about 7590 kPa (11 〇〇 pSia) and a temperature of about -123 ° C (-190 ° F) to about -62 t: (-80 ° F), and the composite material has substantially the same self-sustaining lining The self-sustaining pad of the pad interface has the same coefficient of thermal expansion as the coefficient of thermal expansion. 1 3. The method of claim 12, wherein the composite material -4-1281011 (5) β slamming positive + the thermal expansion coefficient of the material spans the thickness of the carrier vessel and the distance from the interface The increase is gradually decreasing. 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the composite material comprises an intermediate material at the interface of the self-sustaining liner, wherein the intermediate material has suitable shear strength or strain to substantially prevent the container from being exposed to temperature. Damaged when the ambient temperature changes between approximately -123 °C (-190 °F). The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one container comprises (a) a self-sustaining liner made of a material consisting essentially of aluminum and providing substantially no a barrier to penetration; and the composite material comprises fibers (1) carbon, (Π) glass, (iii) kevlar, (iv) aromatic polyamine, and (v) ultrahigh molecular weight selected from the group consisting of Polyethylene. The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one container comprises (a) a self-sustaining liner made of a material consisting essentially of steel having a yield strength of at least about 690 MPa (100). Ksi), and the ductile-brittle transition temperature in the substrate and the heated zone after soldering is less than about -62 °C (-80 °F) and provides a substantially impermeable barrier to the pressurized fluid; and the composite Is a fiber comprising (i) carbon selected from the group consisting of (ii) glass, (iii) kevlar, (iv) aromatic polyamine, and (v) ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene