TW202403304A - Battery safety system for detecting analytes - Google Patents

Abstract

A battery safety system includes a flow valve and a sensing device. The flow valve is disposed on a housing of the battery and includes a first valve that is embedded inside the housing and a second valve that intersects the housing. The first valve includes a cavity through which analytes released upon electrochemical reactions within the battery flow towards the second valve. The second valve extends through the housing to the outside, and defines an opening through which the released analytes exit the housing. The sensing device is disposed within the cavity of the first valve of the valve and is situated in a manner to be in fluidic contact with the released analytes as they flow from the inside of the battery to the outside. In some aspects, the battery safety system can detect a minute presence of one or more analytes. In some aspects, the sensor is in communication with a battery management system.

Description

Battery pack safety system for detecting analytes

The present disclosure relates generally to detecting analytes, and more specifically, to detecting the presence of analytes at relatively low concentrations.

Chemical sensors can generate signals in response to the presence of specific chemicals and alert users to the presence of potentially hazardous chemicals (such as those released from batteries and other devices). For example, thermal runaway within a battery casing may cause temperature and pressure levels to rise within the casing, which may damage the battery and, in some cases, may even lead to explosions and other user hazards. Conventional analyte sensors are unable to detect relatively low concentrations of analytes (eg, less than parts per billion (ppb)), which limits the usefulness of such sensors. Therefore, chemical sensors and steam sensors need further improvement.

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

One novel aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented as a battery pack safety system that detects the presence of analytes (eg, gases or chemicals) released from the battery pack and generates An alarm indicating the presence of one or more analytes. In some cases, the battery pack safety system can detect and indicate the presence of one or more analytes (and their respective potential hazards) quickly enough to allow the user to mitigate the potential hazard and/or slow down (or even stop) Potential thermal runaway condition. In some embodiments, the battery safety system includes a flow valve and a sensing device. The flow valve may be disposed on a housing of the battery pack and may include a first valve and a second valve coupled to each other. The first valve can be embedded in the housing The interior may include a cavity through which analytes released from the battery pack may flow to the second valve. The second valve may extend through the housing and may define an opening through which the released analytes may exit the housing. The sensing device may be disposed within the cavity defined by the first valve and may be in fluid contact with the released analyte. The sensing device may include at least one sensor configured to detect the presence of one or more of the analytes.

In various implementations, the at least one sensor can include a sensing material configured to resonate at a frequency in response to receiving an electromagnetic signal from an external device. In some cases, detection of the presence of one or more analytes may be based, at least in part, on a comparison between the resonant frequency and a calibration curve. In other cases, detection of the presence of one or more analytes may be based, at least in part, on changes in one or more properties of the sensing material in response to the electromagnetic signal in the presence of certain analytes. . The one or more properties may include at least the resistance of the sensing material. In some aspects, the sensing material is carbon-based.

In some embodiments, the battery security system may include an antenna for receiving the electromagnetic signal. In some cases, detection of the presence of one or more analytes is based at least in part on the frequency response of the sensing material to the electromagnetic signal in the presence of certain analytes. In some aspects, the sensing device may also identify the one or more analytes based at least in part on a comparison between the frequency response of the sensing material and one or more reference frequency responses. In some cases, the frequency response of the sensing material is based on resonant impedance spectroscopy (RIS) sensing.

In various aspects, the at least one sensor is coupled between a pair of electrodes disposed on a substrate of the sensing device. In other aspects, the at least one sensor can be a carbon-based sensor. In some other aspects, the at least one sensor can be a metal oxide gas sensor.

In some cases, the flow valve may include a porous membrane that prevents moisture and contaminants from entering the battery pack. In other cases, a cover positioned over the porous membrane protects the battery pack from external factors or environmental conditions. In some aspects, the battery pack may be disposed within or with Related: consumer electronic devices, electric vehicles (EVs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or stationary energy storage systems (ESS), etc.

In some embodiments, analytes released by one or more electrochemical cells can enter the battery safety system via a fluid inlet and contact sensing material associated with the sensing device. If one or more analytes of interest are determined to be present, the battery safety system can indicate a warning of possible battery failure and can mitigate or remediate any potential battery failure before it occurs. In some aspects, the battery pack safety systems disclosed herein may alter the charging operation of the battery pack in response to detecting the presence of certain analytes (or other dangerous or harmful substances) released from the battery pack. In some other aspects, the battery pack safety systems disclosed herein may alter the discharge operation of the battery pack in response to detecting the presence of certain analytes.

In various embodiments, the sensing device can be configured to detect the presence of certain analytes, such as (but not limited to) water vapor (H ₂ O), hydrogen (H ₂ ), carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ), Carbon monoxide (CO), ethylene (C ₂ H ₄ ), ethane (C ₂ H ₆ ), ethyl acetate (C ₄ H ₈ O ₂ ), hydrofluoric acid (HF), ethyl carbonate (C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ ), dimethyl carbonate (C ₃ H ₆ O ₃ ), sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ), hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S), or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the sensing device may include a resonator configured to resonate at a selected or configured frequency in response to an electromagnetic signal received from an external source. The sensing device may detect the presence of one or more analytes based at least in part on a comparison between a selected or configured resonant frequency and a calibration curve.

In some embodiments, a signal generated by the battery safety system may indicate one or more conditions of the battery that may be used to predict the occurrence of thermal runaway or other battery failure. In some aspects, generation of the signal may be used to trigger a change in one or more operations of the battery pack. In other embodiments, the signal may indicate the occurrence of potential battery pack thermal runaway. In some other implementations, a battery management system (BMS) coupled to the sensing device may initiate one or more remedial actions based at least in part on the presence of one or more analytes.

Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and stated in the description below. Other features, aspects and advantages will become apparent from the specification, drawings and claims. Please note that the relative dimensions of the following figures may not be drawn to scale.

100:Battery Pack Safety System

102:Base

103:Open your mouth

104:Porous membrane

105: Direction

106: cover

107: Direction

108:Cavity

110:Flow valve

112:First valve

114:Second valve

120: Sensing device

120 ₁ ~120 _N : Sensor

121 ₁ ~121 _N : electrode

122 ₁ ~122 _N : Electrode

125: Sensing materials

125 ₁ ~125 _N : Sensing material

130: Shell

140:Battery pack

151~155:analyte

200:Icon

208:Cavity

210:Battery pack

212: Shell

220: Battery pack battery

230:Exhaust gas

240:Position

300:Battery Pack Safety System

301: Communication link

320: Battery pack management system

330:User

400: Sensing device

410:Input circuit

420: Sensor array

430:Measurement circuit

440:Controller

500: Sensor array

510:Substrate

600:Icon

610:Illustrations

612:Carbon particles

620:Illustrations

622:Path

700A: Sensor Array

700B: Sensor Array

701~704: Sensor

800:Icon

801: Sensor

810:Substrate

811~814: Sensing material layer

815: Sensing materials

825:Permittivity gradient

851:Power control unit

852:Wavelength control unit

853: Radiation source

861: stepped gradient

862: Linear gradient

863: Curved gradient

900: Sensor

910:Substrate

911~914:Layer

924:Thickness

1000A: Carbon material

1000B: Carbon material

1000C: Carbon material

1000D: Carbon Nanoonion

1000E: Carbon material

1102: Thermal runaway mode

1110:Normal mode

1121:First exhaust

1122:Thermal runaway event

1200: Analyte Detection System

1203: Exhaust gas outlet hole

1206: cover

1208:Exhaust pipe

1210: Sensing device

1212: Container

1214:Valve

1220:Pack or crate

1230:Analyte

1240:Exhaust gas

1250: Pipe opening

Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary battery safety system in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 2 shows a diagram depicting the battery pack safety system of Figure 1 integrated within a battery pack in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 3 shows a block diagram of an exemplary battery safety system in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 4 illustrates an example sensing device in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 5 shows an example sensor array in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 6 shows a diagram depicting exemplary interactions between one or more analytes and an exemplary sensing material in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 7A illustrates another example sensor array in accordance with some other embodiments.

Figure 7B illustrates another example sensor array in accordance with some other embodiments.

Figure 8 shows a diagram depicting UV radiation emitted toward an exemplary carbon-based sensor in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 9 illustrates another exemplary carbon-based sensor according to some other embodiments.

Figure 10A shows a micrograph of an exemplary carbon material that may be used in the sensing device of Figure 1, according to some embodiments.

Figure 10B shows a micrograph of another exemplary carbon material that may be used in the sensing device of Figure 1, according to some other embodiments.

Figure 1OC shows a micrograph of another exemplary carbon material that may be used in the sensing device of Figure 1, according to some other embodiments.

10D illustrates another illustrative method that may be used in the sensing device of FIG. 1 according to some other embodiments. Micrograph of carbon material.

1OE shows a micrograph of another exemplary carbon material that may be used in the sensing device of FIG. 1, according to some other embodiments.

Figure 11 shows a graph depicting exemplary sensor responses when detecting the presence of one or more analytes, according to some embodiments.

Figure 12 shows a diagram depicting an exemplary analyte detection system disposed in a food container in accordance with some embodiments.

The same component symbols and names in the various drawings identify the same components.

Cross-references to related applications

This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/450,888, titled "SYSTEMS FOR DETECTING ANALYTES IN OFF-GASES", filed on March 8, 2023, and also claims priority on August 10, 2022. The priority of U.S. Patent Application No. 17/884,735 titled "BATTERY SAFETY SYSTEM FOR DETECTING ANALYTES", which was filed on March 10, 2022 and titled "VENT SENSING SYSTEM FOR DETECTING ANALYTES ASSOCIATED WITH A BATTERY" ” of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/318,739, all of the above applications are assigned to the assignee of this application. The disclosures of all prior applications are considered part of this patent application and are incorporated by reference into this patent application.

The following description is of certain exemplary embodiments for the purpose of describing the novel aspects of the present disclosure. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that the teachings herein may be applied in many different ways. The described embodiments may be implemented in any environment to detect the presence of various analytes in or near any device, battery pack, package, container, structure or system that may be susceptible to the analytes. Additionally, embodiments of the subject matter disclosed herein may be used to detect relatively low concentrations, such as less than a billion One part (ppb)) of the analyte is present. In this manner, aspects of the present disclosure may detect the presence of one or more analytes released from the battery pack prior to a battery pack thermal runaway event that may result in fire and explosion. The ability to detect the presence of various analytes before a battery pack thermal runaway event occurs may allow the user or operator of the battery pack sufficient time to mitigate or remedy the battery pack thermal runaway. Accordingly, the disclosed embodiments are not limited to the examples provided herein, but rather encompass all embodiments contemplated by the appended claims. In addition, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted to avoid obscuring relevant details of the disclosure.

Batteries typically include a plurality of electrochemical cells (or battery cells) that can power a variety of systems, including, for example, mobile phones, laptops, electric vehicles (EVs), factories, energy storage systems (ESS), and buildings . When battery cells experience abnormal events such as over-temperature, overcharge, external and internal short circuits, mechanical extrusion, or structural penetration, an exothermic reaction may occur inside the battery to generate heat and toxic and flammable exhaust gases within the battery. Therefore, the gas tends to open the battery cell housing during the first period of time (i.e., the "first vent"). The heat generated may trigger additional exothermic reactions, which may release torrents of toxic and flammable exhaust gases. In some aspects, the battery cells may be vented during a second period of time (ie, a "second vent"). Repeated exhausting of the battery pack may eventually lead to the ejection of large amounts of heat and flammable exhaust gases, which may lead to a thermal runaway event in the battery pack, which may lead to an explosion. The first vent usually occurs before a battery pack thermal runaway event and therefore can be considered a sign of impending battery pack failure.

Many conventional monitoring techniques use sensors to detect temperature, voltage, or analytes of interest at the vents of the battery cells that are manufactured to correspond to the vent locations of the failed cells. As used herein, the term "explosion vent" refers to a defined portion of a battery casing that is designed to have minimum structural integrity to allow pressure to be relieved from the battery cells. Explosion plates are often a built-in feature of hard-shell battery packs. However, for battery pack enclosures that do not have manufactured explosion-proof plates, such as pouch cells, the vent location of a failed cell within the battery pack enclosure is unpredictable, and conventional monitoring techniques may be too complex for practical applications. Additionally, incorporating a top chamber to mitigate such releases undesirably increases the space required to accommodate the battery pack. space, increase the total weight of the battery pack, reduce the energy density of the battery pack, and increase the manufacturing cost. Therefore, there is a need for a sensing system that can reliably detect the occurrence of battery pack failure and the presence of various analytes without increasing manufacturing costs, without increasing the amount of space required, and without increasing the number of batteries Total weight of the group.

Various aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein relate to a battery safety system that can be configured to detect the presence of one or more analytes in an environment. The environment may be a battery pack, and the battery safety system may include a flow valve partially embedded in the battery pack and a sensing device disposed within the embedded portion of the current valve. In some cases, the battery pack may be disposed within or associated with at least one of a consumer electronic device, EV, UAV, or stationary ESS. In some embodiments, the sensing device may include at least one sensor that reacts with or responds to one or more specific analytes, and the sensing device may The presence of the one or more specific analytes is detected based on the reaction or response of the at least one sensor to an electromagnetic signal emitted from an external source.

In various embodiments, the sensing device can generate a signal in response to detecting the presence of one or more analytes. This signal may indicate a dangerous operating mode of the battery pack and/or the potential occurrence of thermal runaway of the battery pack. In some aspects, the sensing device can output a signal to a user of the battery pack. In some implementations, a battery management system coupled to the sensing device may respond to the signal to provide an alert of the potential onset of thermal runaway of the battery pack. In other implementations, the battery management system may initiate one or more remedial actions in response to the signal. In some cases, the one or more remedial actions may be initiated based at least in part on the signal indicating the potential onset of battery pack thermal runaway. In some other embodiments, detection of presence is based at least in part on one or more properties of the at least one sensor due to an interaction between the at least one sensor and the one or more analytes. measurement of changes. In some cases, the one or more properties include at least the impedance of the at least one sensor.

In some other embodiments, the sensing device may further comprise a device configured to externally The device receives an antenna for electromagnetic signals, and detection of presence may be based at least in part on measurement of the frequency response of the carbon-based sensing material to the electromagnetic signal. In some aspects, the sensing device may be further configured to identify the one or more analytes based at least in part on a comparison between a frequency response of the carbon-based sensing material and one or more reference frequency responses. These frequency responses can be based on resonance impedance spectroscopy (RIS) sensing.

The sensing device may be configured to generate a signal in response to the at least one sensor detecting the presence of one or more analytes. In some embodiments, the signal may be an indication of a battery pack condition that is known to exist and be detectable before the battery pack enters any hazardous operating mode. In some aspects, the indicator signal can stimulate operating components of the battery pack module. In some other embodiments, the signal may indicate a warning of potential battery pack thermal runaway. In some implementations, a battery management system (BMS) coupled to the sensing device may provide an alert of potential battery thermal runaway in response to the signal and may be based at least in part on the signal indicating potential battery thermal runaway. Initiate one or more remedial actions to terminate operation of the battery pack module before the battery pack module enters any hazardous operating mode.

In some other embodiments, the sensing device may be located within a cavity of a flow directing or flow control device. For example, the sensing device may be located in a hose or in a valve or in a pump or in an expansion chamber or in a fitting or the like. In some embodiments, the sensing device can be located in or on semiconductor manufacturing equipment and can be used to detect the presence of analytes in or around the semiconductor manufacturing equipment.

In some other embodiments, one or more sensing devices may be deployed in underground habitats and/or underwater habitats and/or high altitude habitats and/or aerial habitats (eg, may be formed from extraterrestrial capsules) and /or space-based habitats (e.g., possibly in Earth orbit or possibly on interplanetary paths). One or more sensing devices may be used to detect analytes indicative of the operating status of any equipment or equipment present in or around the habitat.

In some other embodiments, the sensing device may be located in or around a vehicle (eg, in or around a ground vehicle, or in or around a drone, etc.) and may be used to detect the presence or absence of an analyte, the presence or There is no indication of the operating status of any equipment or equipment present in or around the vehicle.

In some other embodiments, the sensing device may be located in or around a shipping container (e.g., large or small, durable or recyclable, etc.) and may be used to detect the presence or absence of an analyte that The presence or absence may indicate the status of contents (eg, food, biological material, etc.) that may be present in or around the shipping container.

Certain implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some embodiments, the battery pack safety system disclosed herein can detect whether first venting has begun and/or can detect the occurrence of battery failure and issue a warning sufficient to allow the user to mitigate or even avoid battery pack failure. happen. For example, the battery pack safety system disclosed herein can accurately detect the presence of certain analytes at relatively low concentrations (< parts per billion). Additionally, the battery pack safety system disclosed herein eliminates the need for a top gas collection chamber, thereby reducing the cost and physical footprint of the battery pack safety system. In some cases, the battery pack safety system disclosed herein can detect a battery pack failure at least 40 minutes before thermal runaway of the battery pack, thereby ensuring that the user has sufficient time to terminate the operation of the battery pack (or take action to remedial measures to avoid thermal runaway). Therefore, the aspect of the present disclosure can detect the occurrence of battery pack failure or the presence of certain analytes at lower concentrations than conventional technologies, thereby reducing and alerting users of possible battery pack failures or There are time periods associated with certain analytes.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary battery security system 100 in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, battery safety system 100 may be used to vent battery exhaust gases released from one or more cells within or associated with battery pack 140 , such as electrochemical cells. In some cases, battery safety system 100 may be used to detect the presence (or absence) of one or more analytes released from and/or near battery 140 . In some aspects, battery safety system 100 may generate an alarm or signal indicating the presence of one or more analytes released from and/or near battery 140 . In other cases, the battery pack safety system 100 may detect the potential occurrence of a battery pack thermal runaway event and, in response thereto, may generate an alarm or signal indicating the potential occurrence of a battery pack thermal runaway event. in each In various aspects, the battery pack 140 may be disposed within or associated with at least one of the following: a consumer electronic device, a car, a truck, a motorcycle, a bus, a boat, Helicopters, robots, drones, recreational vehicles, amusement park vehicles, construction equipment, golf carts, EVs, UAVs or fixed ESS, etc. In some other embodiments, battery pack safety system 100 may be used in other applications.

The battery pack safety system 100 includes a flow valve 110 and a sensing device 120 as shown. In some aspects, flow valve 110 may include first valve 112 and second valve 114 coupled to each other. Flow valve 110 may be formed using any suitable material and may have any suitable dimensions. In some cases, flow valve 110 may be produced using 3-D printing methods. As shown, in some aspects, first valve 112 may be embedded within housing 130 and may define a cavity 108 through which analytes 151 - 155 released from battery pack 140 flow to second valve 114 . For example, cavity 108 may receive one or more different types of analytes 151 - 155 produced by or released from battery pack 140 , and the one or more different types of analytes 151 - 155 may pass through first valve 112 to second valve 114.

The second valve 114 includes a base 102 and may extend through and beyond the housing 130 , such that at least a portion of the second valve 114 is positioned outside the housing 130 . In some aspects, the second valve 114 may define one or more openings 103 through which the one or more different types of analytes 151 - 155 may flow and subsequently exit the battery housing 130 . In various aspects, each of the one or more openings 103 may have any shape, size, or cross-sectional area suitable for flow of one or more analytes 151 - 155 released from the battery pack 140 . In some embodiments, a porous membrane 104 may be formed across the top of the second valve 114 , parallel to the cover 106 disposed on the top surface of the flow valve 110 , to prevent moisture and undesirable particles from entering the battery pack 140 . In some aspects, cover 106 can protect porous membrane 104 from external or environmental factors.

As shown in Figure 1, when analytes 151-155 are released from battery pack 140, analytes 151-155 can enter cavity 108 defined by first valve 112 (along direction 105), flow into second valve 114, and Exit housing 130 (in one or more directions 107 ) via one or more openings defined by second valve 114 . exist In various embodiments, sensing device 120 may be in fluid contact with the flow of one or more analytes between first valve 112 and second valve 114 . In various aspects, one or more analytes 151 - 155 may flow through cavity 108 at a certain flow rate based on the relative position, orientation, shape, and cross-sectional area of one or more openings 103 . For example, the flow rate of a given analyte through cavity 108 may increase in response to a decrease in the cross-sectional area of respective openings 103 , and the flow rate of a given analyte through cavity 108 may increase in response to a cross-sectional area of respective openings 103 . Decreases with increase in cross-sectional area. The amount or amount of analyte in fluid contact with sensing device 120 per unit time may be controlled or adjusted by adjusting the flow rate, for example, using a fan, pump, constrictor, or venturi. Specifically, increasing the flow rate of analyte through cavity 108 may increase the extent to which sensing device 120 reacts with or responds to the analyte, which in turn may alter or modify one or more of sensor devices 120 . Multiple properties.

In some other embodiments, sensing device 120 may include a sensing material that may be selectively tuned to be based, at least in part, on the sensing material's response to an electromagnetic signal in the presence of one or more specific analytes. Frequency response to detect the presence of the one or more specific analytes, even at relatively low concentrations (eg, less than 1 ppb). Thus, the battery safety system 100 is able to detect the presence of one or more analytes 151-155 quickly enough to allow the user sufficient time to take mitigation or remedial actions.

FIG. 2 depicts a diagram 200 of the battery pack safety system 100 of FIG. 1 associated with a battery pack 210 in accordance with some embodiments. Battery pack 210 may be used in any suitable application to power the application. In some embodiments, battery pack 210 may be included in a battery pack used to power an electric vehicle (EV). In some other embodiments, battery pack 210 may be disposed within or associated with at least one of: a consumer electronic device, a car, a truck, a motorcycle, a bus, Boats, helicopters, robots, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), recreational vehicles, amusement park vehicles, construction equipment, golf carts, electric vehicles (EVs) or stationary ESS.

The battery pack 210 is shown to include a plurality of battery cells 220 enclosed within a housing 212 configured with the battery pack safety system 100 of FIG. 1 . Housing 212 may be any suitable electrical A battery enclosure, container, or mechanism capable of enclosing (and protecting) the battery cells 220 from the surrounding environment. In some cases, housing 212 may be an example of housing 130 described with respect to FIG. 1 . As shown, the first valve 112 of the flow valve 110 of the battery safety system 100 is embedded in the housing 212 and defines a cavity 208 through which analytes (or other gases and by-products) released from the battery cells 220 can flow. This cavity exits the housing 212 via the second valve 114 . As described with respect to FIG. 1 , second valve 114 may define one or more openings (not shown for simplicity) through which analytes released from battery cells 220 and flowing through first valve 112 may Leave the battery pack housing 212. In this manner, flow valve 110 may ensure that analytes released from battery cells 220 are in sufficient fluid contact with sensing device 120 to initiate reaction of the sensing material (not shown for simplicity) with or to the analyte. respond.

In various embodiments, battery pack safety system 100 may provide the only interface through which exhaust gas 230 containing analytes released from battery pack 210 may exit (or escape) the interior of housing 212 and dissipate into the surrounding environment. . Specifically, in some cases, sensing device 120 is embedded within housing 212 and positioned such that exhaust gas 230 released from battery pack 210 flows through the cavity defined by first valve 112 and is in fluid contact with sensing device 120 . In this manner, one or more sensing materials within or associated with sensing device 120 may react with or respond to relatively low concentrations of certain analytes, such as to detect Presence of analytes. In some cases, the one or more sensing materials can be exposed multiple times to the released analytes, thereby reacting with or responding to the analytes. In some aspects, changes in the impedance or other properties of a sensing material caused by exposure to certain analytes or fluid contact with certain analytes can be used to detect relatively low concentrations (e.g., less than 1 ppb) of certain analytes. Analyte.

Battery cell 220 may be any suitable type of battery, battery cell, battery pack, electrochemical cell, etc. that provides electrical energy. For example, battery cell 220 may be a metal ion battery, a metal sulfur battery, a metal air battery, or any other type of battery. The plurality of battery cells 220 may be cells with or without built-in explosion protection plates in the battery design. In some cases, multiple battery packs The battery 220 may be a soft pack battery. In some other cases, battery cells 220 may be hard-shell batteries.

Under normal battery operating conditions, the electrochemical reactions within the battery cells 220 are well balanced such that the battery cells do not release any gas. Under abnormal battery operating conditions, battery cells 220 may undergo undesirable electrochemical reactions that release heat and volatile organic compounds in the gas phase. The resulting accumulation of gases released by the battery cells 220 often results in a "first vent" event and opening of the battery cell's casing. In various embodiments, battery cell 220 may rupture at one or more locations 240 when maximum pressure inside battery cell 220 is reached during abnormal operating conditions. Such ruptures typically occur at the weakest point of the housing associated with each battery cell 220 and may allow the release of exhaust gases containing one or more analytes. In some embodiments, the battery cells 220 may be hard-shell batteries, and the rupture location 240 may correspond to the explosion-proof plate of the battery pack.

In other embodiments, the battery cells 220 may not have pre-designed burst plates, so the rupture location 240 may be unknown or unpredictable. For example, as shown in Figure 2, each battery cell 220 may experience one or more ruptures at different locations 240 of the cell structure. In some cases, rupture may occur at location 240 on the surface of battery cell 220. In some other cases, rupture may occur at location 240 on one or more surfaces of battery cell 220, along one or more edges of battery cell 220, or any combination thereof. In various aspects, exhaust gases 230 released via the rupture may flow into the first valve 112 of the battery pack safety system 100 in direction 201 . As exhaust gas 230 flows from first valve 112 to second valve 114 , sensing device 120 may be in fluid contact with exhaust gas 230 and, in some cases, may be exposed to an amount of analyte 151 - 155 of FIG. 1 . Thus, the sensing device 120 can detect the presence of one or more analytes 151 - 155 released at known and unknown locations (or at predictable and unpredictable locations, respectively), thereby obviating the need to collect exhaust prior to sensing. top chamber structure. In this manner, the battery pack safety system 100 can have a relatively smaller footprint compared to conventional battery pack safety systems, thereby reducing the manufacturing cost and complexity of the battery pack safety system 100 .

In some implementations, one or more sensing materials associated with sensing device 120 may resonate at a selected or configured frequency in response to electromagnetic signals received from an external device. In some cases, sensing device 120 may detect the presence of one or more analytes based at least in part on a comparison between a selected or configured resonant frequency and a calibration curve. In other embodiments, sensing device 120 may include at least one sensor (not shown for simplicity) configured to interact with (or respond to) one or more analytes. and indicates whether the one or more analytes are present. In some aspects, the at least one sensor can be a carbon-based sensor. In other aspects, the at least one sensor may be a metal oxide gas sensor (MOS). In some other aspects, sensing device 120 may include two or more different types of sensors. For example, in some cases, the first type of sensor may be a carbon-based sensor, and the second type of sensor may be a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor, humidity sensor, electrochemical sensor, etc. A chemical sensor, a chemical resistance sensor, or an impedance spectrum sensor.

In various embodiments, the at least one sensor can include sensing material coupled between a pair of electrodes disposed on the substrate. In other aspects, the at least one sensor may be coupled to only one electrode. The sensing material may be configured to detect the presence of certain analytes, such as analytes 151-155 of Figure 1, based on the reaction of the sensing material with or in response to the respective analyte. The sensing material may be or include any suitable material or materials. For example, in some aspects, the sensing material may be a carbon-based material containing a three-dimensional (3D) graphene structure. In some cases, sensing materials can be configured to detect the presence of different analytes or different sets of analytes. For example, a carbon-based sensing material may have multiple regions or regions functionalized, doped, or otherwise decorated with different metal nanoparticles or other materials that are configured to The presence (or absence) of one or more individual analytes (such as analytes) 151-155 is detected. In some other cases, sensing device 120 may include a sensor array including a plurality of sensors disposed within a cavity of a flow directing or flow control device. In some aspects, each of the plurality of sensors may have a different or unique configuration. For example, the sensing material of the first sensor may function with a first material configured to detect the presence of each analyte in the first set of analytes. ized, doped, or otherwise decorated, and the sensing material of the second sensor may be decorated with a second material configured to detect the presence of each analyte in the second set of analytes. In other cases, sensing device 120 may have multiple carbon-based sensors, and the sensing material within each sensor may be configured to detect the presence of the same analyte or the same set of analytes.

In various implementations, sensing device 120 may generate a signal in response to detecting the presence of one or more analytes 151-155. In some embodiments, detecting the presence of an analyte may be based at least in part on changes in the impedance or other properties of one or more sensing materials caused by changes in output current. In some aspects, changes in impedance or resistance caused by exposure to certain analytes can occur gradually, and the overall value of the change in impedance, resistance, or other property can be measured. In some aspects, impedance or resistance may be measured by impedance spectroscopy (IS) or suitable chemical resistance measurement techniques. In some other implementations, sensing device 120 may include an antenna configured to receive electromagnetic signals from an external device (not shown for simplicity), and detecting the presence of an analyte may be based at least in part on a carbon-based sensor. Measure the frequency response of materials to electromagnetic signals. In some aspects, the frequency responses may be based on resonance impedance spectroscopy (RIS) sensing.

Figure 3 shows a block diagram of an exemplary battery safety system 300 in accordance with some embodiments. Battery safety system 300 (which may be an example of battery safety system 100 of FIG. 1 ) includes a battery management system (BMS) 320 coupled to sensing device 120 as shown. In some embodiments, BMS 320 may provide a warning of potential battery pack thermal runaway in response to a signal generated by the sensing device when the sensor detects the presence of an analyte, and may initiate one or more remedial actions. to avoid thermal runaway. In some embodiments, BMS 320 may initiate remedial action based at least in part on the signal indicating potential battery pack thermal runaway. In some other cases, remedial action may include stopping any ongoing operation of the battery pack 210 and resuming operation after replacement and/or waiting. In this manner, remedial measures can prevent thermal runaway in battery pack 210.

In some implementations, the sensing device 120 may also output the signal to the user 330 of the battery pack incorporated with the battery pack safety system 300 . In some embodiments, the user 330 may use A person who uses the battery pack 210 as an energy source. For example, user 330 may be a driver of an EV or a person who uses or operates an ESS. In some other implementations, user 330 may be other suitable mechanisms, such as a human-machine interface, a robot, or a program configured to communicate information to an end user. The user 330 may communicate with the battery pack safety system 300 via an established communication link 301 (such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth) or one or more human-machine interfaces. This signal indicates a dangerous operating mode of the battery pack. In other cases, the user may receive indications of dangerous operating modes in other formats, such as audio sounds, context boxes displayed on the screen, lights, or any combination thereof. In this way, the user 330 is notified of the abnormal situation of the working battery pack before the battery pack failure occurs, thereby allowing the user to have enough time to take safety measures and remedial measures.

Figure 4 illustrates an exemplary sensing device 400 configured to detect one or more analytes 151-155 of Figure 1, according to some embodiments. The sensing device 400 (which may be an example of the sensing device 120 in FIGS. 1 to 3 ) includes an input circuit 410, a sensor array 420, a measurement circuit 430 and a controller 440 as shown. Input circuit 410 is coupled to controller 440 and sensor array 420 and may provide an interface through which direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC), voltage, and electromagnetic signals may be applied to sensor array 420. Sensor array 420 may include any suitable number of sensors. For example, in the example of FIG. 4 , the sensor array 420 is shown to include N sensors 120 ₁ -120 _N , each sensor including a sensor coupled to a respective electrode pair 121 ₁ and 122 ₁ to 121 Carbon-based sensing material 125 between _N and 122 _N is each one of ₁ to 125 _N , where N is an integer greater than 1. Sensing material 125i _{- 125N} may be any suitable carbon-based material capable of reacting with or responding to one or more analytes 151-155. In some aspects, one or more of the sensing materials 125 ₁ -125 _N may be a carbon-based material containing a three-dimensional (3D) graphene structure. In some other cases, one or more of the carbon-based sensing materials 125 ₁ - 125 _N may include different carbon allotropes or different combinations of carbon allotropes. In various embodiments, the carbon-based sensing materials 125 ₁ - 125 _N may have different properties including, but not limited to, permittivity values, sensitivity, and surface area. In some embodiments, sensing device 400 may only have sensor 120 that includes one carbon-based sensing material 125 . The differences in sensing material in question may be arranged into regions or zones. For example, sensing material 125 may have different regions or zones with different properties and/or different types of materials.

As shown in FIG. 4 , each of the first electrodes 121 ₁ -121 _N may be coupled to a corresponding terminal of the input circuit 410 , and each of the second electrodes 122 ₁ -122 _N may be coupled to the measurement Corresponding terminals of circuit 430. In some other implementations, each terminal of the input circuit 410 may be coupled to the first set of sensors 120 ₁ - 120 _N , and each terminal of the measurement circuit 430 may be coupled to the second set of sensors 120 _{1-120N .} In some cases, the first set of sensors may be the same as the second set of sensors. In other cases, the first set of sensors may be different from the second set of sensors. By using different sets or types of sensors to detect the presence of different analytes, sensing device 400 is less likely to generate false alarms.

In some embodiments, the controller 440 can generate an excitation signal or field, and the measurement circuit 430 can measure the impedance or resistance of the sensors 120 ₁ -120 _N based on the excitation signal or field. For example, in some implementations, controller 440 may be a current source configured to drive direct or alternating current through each of sensors 120 ₁ - 120 _N. If the current applied to the sensors is DC, the resistance of each sensor will be measured. Conversely, if the current applied to the sensors is AC, the impedance of each sensor will be measured. In some other implementations, controller 440 may be a voltage source that may apply various voltages across sensors 120 ₁ - 120 _N via corresponding electrode pairs 121 and 122 . In some cases, controller 440 may adjust the sensitivity of respective sensors 120 to specific analytes by changing the voltage applied across respective sensors 120 . For example, the controller 440 may increase the sensitivity of each sensor 120 by reducing the applied voltage and may decrease the sensitivity of each sensor 120 by increasing the applied voltage.

Controller 440 may be configured to apply a predefined current or voltage to each of sensors 120 ₁ - 120 _N , and measurement circuit 430 may be configured when the sensing material is exposed to the sensor 120 1 -120 N as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 The impedance or resistance of each of the sensors 120 ₁ -120 _N is measured before one or more analytes 151 - 155 . Measurement circuitry 430 may use these measurements as a reference for impedance and resistance to determine any differences in the sensor's impedance and resistance after the sensing material interacts with the analyte. In some embodiments, this interaction may occur between sensing materials 125 ₁ - _125N and analytes 151 - 155. The sensing material 125 ₁ -125 _N may interact with the analyte based on the reaction stoichiometry and the flow rate of the analyte, and the stoichiometry may determine how much may occur between the sensing material 125 and the analyte for each sensor. interactions.

For example, for an analyte with a flow rate of 10 mol/sec and a reaction stoichiometry of 1:1, the same interaction can occur 10 times. During each session, the interaction between the sensing material 125 and the analytes 151 - 155 may result in a change in the output current through the respective sensor 120 , and thus the impedance or resistance of the sensor 120 may gradually change. In this manner, for 10 interactions that occur, the gradual changes in the impedance or resistance of the respective sensors may be accumulated to a value that can be picked up or measured by the measurement circuit 430, thereby detecting certain analytes. exist. In this manner, sensing device 400 can detect the presence of analytes 151 - 155 at relatively low concentrations (such as less than 1 ppb) when the analytes first begin to be present in the battery pack exhaust.

As discussed, in some cases, detection device 120 may include an antenna (not shown for simplicity) capable of receiving electromagnetic signals from an external device. Measurement circuitry 430 may measure the frequency response of sensing material 125 ₁ - 125 _N to the electromagnetic signal and determine whether each of analytes 151 - 155 is present based at least in part on the measurement. Specifically, when sensor array 420 is exposed to analytes 151 - 155 , each of sensing materials 125 ₁ - 125 _N may produce an analyte that is absorbed, trapped, or otherwise incorporated into the respective sensing material. The sensor response (ie, the frequency response) caused by the analyte within the material 125 ₁ -125 _N. The sensor response may be similar to a known chemical fingerprint of a particular chemical (ie, a reference frequency response). When the sensor array 420 is probed by an electromagnetic signal, the measurement circuit 430 can capture the frequency response of the sensing material 125 ₁ -125 _N bound to the analyte, thereby detecting the presence of the analyte. In some aspects, measurement circuitry 430 may identify the one or more analytes based at least in part on a comparison between a captured frequency response of sensing material 125 and one or more reference frequency responses.

Figure 5 illustrates an exemplary sensor array 500 configured to detect one or more analytes 151-155, in accordance with some embodiments. Sensor array 500 (which may be an example of sensor array 420 of FIG. 4 ) includes eight sensors 120 disposed on substrate 510 as shown. In some embodiments, the sense Sensor array 500 may include other numbers of sensors. Substrate 510 may be any suitable material. In some cases, substrate 510 may be paper or a flexible polymer. In other cases, substrate 510 may be a rigid or semi-rigid material (eg, a printed circuit board). In the example of Figure 5, eight sensors 120 are arranged next to each other in a planar arrangement. In some other cases, the sensors 120 may be provided in other suitable arrangements, such as stacked on top of each other in a vertical arrangement, or the sensors 120 may be on a wire or mesh inside the flow valve 110 of FIG. 1 .

As shown in FIG. 5 , each sensor 120 includes a respective sensing material 125 . In some aspects, the sensing material 125 may be disposed between corresponding electrode pairs 121 - 122 to receive current, voltage or electromagnetic signals applied to the sensor 120 . In other aspects, sensing material 125 may be coupled to only one of electrodes 121 and 122. In some implementations, the eight sensing materials 125 may include eight different types of carbon materials made from different combinations of various carbon allotropes. As an example, one sensing material 125 may include carbon nanoonions (CNO). In some other implementations, each of sensing materials 125 may include 3D graphene structures with different properties including, but not limited to, permittivity value, sensitivity, and surface area. In some embodiments, some or all of the eight sensing materials may be functionalized, doped, or otherwise modified with metal nanoparticles or other materials such that the sensing material 125 detects the analyte 151- 155 is selective when targeting specific targets. In embodiments where only one sensor 120 is disposed on the substrate 510 , the sensing material 125 may have different properties in different zones or regions within the sensing material, such as the eight sensing materials 125 depicted in FIG. 5 combined together to form the single sensing material 125 . In some cases, the sensing material 125 can have regions or zones decorated with different types of materials, so that a single sensing material 125 can be selective in detecting analytes, and one sensor 120 can have the same sensitivity. The detector array 500 has the same function. In various implementations, the sensing material 125 may have an open-cell structure with void spaces and one or more paths. In this manner, the sensing material 125 may have a high surface area, which will provide additional active sites for interaction with the analyte.

In the example of Figure 5, one or more different analytes 151-155 are present in sensor array 500. Although only five analytes 151-155 are shown in Figure 5, sensor array 500 can detect a greater number of different analytes. In some aspects, analytes 151 - 155 may include any gas phase and/or fluid composition, including one or more volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as (but not limited to) water vapor (H ₂ O), carbon dioxide ( CO ₂ ), hydrogen (H ₂ ), carbon monoxide (CO), ethylene (C ₂ H ₄ ), ethane (C ₂ H ₆ ), ethyl acetate (C ₄ H ₈ O ₂ ), hydrofluoric acid (HF) , ethyl carbonate (C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ ), dimethyl carbonate (C ₃ H ₆ O ₃ ), sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ), hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S) or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, sensing material 125 can be configured to interact with the same or similar set of analytes. In some other implementations, each of sensing materials 125 may be configured to interact with a corresponding analyte or set of corresponding analytes of one or more analytes 151 - 155 . In other embodiments, each of sensing materials 125 can be configured to interact with a unique set of analytes 151-155. In one case, a first sensor of sensor array 500 may have sensing material 125 decorated with a first material configured to detect the presence of a first set of analytes 151-155, And one or more second sensors of sensor array 500 may have respective sensing materials 125 decorated with a second material configured to detect one or more corresponding second analyses. The existence of groups 151-155. In some aspects, an analyte in a first group may overlap with one or more analytes in a second group. In some other aspects, the second materials can be different from each other and from the first material, and the second set of analytes can be a unique subset of the first set of analytes. For example, the first sensor may be configured to detect each of five analytes 151-155, and each of the second sensors may be configured to detect five analytes 151 -The only one among 155. The first sensor can sense the environment for a relatively short period of time to provide a rough detection of any of the analytes 151-155, and each of the second sensors can sense the environment for a relatively long period of time. time period to confirm the presence of each of the five analytes 151-155. In this manner, one or more second sensors 120 can verify the detection of various analytes by the first sensor 120, thereby reducing or even eliminating false positives.

In some embodiments, the exact chemical reactivity and/or interaction between the analyte and the exposed carbon surface of material 125 may depend on the type of analyte and the structure or organization of the corresponding material 125 . For example, certain analytes may be detected by contact with a metal decorating the exposed carbon surface of sensing material 125 or Various oxidation-reduction ("redox") type chemical reactions are detected. In various embodiments, the sensing material 125 can interact with the analyte based on a reaction stoichiometry and the flow rate of the analyte, and the stoichiometry can determine the possible interactions between the sensing material 125 and the analyte for each sensor. How many interactions occur.

In some other embodiments, this interaction may cause analytes 151 - 155 to be absorbed, confined, occluded, or otherwise "caged" within any voids and pathways provided by the open pore structure of sensing material 125 . When sensor array 500 is probed with electromagnetic signals (eg, received from an external device), the exposure may cause sensing material 125 to produce a specific frequency response. Such frequency responses may indicate the presence of analytes 151-155 within sensing material 125, thereby indicating the presence of analytes 151-155 in the exhaust gases emitted from the battery cells.

Figure 6 shows a diagram 600 depicting exemplary interactions between one or more analytes 151-155 and the sensing material 125 of Figure 5, according to some embodiments. As discussed, sensor 120 may include sensing material 125 disposed on substrate 510 , and sensing material 125 may be a material configured to detect the presence of analytes 151 - 155 (not shown for simplicity) out) functionalized, doped or otherwise decorated. In some embodiments, the sensing material 125 can have an open pore structure defined by a plurality of different graphene structures, and the open pore structure can have one or more microporous paths or mesoporous paths 622. Although not shown for simplicity, the polymer can combine a plurality of different graphene structures with each other to collectively form the open structure. In some cases, the polymer may include a humectant configured to reduce the sensor's sensitivity to humidity.

As shown in FIG. 6 , analytes 151 - 155 may take one or more paths 622 to penetrate and interact with sensing material 125 . Illustration 610 is an expanded view of sensing material 125 . The sensing material 125 is shown to include a plurality of interconnected carbon particles 612 with void spaces between the carbon particles 612 . In some aspects, carbon particles 612 may be primary particles, and each particle may include a plurality of interconnected graphene flakes. In some aspects, carbon particles 612 can be aggregates, and each aggregate can include a plurality of particles formed from interconnected graphene flakes.

Inset 620 is another expanded view of two carbon particles 612 depicting the penetration of analytes 151-155. into the sensing material 125. As discussed, sensing material 125 may be functionalized, doped, or otherwise decorated with materials configured to detect the presence of analytes 151-155. In some cases, material (not shown for simplicity) may be deposited along the exposed surfaces of carbon particles 612 . In some other cases, material may be incorporated into one or more paths 622 of carbon particles 612 . When sensing material 125 is exposed to one or more analytes 151 - 155 , the analytes may flow through the interstitial space between individual carbon particles 612 and through one or more paths 622 for each carbon particle 612 . The analytes 151 - 155 may interact with the sensing material 125 and/or the plurality of carbon particles 612 of the decorated material. In some aspects, this interaction can cause analytes 151 - 155 to be absorbed, trapped, or disposed on the exposed surface of sensing material 125 . In some other aspects, the analyte may be confined, enclosed, or otherwise "caged" within the void space or one or more paths 622 of the sensing material 125 .

Figure 7A illustrates another sensor array 700A according to some embodiments. As shown, the sensor array 700A includes a plurality of sensors 701 - 704 arranged in a planar arrangement, wherein each of the sensors 701 - 704 includes sensing materials Carbon 1 to Carbon 4 and the sensing material Each of them can have different properties. Such properties may include, but are not limited to, the permittivity, sensitivity, and surface area of the sensing material. In some aspects, sensors 701-704 may be examples of sensor 120 described with respect to FIGS. 1, 2, and 4-6. Although the example sensor array 700A of Figure 7A shows four sensors 701-704 arranged in a 2 column by 2 row array, in other implementations, other numbers of sensors may be provided in other suitable arrangements. .

In various embodiments, sensors 701-704 may include routing channels (not shown for simplicity) between individual deposits of sensing material. These routing channels provide routes through which electrons can flow through sensors 701-704. The resulting current through sensors 701-704 can be measured via ohmic contact with respective electrode pairs E1-E4. For example, the first electrode pair E1 can obtain the measurement value M ₁ of the first sensor 701 , the second electrode pair E2 can obtain the measurement value M ₂ of the second sensor 702 , and the third electrode pair E3 can obtain the measurement value M 2 of the second sensor 702 . The measurement value M ₃ of the third sensor 703 is obtained, and the fourth electrode pair E4 can obtain the measurement value M ₄ of the fourth sensor 704 .

In various implementations, each of sensors 701 - 704 can be configured to react with, respond to, and/or detect a corresponding analyte or set of corresponding analytes. Corresponding analyte or corresponding group of analytes. For example, first sensor 701 can be configured to react with or detect a first set of analytes in a coarse-grained manner, and second sensor 702 can be configured to react in a fine-grained manner. Reacting with or detecting a subgroup of the first analyte group. In some cases, sensors 701-704 may be printed onto the substrate using different inks. The ohmic contact point can obtain measurement values M ₁ -M ₄ simultaneously or sequentially.

Figure 7B illustrates another sensor array 700B according to some embodiments. In contrast to sensor array 700A of FIG. 7A , sensor array 700B includes a plurality of sensors 701 - 704 stacked on each other in a vertical or stacked arrangement, where each of sensors 701 - 704 includes sensors having different characteristics. sensing materials. In some aspects, sensors 701-704 may be examples of sensor 120 of FIGS. 1-2 and 4-6. Sensors 701-704 (and their respective sensing materials) may be deposited sequentially on top of each other to form a stacked array. In some cases, spacers may be provided between sensors 701-704 (not shown for simplicity). As discussed, sensors 701-704 may be functionalized, doped, or otherwise decorated with different materials and/or may include different types of sensing materials that may be printed in successive layers onto a substrate.

8 shows a diagram 800 depicting UV radiation emitted toward sensor 801 to have a permittivity gradient within the sensing material of sensor 801 in accordance with some other embodiments. As discussed above, the sensing material may have multiple regions or zones with different properties, such as permittivity values. For the example of FIG. 8 , the sensor 801 includes a sensing material 815 disposed on a substrate 810 , and the sensing material 815 includes a plurality of regions 811 - 814 in which the sensing material has different properties. In some aspects, regions 811-814 may include the same type of material, such as graphene structures, but have different surface areas and different decorative materials. In some other aspects, regions 811-814 may include different types of materials, such as combinations of different carbon allotropes. In some embodiments, regions 811-814 may be separate layers, as depicted in Figure 8. In some other implementations, regions 811-814 may have other suitable 3D shapes. status.

As shown in Figure 8, radiation source 853 may be used to illuminate sensor 801 with radiation in a manner that excites electrons within or associated with sensor 801, thereby increasing the energy or excited state of the electrons. In this manner, radiation source 853 can increase the sensitivity and/or selectivity of sensor 801 to certain analytes. In some cases, radiation source 853 may be one or more LEDs that illuminate sensor 801 with infrared light in a manner that excites electrons within or associated with sensor 801 . In other cases, radiation source 853 may be a UV radiation source that illuminates sensor 801 with UV radiation in a manner that excites electrons within or associated with sensor 801 . In some other cases, radiation source 853 may be a visible light source that illuminates sensor 801 with visible light in a manner that excites electrons within or associated with sensor 801 .

The power and wavelength of the light or radiation emitted from the radiation source 853 may be controlled by the power control unit 851 and the wavelength control unit 852, respectively. In some implementations, the permittivity of each sensing material layer 811-814 can be configured or modified by adjusting the power level and/or wavelength of the emitted light or radiation. Specifically, after the sensing material layers 811-814 are bombarded with UV radiation, each sensing material layer 811-814 may have a different permittivity and therefore may resonate at a different or unique frequency. In some aspects, differences in permittivity between layers of sensing material 811 - 814 may create a permittivity gradient 825 across one or more portions of sensor 801 . The permittivity gradient 825 may correspond to a stepped gradient 861, a linear gradient 862, or a curved gradient 863. In various implementations, different portions of the sensing material 815 may have different permittivity values selected in a manner such that the sensing material 815 resonates at different frequencies or upon exposure to different analytes (such as Figures 1 and 5 The analytes 151-155) depicted in Figure 6 exhibit different resonance characteristics. In some cases, exposure of sensing material 815 to UV radiation may cause a first region of sensing material 815 to have a first permittivity associated with a first resonant frequency or first resonant characteristic when exposed to a first analyte. , and may cause the second region of sensing material 815 to have a second permittivity associated with a second resonant frequency or second resonant characteristic when exposed to a second analyte that is different from the first analyte. In this way, when the sensing material When material 815 is exposed to analytes 151-155, the resonances of different portions or regions of sensing material 815 can be measured to detect the presence of one or more combinations of analytes. Compared with currently existing gas sensing technologies, this type of analyte detection provides a more reliable solution, thereby further reducing false alarms of potential battery thermal runaway.

Figure 9 shows another sensor 900 according to some other embodiments. Sensor 900, which is an exemplary sensor disclosed herein, is shown as including a sensing material having a plurality of regions 911-914, and in each of the regions, the sensing material Carbon matrices (such as Carbon Matrix 1, Carbon Matrix 2, Carbon Matrix 3, Carbon Matrix 4) may be included as separate carbon matrices that may be configured to interact with an analyte or a group of analytes. Additives A-D functionalize, dope or otherwise decorate. Combinations of carbon matrix and additives may be selected based on their sensitivity to the particular analyte of interest. As shown in FIG. 9 , regions 911 - 914 are layers, and the layers 911 - 914 are disposed one after another to form a layer stack, in which the first layer 911 is disposed on the substrate 910 . Layers 911-914 may have different thicknesses. For example, a first deposited layer may have a thickness 924 between about 10 nanometers (nm) and about 100 nm, while another deposited layer may have a thickness between about 500 nm and about 1,000 nm. In some aspects, the thickness of a particular layer may depend on the properties of the layer's additives, the properties of the analyte of interest, and the inherent binary-ternary interactions between the components of the layer. In some other implementations, regions 911-914 may have other suitable 3D shapes.

In various embodiments, the sensing material of sensor 900 can have an open-pore structure, and each carbon matrix 1-4 can have a 3D network structure with void spaces and pathways for embedding additives A-D. The open pore structure of the sensing material provides an extremely open volume into which one or more analytes 151-155 (i.e., the analytes of interest) can be incorporated into (and expelled from) the open pore structure. . Specifically, this open-pore structure provides a large total effective surface area of active sites where analytes can interact with the carbon matrix. In this manner, when sensor 900 is exposed to one or more analytes 151-155, the analytes can rapidly incorporate into the open pore structure, thereby causing a change in the impedance and/or resonance of the sensing material. Can be measured using IS, RIS or chemical resistance measurement techniques. Therefore, compared with conventional analyte detection systems, the sensor disclosed herein is based on the analysis of analytes incorporated into an open-pore structure. Precipitate detection (ie, sensitivity) is greatly enhanced. This enhanced sensitivity allows for early and accurate detection of analytes at relatively low concentrations (<1 ppb), thereby enabling early warning/warning of potential battery pack thermal runaway that relies on this early detection.

Figure 10A shows a micrograph of an exemplary carbon material 1000A suitable for detecting analytes, according to some other embodiments. In some embodiments, undecorated carbon material 1000A can be used as the sensing material for the sensing devices disclosed herein. In some other embodiments, the carbon material 1000A can be decorated with metal, and the decorated carbon material 1000A can be used as the sensing material of the sensing device. As shown in the figure, the carbon material 1000A may have the shape of an aggregate. In various embodiments, carbon material 1000A may contain a plurality of primary particles interconnected with each other via carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds. In some aspects, each primary particle may include a plurality of graphene flakes connected together. Therefore, the void spaces and paths between individual aggregates and between individual primary particles provide carbon material 1000A with a high surface area and open pore structure for interaction with analytes. In some embodiments, carbon material 1000A may also have void spaces and pathways within each primary particle.

Figure 10B shows a micrograph of another exemplary carbon material 1000B suitable for detecting analytes, according to some other embodiments. As shown in the figure, the carbon material 1000B may be carbon nanoonion (CNO). In some embodiments, undecorated CNO can be used as the sensing material for the sensing devices disclosed herein. In some other embodiments, the CNO can be decorated with metal, and the decorated CNO can be used as the sensing material of the sensing device. In various embodiments, CNOs are interconnected with each other via C-C bonding. Therefore, the void spaces and pathways between individual CNOs provide carbon material 1000B with a high surface area and open pore structure for interaction with analytes.

Figure 1OC shows a micrograph of another exemplary carbon material 1000C suitable for detecting analytes according to some other embodiments. In some embodiments, undecorated carbon material 1000C can be used as the sensing material for the sensing devices disclosed herein. In some other embodiments, the carbon material 1000C may be decorated with a metal such as platinum or palladium, and the decorated carbon material may be used as the sensing material of the sensing device. in various practical In embodiments, carbon material 1000C may contain a plurality of graphene flakes interconnected with each other via C-C bonding. Therefore, the void spaces and pathways between the graphene flakes provide the carbon material 1000C with a high surface area and open pore structure for interaction with analytes.

Figure 10D shows a micrograph of a decorated CNO 1000D that can be used as a sensing material according to some other embodiments. The process of producing decorated CNO as shown in Figure 10D can be carried out by a thermal reactor or any suitable chemical reactor and process. For example, carbon nanoonions (CNO) can react with cobalt (II) acetate (C ₄ H ₆ CoO ₄ ) to result in cobalt decoration on the active sites of CNO. In some other embodiments, the CNO can be decorated with other metals.

Figure 10E shows a micrograph of decorated carbon material 1000E including carbon material 1000C of Figure 10C, according to some other embodiments. The process of decorating the carbon material 1000C and manufacturing the decorated carbon material 1000E can be performed by a microwave reactor or any suitable chemical reactor and process. For example, the carbon material 1000C of Figure 10C can react with silver acetate (CH ₃ CO ₂ Ag) to cause silver decoration on the active sites of the carbon material 1000C. In some other embodiments, carbon material 1000C may be decorated with other metals such as cobalt or iron.

In various embodiments, decorating the carbon material with various reactive materials may be critical for efficient and selective detection of analytes. Current embodiments disclose that graphene flakes can collectively form a coiled 3D structure to prevent graphene from restacking in the sensing material. The coiled 3D structure also increases the areal density of the material, providing more analyte adsorption sites per unit area, thereby improving the chemical sensitivity of the sensing device disclosed herein.

Figure 11 is a diagram depicting example sensor responses for sensing service 120 of Figure 1 when sensing device 120 detects the presence of one or more analytes, according to some embodiments. In some aspects, the battery housing depicted in FIG. 11 may be an example of the battery pack 210 of FIG. 2 . In other aspects, the battery housing depicted in Figure 11 may be examples of other suitable battery housings. In the example of Figure 11, the battery pack housing may operate in normal mode 1110 from time 12:10 to approximately time 12:45. Since the battery pack does not release gas when operating in normal mode 1110, the response of the sensor corresponding to the battery pack housing is close to 0% Or 0%. When the battery housing experiences first exhaust 1121 at approximately 12:45, the battery housing begins to release one or more analytes into the surrounding environment at relatively low concentrations. Sensing device 120 begins to detect these relatively low concentrations of analytes and generates a non-zero sensor response for each analyte detected. In some cases, sensing device 120 may determine that the battery pack housing is no longer operating in normal mode 1110 approximately 40 minutes prior to a thermal runaway event 1122 at approximately 13:30, but instead is operating in thermal runaway mode 1102 thereafter. In this manner, aspects of the present disclosure may add time periods during which a user or system associated with a battery pack housing may take one or more appropriate actions. In some cases, the one or more appropriate actions may include ceasing operation of the battery housing, ceasing charging of the battery housing, moving away from the battery housing, applying fire protection procedures, or any combination thereof.

Figure 12 illustrates an analyte detection system 1200 disposed in or on a food shipping or storage container 1212, according to some embodiments. Container 1212 may be used to transport any type of food, including one or more of fruits, vegetables, meat, or fish, or any other food product. In some embodiments, the container 1212 may include a CONEX-type container for transporting a plurality of food packages or crates 1220 containing or preserving food products. Alternatively, other sizes of shipping containers may be used and may be constructed to be placed on the chassis of various food delivery trucks. Food container 1212 can be made cold. The container 1212 may include one or more analyte detection systems 1200 configured to detect one or more of the off-gasses 1240 released from food products disposed or contained within the plurality of packages 1220 Analyte 1230.

As shown in FIG. 12 , the analyte detection system 1200 may include an exhaust vent 1208 disposed in fluid communication with the interior space or volume of the container 1212 . The exhaust pipe 1208 may be embedded inside the container 1212. The analyte detection system 1200 may be configured to draw exhaust gases released from the plurality of food products in the package 1220 into the exhaust tube 1208 through openings 1250 in the exhaust tube. In various aspects, exhaust gas may flow through conduit 1208 at a certain flow rate based on the relative position, orientation, shape, and cross-sectional area of one or more exhaust outlet holes 1203 provided in valve 1214 . Valve 1214 may be coupled or attached to conduit 1208 and positioned opposite conduit opening 1250 . For example, the cross-sectional area of hole 1203 can be increased by reducing the cross-sectional area of hole 1203. The flow rate of exhaust gas through conduit 1208 is increased, and the flow rate through exhaust conduit 1208 can be reduced by increasing the cross-sectional area of hole 1203 . The quantity or volume of exhaust gas in fluid contact with the sensing device 1210 per unit time may be controlled or adjusted by adjusting the flow rate, for example, using a fan, pump, retractor, or venturi. In the case of a venturi, conduit 1208 may be configured to include a venturi downstream of sensing device 1210 . Venturi designs for flow control in chemical and food processing systems are well known in the art. Specifically, increasing the flow rate of exhaust gas through conduit 1208 can increase the extent to which sensing device 1210 reacts with or responds to analytes 1230 in exhaust gas 1240 , which in turn can alter or modify sensor device 1210 one or more properties. Exhaust gases containing analytes may flow through exhaust tube 1208 and exit container 1212 via valve 1214 to the surrounding environment.

Off-gas containing analytes released from the food in the package or crate 1220 exits the container 1212 through one or more holes 1203. Exhaust gas 1240 may then dissipate into the surrounding environment via holes 1203 . Valve 1214 may extend through and beyond the surface of container 1212 , for example, such that at least a portion of valve 1214 such as lid 1206 is positioned outside container 1212 . In various aspects, each of the one or more holes 1203 may have any shape, size, or cross-sectional area suitable for flowing exhaust gases released from the food package 1220. In some embodiments, a porous membrane (not shown in Figure 12) can be disposed on top of valve 1214 in parallel with lid 1206 to prevent moisture and undesirable particles from entering container 1212. In some aspects, cover 1206 can protect the porous membrane from external or environmental factors. As previously discussed, sensing device 1210 may be disposed or embedded in exhaust pipe 1208 and may be positioned to be in substantial fluid contact with the exhaust gases as they flow through conduit 1208 .

Sensing device 1210 may include one or more sensors configured to detect the presence of one or more analytes in the exhaust gas. That is, the analyte may trigger a reaction or response with sensor material (not shown for simplicity) in sensing device 1210 . In this manner, one or more sensing materials or sensor materials within or associated with sensing device 1210 may react with or respond to relatively lower concentrations of certain analytes. , for example to detect the presence of analytes. exist In some cases, the one or more sensing materials may be exposed multiple times to the released analytes and thus react with or respond to the analytes. In some aspects, changes in the impedance or other properties of a sensing material caused by exposure to certain analytes or fluid contact with certain analytes can be used to detect relatively low concentrations (e.g., less than 1 ppb) of certain analytes. Analyte.

In various embodiments, one or more analyte detection systems 1200 may provide the only interface through which off-gas 1240 containing analytes released from food packaging 1220 may exit (or escape) the interior of container 1212 and dissipate into the surrounding environment. Exhaust gases 1240 may be released from the food in the packaging 1220 due to biochemical reactions that occur under the influence of one or more of the temperature, humidity, or vibration of the vehicle in the shipping container 1212 . Therefore, different types of analytes and different amounts of off-gas may be released from one or more packages 1220 at different times and at known and unknown locations (or predictable and unpredictable locations). The sensing device 1210 and the sensors or sensor materials disposed therein may include any previously described sensing devices and sensor materials related to the battery pack safety system disclosed in this disclosure. That is, the various embodiments of sensing devices, sensor materials, sensor signal communication standards and methods, and sensor arrays previously described in connection with battery pack safety systems may also be configured for use with the exemplary food In the exhaust gas analyte detection system.

One or more sensing devices 1210 may be disposed in exhaust pipe 1208 . In some implementations, one or more sensing materials associated with sensing device 1210 may resonate at a selected or configured frequency in response to electromagnetic signals received from an external device. In some cases, sensing device 1210 may detect the presence of one or more analytes based at least in part on a comparison between a selected or configured resonant frequency and a calibration curve. In other embodiments, sensing device 1210 may include at least one sensor (not shown for simplicity) configured to interact with (or respond to) one or more analytes and indicates whether the one or more analytes are present. In some aspects, the at least one sensor can be a carbon-based sensor. For example, in some aspects, the carbon-based material can include three-dimensional (3D) graphene structures. In other aspects, the at least one sensor may be a metal oxide gas sensor (MOS). In some other aspects, sensing device 1210 may include two or more different types of sensors. For example, In some cases, the first type of sensor can be a carbon-based sensor and the second type of sensor can be a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor, humidity sensor, electrochemical sensor detector, chemical resistance sensor or impedance spectrum sensor.

In some other implementations, each of the sensors or sensing materials in sensing device 1210 may include 3D graphene carbon structures with different properties including, but not limited to, permittivity value, sensitivity, and surface area. In some embodiments, the carbon-based sensing material may have multiple regions or regions functionalized, doped, or otherwise decorated with different metal nanoparticles or other materials. Configured to detect the presence (or absence) of one or more respective analytes. In some other cases, sensing device 1210 may include a sensor array including a plurality of sensors disposed in container 1212 . In some aspects, each of the plurality of sensors may have a different or unique configuration. For example, the sensing material of the first sensor may be functionalized, doped, or otherwise decorated with a first material configured to detect the presence of each analyte in the first set of analytes, and the second The sensing material of the sensor may be decorated with a second material configured to detect the presence of each analyte in the second set of analytes. In other cases, sensing device 1210 may have multiple carbon-based sensors, and the sensing materials within each sensor may be configured to detect the presence of the same analyte or the same set of analytes.

In various implementations, sensing device 1210 may be configured to generate a signal in response to detecting the presence of one or more analytes in the exhaust gas. In some embodiments, detecting the presence of an analyte may be based at least in part on changes in the impedance or other properties of one or more sensing materials caused by changes in output current. In some aspects, changes in impedance or resistance caused by exposure to certain analytes can occur gradually, and the overall value of the change in impedance, resistance, or other property can be measured. In some aspects, impedance or resistance may be measured by impedance spectroscopy (IS) or suitable chemical resistance measurement techniques. In some other implementations, sensing device 1210 may include an antenna configured to receive electromagnetic signals from an external device (not shown in FIG. 12 for simplicity), and detecting the presence of an analyte may, at least in part, Based on the frequency response of carbon-based sensing materials to electromagnetic signals. In some aspects, the frequency responses may be based on resonance impedance spectroscopy (RIS) sensing.

The sensing device 1210 in the exemplary analyte detection system 1200 can detect ethylene, CO ₂ , and other analytes commonly released from food products with ppm or sub-ppm detection sensitivity and high specificity. In some aspects, the sensor material may also be configured to detect bacteria entrained in the exhaust. In some aspects, the exemplary analyte detection system 1200 may be disposed in each food package or crate 1220 within the container 1212 . The exemplary analyte detection system 1200 may also be used to detect analytes at food packaging, storage, and distribution locations. In some embodiments, an exemplary food off-gas analyte detection system may be powered using solar energy generated using one or more photovoltaic ("PV") arrays disposed on the roof of a food shipping container. In some other embodiments, one or more analyte detection systems 1200 may be located in or around a building or other food storage structure and may be used to detect the presence or absence of analytes in exhaust gases. In some other implementations, cover 1206 may be configured to house electronic components related to power management or wireless communications, or to house one or more antennas configured to receive signals generated from an external device. Electromagnetic signals to trigger responses from sensing devices.

As used herein, phrases referring to "at least one of" or "one or more of" a list of items refer to any combination of those items, including a single member. For example, "at least one of a, b, or c" is intended to cover the following possibilities: only a, only b, only c, a combination of a and b, a combination of a and c, a combination of b and c, and a, b and the combination of c.

The various illustrative components, logic, logic blocks, modules, circuits, operations, and algorithmic processes described in connection with the implementations disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, firmware, software, or as hardware, firmware, or software Combinations include the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents. The interchangeability of hardware, firmware, and software has been generally described in terms of functionality and illustrated in the various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and processes described above. Whether the functionality is implemented in hardware, firmware, or software depends on the application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system.

Various modifications to the embodiments described in this disclosure may be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from this disclosure. The spirit or category of content. Therefore, patent claims are not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but are to be accorded the widest scope consistent with this disclosure, the principles and novel features disclosed herein. Additionally, various features described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable subcombination. Thus, although features may sometimes be described herein as being in combination with one another, and may even be initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination may in some cases be removed from that combination, and the claimed combination may Relates to subcombinations or variations of subcombinations.

Similarly, although operations are depicted in the drawings in a specific order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations must be performed to achieve desirable results. Additionally, the figures may schematically depict one or more illustrative processes in flowchart form. However, other operations not depicted may be incorporated into the exemplary processes schematically illustrated. For example, one or more additional operations may be performed before, after, concurrently with, or between any of the operations illustrated.

100:Battery Pack Safety System

102:Base

103:Open your mouth

104:Porous membrane

105: Direction

106: cover

107: Direction

108:Cavity

110:Flow valve

112:First valve

114:Second valve

120: Sensing device

130: Shell

140:Battery pack

151~155:analyte

Claims (46)

A battery pack safety system for detecting analytes in exhaust gas. The battery pack safety system includes: A flow valve associated with a housing of a battery pack, the flow valve including a first valve coupled to a second valve, wherein: The first valve is embedded inside the housing and defines a cavity through which exhaust gas containing analytes released from the battery pack flows to the second valve; and The second valve extends through the housing to an ambient environment and defines one or more openings through which the exhaust gases containing the analytes exit the housing and dissipate into the ambient environment; and A sensing device, the sensing device is disposed in the cavity and is in contact with the exhaust gas fluid containing the analytes flowing from the first valve to the second valve, the sensing device includes at least one sensing device The at least one sensor is configured to detect a presence of one or more of the analytes. The battery pack safety system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor includes a sensing material configured to resonate at a frequency in response to an electromagnetic signal received from an external device. The battery safety system of claim 2, wherein detection of the presence of the one or more analytes is based at least in part on a comparison between the resonant frequency and a calibration curve. The battery pack safety system of claim 2, wherein the sensing material is carbon-based. The battery safety system of claim 2, wherein the detection of the presence of the one or more analytes is based at least in part on a change in one or more properties of the sensing material in response to the electromagnetic signal. The battery safety system of claim 5, wherein the one or more properties include at least an impedance of the sensing material. For example, the battery pack safety system of claim 5, the battery pack safety system further includes a user An antenna for receiving the electromagnetic signal. The battery safety system of claim 2, wherein detection of the presence of the one or more analytes is based at least in part on a frequency response of the sensing material to the electromagnetic signal. The battery pack safety system of claim 8, wherein the sensing device is further configured to: The one or more analytes are identified based at least in part on a comparison between the frequency response of the sensing material and one or more reference frequency responses. The battery pack safety system of claim 8, wherein the frequency response of the sensing material is based on resonance impedance spectroscopy (RIS) sensing. The battery pack safety system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor is coupled between a pair of electrodes, and the pair of electrodes is disposed on a substrate of the sensing device. The battery pack safety system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor includes a carbon-based sensor. The battery pack safety system of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensor includes a metal oxide gas sensor. The battery safety system of claim 1, wherein the sensing device is configured to generate a signal in response to detecting the presence of the one or more analytes. The battery pack safety system of claim 14, wherein the sensing device is further configured to output the signal to a user. The battery pack safety system of claim 14, wherein the signal indicates a dangerous operating mode of the battery pack system. The battery pack safety system of claim 14, wherein the signal indicates a potential occurrence of thermal runaway of the battery pack. For example, the battery pack safety system of claim 14, the battery pack safety system further includes A battery management system (BMS) coupled to the sensing device is configured to initiate one or more remedial actions in response to the signal. The battery pack safety system of claim 18, wherein the one or more remedial measures include terminating the operation of the battery pack. The battery pack safety system of claim 1, wherein the flow valve further includes a porous membrane configured to prevent moisture and contaminants from entering the battery pack. The battery pack safety system of claim 20, wherein the flow valve further includes a cover located on the porous membrane, the cover being configured to protect the porous membrane from external factors or environmental factors. The battery safety system of claim 1, wherein the one or more analytes include water vapor (H ₂ O), carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ), carbon monoxide (CO), ethylene (C ₂ H ₄ ), ethane (C ₂ H ₆ ), ethyl acetate (C ₄ H ₈ O ₂ ), hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen (H ₂ ), ethyl carbonate (C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ ), dimethyl carbonate (C ₃ H ₆ O ₃ ), sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ), hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S) or any combination thereof. The battery pack safety system of claim 1, wherein the battery pack is disposed within or associated with: a consumer electronic device, an electric vehicle (EV), an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), or a stationary energy storage System (SESS). The battery pack safety system of claim 1, wherein the one or more openings define a cross-sectional area, and the flow rate of the exhaust gases containing analytes therein through the cavity is adjusted by changing the cross-sectional area . A detection system for detecting analytes in exhaust gas released from food disposed in a food container, the detection system includes: an exhaust pipe disposed inside the food container and configured to draw exhaust gas containing analytes through an opening in the exhaust pipe; a valve coupled to the exhaust pipe, disposed opposite the opening and extending through the container to a the surrounding environment, the valve including one or more holes through which the exhaust gases containing the analytes exit the container and dissipate into the surrounding environment; and A sensing device disposed in the exhaust pipe and in contact with the exhaust gas fluid containing the analytes flowing through the exhaust pipe. The detection system of claim 25, wherein the sensing device includes at least one sensor configured to detect a presence of one or more of the analytes. The detection system of claim 26, wherein the at least one sensor includes a sensing material configured to resonate at a frequency in response to an electromagnetic signal received from an external device. The detection system of claim 27, wherein detection of the presence of the one or more analytes is based at least in part on a comparison between the resonant frequency of the sensing material and a calibration curve. The detection system of claim 27, wherein the sensing material is carbon-based. The detection system of claim 27, wherein the detection of the presence of the one or more analytes is based at least in part on a change in one or more properties of the sensing material in response to the electromagnetic signal. The detection system of claim 30, wherein the one or more properties include at least an impedance of the sensing material. The detection system of claim 27 further includes an antenna for receiving the electromagnetic signal. The detection system of claim 27, wherein detection of the presence of the one or more analytes is based at least in part on a frequency response of the sensing material to the electromagnetic signal. The detection system of claim 33, wherein the sensing device is further configured to be based at least in part on a comparison between the frequency response of the sensing material and one or more reference frequency responses. to identify the one or more analytes. The detection system of claim 33, wherein the frequency responses of the sensing material are based on resonance impedance spectroscopy (RIS) sensing. The detection system of claim 26, wherein the at least one sensor is coupled between a pair of electrodes, and the pair of electrodes is disposed on a substrate of the sensing device. The detection system of claim 36, wherein the at least one sensor is a carbon-based sensor. The detection system of claim 26, wherein the at least one sensor is a metal oxide gas sensor. The detection system of claim 25, wherein the sensing device is configured to generate a signal in response to detecting the presence of the one or more analytes. The detection system of claim 39, wherein the sensing device is further configured to output the signal to a user. The detection system of claim 25, wherein the exhaust pipe further includes a porous membrane configured to prevent moisture and contaminants from entering the container. The detection system of claim 41, wherein the valve further includes a cover located on the porous membrane, the cover being configured to protect the porous membrane from external factors or environmental factors. Such as the detection system of claim 25, wherein the one or more analytes include water vapor (H ₂ O), carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ), carbon monoxide (CO), ethylene (C ₂ H ₄ ), ethane (C ₂ H ₆ ), ethyl acetate (C ₄ H ₈ O ₂ ), hydrogen (H ₂ ), sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ), hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S), or any combination thereof. The detection system of claim 25, wherein the container is installed on a food transport truck. The detection system of claim 25, wherein the one or more holes define a cross-sectional area, and the flow rate of the exhaust gases containing analytes therein through the exhaust pipe is based on the cross-sectional area. For example, the detection system of claim 45, wherein the flow rate of the exhaust gas containing the analyte is Adjustments are made by changing the cross-sectional area.

Images