TW202347973A - Systems and methods for distributing radioheads - Google Patents

Abstract

Systems and methods are described to create radio daisy chains for convenient and aesthetically pleasing high-density radio deployments.

Description

Systems and methods for disseminating radio heads

The present invention relates to wireless communication methods and systems, and in particular to multi-antenna (MU-MAS) methods and systems with multi-user (MU) transmission.

As the density of wireless communication systems steadily increases, radio deployment becomes increasingly difficult. There are the challenges of finding a physical location for fixed radio, the challenge of creating a backhaul network and/or a fronthaul network (as used in this article, "fronthaul network" refers to the form of radio signals that are carried A communications infrastructure to a radio headend, as opposed to a "backhaul network," as used herein, which carries user data to a base station that generates radio waveforms to send the user data) . Using conventional cellular systems (e.g., LTE, UMTS) or conventional interference avoidance systems (e.g., Wi-Fi) to optimize performance and frequency reuse, base station or antenna planning requires placing radios in certain locations for use coverage, and avoid other locations to mitigate interference. Then, even assuming the technical issues can be overcome, there are still local and national government restrictions on radio and antenna placement, stemming from, for example, considerations regarding the visual appearance of radios and antennas. Even if a radio or antenna meets government approval standards, the approval process can be slow, sometimes taking years to get approval for antenna deployment.

Throughout the history of radio communications, there have been a number of different methods of deploying radios and antennas, depending on the type of radio technology (e.g., satellite, mobile, television, etc.), transmission frequency (e.g., HF, VHF, UHF, microwave, millimeter wave, etc.) , and transmission direction (for example, omnidirectional, high gain, or narrow beam, etc.). Again, aesthetic considerations often come into play, from the simple job of painting radios and antennas to match their surroundings, to the intricate work of shaping cellular towers to look like palm trees.

Because achieving optimal performance in conventional cellular and interference-avoided networks requires placing radios and antennas according to a specific plan (e.g., not too far apart to avoid coverage loss, and not too close to avoid inter-cell interference), These requirements often conflict with other constraints, such as the availability of solutions deployed at the site and backhaul and/or fronthaul networks. Also, in many cases (such as a heritage building) there is no acceptable radio or antenna solution because the government will not allow anything to be erected on or near a heritage building that would alter the appearance of the building.

Radios and antennas have been placed on towers, on roofs, on utility poles, on power lines and on ropes between utility poles. Radios and antennas have been placed in ceilings, on walls, on shelves, on tabletops, etc. in indoor locations. Radios are also placed on structural elements within the venue, under seats, etc. Specialized antennas such as "leaky feeders" (described below) have been placed in the tunnels. In short, radios and antennas have been placed in every location imaginable.

Examples of prior technologies dedicated to attaching radios and antennas to power lines include those disclosed in US 7,862,837, US 8,780,901, and US 2014/0286444, and prior technologies dedicated to attaching radios and antennas to utility poles include the Metricom Ricochet Packet Communications Network , for example, as disclosed in US 7,068,630.

A utility pole 400 or 401 such as that shown in FIG. 4 in the prior art is often divided into two zones. One zone is generally a higher zone, which can be called a "supply space", in which electrical power lines are tied to cables. Online delivery, such as in the crossbar 403 area. A zone is generally a lower zone. This zone where workers can safely attach communication cables and equipment is called the "communications space." The communication in this zone in Figure 5 of the prior art Cables and equipment are shown at the height of cross arm 402.

Some prior art systems placed radios and/or antennas in power strips on utility poles, as shown in Figure 4 with radios and/or antennas 410 and 411, and/or placed radios and/or antennas on the power lines themselves. , as shown by radios and/or antennas 420 and 421.

Some prior art systems place radios and/or antennas in communication zones on utility poles, as shown in Figure 5 with radios and/or antennas 550 and 551, and/or place radios and/or antennas on utility poles. cables (often communications cables) between them, as shown by radios and/or antennas 540 and 541. The backhaul or fronthaul network may be carried over communication cables 531, which are typically electrical (e.g., copper) or fiber, often protected by insulation or an outer tube 530, and often self-contained from a mechanical strength. Cable 532 derived structural support, often made of braided steel. Sometimes, the radio is attached to a utility pole and/or cabling and the radio is coupled to an antenna on the pole or cabling, or is embedded in the radio, as shown in Figure 5. In some prior art systems, the radio often draws power from the power line through a step-down power supply 561 and measures it through a power meter 560, allowing the cost of use of power provided by the electrical utility to be evaluated. Radios such as the 550 and 551 can also be used in backhaul or fronthaul networks.

Figure 6 shows a prior art configuration in which the antenna and/or radio are on a lamp post. As used herein, light poles are poles that do not have airborne power or communication cables between them. Antennas 601 and 602 may be coupled to radios 611 and 612, or the antennas and radios may be in the same housing, and thus a separate radio 611 or 612 is not required. Backhaul or fronthaul network cabling (e.g., copper or fiber) may be transported through an underground conduit 630 (shown with a dotted line to indicate that the conduit is underground and not visible), or the backhaul or fronthaul network Roads can be carried via a wireless link between lamp posts. If the backhaul network or fronthaul network is underground, it is usually transported from the underground pipe through the inside of the lamppost (for example, if the lamppost is metal or hollow), or as shown in 621 and 622, through a pipeline Or the pipe goes up from the ground to the side of the lamp post, through a radio 611 and 612, or directly to the top of the lamp post. The method of using underground pipes for backhaul or fronthaul networks as shown for the lamppost in Figure 6 can also be applied to the utility poles shown in Figures 4 and 5, where the cabling passes through the underground pipes. The inside of the pole (for example, if the pole is metal and hollow) or is conveyed through a pipe or tube from the ground up to the side of the pole.

Backhaul and/or fronthaul (whether to a radio on a pole or a radio placed anywhere) can be provided to the radio via a variety of media, including coaxial cable, fiber, line-of-sight wireless, and non-line-of-sight wireless wait. Various protocols can be used through the media, including Ethernet, Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA), and Cable Data Service Interface specifications (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification "DOCSIS"), Power Line Broadband Internet Service (Broadband over Power Line "BPL"), etc.

A variety of switches, splitters, and hubs can be used to distribute wired (e.g., copper, fiber, etc.) communications. Analog splitters are often used to distribute coaxial connections (for example, to distribute DOCSIS and/or MoCA data). Power outlet couplings can be used to spread BPL. Ethernet switches and hubs are often used to distribute copper and fiber Ethernet connections. For convenience, many radios made for home or business applications have built-in switches to pass through the Ethernet network, so that if the radio is plugged into one Ethernet cable, there is another Ethernet network on the radio The socket can be used to plug in other devices.

Another prior technology that has been used to spread wireless connectivity over cables is called "leaky feeders" or "leaky cables." A leaky feeder is a cable that carries wireless signals but intentionally leaks and absorbs wireless radiation through the side of the cable. Figure 7 illustrates an exemplary prior art leaky cable 700. Leakage cable is very similar to coaxial cable in that it has an insulating and protective jacket 701, an outer conductor 702 (eg, copper foil), a dielectric 704 (eg, dielectric foam), and an inner conductor 705 (e.g. a copper wire). However, unlike coaxial cable, there are apertures 703 in the outer conductor 702 that allow this wireless radiation to propagate out of or into the leaky feeder 700.

Leakage feeders are often used in tunnels or shafts (eg, mining tunnels, subway tunnels) where the leakage feeders are attached to the sides of the tunnel or shaft to be run along the length of the tunnel or shaft. In this way, regardless of where one of the users is located in a tunnel or shaft, that user will have wireless connectivity to nearby portions of the leaky feeder. Because leaky feeders leak wireless energy, leaky feeders often have radio frequency amplifiers that are periodically inserted to boost signal power. If two or more leaky feeders are laid together, prior art MIMO technology can be used to increase capacity.

Leaky feeder deployment is easy and fast because leaky feeder deployment is like deploying cabling, where amplifiers are deployed only periodically between leaky feeder lengths to repeatedly restore signal strength.

One of the basic limitations of leaky feeders is that the entire leaky feeder cabling length shares the same channel. Thus, a user at one end of a leaky feeder shares the channel with a user in the middle of a leaky feeder and a user at the end of the leaky feeder. While this may be acceptable in applications where users are sparsely distributed along the length of the leaky feeder or where users have low data capacity needs (for example, for voice communications in a mining tunnel or shaft), it is not suitable for applications where there are high In applications with high density of users and/or users with high data capacity requirements, this is because users throughout the entire length of the leaky feeder will share the same channel, despite the fact that the users are very far apart. So while leaky feeders are easy and fast to deploy, this is because leaky feeders are deployed just like cabling with periodic amplifiers to provide denser deployment coverage.

Regardless of what prior technologies are used to place radios and/or antennas, and how backhaul or fronthaul networks are deployed, current wireless systems face density challenges as mentioned. There is no good general-purpose solution for density that provides efficient and reliable coverage and service that is easy and fast to deploy without being unsightly and/or subject to government restrictions. The following instructions address these issues.

According to a first embodiment of the present invention, the present invention provides a multi-antenna (MU-MAS) system with multi-user (MU) transmission, which includes: a plurality of antennas or wireless transceiver devices, the plurality of antennas or wireless The transceiver devices are distributed within a coverage area that does not have a plurality of cells in which one or more wireless transceiver devices of the plurality of wireless transceiver devices are arranged on a plurality of electrical or optical fiber (collectively, in one or more daisy chains of a "wired") daisy chain; a plurality of wireless user devices (UEs) communicatively coupled to the one of the plurality of wireless transceiver devices or a plurality of wireless transceiver devices; and a processor that executes precoding to generate a plurality of waveforms for the one or more wireless transceiver devices of the plurality of wireless transceiver devices in a same frequency band within the transmission, wherein the waveforms interfere with each other to between the one or more wireless transceiver devices of the plurality of wireless transceiver devices and one or more wireless user devices of the plurality of wireless user devices (UEs) A plurality of simultaneous non-interfering downlink (DL) or uplink (UL) data links are generated within the same frequency band.

According to a second embodiment of the present invention, the present invention provides a multi-antenna (MU-MAS) system with multi-user (MU) transmission, which includes: a plurality of wireless transceiver devices, the plurality of wireless transceiver devices are distributed in In a coverage area that is larger than the range of any one wireless transceiver device, in the range of any one wireless transceiver device, one or more wireless transceiver devices of the plurality of wireless transceiver devices are arranged in In one or more of a plurality of wired daisy chains; a plurality of user devices (UEs) communicatively coupled to the one or more wireless transceiver devices a transceiver device; and a processor that executes precoding to generate a plurality of waveforms for transmission by the one or more wireless transceiver devices of the plurality of wireless transceiver devices within a same frequency band, wherein The waveforms interfere with each other such that between the one or more wireless transceiver devices of the plurality of wireless transceiver devices and one or more UEs of the plurality of user equipments (UEs) within the same frequency band Generates multiple simultaneous non-interfering downlink (DL) or uplink (UL) data links.

According to a third embodiment of the present invention, the present invention provides a method performed in a multi-antenna (MU-MAS) system with multi-user (MU) transmission, which includes: One or more wireless transceiver devices of a plurality of wireless transceiver devices within a coverage area are arranged into one or more wired daisy chains; the one or more wireless transceiver devices of the plurality of wireless transceiver devices communicate to a plurality of user device; and precoding a plurality of waveforms for the one or more wireless transceiver devices of a plurality of wireless transceiver devices to transmit in the same frequency band, wherein the waveforms interfere with each other to cause interference in the plurality of wireless transceiver devices. A plurality of simultaneous non-interfering downlinks are generated within the same frequency band between the one or more wireless transceiver devices and one or more user devices of the plurality of user equipments (UEs). (DL) or uplink (UL) data link.

According to a fourth embodiment of the present invention, the present invention provides a method performed in a multi-antenna (MU-MAS) system with multi-user (MU) transmission, which includes: One or more wireless transceiver devices of a plurality of wireless transceiver devices within a coverage area that is even larger are arranged into one or more wired daisy chains; the one or more wireless transceiver devices of the plurality of wireless transceiver devices The transceiver device communicates to a plurality of user devices; and precoding a plurality of waveforms for transmission within a same frequency band by the one or more wireless transceiver devices of the plurality of wireless transceiver devices, wherein the The waveforms interfere with each other to generate complex signals in the same frequency band between the one or more wireless transceiver devices of the plurality of wireless transceiver devices and one or more UEs of the plurality of user equipments (UEs). A simultaneous non-interfering downlink (DL) or uplink (UL) data link.

[Cross-reference to related applications]

This application claims the rights and interests of the US Provisional Patent Application No. 62/413,944 titled "System and Methods For Distributing Radioheads" filed on October 27, 2016, which is also under review.

This application is also a partial continuation of the US application serial number 15/682,076 titled "Systems And Methods For Mitigating Interference Within Actively Used Spectrum" filed on August 21, 2017, which is also under review. The case claims interests in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/380,126 titled "Systems and Methods for Mitigating Interference within Actively Used Spectrum" filed on August 26, 2016; and filed on August 21, 2017 The US patent application serial number 15/682,076 is also a partial continuation of the US patent application serial number 14/672,014 titled "Systems and Methods for Concurrent Spectrum Usage Within Actively Used Spectrum" filed on March 27, 2015. This application claims the rights and priority of the currently pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/980,479 titled "Systems and Methods for Concurrent Spectrum Usage Within Actively Used Spectrum" filed on April 16, 2014. .

This application may be related to the following U.S. patent applications and U.S. provisional applications that are also under review: U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/380,126 titled "Systems and Methods for Mitigating Interference within Actively Used Spectrum" U.S. Application Serial No. 14/611,565 entitled "Systems and Methods for Mapping Virtual Radio Instances into Physical Areas of Coherence in Distributed Antenna Wireless Systems" U.S. Application Serial No. 14/086,700 titled "Systems and Methods for Exploiting Inter-cell Multiplexing Gain in Wireless Cellular Systems Via Distributed Input Distributed Output Technology" U.S. Application Serial No. 13/844,355 entitled "Systems and Methods for Radio Frequency Calibration Exploiting Channel Reciprocity in Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communications" U.S. Application Serial No. 13/797,984 titled "Systems and Methods for Exploiting Inter-cell Multiplexing Gain in Wireless Cellular Systems Via Distributed Input Distributed Output Technology" U.S. Application Serial No. 13/797,971 titled "Systems and Methods for Exploiting Inter-cell Multiplexing Gain in Wireless Cellular Systems Via Distributed Input Distributed Output Technology" U.S. Application Serial No. 13/797,950 titled "Systems and Methods for Exploiting Inter-cell Multiplexing Gain in Wireless Cellular Systems Via Distributed Input Distributed Output Technology" U.S. Application Serial Number 13/233,006 titled "System and Methods for planned evolution and obsolescence of multiuser spectrum" U.S. Application Serial No. 13/232,996 titled "Systems and Methods to Exploit Areas of Coherence in Wireless Systems" U.S. Application Serial No. 12/802,989 titled "System And Method For Managing Handoff Of A Client Between Different Distributed-Input-Distributed-Output (DIDO) Networks Based On Detected Velocity Of The Client" U.S. Application Serial No. 12/802,988 entitled "Interference Management, Handoff, Power Control And Link Adaptation In Distributed-Input Distributed-Output (DIDO) Communication Systems" U.S. Application Serial No. 12/802,975 titled "System And Method For Link adaptation In DIDO Multicarrier Systems" U.S. Application Serial No. 12/802,974 entitled "System And Method For Managing Inter-Cluster Handoff Of Clients Which Traverse Multiple DIDO Clusters" U.S. Application Serial No. 12/802,958 entitled "System And Method For Power Control And Antenna Grouping In A Distributed-Input-Distributed-Output (DIDO) Network" U.S. Patent No. 13/9685,997 titled "Systems and Methods to enhance spatial diversity in distributed-input distributed-output wireless systems" U.S. Patent No. 9,386,465, entitled "System and Method For Distributed Antenna Wireless Communications", granted on July 5, 2016 U.S. Patent No. 9,369,888, entitled "Systems And Methods To Coordinate Transmissions In Distributed Wireless Systems Via User Clustering", granted on June 14, 2016 U.S. Patent No. 9,312,929, entitled "System and Methods to Compensate for Doppler Effects in Distributed-Input Distributed Output Systems", granted on April 12, 2016 U.S. Patent No. 8,989,155, entitled "Systems and Methods for Wireless Backhaul in Distributed-Input Distributed-Output Wireless Systems", granted on March 24, 2015 U.S. Patent No. 8,971,380, entitled "System and Method for Adjusting DIDO Interference Cancellation Based On Signal Strength Measurements", granted on March 3, 2015 U.S. Patent No. 8,654,815, entitled "System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communications", granted on February 18, 2014 U.S. Patent No. 8,571,086, entitled "System and Method for DIDO Precoding Interpolation in Multicarrier Systems", granted on October 29, 2013 U.S. Patent No. 8,542,763, entitled "Systems and Methods To Coordinate Transmissions In Distributed Wireless Systems Via User Clustering", granted on September 24, 2013 U.S. Patent No. 8,428,162, entitled "System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communications", granted on April 23, 2013 U.S. Patent No. 8,170,081, entitled "System And Method For Adjusting DIDO Interference Cancellation Based On Signal Strength Measurements", issued on May 1, 2012 U.S. Patent No. 8,160,121, entitled "System and Method for Distributed Input-Distributed Output Wireless Communications", granted on April 17, 2012; U.S. Patent No. 7,885,354, entitled "System and Method For Enhancing Near Vertical Incidence Skywave ("NVIS") Communication Using Space-Time Coding, issued on February 8, 2011. U.S. Patent No. 7,711,030, entitled "System and Method For Spatial-Multiplexed Tropospheric Scatter Communications", granted on May 4, 2010; U.S. Patent No. 7,636,381, entitled "System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication", granted on December 22, 2009; U.S. Patent No. 7,633,994, entitled "System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication", granted on December 15, 2009; U.S. Patent No. 7,599,420, entitled "System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication", granted on October 6, 2009; U.S. Patent No. 7,418,053, entitled "System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication", granted on August 26, 2008.

One solution that overcomes many of the above-mentioned limitations of previous technologies is to utilize daisy-chain network and power cables and small dispersed radio heads in a multi-user multi-antenna system (MU-MAS). By making the radio head extremely small, the radio head can be physically no larger than the cabling, thus making a daisy chain radio installation similar to a cable installation. Not only is a cable installation often simpler than an antenna or radio installation, but cable deployment often does not require government approval or, in most cases, is easier to obtain approval for than deploying a large antenna or large radio enclosure. . Furthermore, for aesthetic reasons, cables can often be partially or completely hidden from view, whereas hiding a conventional radio and/or antenna may be more difficult or impractical.

Additionally, in the embodiments detailed below, one or two networks may be implemented using distributed input distributed output ("DIDO") technology as described in the following patents, patent applications, and provisional applications. Dramatically increase spectrum efficiency. All of these patents are assigned to the assignee of this patent and are incorporated by reference. These patents, applications and provisional applications are sometimes collectively referred to herein as the "related patents and applications".

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/380,126 titled "Systems and Methods for Mitigating Interference within Actively Used Spectrum".

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/380,126 titled "Systems and Methods for Mitigating Interference within Actively Used Spectrum".

U.S. Application Serial No. 14/672,014 titled "Systems And Methods For Concurrent Spectrum Usage Within Actively Used Spectrum".

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/980,479, filed on April 16, 2014, titled "Systems And Methods For Concurrent Spectrum Usage Within Actively Used Spectrum".

U.S. Application Serial No. 14/611,565 entitled "Systems and Methods for Mapping Virtual Radio Instances into Physical Areas of Coherence in Distributed Antenna Wireless Systems"

U.S. Application Serial No. 14/086,700 titled "Systems and Methods for Exploiting Inter-cell Multiplexing Gain in Wireless Cellular Systems Via Distributed Input Distributed Output Technology"

U.S. Application Serial No. 13/844,355 entitled "Systems and Methods for Radio Frequency Calibration Exploiting Channel Reciprocity in Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communications"

U.S. Application Serial No. 13/797,984 titled "Systems and Methods for Exploiting Inter-cell Multiplexing Gain in Wireless Cellular Systems Via Distributed Input Distributed Output Technology"

U.S. Application Serial No. 13/797,971 titled "Systems and Methods for Exploiting Inter-cell Multiplexing Gain in Wireless Cellular Systems Via Distributed Input Distributed Output Technology"

U.S. Application Serial No. 13/797,950 titled "Systems and Methods for Exploiting Inter-cell Multiplexing Gain in Wireless Cellular Systems Via Distributed Input Distributed Output Technology"

U.S. Application Serial Number 13/233,006 titled "System and Methods for planned evolution and obsolescence of multiuser spectrum"

U.S. Application Serial No. 13/232,996 titled "Systems and Methods to Exploit Areas of Coherence in Wireless Systems"

U.S. Application Serial No. 12/802,989 titled "System And Method For Managing Handoff Of A Client Between Different Distributed-Input-Distributed-Output (DIDO) Networks Based On Detected Velocity Of The Client"

U.S. Application Serial No. 12/802,988 entitled "Interference Management, Handoff, Power Control And Link Adaptation In Distributed-Input Distributed-Output (DIDO) Communication Systems"

U.S. Application Serial No. 12/802,975 titled "System And Method For Link adaptation In DIDO Multicarrier Systems"

U.S. Application Serial No. 12/802,974 entitled "System And Method For Managing Inter-Cluster Handoff Of Clients Which Traverse Multiple DIDO Clusters"

U.S. Application Serial No. 12/802,958 entitled "System And Method For Power Control And Antenna Grouping In A Distributed-Input-Distributed-Output (DIDO) Network"

U.S. Patent No. 13/9685997 titled "Systems and Methods to enhance spatial diversity in distributed-input distributed-output wireless systems"

U.S. Patent No. 9,386,465, entitled "System and Method For Distributed Antenna Wireless Communications", granted on July 5, 2016

U.S. Patent No. 9,369,888, entitled "Systems And Methods To Coordinate Transmissions In Distributed Wireless Systems Via User Clustering", granted on June 14, 2016

U.S. Patent No. 9,312,929, entitled "System and Methods to Compensate for Doppler Effects in Distributed-Input Distributed Output Systems", granted on April 12, 2016

U.S. Patent No. 8,989,155, entitled "Systems and Methods for Wireless Backhaul in Distributed-Input Distributed-Output Wireless Systems", granted on March 24, 2015

U.S. Patent No. 8,971,380, entitled "System and Method for Adjusting DIDO Interference Cancellation Based On Signal Strength Measurements", granted on March 3, 2015

U.S. Patent No. 8,654,815, entitled "System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communications", granted on February 18, 2014

U.S. Patent No. 8,571,086, entitled "System and Method for DIDO Precoding Interpolation in Multicarrier Systems", granted on October 29, 2013

U.S. Patent No. 8,542,763, entitled "Systems and Methods To Coordinate Transmissions In Distributed Wireless Systems Via User Clustering", granted on September 24, 2013

U.S. Patent No. 8,428,162, entitled "System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communications", granted on April 23, 2013

U.S. Patent No. 8,170,081, entitled "System And Method For Adjusting DIDO Interference Cancellation Based On Signal Strength Measurements", issued on May 1, 2012

U.S. Patent No. 8,160,121, entitled "System and Method for Distributed Input-Distributed Output Wireless Communications", granted on April 17, 2012;

U.S. Patent No. 7,885,354, entitled "System and Method For Enhancing Near Vertical Incidence Skywave ("NVIS") Communication Using Space-Time Coding, issued on February 8, 2011.

U.S. Patent No. 7,711,030, entitled "System and Method For Spatial-Multiplexed Tropospheric Scatter Communications", granted on May 4, 2010;

U.S. Patent No. 7,636,381, entitled "System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication", granted on December 22, 2009;

U.S. Patent No. 7,633,994, entitled "System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication", granted on December 15, 2009;

U.S. Patent No. 7,599,420, entitled "System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication", granted on October 6, 2009;

U.S. Patent No. 7,418,053, entitled "System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication", granted on August 26, 2008. 1. Systems and methods for dispersing radio heads 1.1 A MU-MAS system improved by embodiments of the present invention

Improvements to the preferred embodiments of the present invention are in the pending US application serial number 14/611,565 titled "System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication" (this application is a partial continuation of that application) and Multi-user multi-antenna systems are described in other related patents and applications and corresponding applications filed in other countries. Figures 1 , 2 , and 3 and the next six paragraphs describing the same correspond to Figures 1 , 2 , and 3 and paragraphs [0074-0080] of U.S. Application Serial No. 14/611,565 as filed in other countries. Other corresponding cases.

The preferred embodiment improves a system for transmitting multiple simultaneous non-interfering data streams in the same frequency band between a network and a plurality of coherence zones in a wireless link through virtual radio instances (VRI). and methods of systems and methods. In one embodiment, the system is a multi-user multi-antenna system (MU-MAS) as depicted in Figure 1 . The color-coded (using pattern, not color) cells in Figure 1 illustrate a one-to-one mapping between data source 101, VRI 106, and coherence region 103 as described below.

In Figure 1 , data source 101 is a data file or stream carrying web content, or a file in a local or remote server, such as text, image, sound, video or a combination thereof. One or more data files or streams are sent or received between the network 102 and each coherent zone 103 in the wireless link 110 . In one embodiment, the network is the Internet or any wireline or wireless local area network.

An area of coherence is a volume in space in which the waveforms from the different antennas of the MU-MAS are coherently added in such a way that only one VRI data output is received within that coherence area 112, and Not subject to any interference from other data outputs from other VRIs sent simultaneously on the same wireless link. In this application, we use the term "coherence area" to describe, for example, our prior patent application [US Application Serial No. 13/232,996 entitled "Systems and Methods to Exploit Areas of Coherence in Wireless Systems"] coherence volumes or individual cells as described in (e.g., “ pCells ^™ ” 103). In one embodiment, the coherence regions correspond to the locations of user equipment (UE) 111 or users of the wireless network, such that each user is associated with one or more data sources 101 . The size and shape of the coherence regions may vary depending on the propagation conditions and the type of MU-MAS precoding technology used to generate the coherence regions. In one embodiment of the present invention, while delivering content to users with good link reliability, the MU-MAS precoder dynamically adjusts the size and shape of the coherence region to adapt to changing propagation conditions.

Data source 101 is first sent to DIDO Radio Access Network ( DRAN ) 104 via network 102. DRAN then converts the data files or streams into a data format that can be received by the UE and sends the data files or streams to a plurality of coherent zones simultaneously so that each UE receives its own data file or stream without Interference from other data files or streams sent to other UEs. The DRAN consists of a gateway 105 as one of the interfaces between the network and the VRI 106 . VRI converts the packets routed by the gateway into a data stream 112 as raw data or in a packet or frame structure, which is fed to the MU-MAS baseband unit. In one embodiment, VRI includes an Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol stack composed of several layers: application layer, presentation layer, conversation layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer and entity layer, as shown in Figure 2a depicted in. In another embodiment, the VRI contains only a subset of the OSI layers.

In another embodiment, VRI is defined by different wireless standards. By way of example, but not limitation, the first VRI is composed of a protocol stack from the GSM standard, the second VRI is from the 3G standard, the third VRI is from the HSPA+ standard, the fourth VRI is from the LTE standard, and the fifth VRI is from the LTE-A standard And the sixth VRI comes from the Wi-Fi standard. In an exemplary embodiment, VRI includes a control plane or user plane protocol stack defined by the LTE standard. The user plane protocol stack is shown in Figure 2b . Each UE 202 communicates with its own VRI 204 through the PHY, MAC, RLC and PDCP layers, with the gateway 203 through the IP layer and the network 205 through the application layer. For the control plane protocol stack, the UE also communicates directly with the Mobility Management Entity (MME) through the NAS (as defined in the LTE standard stack) layer.

The Virtual Connection Manager (VCM) 107 is responsible for assigning the UE's PHY layer identity (eg, cell-specific radio network temporary identifier, RNTI), VRI, and authentication and mobility of the UE. The data stream 112 at the output of the VRI is fed to the virtual radio manager (VRM) 108 . The VRM includes a scheduler unit (which schedules DL (downlink) and UL (uplink) packets for different UEs), a baseband unit (for example, including FEC encoder/decoder, modulator/demodulator processor, resource grid builder) and a MU-MAS baseband processor (including pre-written code method). In one embodiment, data stream 112 are I/Q samples at the output of the PHY layer in Figure 2b, which samples are processed by the MU-MAS baseband processor. In a different embodiment, the data stream 112 is MAC, RLC or PDCP packets sent to a scheduler unit, which forwards the packets to a baseband unit. The baseband unit converts the packets into I/Q that is fed to the MU-MAS baseband processor.

The MU-MAS baseband processor is the core of the VRM, which converts M I/Q samples from M VRIs into N data streams 113 that are sent to N access points (APs) 109 . In one embodiment, data stream 113 is N waveform I/Q samples transmitted from AP 109 over wireless link 110 . In this embodiment, the AP consists of an analog-to-digital/digital-to-analog ("ADC/DAC"), a radio frequency ("RF") chain, and an antenna. In a different embodiment, data stream 113 is bits of information and MU-MAS precode information, which are combined at the AP to generate N waveforms that are sent over wireless link 110 . In this embodiment, each AP is equipped with a central processing unit ("CPU"), a digital signal processor ("DSP") and/or a system on a chip ("SoC") to perform additional processing before the ADC/DAC unit. Baseband processing. 1.2 Radio via coaxial cable daisy chain

Figures 8a, 8b, 8c and 8d show several preferred embodiments of the present invention. Figure 8a illustrates an embodiment in which radio 801 is a wireless transceiver. Each end of radio 801 has a connector (such as (but not limited to) F-type, BNC, SMA, etc.) that can be coupled to a coaxial cable (such as (but not limited to) RG-6) via connector 845 on the left , RG-59, triaxial, biaxial, semi-rigid, rigid, 50 ohm, 75 ohm, etc.) 841 and coupled to coaxial cable 842 via connector 846 on the right. One of the smaller graphical illustrations of radio 801 is shown below the larger illustrative illustration. As can be seen in this smaller illustration (which has most of the detail removed), radio 801 can be daisy-chained to radio 800 via coaxial cable 841 on the left and daisy-chained to radio 802 via coaxial cable 842 on the right. chain. Radio 802 is in turn daisy chained with radio 803 on the right. In this illustration, radio 803 is shown at the end of the daisy chain. Showing radio 800 and coaxial cable 840 at the beginning of a daisy chain, the coaxial cable can be used to connect to (but not limited to) more radios, power, data connections, networks, computing resources and/or RF signals, and/ or other digital or analog signals. Radios 800, 801, 802, 803, and/or additional radios coupled to the daisy chain may be radios of substantially the same or similar structure and/or configuration, or the radios may be comparable in structure and/or configuration. different.

The coaxial cable daisy chain can use any standard or proprietary network protocol, including (but not limited to) MoCA, Ethernet and/or DOCSIS, etc.

Turning again to the larger diagrammatic illustration (with details) of the radio 801 above the daisy chain, in one embodiment, the radio 801 has one or more antennas 890 that may be internal to the radio 801 housing or external. The antenna(s) may be any type of antenna, including (but not limited to) patch antennas, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, printed circuit board ("PCB") antennas, Yagi antennas, etc. In one embodiment, there is a single antenna 890. In another embodiment, there is more than one antenna 890, and in another embodiment at least two antennas 890 are cross-polarized relative to each other. In another embodiment, the antenna or antenna 890 is external to the radio 801 and coupled to one or more connectors 891 , which may be coaxial connectors or other conductive connectors, or may be Through a non-conductive connector, including (but not limited to) an RF or inductive connection. An external antenna may also be coupled to radio 801 without coupling through a connector, including (but not limited to) through a fixed wired connection.

In one embodiment, radio 801 receives power (in the form of DC or AC power) from an external power source coupled through one or two coaxial cables 841 or 842. In another embodiment, radio 801 receives power from an external power source coupled to connector 892, which may be any type of connector, including (but not limited to) a DC or AC power connector (eg, EIAJ-01, EIAJ-02, EIAJ-03, EIAJ-04, EIAJ-05, Molex connector, etc.). In another embodiment, radio 801 receives power conductively without a connector, including (but not limited to) through a wired connection. In another embodiment, radio 801 receives power wirelessly, including (but not limited to) through a rectenna, through an inductive coupling, through antenna 890, through an external antenna, through a photovoltaic cell, or through other wireless The transmission means receives power wirelessly.

In one embodiment, radio 801 receives and/or transmits timing signals, calibration signals, and/or analog or digital signals (collectively, "additional signals") coupled through one or more connectors 893 . Such timing signals may include (but are not limited to) clock, pulses per second (PPS), synchronization, and/or global positioning satellite ("GPS") signals. The calibration signals may include (but are not limited to) one or more of power level information, channel status information, power information, RF channel information, and/or predistortion information in analog and/or digital forms. In one embodiment, these additional signals are received and/or transmitted wirelessly. In one embodiment, these additional signals are received and/or transmitted via coaxial cables 841 and/or 842. In one embodiment, these additional signals are transmitted and/or received from radio 801. In one embodiment, the additional signals are transmitted and/or received from one or more external devices. In one embodiment, the one or more external devices are one or more additional radios in the MU-MAS. In one embodiment, the one or more external devices are tied to one or more user devices in the MU-MAS. In one embodiment, the one or more external devices are one or more devices that are not radios in the MU-MAS. 1.3 Daisy-chaining radios through twisted pair cables

Figure 8b illustrates an embodiment of a wireless transceiver in which radio 811 is similar to radio 801 disclosed above, except that radio 811 has network connectors 855 and 856 (such as (but not limited to) RJ -45, RJ-11 connector), which network connectors couple to twisted pair cables (such as (but not limited to) Category 3, Category 4, Category 5, Category 5e, Category 6, 6a, telephone lines, etc.), which will then be coupled to twisted pair cable 851 via connector 855 on the left and to twisted pair cable 852 via connector 856 on the right.

This twisted pair cable daisy chain can use any standard or proprietary network protocol, including (but not limited to) Ethernet.

Shown below the larger illustration is one of the smaller graphical illustrations of Radio 811. As can be seen in this smaller illustration (which has most of the detail removed), radio 811 can be daisy-chained to radio 810 via twisted pair cable 851 on the left and via twisted pair cable 852 on the right Daisy chained with radio 812. Radio 812 is in turn daisy chained with radio 813 on the right. In this illustration, radio 813 is shown at the end of the daisy chain. Demonstrating radio 810 with twisted pair cable 850 at the beginning of a daisy chain, the twisted pair cable can be used to connect to (but not limited to) more radios, power, data connections, networks, computing resources and/or RF signals, and/or other digital or analog signals. Radios 810, 811, 812, 813, and/or additional radios coupled to the daisy chain may be radios of substantially the same or similar structure and/or configuration, or the radios may be comparable in structure and/or configuration. different.

Turning again to the larger diagrammatic illustration (with details) of radio 811 above the daisy chain, this radio has connectors and features similar to those described above for radio 801. In other embodiments, radio 811 has: one or more antennas 890, which may be internal or external to the radio 811 housing; and one or more antenna connectors 891, as detailed above with respect to radio 801.

In one embodiment, radio 811 receives power (in the form of DC or AC power) from an external power source coupled through one or two twisted pair cables 851 or 852. In other embodiments, radio 811 receives power from an external power source coupled to connector 892 and/or receives power wirelessly, as detailed above with respect to radio 801.

In one embodiment, radio 811 receives and/or transmits additional signals coupled through one or more connectors 812 . In one embodiment, these additional signals are received and/or transmitted wirelessly. In one embodiment, these additional signals are received and/or transmitted over twisted pairs 851 and/or 852. In one embodiment, these additional signals are transmitted and/or received from radio 811. In other embodiments, these additional signals are transmitted and/or received from one or more external devices, as detailed above with respect to radio 801. 1.4 Radio via fiber cable daisy chain

8c illustrates an embodiment of a wireless transceiver in which radio 821 is similar to radios 801 and 811 disclosed above, except that radio 821 has network connectors 865 and 866 on each end (such as, but not limited to ) ST, DC, SC, LC, MU, MT-RJ, MPO connectors), these network connectors are coupled to fiber cables (such as (but not limited to) multi-mode, single-mode, etc.), and then the fiber The cables will be coupled to fiber cable 861 on the left through connector 865 and to fiber cable 862 through connector 866 on the right.

The fiber cable daisy chain can use any standard or proprietary network protocol, including (but not limited to) Ethernet and/or Common Public Radio Interface ("CPRI"), etc.

Shown below the larger illustrative illustration is one of the smaller graphical illustrations of Radio 821. As can be seen in this smaller diagrammatic illustration (from which most detail has been removed), radio 821 can be daisy-chained to radio 820 via fiber cable 861 on the left and to radio 822 via fiber cable 863 on the right. chain. And, radio 822 is in turn daisy chained with radio 823 on the right. In this illustration, radio 823 is shown at the end of the daisy chain. Showing radio 820 and fiber optic cable 860 at the beginning of a daisy chain, the fiber optic cable can be used to connect to (but not limited to) more radios, power, data connections, networks, computing resources and/or RF signals, and/ or other digital or analog signals. Radios 820, 821, 822, 823, and/or additional radios coupled to the daisy chain may be radios of substantially the same or similar structure and/or configuration, or the radios may be comparable in structure and/or configuration. different.

Turning again to the larger diagrammatic illustration (with details) of radio 821 above the daisy chain, this radio has connectors and features similar to those described above for radios 801 and 811. In other embodiments, radio 811 has: one or more antennas 890 , which may be internal or external to the radio 811 housing; and one or more antenna connectors 891 , as described above with respect to radio 801 Elaborator.

In one embodiment, the radio 821 is capable of converting light transmitted through one or two fiber optic cables 861 or 862 into electricity, such as (but not limited to) in response to light wavelengths via a photovoltaic cell or a rectenna. ) is coupled to an external power source to receive power. In other embodiments, radio 821 receives power from an external power source coupled to connector 892 and/or receives power wirelessly, as detailed above with respect to radio 801 .

In one embodiment, radio 821 receives and/or transmits additional signals coupled through one or more connectors 893 . In one embodiment, these additional signals are received and/or transmitted wirelessly. In one embodiment, these additional signals are received and/or transmitted via fiber optic cables 861 and/or 862. In one embodiment, these additional signals are transmitted and/or received from radio 821. In other embodiments, these additional signals are transmitted and/or received from one or more external devices, as detailed above with respect to radio 801. 1.5 Daisy-chaining radios using more than one type of cable

Comparing radios 801, 811, and 821, it can be seen that these radios are structurally quite similar, with one difference being that in the case of radio 801, the daisy chain cables are coaxial cables; in the case of radio 811, the The daisy chain cables are twisted pair cables; in the case of the radio 821, the daisy chain cables are fiber cables. Comparing coaxial cable and twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and twisted pair cable have many similarities in terms of electrical characteristics, including (but not limited to) the ability to carry DC or AC power and carry RF signals ability. Depending on the specific type of coaxial or twisted pair cable, the cable may differ in terms of electrical or RF characteristics, including (but not limited to) efficiency in carrying different DC or AC voltages or currents, efficiency in carrying different wavelengths of RF radiation , cable leakage at different RF radiation wavelengths, impedance at different frequencies, resistance to DC, the number of conductors in a cable, and the signal power that can be carried.

Comparing fiber optic cable to twisted pair cable or coaxial cable, the main difference is that fiber optic cable carries optical radiation wavelengths and does not conduct for carrying electrical power or RF radiation wavelengths (e.g., at lower wavelengths than fiber optic cable The wavelength of the light radiation it is designed to carry). Different types of fiber carry different wavelengths of optical radiation with different characteristics, but as a data transmission medium, fiber cable generally experiences less signal quality loss than coaxial or twisted pair cable for a given distance (e.g. (e.g. (but not limited to) signal-to-noise ratio ("SNR")), it is feasible to maintain high signal quality over long distances with fiber optic cables, but it is impractical for coaxial or twisted pair cables. In addition, in practice, fibers can generally carry larger bandwidth and higher data rate signals than coaxial or twisted pair cables. Fiber optic cables may be fabricated in the same cable sleeve as a conductive cable (such as (but not limited to) coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, or other conductive cable) such that conductive coupling of electrical and/or The RF radiation wavelength can be carried simultaneously with the optical radiation on the fiber. Alternatively, when deployed, the fiber cable can be tied or sheathed with a conductive cable to achieve a similar result.

Furthermore, different specific cables have different physical characteristics that may be relevant in different deployment cases. Cables vary in thickness, weight, flexibility, durability, flame retardant capabilities, cost, and more. The choice of which type of cable to use (coaxial, twisted pair, or fiber optic cable), and within each type of cabling, the specific choice of each type of cabling to use (such as (but not limited to) RG-6, RG -89, Category 5e, Category 6, Multimode Single Mode, etc.) and connectors ((but not limited to) F-Type, BNC, RJ-45, RJ-11, ST, DC) to daisy chain radios 801, 811 and/or 821, can be determined based on a number of factors, including (but not limited to): what cabling is in place at the installation site; the cost of the cabling; the length of the cabling; radio 801, 811, 821 or The size, cost, power consumption, heat dissipation, performance characteristics of 831; aesthetic considerations; environmental considerations; regulatory requirements; etc.

In some cases, the characteristics of more than one type of cable for daisy chaining may be desirable for a given radio. In one embodiment, illustrated in Figure 8d , radio 831 uses two or more types of cables for daisy chaining. Radio 831 has two different types of connectors on each side to accommodate two different types of cables, connectors 875 and 876 are coaxial cable connectors, and connectors 885 and 886 are twisted pair connectors. Coaxial cable 871 and twisted pair cable 881 are connected to the left side, and coaxial cable 872 and twisted pair cable 882 are connected to the right side. In another embodiment, the one or other connector is a fiber connector to which a fiber cable is attached. In another embodiment, one, some, or all of the daisy chain connectors on radio 801, 811, 821, or 831 are for different types of cables. In another embodiment, one, some, or all of the daisy chain connectors on radio 801, 811, 821, or 831 are for a module containing a physical layer transceiver and connector such as (but Without limitation) a small form factor pluggable ("SFP") module) a connector to which a twisted pair cable, fiber cable, coaxial cable, or some other form of cable may be connected.

Shown below the larger illustration is one of the smaller graphical illustrations of Radio 831. As can be seen in this smaller graphical illustration (from which most detail has been removed), radio 831 can be daisy-chained to radio 830 via cables 871 and 881 on the left and to radio 872 and 872 via cable 882 on the right. 832 daisy chain. And, radio 832 is in turn daisy chained with radio 833 on the right. In this illustration, radio 833 is shown at the end of the daisy chain. Radio 830 is shown with cables 870 and 880 at the beginning of a daisy chain, the cables can be used to connect to (but not limited to) more radios, power, data connections, networks, computing resources and/or RF signals, and/ or other digital or analog signals. Radios 830, 831, 832, 833, and/or additional radios coupled to the daisy chain may be radios of substantially the same or similar structure and/or configuration, or the radios may be comparable in structure and/or configuration. different. Similarly, embodiments of radios 801, 811, 821, or 831 with daisy chain connectors, such as those described in the preceding paragraphs, may be daisy chained together. Antenna couplings (such as those described above with antenna 890, connector 891, or as described through other components), power couplings (such as those described above with connector 892, or as described through other components) ), and/or additional signal coupling (such as described above with connector 893 or as described through other components) is suitable for radios 801, 811 with daisy chain connectors such as those described in the preceding paragraphs. , 821 or 831 embodiment. 2. Daisy Chain Radio Architecture Example

Figures 9a , 9b , 9c , 9d , and 9e illustrate several embodiments of the radios 801, 811, 821 , and 831 of Figures 8a , 8b , 8c , and 8d . Each of the embodiments illustrated in each of Figures 9a , 9b , 9c , 9d , and 9e is applicable to any of radios 801, 811, 821, and 831 having the features shown in a given figure. The components shown.

Figure 9a illustrates a radio that can be inserted into a network daisy chain coupled to a data center or other computing and/or data resources through network links (further detailed below in conjunction with Figure 16 ). Two network physical interfaces (PHYs) are shown in Figure 9a , where PHY 901 is coupled to an upstream network 900 ("upstream" means closer to the data center in the daisy chain) and PHY 901 is connected to a downstream network 906 ("upstream" means closer to the data center in the daisy chain). "Downstream" means further away from the data center in the daisy chain). PHY 901 is coupled to the network switch 903 through a physical interconnect 902 (such as, but not limited to, a bus, serial interconnect, etc.), and PHY 906 is coupled to the network switch 903 through a physical interconnect 904 . Network switch 903 may be configured to route data upstream or downstream between PHY 905 and 901 (thus achieving a network "through") and/or may be configured to route some or all data through the physical interconnect to the baseband processing and control unit 910. In one embodiment, the switch is configured for a specific routing of some or all data. In another embodiment, the switch is configured to route data based on a source or destination address associated with the data, such as (but not limited to) the IP address of the data.

The network switch 903 is coupled to a baseband processing and control unit 910 that processes data packets to/from the network switch 903 as to be streamed, such as (but not limited to) as consecutive samples. Data transmitted) to/from the analog-to-digital/digital-to-analog unit 911 (such as (but not limited to): 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit, 32-bit or any length data samples; fixed-length digital values, Floating point numeric values, compressed numeric values, bit-encoded numeric values), or control data using such data packets.

Data to be streamed to/from unit 910 is streamed directly to/from unit 910 without further processing, or additional processing is applied to the data stream. Additional processing may include (but is not limited to): buffering the data; holding the data pending release in conjunction with a specific trigger or timing event; compressing and/or decompressing the data; through (but not limited to) finite impulse response (FIR) or Other filters filter the data; resample the data to a different clock rate above or below the received clock rate, or use a different time reference; scale the magnitude of the data; limit the data to a maximum value ; Delete data samples from the stream; insert data sample sequences into the stream; scramble or descramble the data; or encrypt or decrypt the data; etc. Unit 910 may also include dedicated hardware or a computing component to perform, without limitation, some or all of the operations referenced in this paragraph and/or some or all of the functionality of a wireless protocol, which may be used while waiting for, sending, or receiving data ( It is implemented to/from the network switch 903 or to/from the unit 912 and after analog-to-digital/digital-to-analog conversion in the unit 911).

Data to/from unit 903 may be used as control data (but not limited to) to send and receive messages to/from any subsystem in the radio, within unit 910 and also to/from other units, for example (but not limited to ) as shown by interconnect 913 connecting to/from unit 910 and RF processing unit 912 . These messages can be used for any purpose, including (but not limited to): any subsystem configured in the radio; reading the status of any subsystem in the radio; sending or receiving timing information; rerouting data streams. flow; control power level; change sample rate; change transmit/receive frequency; change bandwidth; change duplex; switch between transmit mode and receive mode; control filtering; configure network mode; load an image into an The memory subsystem may read an image from the memory subsystem; load an image to a programmable gate array (FPGA) or read an image from the FPGA; and so on.

The analog-to-digital/digital-to-analog unit 911 converts the digital data samples received from the unit 910 into one or more analog voltages and/or currents coupled to the RF processing unit 912, and converts one or more analog voltages from the unit 912 and/or current into digital data samples sent to unit 910. Unit 911 may be implemented to receive data in parallel or serial fashion, with any data sample size and any data rate being fixed or configurable.

In the transmission path, one or more analog voltages and/or currents received by RF processing unit 912 may be coupled as RF signals directly to one or more antenna outputs 914, or the signals may be modulated to one or more antenna outputs 914. One or more fundamental frequency signals at multiple carrier frequencies are synthesized into an RF waveform by an RF processing unit, and then the modulated signals at the carrier frequencies are coupled to one or more antennas 914 . The signals from unit 910 may be in the form of, but are not limited to, fundamental frequency waveforms or fundamental frequency I/Q waveforms.

In the receive path, RF signals received from one or more antennas 914 are directly coupled to the unit 911 as voltages and/or currents, or the signals are modulated from one or more carrier frequencies into a fundamental frequency waveform or fundamental frequency I/ Q waveforms, the fundamental frequency waveforms or fundamental frequency I/Q waveforms coupled to unit 911 as voltages and/or currents to be converted into a data stream.

RF unit 912 may include, but is not limited to, other RF processing functions, including power amplifiers, low noise amplifiers, filters, attenuators, circulators, switches, baluns, etc.

The antenna 914 can be any type of antenna, including (but not limited to) a patch antenna, a dipole antenna, a monopole antenna, a PCB antenna, a Yagi antenna, etc. In one embodiment, there is a single antenna 890. In another embodiment, there is more than one antenna 890, and in another embodiment at least two antennas 890 are cross-polarized relative to each other.

Figure 9b illustrates an additional embodiment of the radio shown in Figure 9a , showing different embodiments of the timing subsystem. Unit 920 is a clocking and/or synchronization distribution and synthesis unit, which may be implemented (but is not limited to) in a single device or in a plurality of devices. Unit 920 distributes timing signals, including (but not limited to) clock and synchronization signals, to other subsystems within the radio. As shown in Figure 9b , these subsystems may include (but are not limited to) baseband and control unit 910, analog to digital/digital to analog unit 911, RF processing unit 912, network PHY 901, network switch 903 and/or Network PHY 902. Such timing signals spread to different subsystems may be (but are not limited to) the same timing signal, different timing signals synchronized with each other, different timing signals not synchronized with each other, timing signals synchronized to an external reference, and/or based on (but not limited to) (Limited to) Timing signals that change synchronously or asynchronously due to configuration or other factors.

The timing signals may be at any frequency, including (but not limited to) 10 MHz, and the timing signals may be (but not limited to) the same frequency, different frequencies, varying frequencies, and/or variable frequencies. The timing signals may use any timing reference, including (but not limited to) an external reference, an internal reference, or a combination of an external reference and an internal reference.

External timing references include (but are not limited to): a timing reference 922 derived from a timing reference carried through the daisy chain, whether upstream 921 to downstream 923 or downstream 923 to upstream 921; a Global Positioning Satellite Training Oscillator ("GPSDO") 924, which derives timing references (e.g., 10 MHz clock and PPS) from radio signals received from global positioning satellites; an external clock reference; an external PPS 940; and/or via network PHY 901, network switching The device 903 and/or the network PHY 905 derive network timing signals from the upstream network 900 or the downstream network 906. Network timing references include (but are not limited to) timing references derived from Ethernet SyncE (e.g., ITU G.8261, ITU G.8262, ITU G.8264, etc.); IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol; and/ Or clock and synchronization signals derived from network signals, protocols or traffic.

Internal timing references include (but are not limited to) oscillator 928 and/or controlled oscillator 929 . Oscillators 928 and 929 can be any type of oscillator, not limited to: quartz crystal oscillator, rubidium clock, cesium clock, and/or resistor-capacitor network oscillator, inductor-capacitor resonant circuit. Oscillators 928 and 929 may be of any stable level, including (but not limited to): non-stable; temperature compensated oscillators; and/or temperature controlled oscillators. Oscillators 928 and 929 may be of any precision level, including (but not limited to): low precision, parts per million ("ppm"); parts per billion ("ppb"); in various frequency ranges. Any precision, any Allan Deviation, any short or long term stability. Oscillator 929 may have an external input that controls its frequency by using (but not limited to) the following controls: analog values of voltage, current, resistance, etc.; digital values coupled in series, parallel, etc.; and/or a Frequency etc. If the oscillator 929 is controlled by an analog value, the oscillator may be controlled by (but is not limited to) a potentiometer in a voltage divider network, a digital-to-analog converter 930 from unit 910 or another A source receives a digital value 931), etc. If oscillator 929 is controlled by a digital value, then the oscillator is controlled by (but not limited to) a digital value 931 from unit 910 or another source, etc. The frequency of the controlled oscillator 929 can be a free-running frequency, or synchronized to any type of internal or external timing source, including (but not limited to) timing from the network, timing from a daisy chain separate from the network , timing from the data center, timing from a wireless protocol, etc.

Timing on a daisy chain network can be natural timing or can be synchronized using any number of network synchronization methods, including (but not limited to) SyncE and/or IEEE 1588, etc. A synchronization protocol may have its own self-synchronization mechanism, or timing signals 927 may be passed from one network PHY 901 or 905 to the other and/or to/from the network switch 903 .

Figure 9c illustrates an additional embodiment of the radio shown in Figures 9a and 9b , showing a power conversion and distribution system. Unit 950 is a power conversion/distribution unit and may be implemented (but not limited to) in a single device or in a plurality of devices to convert power and through coupling elements such as (but not limited to) metal wires, printed circuit board traces, and /or disseminate power to various subsystems through components, wireless transmission, etc.). Unit 950 distributes power within the radio, including (but not limited to): different voltages; different independent power busses (whether the same or different voltages); different current levels; AC or DC power; wireless power; etc. As shown in Figure 9c , the subsystem receiving power from the unit 950 may include (but is not limited to) a baseband and control unit 910, an analog-to-digital/digital-to-analog unit 911, an RF processing unit 912, a network PHY 901, a network Route switch 903 and/or network PHY 902. The power couplings distributed to different subsystems can be (but are not limited to): the same power coupling; different power couplings, which have the same or different voltages and/or currents; and/or variable voltages, etc.

The power may be at any voltage or current, including (but not limited to) AC, DC, 1 volt ("V"), 2.2 V, 3.3 V, 5 V, -5 V, 6V, 12 V, variable voltage. Power may come from any source, including (but not limited to) external sources, internal sources, or a combination of external and internal sources.

External power supplies include (but are not limited to): feed-through power supply 952 derived from a power supply carried through the daisy chain, whether upstream power coupling 951 to downstream power coupling 953 or downstream power coupling 953 to upstream power coupling 951; wireless Power 954, which can come from (but not limited to) radio wave transmission (such as (but not limited to) received by a rectenna), inductive power (such as (but not limited to) coupled through a transformer), light Energy (such as (but not limited to) coupled through a photovoltaic cell, a rectenna, etc.); network power carried through a daisy chain network, which is directly coupled from the upstream network 900 to the downstream network 906 957, or through switching and/or power insertion in one or both network PHYs 900 or 905 or network switch 903; through network power coupling 956 from network PHY 901, 903, or 905; and /or an external power connection 955 via (but not limited to) a cable, a socket, conductive contacts; etc.

Power transmission through the daisy chain may always be delivered via upstream power coupling 951 to/from downstream power coupling 953, or via upstream network 900 to/from downstream network 906, or may only be provided if the radio is configured The transfer of power is allowed only by the transfer of power, or triggered by external conditions (for example, the detection of a suitable device connected to either end of the daisy chain) to allow the transfer of power. Any type of device may be used to control whether power is delivered through, including but not limited to, a mechanical repeater and/or a transistor, including but not limited to a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET).

Internal power sources include any type of battery 958 including (but not limited to) lithium-ion, lithium-polymer, fuel cells, and generators.

Figure 9d illustrates an additional embodiment of the radio illustrated in Figures 9a , 9b and 9c , showing an upstream RF link 961 and a downstream RF link 963 coupled to the RF processing unit 912. RF links 961 and 963 may be daisy-chained through: a conductive coupling, such as (but not limited to) coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, etc.); or fiber if RF frequency modulation passes through the fiber The propagated carrier wavelength (such as (but not limited to) infrared radiation, visible radiation, and/or ultraviolet radiation, etc.); or a wireless coupling, including (but not limited to) through any type of antenna, and/or through an inductor coupling.

RF links 961 and 963 may: be coupled together through RF link 962 and then coupled to unit 912, as illustrated in Figure 9d ; or each RF link may be individually coupled to unit 912; or the RF links may be coupled to each other, But is not coupled to unit 912. Each of these couplings (either to each other or to unit 912) may be through any of the RF (including optical wavelength) couplings as detailed in the preceding paragraphs. The coupling may be via (but not limited to) one or more of (or any type of): direct connection; RF splitter; RF attenuator; RF balun; RF filter; power amplifier; and/or low voltage Noise amplifier, etc. The RF coupler may be connected to nothing, or to one or more of the antennas 914 . The RF coupler can carry signals at one or more RF center frequencies and carry signals in one or more bandwidths. The RF signals may be transmitted, received, or both at a time to/from any of unit 912, link 961, and/or link 963. These RF signals can carry any kind of information and/or signal reference information, including (but not limited to) data, control signals, RF protocols, beacons, RF timing signals, RF channels, RF power reference, RF pre-distortion information, RF interference information, RF calibration information, clock, and/or PPS.

Figure 9e illustrates an additional embodiment of the radio shown in Figures 9a , 9b , 9c , and 9d , showing an upstream network link 900 and a downstream network link 906 , where the network is a common RF channel, rather than a switched link. For example, this is a common configuration used with coaxial networks using network protocols such as (but not limited to) MoCA and DOCSIS. Upstream network link 900 and downstream network link 906 are coupled to an RF splitter 972 , which is coupled to a network PHY 971 , which is coupled to baseband processing and control 910 . RF splitter 972 may include more than 3 branches, and may further include a power amplifier to amplify some or all RF signals in one or more directions. RF splitter 972 may also include attenuators and/or filters to limit which RF frequency bands are passed in different paths. RF splitter 972 can also pass power to one or more or a plurality of them, and can also insert power into one or more of its branches.

Embodiments of radios 801, 811, 821, and 831 illustrated in Figures 8a, 8b, 8c, and 8d may have configurations corresponding to those described above in Figures 9a , 9b , 9c , 9d , and 9e . The internal components of one or more of the described embodiments are sometimes presented as separate components, and sometimes as combined components. By way of example (but not limited to), radios 801, 811, 821, and 831 each have an upstream and downstream daisy chain cable connection, which is coaxial cable (e.g., 841/842 and 871/872), twisted pair wire cables (e.g., 851/852 and 881/882), or fiber cables (e.g., 861/862). These daisy chain connections may correspond to the embodiments in Figures 9a , 9b , 9c , 9d and 9e , which are upstream and downstream daisy chain connections such as 900/906, 911/923, 951/953 and 961/ 963. If the daisy chain cable in the radio 801, 811, 821 or 831 can physically be combined with the embodiments described in Figures 9a , 9b , 9c , 9d and 9e , then the daisy chain cable can be used in this implementation. example. For example, a daisy chain of coaxial and twisted pair cables may be used to conductively carry upstream power 951 and downstream power 953 (such as (but not limited to) using many well-known power over coax technologies or power over Ethernet technologies). Any), but fiber optic cables do not have this capability, however, fiber optic cables can carry electricity transmitted in the form of light and converted into electricity, for example (but not limited to) using a photovoltaic cell. Each of the daisy chain cables may also carry upstream standard and proprietary network protocols 900 and downstream standard and proprietary network protocols 906, including (but not limited to) Ethernet, as mentioned above. All daisy chain cables can also carry timing information 921 and 923, and using network protocols and signals that carry timing information, all daisy chain cables can provide network timing 926. These daisy chain cables can carry upstream RF 961 and downstream RF 963 at certain frequencies/wavelengths (for example (but not limited to) many coaxial cables efficiently propagate the 1 GHz frequency, many twisted pair cables efficiently propagate 100 MHz frequency, and many fiber optic cables efficiently propagate 1300 nm wavelength).

In the case of radio 831, multiple daisy chain cable pairs may each correspond to one of the daisy chain connections illustrated in Figures 9a , 9b , 9c , 9d , and 9e , or each may correspond to multiple daisy chain connections. chain connection.

Antenna 890 and/or antenna connector 891 of radio 801, 811, 821, or 831 may correspond to antenna 914 of Figures 9a , 9b , 9c , 9d, and 9e and/or on units 924 and/or 954 antenna.

Power connector 892 of radio 801, 811, 821, or 831 may correspond to external power 955 of Figures 9a , 9b , 9c , 9d , and 9e . Antenna 890 and/or antenna connector 891 of radio 801, 811, 821, or 831 may also correspond to the antenna of wireless power receiver 954.

Connector 893 of radio 801 , 811 , 821 or 831 may carry additional signals corresponding to external clock 925 , PPS 940 , or RF link 962 coupled to unit 912 . 3. Radio daisy chain in sleeve or tube

Figures 10a , 10b , 10c and 10d illustrate several embodiments, wherein the radio daisy chain radio embodiments shown in Figures 8a , 8b , 8c and 8d and described above together with Figures 9a , The daisy chain radio architecture embodiments illustrated in Figures 9b , 9c , 9d, and 9e and described above are housed within a sleeve or tube. For purposes of illustration, the daisy chain radios shown in Figures 10a , 10b , 10c, and 10d lack many of the details of the radio daisy chains described above, but are applicable to those of Figures 10a , 10b , 10c , and 10d Any of the above daisy chain embodiments of the illustrated sleeve or tube embodiment may be used in this embodiment. Please note that the sleeve or tube can take many forms, including (but not limited to) flexible plastic tubing that completely encloses the radio daisy chain, or rigid plastic tubing that partially encloses the radio chain.

Figure 10a shows a sleeve or tube 1010 of a daisy chain of encapsulated radios 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003. The daisy chain displays network cables 1020 and 1021 extending from both sides and these network cables can be connected to (but not limited to) additional daisy chains or radios, upstream or downstream network connections, power, RF sources, timing sources wait. In fact, the daisy chain connection may be connected as described in any of the numerous embodiments described above.

Figure 10b illustrates a daisy chain radio encapsulated in a sleeve or tube. This daisy chain shows the radio daisy chain described in the previous paragraph, but in this embodiment the sleeve or tube 1011 also encloses the feedthrough cable 1030. The feedthrough cable 1030 may be a cable used for any purpose, including (but not limited to) coaxial cable, twisted pair cable or coaxial cable and/or a power cable carrying high data rate data. There may be one or more feedthrough cables 1030.

Figure 10c illustrates a sleeve or tube 1012 encapsulating a daisy chain radio and a feedthrough cable, as described in the previous paragraph, but in this embodiment the sleeve or tube is supported by a support strand 1040 Solidly reinforced and can be made from any of a variety of materials, including galvanized steel. An example of such a sleeve or tube 1012 containing galvanized steel support strands is the "Figure 8" brand tube from dura-line, the specifications of which are currently available at http://www.duraline.com/conduit/figure- 8 obtained. Support strands 1040 may help support pipes in an aerial deployment, such as between utility poles.

Figure 10d shows a sleeve or tube 1012 (in a reduced size illustration) encapsulating a radio and a daisy chain of feedthrough cables containing a support strand 1040 as described in the previous paragraph, but in this embodiment , the sleeve or tube daisy chain 1012 is connected to other sleeves or tubes in a continuous daisy chain. In this embodiment, there is a data and/or power coupler 1050 between each sleeve or tube daisy chain 1012, which can be used (but is not limited to) to couple power into the daisy chain end 1020 or 1021 and/or can To couple data to/from the daisy chain end 1020. Data and/or power coupler 1050 may be suspended from support strands 1040 or physically supported by another member. The power can come from any power source, including (but not limited to) a through-line power cable 1030 and/or photovoltaic cells, etc. Data connections can come from any source, including high-bandwidth fiber twisted pair or coaxial cable 1030. Data and/or power coupler 1050 may be practical because daisy chain cabling will generally have power and/or data throughput limitations, and each radio 1000, 1001, 1002, and 1003 on the daisy chain will Draws a certain amount of power and consumes a certain amount of data transmission. Once the power and/or data capacity of the daisy chain cable is exhausted, no more radios can be attached to the daisy chain. The feedthrough cable 1030 can be designated to carry sufficient power for several daisy chains, and the feedthrough cable 1030 can be designated to support high enough data throughput to support several daisy chains. For example (but not limited to) if the daisy chain cable supports 1 GB (billion bit) Ethernet with Power over Ethernet+ ("PoE+") power limitations (limited to approximately 25 watts ("W")) and each radio consumes 225 Mbps data rate and 6 W power, then if there are 4 radios in a daisy chain, there will be 900 Mbps data rate and 24 W power, and there will not be enough data rate or power for another radio. If there are one or more feedthrough cables 1030 capable of (a) carrying 250 W of power and (b) 10 Gbps data rate, this would be sufficient to support 10 daisy chains with 4 radios in each daisy chain (24W * 10 = 240W, 900 Mbps * 10 = 9 Gbps). Data and/or power coupler 1050 may couple power to the daisy chain cable in any of many ways, including using a commercially available PoE+ switch that contains one 10 Gbps fiber port and one or more 1 Gbps PoE+ ports. Note that although the PoE+ standard (e.g., IEEE 802.3at-2009) may not support power daisy chaining, PoE+ can still be used to provide power to the first daisy chain radio attached to the PoE+ switch, and thereafter to Exclusive power plug-in on the daisy chain. Proprietary power insertion technologies include (but are not limited to) coupling power to network signal conductors in daisy chain network cables. 3. Practical deployment of radio daisy chain

Figure 11 illustrates a utility pole containing daisy chain radios (such as those depicted in Figures 10a and 10d ) in sleeves and tubes. The sleeve or tube 1012 suspended between two utility poles is the same as that shown in Figure 10d containing four daisy chain radios 1000, 1001, 1002, and 1003, with one end of the daisy chain coupled to the data and/or or power coupler 1050, which couples to high-speed data from the feedthrough cable 1030, and receives power from the power converter 1100, which couples to the high voltage in the power zone of the utility pole. Power electrical lines and reduce the voltage for unit 1050. Power meter 1101 monitors power usage for billing or other purposes. Because connections to high voltage electrical lines can be expensive, power converter 1100 can be used to provide sufficient power to many cells 1050 with power carried between cells 1050 in through-strands 1030 .

Also shown in Figure 11 is an embodiment of a vertical deployment of a daisy chain radio in a sleeve or tube 1010 attached to the side of a utility pole. This corresponds to the sleeve or tube 1010 shown in Figure 10a . At one end, a daisy chain network connection 1020 is attached to unit 1050 for data and power. This is because the daisy chain terminates when it reaches the ground, so there is no need for a continuous daisy chain network connection at the bottom end and no need for a run-through cable. Furthermore, because the pole provides structural stability, a support strand is not required. Also note that unit 1050 is coupled to 3 daisy chains, two mostly horizontal air daisies between the poles and one vertical daisy chain on the side of the poles. There is no restriction that all daisy chains must be in a sequential wire network topology; such daisy chains can be in any of a number of topologies. For example (but not limited to) this unit 1050 can support 3 daisy chains by using a PoE+ network switch that contains 3 ports for the 3 daisy chains and 1 port for High bandwidth feedthrough cable. (For example, 3 1 Gbps PoE+ connections to the 3 daisy chains and 1 10 Gbps fiber connection for the feedthrough cable).

The embodiment of daisy chain cables shown in Figure 11 is illustrative only. Any number of daisy chain radio configurations in any topology may be used depending on (but not limited to) deployment requirements, municipal regulations, cost constraints, span distance, etc. Obviously, a radio daisy chain looks no different than cabling. In many municipalities, cabling does not require a permit, or it is easier to obtain a cabling permit than an antenna permit. Furthermore, from an aesthetic standpoint, the cables are less visible than larger antennas.

Figure 12 illustrates two lamp posts to which a radio daisy chain 1010 is attached. The illustrated embodiment is consistent with the radio daisy chain 1010 of Figure 10a . In this embodiment, data and power connections are coupled through underground conduits 1251 with a data and/or power coupler 1250 below the utility pole, similar to the data and power couplers illustrated in Figures 10d and 11 1050 mode operation. As shown in Figure 11 , it is clear that the radio daisy chain looks no different than cabling. In many municipalities, cabling does not require a permit, or it is easier to obtain a cabling permit than an antenna permit. Furthermore, from an aesthetic standpoint, the cables are less visible than larger antennas.

Figure 13 illustrates a building containing a number of radio daisy chains attached to the interior and exterior of the building. All of these radio data links will be connected to data and power connections, but the data and power connections have been omitted for illustration purposes. Radio daisy chain 1300 is attached to the edge of the roof. For antennas, a roof edge is a highly favorable location that is unobstructed due to high angular visibility to the street. Generally speaking, a large number of antennas on the edge of a roof will be unsightly, but a sleeve or tube can be made difficult to see because (but not limited to) the small size of the sleeve or tube can be colored to match the background. painted, can actually be placed in recesses on a building, can actually be flexible and conform to the shape of architectural features on a building such as (but not limited to) cornices, and because many buildings There are already cables on the object and they look the same.

Figure 13 shows other arrangements of radio daisy chains, including: radio daisy chain 1301, which is above an architectural feature on the window to make it less visible; and radio daisy chain 1302, which is placed along the wall near the base (perhaps pressed against the base). into a recess in the wall to make it more hidden); and the radio daisy chain 1303, which is placed vertically along the corner of the wall, perhaps along a downdraft to make it less visible. The radio daisy chain 1304 is also shown to be tied indoors, perhaps above a ceiling block or in a wall. Note that in this example, the radio daisy chain is not tied into a sleeve or tube, as there will be situations where this is not needed, and the daisy chain can be placed with exposed radios and cables. Specifically, radio daisy chains can be placed in a variety of locations, indoors and outdoors. In all of these embodiments, the radio daisy chain is deployed where deployment of the radio daisy chain is convenient and where the radio daisy chain is aesthetically acceptable.

Figure 14 illustrates how the radio daisy chain does not need to be deployed in a straight line, but can be deployed in any shape that meets the physical and/or aesthetic requirements of the location. Note that the radio daisy chain does not need to be deployed in only 2 dimensions; the radio daisy chain can be deployed in x, y and z dimensions. In fact, the preferred MU-MAS embodiments generally perform better using angle-covering diversity.

Figure 15 illustrates how radio daisy chains can also be deployed in an array topology. Shown in this example is an 8x8 array with 64 radios, 16 of which are daisy-chained to a network switch (such as (but not limited to) a PoE+ switch). This array can be used for many applications, including beamforming and MIMO.

Figure 16 illustrates how a Cloud Radio Access Network ("C-RAN") architecture can be used with radio daisy chaining. In one embodiment, the fundamental frequency waveform is computed in a data center server. The data center server may serve as a local area network 1601 to the data center (for example, but not limited to, if the data center is located in a venue and the local area network is spread throughout the venue), connected to a switch that The switch is connected to a daisy chain of multiple radios.

Line-of-sight microwave 1602 can be used as a data link extending over greater distances than a local area network, and can also be connected to a switch that is connected to a daisy chain of multiple radios.

Fiber 1603 can extend a very long distance without a line of sight requirement and can be connected to a switch that is connected to a daisy chain of multiple radios. Furthermore, the switch can couple the repeating fiber 1604 to another switch, which can then connect another group of multiple radio daisy chains.

Although the illustration in Figure 16 shows a straight daisy chain, as mentioned previously, the daisy chain can be bent into any shape that is convenient and aesthetically pleasing.

The C-RAN topology shown in Figure 16 supports the pCell ^™ MU- MAS system shown in Figures 1 , 2 and 3 as well as related patents and applications. Unlike other wireless technologies, pCell supports extremely high-density radio deployments and is not tied to a specific radio or antenna configuration (for example, in contrast to cellular technology, which requires specific radio spacing based on a cell plan). As such, pCell technology is highly suitable for the daisy chain radio embodiments described herein, and enables radios to be placed in convenient and aesthetically pleasing locations.

Embodiments of the present invention may include various steps described above. The steps may be embodied in machine-executable instructions, which may cause a general-purpose or special-purpose processor to perform the steps. Alternatively, these steps may be performed by hardware components containing hardwired logic for performing the steps, or by any combination of programmed computer components and custom hardware components.

As described herein, instructions may refer to a specific configuration of hardware, such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), that is configured to perform certain operations or has instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium. Predetermined functions or software instructions in memory. Accordingly, the techniques illustrated may be implemented using code and data stored and executed on one or more electronic devices. Such electronic devices use computer machine-readable media to store and communicate (communicate internally and/or over a network with other electronic devices) code and data, such as non-transitory computer machine-readable media (e.g., magnetic disc; optical disc; random access memory; read-only memory; flash memory device; phase change memory) and transient computer machines that can read communication media (for example, electrical, optical, acoustic or other forms of propagated signals , such as carrier waves, infrared light signals, digital signals, etc.).

Throughout this detailed description, for the purpose of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and functions have not been described in detail to avoid obscuring the subject matter of the invention. Therefore, the scope and spirit of the present invention should be judged based on the following patent claims.

101:Data source 102:Internet 103: Coherence area 104:DIDO Radio Access Network (DRAN) 105:Gateway 106:Virtual Radio Instance (VRI) 107:Virtual Connection Manager (VCM) 108:Virtual Radio Manager (VRM) 109:Access Point (AP) 110:Wireless link 111: User Equipment (UE) 112: Data output; data streaming 201: Virtual Radio Instance (VRI) 202: User Equipment (UE) 203:Gateway 204: Virtual Radio Instance (VRI) 205:Internet 301:DRAN 302: Adjacent DRAN 303: Adjacent DRAN 304:Cloud VRM 306:Cloud VCM 308:Cloud gateway 400:Telephone pole 401:Telephone pole 402:cross arm 403:cross arm 410: Radio and/or antenna 411: Radio and/or antenna 420: Radio and/or antenna 421: Radio and/or antenna 530:Outer tube 531:Communication cable 532:Mechanical strong cable 540: Radio and/or antenna 541: Radio and/or antenna 550: Radio and/or antenna 551: Radio and/or antenna 560:Power meter 561: Step down power supply 601:Antenna 602:Antenna 611:Radio 612:Radio 621:Through a pipe or pipe from the ground up to the side of the lamppost 622:Through a pipe or pipe from the ground up to the side of the lamppost 630:Underground pipelines 700: Prior Technology Leaky Cable 701: Insulating and protective sheath 702:Outer conductor 703:pore 704:Dielectric 705:Inner conductor 800:Radio 801: Radio 802: Radio 803:Radio 810:Radio 811:Radio 812:Radio 813:Radio 821:Radio 822:Radio 823:Radio 830:Radio 831:Radio 832:Radio 833:Radio 840:Coaxial cable 841:Coaxial cable 842:Coaxial cable 845:Connector 846:Connector 850: twisted pair cable 851: twisted pair cable 852:Twisted pair cable 855:Network Connector 856:Network Connector 860:Fiber cable 861:Fiber cable 862:Fiber cable 863:Fiber cable 865:Network connector 866:Network connector 870:cable 871:Coaxial cable 872:Coaxial cable 880:cable 881:Cable 882:Twisted pair cable 885:Connector 886:Connector 890:antenna 891:Antenna connector 892: Connector; power connector 893:Connector 900: Upstream network 901:Network Physical Interface (PHY) 902:Physical interconnects 903:Network switch 904:Physical interconnects 905:Network Physical Interface (PHY) 906:Downstream network 910: Data to base frequency processing and control unit 911: Analog to digital/digital to analog unit 912: RF processing unit 913:Interconnects 914: Antenna output; antenna 920: Unit; clock and/or synchronization distribution and synthesis unit 921: upstream; timing information 922: Timing reference 923: Downstream; timing information 924: Global Positioning Satellite Training Oscillator ("GPSDO") 925: external clock 926:Network timing 927: Timing signal 928:Oscillator 929: Controlled oscillator 930:Digital to analog converter 931: Digital value 940:External PPS 950:Power conversion/distribution unit 951: Upstream power coupling; upstream power 952:Through power supply 953: Downstream power coupling; downstream power 954:Wireless power 955: External power connection; external power 956:Network power coupling parts 958:Battery 961: RF link; upstream RF 962:RF link 963: RF link; downstream RF 971:Network PHY 972:RF splitter 1000:Radio 1001:Radio 1002:Radio 1003:Radio 1010: Sleeve or tube 1011: Sleeve or tube 1012: Sleeve or tube 1020:Network cable 1021:Network cable 1030: Through cable; Through power cable 1040: Support strand 1050: Data and/or power coupler 1100:Power converter 1101:Power meter 1250:Coupler 1251:Underground pipeline 1300: Radio Daisy Chain 1301: Radio Daisy Chain 1302:Radio Daisy Chain 1303:Radio Daisy Chain 1304: Radio Daisy Chain 1600:Data center server 1601:Local area network 1602: Line of sight microwave 1603:Fiber 1604: Repeating fiber

A better understanding of the present invention can be obtained from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which: Figure 1 illustrates a distributed input distributed output ("DIDO") (now branded as pCell ^™ ), radio access network ( DRAN) and other multi-user multi-antenna system (MU-MAS) networks, Figure 2a and Figure 2b illustrate the protocol stack of Virtual Radio Instance (VRI) consistent with the OSI model and LTE standards . Figure 3 illustrates adjacent DRAN to extend coverage of DIDO (now branded as pCell ^™ ), wireless networks and other MU-MAS networks. Figure 4 is a prior art illustration of a utility pole with radios and/or antennas in a "power space." Figure 5 is a prior art illustration of a utility pole with radios and/or antennas in a "communications space." Figure 6 is a prior art illustration of a lamp post with a radio and/or antenna. Figure 7 is a prior art diagrammatic illustration of a leaky feeder. Figure 8a illustrates a coaxial cable embodiment of a radio daisy chain. Figure 8b illustrates a twisted pair embodiment of a radio daisy chain. Figure 8c illustrates a fiber embodiment of a radio daisy chain. Figure 8d illustrates a combined coaxial and twisted pair embodiment of a radio daisy chain. Figure 9a illustrates one embodiment of the architecture of a daisy chain radio, showing the basic architecture. Figure 9b illustrates one embodiment of a daisy chain radio architecture showing timing distribution. Figure 9c illustrates one embodiment of a daisy chain radio architecture illustrating power distribution. Figure 9d illustrates one embodiment of a daisy chain radio architecture illustrating RF dispersion. Figure 9e illustrates one embodiment of a daisy chain radio architecture, illustrating a daisy chain network implemented through a splitter. Figure 10a illustrates one embodiment of a daisy chain radio with a sleeve or tube. Figure 10b illustrates one embodiment of a daisy chain radio with a sleeve or tube containing one or more feedthrough cables. Figure 10c illustrates one embodiment of a daisy chain radio with a sleeve or tube containing one or more feedthrough cables and a support strand. Figure 10d illustrates one embodiment of a daisy chain radio having a sleeve or tube containing one or more feedthrough cables and a support strand containing a data coupler and/or a power coupler. Figure 11 is a diagrammatic illustration of a utility pole with daisy chain radios. Figure 12 is a diagrammatic illustration of a lamp post with a daisy chain radio. Figure 13 is a diagrammatic illustration of a building with a daisy chain radio. Figure 14 is a diagrammatic illustration of a daisy chain radio in a non-vertical deployment pattern. Figure 15 is a diagrammatic illustration of a daisy chain radio in an array. Figure 16 presents a diagrammatic illustration of daisy chain radios deployed in a cloud radio access network.

900: Upstream network

901:Network Physical Interface (PHY)

902:Physical interconnects

903:Network switch

904:Physical interconnects

905:Network Physical Interface (PHY)

906:Downstream network

910: Data to base frequency processing and control unit

911: Analog to digital/digital to analog unit

912: RF processing unit

913:Interconnects

914: Antenna output; antenna

Claims (19)

A system that includes: a plurality of wireless transceivers arranged in an electrical or optical fiber (collectively, "wired") daisy chain; A plurality of digital fundamental frequency waveforms transmitted via the daisy chain; Each of the wireless transceivers is capable of receiving a digital fundamental frequency waveform from the plurality of digital fundamental frequency waveforms and modulating a radio frequency (RF) signal; and At least two wireless transceivers receive different fundamental frequency waveforms; and Two or more of the wireless transceivers are used to receive power level information, channel status information, power information, and RF channel information from multiple signals carried on the daisy chain. Predistortion information or other calibration information (collectively, "Calibration Information"). For example, the system of claim 1 further includes: Multiple wireless transmissions of two or more of the plurality of wireless transceivers are used to receive clocks, pulses per second, global positioning satellites or other signals from multiple signals carried on the daisy chain Timing Information (collectively, "Timing Information"). For example, the system of claim 1 further includes: Multiple wireless transmissions by two or more of the plurality of wireless transceivers are used to receive timing information from multiple signals outside the daisy chain. For example, the system of claim 1 further includes: Multiple wireless transmissions of two or more wireless transceivers of the plurality of wireless transceivers are used to wirelessly receive timing information. For example, the system of claim 1 further includes: Two or more of the wireless transceivers are used to receive power from the daisy chain. For example, the system of claim 1 further includes: Two or more of the wireless transceivers are used to receive power wirelessly. For example, the system of claim 1 further includes: Two or more of the wireless transceivers are used to receive calibration information from multiple signals outside the daisy chain. For example, the system of claim 1 further includes: Two or more of the wireless transceivers are used to receive calibration information wirelessly. For example, the system of claim 1 further includes: The wireless transceiver daisy chain is waterproof. A method of transmitting multiple baseband signals to multiple wireless transceivers, which includes: Arrange multiple wireless transceivers in a wired daisy chain; Transmitting multiple digital baseband waveforms via the daisy chain; at each wireless transceiver, receiving a digital fundamental frequency waveform from the plurality of digital fundamental frequency waveforms and modulating a radio frequency (RF) signal; and receiving different fundamental frequency waveforms at at least two wireless transceivers; Two or more of the wireless transceivers are used to receive power level information, channel status information, power information, and RF channel information from multiple signals carried on the daisy chain. Predistortion information or other calibration information (collectively, "Calibration Information"). Such as the method of request item 10, wherein: Multiple wireless transmissions by two or more of the plurality of wireless transceivers are used to receive timing information from multiple signals carried on the daisy chain. Such as the method of request item 10, wherein: Multiple wireless transmissions by two or more of the plurality of wireless transceivers are used to receive timing information from multiple signals outside the daisy chain. Such as the method of request item 10, wherein: Multiple wireless transmissions of two or more wireless transceivers of the plurality of wireless transceivers are used to wirelessly receive timing information. Such as the method of request item 10, wherein: Two or more of the wireless transceivers are used to receive power from the daisy chain. Such as the method of request item 10, wherein: Two or more of the wireless transceivers are used to receive power wirelessly. Such as the method of request item 10, wherein: Two or more wireless transceivers of the wireless transceivers are used to Multiple signals carried to receive calibration information. Such as the method of request item 10, wherein: Two or more of the wireless transceivers are used to receive calibration information from multiple signals outside the daisy chain. Such as the method of request item 10, wherein: Two or more of the wireless transceivers are used to receive calibration information wirelessly. Such as the method of request item 10, wherein: The wireless transceiver daisy chain is waterproof.

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