TW202333765A - 用於減緩及/或治療冠狀病毒疾病之免疫調節蛋白 - Google Patents
用於減緩及/或治療冠狀病毒疾病之免疫調節蛋白 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明係關於一種用於緩解及/或治療有需要個體之冠狀病毒疾病的方法,該方法包括向該個體投與有效量之靈芝(
Ganoderma)免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段。
Description
本發明係關於抑制及/或治療冠狀病毒(CoV)包膜蛋白誘導之發炎的領域。特定言之,本發明係關於來自靈芝(
Ganoderma)之免疫調節蛋白在治療冠狀病毒疾病中的用途。
自2019年12月席捲全球的大流行性2019年冠狀病毒疾病(COVID-19)係由嚴重急性呼吸道症候群冠狀病毒2 (SARS-CoV-2)引起。眾所周知,SARS-CoV-2感染視SARS-CoV-2之棘蛋白與宿主細胞之血管收縮素轉化酶2 (ACE2)之間的相互作用而定[1]。一旦人類細胞或組織經感染,SARS-CoV-2將在體內引起一系列反應,包括病毒產生、引發免疫反應及釋放許多介體以對抗感染。在臨床實踐中,嚴重COVID-19誘導全身性過度發炎,稱為細胞介素風暴,從而引起急性呼吸窘迫症候群(ARDS)、多重器官衰竭且甚至死亡[2,3]。特定言之,漸增的證據展示,相較於不具有ARDS相關症狀之患者,COVID-19誘導之ARDS患者死亡率更高[4, 5]。因此,緊急臨床策略為研發一種緩解患有COVID-19之患者中之細胞介素風暴的方法。
細胞介素風暴為由過度產生各種發炎細胞介素之活化免疫細胞引起的不受控過度發炎之臨床病狀[6]。當前,許多研究展示,高含量促發炎細胞介素(諸如腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)、介白素(IL)-1、IL-6、IL-8及IL-12)及趨化介素(諸如干擾素(INF)及單核球趨化蛋白-1 (MCP-1))在患有嚴重COVID-19之患者中產生細胞介素風暴,從而引起對多個器官之損傷或甚至死亡[2,7,8]。因此,阻斷此等發炎介體可為治療嚴重COVID-19患者之策略。
因此,需要研發一種針對冠狀病毒疾病之新治療策略。
本發明部分基於CoV疾病之治療措施。出人意料地發現,來自靈芝(
Ganoderma)之免疫調節蛋白可抑制冠狀病毒包膜蛋白誘導之發炎且因此緩解或治療冠狀病毒疾病,諸如嚴重急性呼吸道症候群冠狀病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2)。
在一個態樣中,本發明提供一種用於抑制個體中經冠狀病毒誘導之發炎的方法,其包含向該個體投與有效量之靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段。替代地,本發明提供靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段,其用於抑制個體中經冠狀病毒誘導之發炎的方法中。在一個實施例中,該方法抑制巨噬細胞中經冠狀病毒誘導之發炎且減少肺細胞中之膠原蛋白。在一個實施例中,發炎係由冠狀病毒蛋白誘導。在另一實施例中,發炎係由冠狀病毒包膜(E)蛋白或冠狀病毒刺突(S)蛋白誘導。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供一種用於緩解及/或治療個體之冠狀病毒疾病的方法,其包含向該個體投與包含有效量之靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段的組合物。替代地,本發明提供一種包含有效量之靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段的組合物,其用於緩解及/或治療個體之冠狀病毒疾病的方法中。在一個實施例中,冠狀病毒疾病係經由抑制冠狀病毒誘導之發炎且減少肺細胞中之膠原蛋白而經緩解及/或治療。在一個實施例中,發炎係由冠狀病毒蛋白誘導。在另一實施例中,發炎係由冠狀病毒包膜(E)蛋白或冠狀病毒刺突(S)蛋白誘導。
在一個實施例中,靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係以約1 μg/kg至約100 μg/kg,較佳約1.5 μg/kg至約90 μg/kg、約1.5 μg/kg至約80 μg/kg、約1.5 μg/kg至約70 μg/kg、約1.5 μg/kg至約60 μg/kg、約1.5 μg/kg至約50 μg/kg、約1.5 μg/kg至約40 μg/kg、約1.5 μg/kg至約30 μg/kg、約1.5 μg/kg至約20 μg/kg或約1.5 μg/kg至約10 μg/kg之間的劑量投與。在一個實施例中,靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係以選自由以下組成之群的劑量投與:約1.0 μg/kg、約1.5 μg/kg、約2.0 μg/kg、約2.5 μg/kg、約3.0 μg/kg、約3.5 μg/kg、約4.0 μg/kg、約4.5 μg/kg、約5.0 μg/kg、約5.5 μg/kg、約6.0 μg/kg、約6.5 μg/kg、約7.0 μg/kg、約7.5 μg/kg、約8.0 μg/kg、約8.5 μg/kg、約9.0 μg/kg、約9.5 μg/kg、約10 μg/kg、約15 μg/kg、約20 μg/kg、約25 μg/kg、約30 μg/kg、約35 μg/kg、約40 μg/kg、約45 μg/kg、約50 μg/kg、約55 μg/kg、約60 μg/kg、約65 μg/kg、約70 μg/kg、約75 μg/kg、約80 μg/kg、約85 μg/kg、約90 μg/kg、約95 μg/kg及約100 μg/kg。
在一個實施例中,抑制冠狀病毒誘導之發炎包括降低血液NO含量及/或血液及/或肺中選自由以下組成之群的至少一種細胞介素之含量:IL-6、TNF-α及IL-12。
在一個實施例中,本文所描述之靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係衍生自赤芝(
Ganoderma lucidum)、松杉靈芝(
Ganoderma tsugae)、小孢靈芝(
Ganoderma microsporum)或紫芝(
Ganoderma sinensis)。在另一實施例中,靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係衍生自小孢靈芝。
在一個實施例中,本文所描述之靈芝免疫調節蛋白或其重組體包含SEQ ID NO: 3之胺基酸序列。在一個實施例中,靈芝免疫調節蛋白之重組體包含SEQ ID NO: 4之胺基酸序列。在一個實施例中,靈芝免疫調節蛋白之片段包含選自由SEQ ID NO: 1至2組成之群的胺基酸序列。
SEQ ID NO: 1至4之序列如下列出。
在一個實施例中,本文所描述之靈芝免疫調節蛋白由選自由SEQ ID NO: 1-4組成之群的胺基酸序列組成或基本上由其組成。
在本發明之一些實施例中,本文所描述之CoV為α-CoV、β-CoV、γ-CoV及δ-CoV2。在一些實施例中,本文所描述之CoV包括但不限於SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV或SARS-CoV-2。
在本發明之一個實施例中,個體經疫苗接種。在另一實施例中,個體為嚴重CoV個體。在另一實施例中,個體為嚴重COVID-19個體。
在一個實施例中,本文所描述之個體具有臨床改善。
在一個實施例中,本文所描述之方法可縮短因Covid-19住院之個體的復原時間,減少呼吸道感染及/或降低死亡率。在另一實施例中,本文所描述之方法可抑制CoV相關(諸如SARS-CoV-2相關)細胞介素風暴及纖維化。
在本發明之一些實施例中,向個體投與一或多種針對CoV之另外治療劑。在一個實施例中,一或多種另外治療劑係在投與靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段之前或之後投與或與靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段一起共投與。在一個實施例中,一或多種另外治療劑係選自由以下組成之群:瑞德西韋(remdesivir)、加利地韋(galidesivir)、法匹拉韋(favilavir)/阿維法韋(avifavir)、莫那比拉韋(mulnupiravir)、AT-527、AT-301、BLD-2660、法匹拉韋(favipiravir)、卡莫司他(camostat)、SLV213、恩曲他濱(emtrictabine)/特諾菲韋(tenofivir)、克拉夫定(clevudine)、達塞曲匹(dalcetrapib)、波西普韋(boceprevir)、ABX464、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、氫化可體松(hydrocortisone)、恢復期血漿、膠溶素(Rhu-p65N)、瑞丹維單抗(regdanvimab) (Regkirova)、雷夫利珠單抗(ravulizumab) (Ultomiris))、VIR-7831/VIR-7832、BRII-196/BRII-198、COVI-AMG/COVI DROPS (STI-2020)、巴馬尼單抗(bamlanivimab) (LY-CoV555)、馬瑞利單抗(mavrilimab)、勒隆利單抗(leronlimab) (PRO140)、AZD7442、侖茲魯單抗(lenzilumab)、英夫利昔單抗(infliximab)、阿達木單抗(adalimumab)、JS 016、STI-1499 (COVIGUARD)、拉那利尤單抗(lanadelumab) (Takhzyro)、卡那單抗(canakinumab) (Ilaris)、瑾司魯單抗(gimsilumab)、奧替利單抗(otilimab)、卡西里韋單抗(casirivimab)/伊米德單抗(imdevimab) (REGN-Cov2)、MK-7110 (CD24Fc/SACCOVID)、肝素、阿哌沙班(apixaban)、托珠單抗(tocilizumab) (Actemra)、賽瑞單抗(sarilumab) (Kevzara)、阿吡莫德二甲磺酸酯(apilimod dimesylate)、DNL758、DC402234、PB1046、達格列淨(dapaglifozin)、艾維替尼(abivertinib)、ATR-002、貝西替尼(bemcentinib)、阿卡替尼(acalabrutinib)、巴瑞替尼(baricitinib)、托法替尼(tofacitinib)、洛嗎莫德(losmapimod)、法莫替丁(famotidine)、利托那韋(ritonavir)、氯硝柳胺(niclosamide)及二脒那嗪(diminazene)。
在本發明之一些實施例中,靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係經口或藉由經鼻噴霧投與。在一個實施例中,靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係藉由吸入器投與至呼吸道以用於局部或全身性治療冠狀病毒疾病。在一個實施例中,靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係呈大小為1 μm至10 μm,較佳地1.5 μm與9 μm之間、2 μm與8 μm之間、2.5 μm與7 μm之間或3 μm與6 μm之間的氣霧劑形式。在另一實施例中,靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係呈大小為3 μm之氣霧劑形式。
相關申請案
本申請案主張2022年1月12日申請之美國臨時申請案第63/266,716號之優先權,該案之內容以全文引用之方式併入本文中。
除非另外定義,否則本文中所使用的所有技術及科學術語均具有與本發明所屬領域的普通技術人員通常所理解相同的含義。儘管與本文所描述之彼等方法及材料類似或等效之方法及材料都可用於實踐或測試本發明,但目前描述較佳方法及材料。本文所提及之所有出版物均以引用的方式併入本文中。
在本申請案中,除非另外特定陳述,否則單數之使用包括複數,冠詞「一(a/an)」意謂「至少一個(種)」,且「或」之使用意謂「及/或」。
術語「預防(preventing)」或「預防(prevention)」在此項技術中係公認的,且當結合病症使用時,其包括投與藥劑以便相對於未接受該藥劑之個體,降低個體之醫學病症症狀之頻率或嚴重性或延遲其發作。
如本文中可互換地所用,術語「個人」、「個體」、「主體」及「患者」係指哺乳動物,其包括但不限於鼠(大鼠、小鼠)、非人類靈長類、人類、犬科動物、貓科動物、有蹄動物(例如,馬科動物、牛科動物、綿羊、豬科動物、山羊)等。
如本文中所使用,「治療」及「改善」可互換使用。此等術語指獲得有利或所要結果之方法,其包括但不限於治療益處及/或預防益處。治療益處係關於根除或改善所治療之潛在病症。此外,藉由根除或改善與潛在病症相關之一或多種生理症狀以使得在患者中觀測到改善來實現治療益處,但該患者仍可能罹患潛在病症。「治療」亦可意謂與未接受治療時之預計存活期相比延長的存活期。需要治療之彼等患者包括已患有病症或失調症之彼等患者,以及易於患有病症或失調症之彼等者,或體內病症或失調症待預防之彼等患者。
如本文所使用,「有效量」意謂待遞送之藥劑(例如,藥物、治療劑、診斷劑、預防劑等)之量,其在向患有或易患疾病、病症及/或病狀之個體投與時,足以治療疾病、病症及/或病狀,改善疾病、病症及/或病狀之症狀,診斷疾病、病症及/或病狀,預防疾病、病症及/或病狀,及/或延遲疾病、病症及/或病狀之發作。
如本文所使用,「個體」係指人類或非人類動物。
術語「冠狀病毒」或「CoV」係指冠狀病毒科中之任何病毒,包括但不限於SARS-CoV-2、MERS-CoV及SARS-CoV。SARS-CoV-2係指新出現之冠狀病毒,其正迅速地向全球其他地區蔓延。其經由病毒棘蛋白結合於人類宿主細胞受體血管收縮素轉換酶2 (ACE2)。棘蛋白亦結合於TMPRSS2且由其裂解,此活化棘蛋白以進行病毒之膜融合。
如本文所使用,術語「冠狀病毒感染」或「CoV感染」係指感染冠狀病毒,諸如SARS-CoV-2、MERS-CoV或SARS-CoV。該術語包括冠狀病毒呼吸道感染,經常發生在下呼吸道。症狀可能包括高燒、乾咳、呼吸急促、肺炎、胃腸道症狀(諸如腹瀉)、器官衰竭(腎衰竭及腎功能障礙)、感染性休克,以及嚴重病例中之死亡。
當前,傳統的抗發炎藥糖皮質激素通常用於治療患有SARS-CoV-2感染之患者,因為其可抑制NF-κB訊息且藉此減少發炎因子之產生[9]。另外,使用細胞介素或細胞激素受體拮抗劑可提供臨床益處。舉例而言,藉由卡那單抗及阿那白滯素進行之IL-1傳訊阻斷患有ARDS之COVID-19患者的呼吸功能[10,11]。靶向IL-6傳訊之司妥昔單抗(siltuximab)、賽瑞單抗及托珠單抗可降低嚴重COVID-19患者之嚴重程度及死亡率[12]。依那西普(Etanercept)阻斷TNF-α卡匣以減少過量的細胞介素釋放及過度發炎[13]。此外,使用巴瑞替尼及盧利替尼(ruxolitinib)阻斷細胞介素介導之下游JAK/STAT傳訊可為用於改善嚴重COVID-19患者之發炎病狀的有前景的策略[14,15]。然而,臨床實踐中仍無適合藥物。研發安全且有效的藥物以控制SARS-CoV-2誘導之細胞介素風暴且平衡臨床實踐中之免疫反應為相當大的問題。值得注意地,再利用草藥衍生物來減少發炎分子可用於改善由SARS-CoV-2引起之細胞介素風暴[16]。
本發明出人意料地發現,來自靈芝之免疫調節蛋白可抑制冠狀病毒誘導之發炎且因此緩解或治療冠狀病毒疾病,諸如嚴重急性呼吸道症候群冠狀病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2)。因此,本發明提供一種用於抑制個體中經冠狀病毒誘導之發炎的方法,其包含向該個體投與有效量之靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段。此外,本發明提供一種用於緩解及/或治療個體之冠狀病毒疾病的方法,其包含向該個體投與包含有效量之靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段的組合物。
真菌免疫調節蛋白(FIP)為真菌中發現的一組蛋白,其免疫調節活性被廣泛研究,包括活化免疫細胞,從而產生免疫介導的抗過敏、抗發炎及抗腫瘤作用。靈芝免疫調節蛋白為一種衍生自靈芝的FIP。
因為第一真菌蛋白質在1989自蘑菇赤芝菌絲體分離[17],所以已發現許多新真菌蛋白質。此等鑑別之真菌蛋白質具有高度保守的胺基酸序列及結構,且已證實具有調節免疫細胞之作用,因此其稱為真菌免疫調節蛋白(FIP) [18,19]。漸增的證據展示,FIP展現各種藥理學功能,諸如抗發炎及抗腫瘤,因此將其視為具有研發作為新穎藥物之較高潛力[19]。
靈芝免疫調節蛋白或其重組體或片段之製備已描述於US 7,601,808中。特定言之,在US 7,601,808中,靈芝免疫調節蛋白稱為GMI;靈芝免疫調節蛋白之重組體稱為reGMI;且靈芝免疫調節蛋白之片段稱為SEQ ID NO: 2及3。一些研究已集中於研究GMI對抗癌活性而非對免疫調節功能之影響,因為GMI經由誘導自噬抑制腫瘤進展[20,21]。
在本發明之一個實施例中,靈芝免疫調節蛋白或其重組體或片段(諸如GMI)用於抑制冠狀病毒包膜蛋白誘導之發炎,因此緩解及/或治療個體之冠狀病毒疾病。本發明首先探索靈芝免疫調節蛋白或其重組體或片段(諸如GMI)在CoV疾病中之抗發炎作用及潛在機制。此外,發現SARS-CoV-2包膜(E)蛋白而非刺突(S)蛋白顯著誘導巨噬細胞Raw264.7及MH-S細胞中之發炎過程。GMI展示SARS-CoV-2-E誘導之促發炎介體下之強力抑制作用,包括NO、TNF-α、IL-6及IL-12。GMI減少細胞內發炎分子,諸如iNOS及COX-2。另外,GMI減少肺細胞中之膠原蛋白。提出可採用GMI作為緩解SARS-CoV-2誘導之細胞介素風暴及纖維化的藥劑。
本發明之免疫調節蛋白或其重組體可單獨或以與適合載劑及賦形劑混合之醫藥組合物形式投與至患者。本發明之免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或組合物可非經腸投與,諸如藉由經鼻噴霧、靜脈內注射或輸注、腹膜內注射、皮下注射或肌肉內注射。免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或組合物可經由用載劑及賦形劑進行適當調配以形成錠劑、丸劑、膠囊、液體、凝膠、糖漿劑、漿液、懸浮液及類似物而經口投與。免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或組合物可局部投與,諸如藉由經鼻噴霧。免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或組合物可藉由吸入器投與至呼吸道以用於局部或全身治療CoV疾病。
靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係以約1 μg/kg至約100 μg/kg之劑量投與。適合根據本發明使用的免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或組合物之劑量可基於本文中之揭示內容藉由熟習此項技術者來測定。藥劑將含有有效劑量(視活性劑之投與途徑及藥物動力學而定)之適合於調配物之特定投與途徑(亦即,經口、腸胃外、局部或藉由吸入)的適合醫藥載劑及賦形劑。免疫調節蛋白或其重組體藉助於混合、溶解、造粒、糖衣錠製造、乳化、囊封、包覆或凍乾製程混合成醫藥組合物。用於腸胃外投與之醫藥組合物包括呈水溶性形式的本發明多肽之水溶液。另外,可將本發明多肽之懸浮液製備成油性注射懸浮液。適合親脂性溶劑或媒劑包括脂肪油,諸如芝麻油;或合成脂肪酸酯,諸如油酸乙酯或三酸甘油酯;或脂質體。水性注射懸浮液可含有增加懸浮液黏度之物質,諸如羧甲基纖維素鈉、山梨糖醇或葡聚糖。懸浮液可視情況含有穩定劑或增加複合物或組合溶解性以允許濃度更高之溶液的試劑。
提供以下實例以幫助熟習此項技術者實施本發明。
實例
材料及方法
材料
溶解於經滅菌PBS中之GMI (具有胺基酸序列SEQ ID NO: 4)由MycoMagic Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (臺灣新北市(New Taipei, Taiwan))贈送。LPS (大腸桿菌O55:B5)係購自Sigma-Aldrich。佛波醇12-肉豆蔻酸酯13-乙酸酯(PMA;P-1039-1MG)係購自AGScientific。SARS-CoV-2-E (NBP2-90986)係購自Novus Biologicals (CO, USA)。SARS-CoV-2-S (SPN-C52H9)係購自ACROBiosystems (DE, USA)。
細胞株
Raw264.7 (鼠類巨噬細胞)、MH-S (小鼠肺泡巨噬細胞)、WI-38 VA-13子株2RA (WI38-2RA;肺成纖維細胞)、MRC-5 (肺成纖維細胞)及THP-1 (人類單核球)細胞係購自生物資源收集及研究中心(Bioresource Collection and Research Center) (BCRC, 臺灣新竹市(Hsinchu, Taiwan))。將Raw264.7細胞維持在補充有5%熱滅活胎牛血清(FBS,HyClone, Marlborough, MA)、100單位/毫升青黴素/鏈黴素(Biological Industries, Cromwell, CT)及3.7 g/L NaHCO
3之達爾伯克改良伊格爾培養基(Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) (DMEM,GIBCO-Life Technologies)中。將MH-S細胞維持在調節至含有1.5 g/L NaHCO
3、4.5 g/L葡萄糖、10 mM HEPES及1.0 mM丙酮酸鈉且補充有10%熱滅活FBS之具有2 mM L-麩醯胺酸的洛斯維·帕克紀念研究所(Roswell Park Memorial Institute;RPMI) 1640培養基(GIBCO-Life Technologies)中。在具有10% FBS、2 mM L-麩醯胺酸、0.1 mM非必要胺基酸及1.0 mM丙酮酸鈉及1.5 g/L NaHCO
3之伊格爾最低必需培養基(MEM,GIBCO-Life Technologies)中培養WI38-2RA及MRC-5細胞。將THP-1細胞維持在具有2 mML-麩醯胺酸、1×非必要胺基酸、100單位/mL青黴素、0.1 mg/mL鏈黴素及1.0 mM丙酮酸鈉且補充有10%熱滅活FBS之洛斯維·帕克紀念研究所(RPMI) 1640培養基(CORNING, 10-040-CV)中。藉由與胰蛋白酶-EDTA (Invitrogen, Co., Carlsbad, CA)一起培育來剝離所有黏附細胞。在5% CO
2氛圍中在37℃下培養細胞。
細胞存活率分析
將細胞(5×10
4個細胞)接種至12孔盤中且培育12 h以分析GMI之細胞毒性作用。將細胞在存在或不存在不同濃度之GMI (0-1.2 μM)之情況下用LPS (100 ng/mL)、SARS-CoV-2-E (1 μg/mL)或SARS-CoV-2-S (1 μg/mL)刺激24 h。在培育之後,將3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-2,5-二苯基四唑鎓溴化物(MTT)染料添加至各孔中且培育4 h。如先前描述量測細胞存活率[22]。
NO
產生分析
將細胞(在用於24 h培育之96孔中,1×10
5個細胞/孔)在存在或不存在GMI (0-1.2 μM)之情況下用LPS (100 ng/mL)、SARS-CoV-2-E (1 μg/mL)或SARS-CoV-2-S (1 μg/mL)同時刺激24 h。藉由如先前研究中之Griess分析來量測氧化氮(NO)產生[23,24]。對於各實驗,個別LPS誘導之NO產生表示為100%。
用於細胞介素之酶聯免疫吸附分析
(ELISA)
將細胞(在24孔盤中,5×10
5個細胞)用各種濃度之GMI (0-1.2 μM)及媒劑(PBS)處理30 min,隨後用LPS (100 ng/mL)、SARS-CoV-2-E (1 μg/mL)或SARS-CoV-2-S (1 μg/mL)處理24 h。根據製造商說明書,使用ELISA套組(BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA)來量測巨噬細胞及肺上皮細胞之所培養培養基中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、IL-12及IFN-γ之含量。各種細胞介素(範圍介於0至1000 pg/mL)之一系列稀釋液用作各實驗之標準曲線。藉由使用TECAN Sunrise
TMELISA讀取器(Tecan Group Ltd., Männedorf, Switzerland)偵測A450 nm及A550 nm (參考吸收度)來收集資料。對於各實驗,個別LPS誘導之細胞介素產生表示為100%。
西方墨點分析
將細胞(5×10
5個細胞)接種於中6 cm細胞培養皿中持續24 h。接著將細胞用LPS (100 ng/mL)或SARS-CoV-2-E (1 μg/mL),隨後GMI (0、0.3及0.6 μM)處理24 h。在處理之後,收穫細胞且用含有1% Na
3VO
4之冷PBS沖洗且使用特異性溶解緩衝液用蛋白酶抑制劑溶解[25]。藉由在4℃下離心13,000
xg持續10 min來收集細胞溶解物。在10% SDS-PAGE上分離細胞溶解物(30 μg)且藉由如先前研究中之西方墨點分析來偵測所指示分子[26]。針對COX-2、iNOS及微管蛋白之抗體係購自Genetex。
動物模型
雄性C57BL/6小鼠(6-8週)用於活體內研究且購自國家實驗動物中心(National Laboratory Animal Center) (NLAC,臺灣臺北市(Taipei, Taiwan)。在實驗操作之前至少1週分離小鼠且經NYCU機構動物護理及使用委員會(IACUC批准號:1101212)批准。將GMI (100 μg)及E蛋白(20 μg)溶解於生理鹽水(1 mL)中。將小鼠分成暴露於PBS、GMI (100 μg/mL)或E蛋白(20 μg/mL)持續30 min之6 h及24 h暴露組。噴霧器(Aerogen AG-AP1000, Aerogen Ltd. Galway, Ireland)以0.25 ml/min之流速向小鼠投與之GMI及E蛋白。將小鼠平緩地置於2.8 L籠中且暴露於GMI及E蛋白氣霧劑持續30分鐘。在暴露之後,將小鼠處死且收穫肺組織及血清並儲存在-80℃下。為計算GMI之沈積劑量,使用以下等式:
[36]。
空氣中GMI之濃度為100μg/2.8 L籠體積,且空氣中E蛋白之濃度為20μg/2.8 L籠體積。小鼠之呼吸道每分鐘通氣量經計算為0.021 L/min。當氣霧劑中不存在非可吸入粒子時,可吸入部分(IF)為1,沈積部分(DF)為0.055,其與噴霧器之孔徑(3 μm)相關,且小鼠之平均體重為0.02 kg。暴露30 min的GMI之沈積劑量為61.875 μg/kg,且暴露30 min的E蛋白之沈積劑量為12.375 μg/kg。
在另一方面,用於體重為60 kg的人類之GMI劑量可根據以下等式[36]自用於體重為0.02 kg的小鼠之前述沈積劑量轉換:
,其中b係指用於自可用小鼠劑量預測人類劑量的異速生長方法之異速生長指數。用於預測人類藥物劑量之常用異速生長指數b為0.67。鑒於用於小鼠之GMI沈積劑量為61.875 μg/kg,用於體重為60 kg的人類之GMI劑量為4.406 μg/kg。
統計分析
所有資料係以超過三次獨立實驗之平均值±SD表述。藉由t測試分析使用
GraphPad Prism8檢驗各實驗組之間的統計差異。統計顯著性設定為*
P<0.05。
實例
1 GMI
對
巨噬細胞
Raw264.7
及
MH-S
細胞之存活率的影響
GMI為一種真菌免疫調節蛋白。因此吾等假設GMI可能在調節SARS-CoV-2誘導之細胞介素風暴中起關鍵作用。眾所周知,免疫或上皮細胞可在SARS-CoV-2感染之後分泌發炎因子,因此引起組織損傷及細胞介素風暴[27]。為探索GMI對發炎之影響,吾等首先檢驗GMI是否影響巨噬細胞之細胞存活率。選擇巨噬細胞Raw264.7及MH-S細胞以確定GMI之細胞毒性作用。進行MTT分析以分析在用GMI處理24 h之後Raw264.7及MH-S細胞之細胞存活。如
圖 1A 至 1B中所展示,吾等發現GMI在0.15-1.2 μM下不影響Raw264.7及MH-S細胞之細胞存活率,從而推測GMI對於巨噬細胞不具有細胞毒性。
實例
2 SARS-CoV-2
次單位對刺激巨噬細胞之發炎反應的作用
先前,一些研究展示SARS-CoV-2次單位可誘導發炎細胞介素,諸如IL-6及TNF-α [28,29]。吾等因此檢驗SARS-CoV-2次單位(SARS-CoV-2-E及SARS-CoV-2-S)是否在RAW264.7及MH-S細胞中誘導發炎反應。一般而言,巨噬細胞在LPS刺激之急性發炎期間釋放氧化氮(NO)及細胞介素[30]。在本文中,LPS用作陽性對照。首先,吾等檢驗SARS-CoV-2-E及SARS-CoV-2-S是否可在巨噬細胞中誘導NO,且發現SARS-CoV-2-E而非SARS-CoV-2-S以濃度依賴性方式顯著增加NO之產生(
圖 2A)。此外,SARS-CoV-2-E顯著誘導巨噬細胞RAW264.7及MH-S細胞兩者中之IL-6含量(
圖 2B)。同時,SARS-CoV-2-E可誘導TNF-α及IL-12 (
圖 3A 至 圖 3B),而IL-1β及INF-γ不由SARS-CoV-2-E及S誘導(
圖 3C 至 圖 3D)。此等發現表明SARS-CoV-2-E可在SARS-CoV-2感染之後在觸發原發性免疫反應中起關鍵作用。
實例
3 GMI
對
抑制巨噬細胞之
SARS-CoV-2-E
誘導之發炎的作用
為檢驗GMI之抗SARS-CoV-2誘導之細胞介素作用,選擇SARS-CoV-2之包膜(E)及刺突(S)蛋白以刺激充當活體外發炎系統之巨噬細胞。如所預期,GMI顯著消除Raw264.7及MH-S細胞中之SARS-CoV-2-E誘導之NO產生(
圖 4A)。同時,在共治療GMI及SARS-CoV-2-E時,在巨噬細胞RAW264.7及MH-S細胞兩者中量測促發炎細胞介素(包括TNF-α、IL-6及IL-12)之含量。如所預期,吾等發現GMI顯著下調SARS-CoV-2-E誘導之細胞介素之分泌(
圖 4B 至圖 4D)。特定言之,吾等發現SARS-CoV-2-E對誘導兩種類型巨噬細胞之發炎展現相同作用。然而,與Raw264.7細胞相比,GMI對肺泡巨噬細胞MH-S細胞具有更強的抗發炎作用。另外,如
圖 5A 至圖 5D中所展示,亦在Raw264.7及MH-S細胞兩者中觀測到以濃度依賴性方式(0.15至1.2 μM)之GMI之抗發炎作用。此等發現表明GMI可對由肺組織中之SARS-CoV-2感染引起之細胞介素風暴具有更佳的抑制作用。
實例
4 GMI
對
抑制巨噬細胞中之
SARS-CoV-2-E
誘導之
iNOS
及
COX-2
的作用
類似於LPS,吾等發現SARS-CoV-2-E顯著誘導NO產生,從而表明SARS-CoV-2-E可調節介導NO合成之胞內分子。證據展示LPS誘導之高NO含量係由誘導型氧化氮合酶(iNOS)介導[31]。吾等因此假設SARS-CoV-2-E可上調iNOS表現,但GMI可消除SARS-CoV-2-E刺激。如
圖 6A中所展示,吾等發現GMI不影響iNOS表現,但顯著下調SARS-CoV-2-E誘導之iNOS之含量。此外,COX-2為主要負責引起發炎之酶[32]。吾等發現SARS-CoV-2-E顯著誘導COX-2之表現;相反,GMI下調用SARS-CoV-2-E刺激之巨噬細胞上的COX-2含量(
圖 6B)。此等發現表明GMI可為抑制SARS-CoV-2-E刺激之發炎的潛在藥劑。
實例
5
GMI
對
人類巨噬細胞之存活率及對抑制人類巨噬細胞中之
SARS-CoV-2-E
誘導之發炎的影響
為檢驗GMI是否對人類巨噬細胞展現細胞毒性作用,用佛波醇12-肉豆蔻酸酯13-乙酸酯(PMA;100 ng/mL)誘導THP-1細胞(一種類型之人類單核球)以變為人類巨噬細胞,下文稱為「PMA誘導之THP-1細胞」。同樣,如
圖 7A 及圖 7B中所展示,GMI在0.15-1.2 μM下在存在或不存在SARS-Co-V-2 E (1 μg /mL)之情況下不影響PMA誘導之THP-1細胞之細胞存活率,從而表明GMI對於人類巨噬細胞不具有細胞毒性。另外,如
圖 7C中所展示,人類PMA誘導之THP-1細胞中GMI與IL-6產生之間的劑量-反應關係與小鼠RAW264.7及MH-S細胞中之劑量-反應關係一致,如前述實例中所證實。此等發現表明GMI亦可對人類巨噬細胞展現相同的抗發炎作用。
實例
6
GMI
對
肺成纖維細胞
WI38-2RA
及
MRC-5
細胞中之膠原蛋白之表現的影響
肺纖維化為COVID-19肺炎之嚴重併發症/結果[33]。眾所周知,肺泡上皮細胞及成纖維細胞在引發纖維生成中起關鍵作用[34]。此外,膠原蛋白為促進纖維化之特定胞外基質(ECM)組分[35]。吾等首先檢驗GMI是否可介導肺成纖維細胞中之膠原蛋白表現。如
圖 8中所展示,吾等發現GMI以濃度依賴性方式顯著降低WI38-2RA及MRC-5細胞兩者中的膠原蛋白I (COL1A1)之含量。
實例
7 GMI
對
活體內抑制血液及肺組織中之細胞介素產生的作用
為驗證GMI之活體內抗發炎作用,在小鼠模型中採用吸入方法。藉由吸入方法接受GMI及SARS-Co-V-2-E蛋白之小鼠的流程詳細展示於
圖 9A中。特定言之,使小鼠暴露於藉由噴霧器產生之SARS-Co-V-2-E蛋白(20 μg/mL)氣霧劑。在暴露於SARS-Co-V-2-E蛋白三十分鐘之後,藉由使小鼠暴露於由噴霧器產生之GMI氣霧劑以100 μg/mL向小鼠投與GMI。在GMI投與之後6小時或24小時觀測到肺組織及血液中之IL-6產生。
參見
圖 9B 及圖 9C,在SARS-Co-V-2-E蛋白暴露之後的GMI投與顯著降低小鼠之肺組織(
圖 9B)及血清(
圖 9C)中的IL-6產生。然而,GMI在GMI投與之後24小時比在GMI投與之後6小時展現更少的對IL-6產生之抑制作用。此等發現表明GMI可抑制由SARS-Co-V-2-E蛋白誘導之細胞介素風暴。
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在參考圖式中說明例示性實施例。本文中所揭示之實施例及圖式意欲視為說明性而非限制性的。
圖 1A 及圖1B展示GMI對巨噬細胞Raw264.7 (
圖 1A)及MH-S細胞(
圖 1B)之存活率的影響。值表示平均值±SD。與對照組相比,展示非顯著差異(
N.S.)。
圖 2A 及圖 2B展示SARS-CoV-2次單位對刺激巨噬細胞之發炎反應的作用。
圖 2A展示在用SARS-CoV-2-E或S (1 μg/mL)治療24 h之後藉由Griess分析測定的巨噬細胞中之NO產生。
圖 2B展示在用SARS-CoV-2-E及S (1 μg/mL)治療24 h之後藉由ELISA測定的巨噬細胞之IL-6分泌。LPS (脂多醣;100 ng/mL)為陽性對照。針對對照(僅LPS治療)組標準化各E或S治療組。資料代表三個獨立實驗且呈現為平均值±SD;誤差槓指示SD。展示顯著差異(與對照/CTL組相比,*
P<0.05且***
P<0.001)。與對照組相比,展示非顯著差異(
N.S.)。
圖 3A 至圖 3D展示SARS-CoV-2次單位對刺激巨噬細胞之發炎反應的作用。
圖 3A 至圖 3D分別展示在用SARS-CoV-2-E及S (1 μg/mL)治療24 h之後藉由ELISA測定的巨噬細胞中之TNF-α (
圖 3A)、IL-12 (
圖 3B)、IL-1β (
圖 3C)及IFN-γ (
圖 3D)之產生。LPS (脂多醣;100 ng/mL)為陽性對照。針對對照(僅LPS治療)組標準化各E或S治療組。資料代表三個獨立實驗且呈現為平均值±SD;誤差槓指示SD。展示顯著差異(與對照/PBS組相比,***
P<0.001)。
圖 4A 至圖 4D展示GMI對抑制巨噬細胞之SARS-CoV-2-E誘導之發炎的作用。
圖 4A展示藉由Griess分析測定,在存在或不存在GMI (0.6 μM)之情況下用SARS-CoV-2-E或S (1 μg/mL)刺激24 h的巨噬細胞中之NO產生。
圖 4B 至圖 4D分別展示藉由ELISA測定,在存在或不存在GMI (0.6 μM)之情況下用SARS-CoV-2-E或S (1 μg/mL)刺激24 h的巨噬細胞中之IL-6 (
圖 4B)、TNF-α (
圖 4C)及IL-12 (
圖 4D)之產生。LPS (脂多醣;100 ng/mL)為陽性對照。針對對照(僅LPS治療)組標準化各GMI治療組。資料代表三個獨立實驗且呈現為平均值±SD;誤差槓指示SD。展示顯著差異(與對照組相比,***
P<0.001)。
圖 5A 至 圖 5D展示GMI對以濃度依賴性方式抑制巨噬細胞之SARS-CoV-2-E誘導之發炎的作用。
圖 5A展示藉由Griess分析測定,在存在或不存在GMI (0-1.2 μM)之情況下用SARS-CoV-2-E或S (1 μg/mL)刺激24 h的巨噬細胞中之NO產生。
圖 5B 至圖 5D分別展示藉由ELISA測定,在存在或不存在GMI (0-1.2 μM)之情況下用SARS-CoV-2-E或S (1 μg/mL)刺激24 h的巨噬細胞中之IL-6 (
圖 5B)、TNF-α (
圖 5C)及IL-12 (
圖 5D)之產生。LPS (脂多醣;100 ng/mL)為陽性對照。針對對照(僅LPS治療)組標準化各GMI治療組。資料代表三個獨立實驗且呈現為平均值±SD;誤差槓指示SD。展示顯著差異(與對照組相比,*
P<0.05且***
P<0.001)。
圖 6A 及圖 6B展示GMI對抑制巨噬細胞中之SARS-CoV-2-E誘導之iNOS及COX-2的作用。
圖 6A 及圖 6B分別展示藉由西方墨點法(Western blot) (其中肌動蛋白用作內部對照)測定,用GMI (0.6 μM)治療3 h,隨後用SARS-CoV-2-E (1 μg/mL)刺激另外24 h的巨噬細胞中之iNOS (
圖 6A)蛋白質及COX-2蛋白質(
圖 6B)之表現。
圖 7A 至圖 7C展示GMI對人類巨噬細胞之存活率及人類巨噬細胞中之IL-6產生的影響。
圖 7A展示藉由MTT分析測定,用GMI (0-1.2 μM)治療24 h的PMA誘導之THP-1細胞之存活率。
圖 7B展示藉由MTT分析測定,用GMI (0-1.2 μM)及SARS-CoV-2-E (1 μg/mL)治療24 h的PMA誘導之THP-1細胞之存活率。
圖 7C展示藉由ELISA測定,用GMI (0-1.2 μM)及SARS-CoV-2-E (1 μg/mL)治療24 h的PMA誘導之THP-1細胞之IL-6產生。資料代表三個獨立實驗且呈現為平均值±SD;誤差指示SD。展示顯著差異(與對照組相比,**
P<0.01)。
圖 8展示GMI對肺成纖維細胞WI38-2RA及MRC-5細胞中之膠原蛋白表現的影響。將肺成纖維細胞WI38-2RA及MRC-5細胞用GMI (0-0.6 μM)處理48 h。藉由西方墨點法測定膠原蛋白I (COLA1)表現。
圖 9A 至 圖 9C展示GMI對活體內IL-6產生之影響。
圖 9A展示在存在或不存在SARS-CoV-2-E (20 μg/mL)之情況下藉由吸入方法接受GMI (100 μg/mL)之小鼠的流程。
圖 9B 及圖 9C分別展示在暴露於GMI及/或SARS-CoV-2-E持續6 h或24 h之後肺組織(
圖 9B)及血清(
圖 9C)中之IL-6產生。資料代表三個獨立實驗且呈現為平均值±SD;誤差槓指示SD。展示顯著差異(與對照組相比,*
P<0.05,**
P<0.01,且***
P<0.001,且與SARS-CoV-2個別治療組相比,#
P<0.05及###
P<0.001)。
TW202333765A_112101453_SEQL.xml
Claims (20)
- 一種用於緩解及/或治療有需要個體之冠狀病毒疾病的方法,該方法包含向該個體投與有效量之靈芝( Ganoderma)免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係以1 μg/kg至100 μg/kg之劑量投與。
- 如請求項2之方法,其中該靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係以2.0 μg/kg至10 μg/kg之劑量投與。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該方法抑制該個體中經冠狀病毒誘導之發炎。
- 如請求項4之方法,其中該抑制冠狀病毒誘導之發炎包含降低血液NO含量及/或血液及/或肺中選自由以下組成之群的至少一種細胞介素之含量:IL-6、TNF-α及IL-12。
- 如請求項4之方法,其中該方法抑制巨噬細胞中經冠狀病毒包膜蛋白或棘蛋白誘導之發炎及/或減少肺細胞中之膠原蛋白。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係衍生自赤芝( Ganoderma lucidum)、松杉靈芝( Ganoderma tsugae)、小孢靈芝( Ganoderma microsporum)或紫芝( Ganoderma sinensis)。
- 如請求項7之方法,其中該靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係衍生自小孢靈芝。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該靈芝免疫調節蛋白或其重組體包含SEQ ID NO: 3之胺基酸序列。
- 如請求項9之方法,其中該靈芝免疫調節蛋白之重組體包含SEQ ID NO: 4之胺基酸序列。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該靈芝免疫調節蛋白之片段包含選自由SEQ ID NO: 1至2組成之群的胺基酸序列。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該冠狀病毒疾病係由選自α-冠狀病毒、β-冠狀病毒、γ-冠狀病毒及δ-冠狀病毒之至少一種冠狀病毒引起。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該個體為嚴重COVID-19個體。
- 如請求項1之方法,其進一步包含投與一或多種針對冠狀病毒之另外治療劑。
- 如請求項15之方法,其中該一或多種另外治療劑係在投與該靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段之前或之後投與或與該靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段一起共投與。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該方法縮短因Covid-19住院之個體的復原時間,減少呼吸道感染及/或降低死亡率。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該方法抑制冠狀病毒相關細胞介素風暴及纖維化。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係經口或藉由經鼻噴霧投與。
- 如請求項18之方法,其中該靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係藉由吸入器投與至呼吸道以用於局部或全身性治療該冠狀病毒疾病。
- 如請求項18之方法,其中該靈芝免疫調節蛋白、其重組體或其片段係呈大小為1 μm至10 μm之氣霧劑形式。
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