TW202331364A - Display module comprising circular polarizing layer - Google Patents

Abstract

Display modules comprising a circular polarizing layer for creating a color-match between a viewing area of an electronic display and a masking layer when the electronic display is powered off. The circular polarizing layer can be disposed between the masking layer and the electronic display. The circular polarizing layer can comprise a linear polarizer comprising a transmission axis offset from the transmission axis of a linear polarizer of the electronic display by an offset angle.

Description

Display module including circular polarizing layer

This application claims the benefit of priority under the Patents Act to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/302,340, filed January 24, 2022, which is hereby attached and incorporated by reference in its entirety.

This disclosure relates to display modules for use in various industries, such as consumer electronics, transportation, construction, defense, medical, and packaging. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to display modules designed with one or more circular polarizers for color matching performance.

Devices with electronic displays are common in a variety of industries, including the consumer electronics industry and the transportation industry. These devices typically include an electronic display (such as a liquid crystal display (LCD)) protected by a layer of cover glass. Consumers of these types of devices are often concerned with the appearance of the device and the ability to clearly view the information displayed on the electronic display in various usage situations.

Accordingly, there is a continuing need to design devices with electronic displays that are, inter alia, aesthetically pleasing and easy to use in a variety of use situations.

The first aspect (1) of the present application relates to a display module, which includes: an electronic display including an active display layer and a viewing area; a masking layer disposed above the electronic display, the masking layer including an opaque area and an opening, wherein the viewing area can be seen through the opening; a cover glass disposed above the masking layer; and a circular polarizing layer disposed between the electronic display and the cover glass, wherein the circular polarizing layer and the masking The opaque region of the layer overlaps the opening of the masking layer, and wherein the circular polarizing layer includes a quarter wave plate and a linear polarizer, and wherein the electronic display does not include a circular polarizing layer, and the display module A second circular polarizing layer disposed between the electronic display and the cover glass is not included.

In the second aspect (2), the circular polarizing layer as described in the first aspect (1) is attached to the cover glass with an optically transparent resin.

In the third aspect (3), the display module as described in the first aspect (1) or the second aspect (2) includes: an air gap located between the electronic display and the circular polarizing layer .

In the fourth aspect (4), the electronic display according to the third aspect (3) is positioned on the first side of the air gap, and the circular polarizing layer and the masking layer are positioned on the first side of the air gap two sides.

In the fifth aspect (5), the circular polarizing layer described in the third aspect (3) or the fourth aspect (4) is disposed between the air gap and the masking layer.

In a sixth aspect (6), the smallest lateral dimension of the air gap according to any one of aspects (3)-(5) is greater than or equal to 20 microns.

In the seventh aspect (7), the cover glass according to any one of the aspects (1)-(6) includes an arcuate region including an arcuate surface, the curvature of the arcuate surface Radius less than or equal to 5000mm.

In the eighth aspect (8), the circular polarizing layer as described in the seventh aspect (7) is attached to the arcuate surface of the cover glass with an optically transparent resin.

In the ninth aspect (9), the circular polarizing layer according to the eighth aspect (8) includes an arcuate region including an arcuate surface having a thickness less than or equal to 5000 mm. Second radius of curvature.

In the tenth aspect (10), in the display module as described in any one of the aspects (1)-(9), when the display is powered off, the viewing area includes a first reflectivity (reflectivity ), the opaque region of the masking layer includes a second reflectance, and the color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance satisfies the following two requirements: ,as well as in is the chromatic difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance in the case of a specular component comprising the first reflectance and the second reflectance, and where is the color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance excluding the specular components of the first reflectance and the second reflectance.

In the eleventh aspect (11), in the display module described in the tenth aspect (10), .

In a twelfth aspect (12), the cover glass as described in any one of aspects (1) to (11) includes an antireflection layer provided on a surface of the cover glass.

In a thirteenth aspect (13), the masking layer of any one of aspects (1)-(12) comprises a color of black.

In the fourteenth aspect (14), in the display module as described in any one of aspects (1)-(13), the electronic display includes a first linear polarizer, the first linear The linear polarizer includes a first transmission axis, and the linear polarizer of the circular polarizing layer includes a second transmission axis offset from the first transmission axis by an offset angle.

In the fifteenth aspect (15), the offset angle as described in the fourteenth aspect (14) ranges from 25 degrees to 65 degrees.

In the sixteenth aspect (16), the active display region according to any one of the aspects (1)-(15) includes: a liquid crystal layer, a light emitting diode (LED) array, an organic light emitting diode bulk (OLED) arrays, micro LED arrays or micro OLED arrays.

In the seventeenth aspect (17), the cover glass according to any one of the aspects (1)-(11) or (13)-(16) includes: a first surface, and the first surface The opposite second surface, and the anti-reflection layer disposed on the first surface of the cover glass, and the circular polarizing layer is attached to the second surface of the cover glass.

The eighteenth aspect (18) of the present application relates to a display module, the display module comprising: an electronic display including a viewing area and a first linear polarizer including a first transmission axis a masking layer disposed above the electronic display, the masking layer comprising an opaque area and an opening through which the viewing area can be seen; a circular polarizing layer disposed on the opaque area of the masking layer and the opening of the masking layer Above the opening and overlapping the opaque region of the masking layer and the opening of the masking layer, the circular polarizing layer includes a quarter wave plate and a second linear polarizer including a second transmission axis , the second transmission axis is offset from the first transmission axis by an offset angle; and a cover glass is disposed above the circular polarizing layer.

In the nineteenth aspect (19), the offset angle as described in the eighteenth aspect (18) ranges from 25 degrees to 65 degrees.

In the twentieth aspect (20), the electronic display according to the eighteenth aspect (18) or the nineteenth aspect (19) includes a liquid crystal display.

In the twenty-first aspect (21), the display module according to any one of the aspects (18)-(20) includes a touch screen panel disposed above the electronic display.

In the twenty-second aspect (22), the electronic display of any one of the aspects (18)-(21) includes a top surface made of an optically transparent resin and the circular polarizing layer. Bottom surface attached.

In a twenty-third aspect (23), in the display module of any one of aspects (18)-(22), the viewing area includes a first reflection when the electronic display is powered off coefficient, the opaque region of the masking layer includes a second reflection coefficient, and the color difference between the first reflection coefficient and the second reflection coefficient satisfies the following two requirements: ,as well as in is the chromatic difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance in the case of a specular component comprising the first reflectance and the second reflectance, and where is the color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance excluding the specular components of the first reflectance and the second reflectance.

In the twenty-fourth aspect (24), in the display module described in the twenty-third aspect (23),

In the twenty-fifth aspect (25), the cover glass according to any one of the aspects (18)-(24) includes: a first surface, a second surface opposite to the first surface, and An antireflection layer is disposed on the first surface of the cover glass, and the circular polarizing layer is attached to the second surface of the cover glass.

In a twenty-sixth aspect (26), the masking layer of any one of aspects (18)-(25) includes a color of black.

In a twenty-seventh aspect (27), the masking layer as described in any one of aspects (18)-(25) includes black ink.

In a twenty-eighth aspect (28), the electronic display of any one of aspects (18)-(27) comprising: a liquid crystal layer, the first linear polarizer disposed over the liquid crystal layer , and the display module includes a touch screen panel disposed above the first linear polarizer and attached to the surface of the first linear polarizer with an optically transparent resin.

The twenty-ninth aspect (29) of the present application relates to a display module, which includes: an electronic display including a viewing area; a masking layer arranged above the electronic display, the masking layer including an opaque area and an opening , wherein the viewing area is visible through the opening; and a cover glass disposed over the masking layer, wherein: the viewing area includes a first reflectivity when the display is powered off, the opaque area of the masking layer includes The second reflectance, and the color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance meets the following two requirements: ,as well as in is the chromatic difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance in the case of a specular component comprising the first reflectance and the second reflectance, and where is the color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance excluding the specular components of the first reflectance and the second reflectance.

In the thirtieth aspect (30), in the display module described in the twenty-ninth aspect (29),

In the thirty-first aspect (31), the display module according to the twenty-ninth aspect (29) or the thirtieth aspect (30) includes a circular polarizer.

In the thirty-second aspect (32), the circular polarizing layer as described in the thirty-first aspect (31) is disposed above the opaque region of the masking layer and the opening of the masking layer and in contact with the masking layer The opaque region of the layer overlaps the opening of the masking layer.

In a thirty-third aspect (33), the display module of any one of aspects (29)-(32) includes a touch screen panel disposed above the electronic display.

In a thirty-fourth aspect (34), the electronic display of any one of aspects (29)-(33) includes a linear polarizer.

In a thirty-fifth aspect (35), the cover glass as described in any one of aspects (29)-(34) includes an antireflection layer provided on a surface of the cover glass.

In a thirty-sixth aspect (36), the masking layer of any one of aspects (29)-(35) includes a color of black.

The thirty-seventh aspect (37) of the present application relates to a vehicle interior system, the vehicle interior system includes: a rigid support structure; and any one of aspects (1)-(17) The display module described above, the display module is attached to the rigid support structure.

The thirty-eighth aspect (38) of the present application relates to a vehicle interior system, the vehicle interior system includes: a rigid support structure; and any one of aspects (18)-(29) The display module described above, the display module is attached to the rigid support structure.

The thirty-ninth aspect (39) of the present application relates to a vehicle interior system, the vehicle interior system includes: a rigid support structure; and any one of aspects (29)-(36) The display module described above, the display module is attached to the rigid support structure.

The following examples illustrate the disclosure, but do not limit the disclosure. Other suitable modifications and adaptations of the various conditions and parameters as commonly encountered in the art and would be apparent to those skilled in the art are within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

Display modules including electronic displays typically include a cover glass. Among other things, cover glass protects electronic displays, provides display quality, and provides aesthetically pleasing decoration in ambient light. A typical display module (such as an automotive interior display module) can include an anti-reflective cover glass (AR), an electronic liquid crystal display, an optically clear resin (OCR) that attaches the LCD to the anti-reflective cover glass, a touch screen panel (TSP), and a black matrix region (BM) including a black masking layer configured to hide components of the electronic liquid crystal display outside the viewing area (VA) of the liquid crystal display. As used herein, the term "black matrix area (BM)" refers to an area of the display module that includes the opaque black area of the masking layer. FIG. 8 shows an exemplary typical display module configuration 800 . The display module configuration 800 includes a liquid crystal display 810 with a linear polarizer 812 , a touch screen panel 830 , a masking layer 850 , and a cover glass 860 coated with an anti-reflective coating 870 . A liquid crystal display 810 with a linear polarizer 812 is attached to a touch screen panel 830 via an optically transparent resin 820 . Touch screen panel 830 is attached to cover glass 860 via optically transparent resin 840 .

When describing the reflectivity of an optical system, it is important to distinguish between the total reflectivity of the entire system and the reflectance of the individual interfaces between the various components of the system. Examples of interfaces are air/glass, glass/OCR, and OCR/polarizer. An optical system can consist of several subsystems, each with its own reflection coefficient. Examples of subsystems are anti-reflective coatings, cover glasses, and optical displays. It may be noted that anti-reflective coatings may consist of several optical layers (including the substrate), each contributing a reflectance that coherently sums together to give a final reflectance value. If the AR coating is provided on the substrate, the total reflectance of the optical system includes the reflectance of the AR coating subsystem and the reflectance of the backside of the substrate. Two air/material interfaces added to the optical system can add an additional 8% to 9% reflectance if an air gap is introduced. For purposes of this disclosure, total reflectance refers to the sum of the reflectivities of the optical interfaces comprising the optical system, while reflectance refers to the reflectance of a single interface. Unless otherwise specified, reflectance stated herein is measured at an angle of incidence of 8°.

Another important aspect of describing reflections from an interface or an overall system is to distinguish between the specular and diffuse components of the reflection. When the angle of reflection is substantially symmetric about the surface normal to the angle of incidence, the reflected component is said to be specular or mirror-like. When the reflection angle is different from the specular angle, the reflection is called diffuse reflection. Measuring the sum of all reflection angles, both specular and diffuse, gives the total scatter, also known as "specular angle included" or SCI reflectance. When all angles except the specular are included in the reflectance measurement, the reflectance is called "specular component excluded" or SCE reflectance. In a perfect mirror, where the diffuse component of the reflection is zero, the SCE reflectance would also be zero, but the SCI reflectance would represent the total reflectance and would be equal to the specular reflection.

For display module configuration 800, the total reflectance of the viewing area (VA) can be expressed as + + + ,in is the reflectivity due to the presence of the cover glass 860 with the anti-reflection coating 870, is the reflectance due to the presence of optically transparent resins 820 and 840, is the reflectivity due to the presence of the touch screen panel 830, is the reflectance due to the presence of the liquid crystal display 810 . Likewise, the total reflectance of the black matrix area (BM) around the viewing area (VA) can be expressed as + ,in is the reflectivity due to the presence of the cover glass 860 with the anti-reflection coating 870, is the reflectance due to the presence of the masking layer 850 in the black matrix region (BM). If additional layers or components are included in the viewing area and/or black matrix area, the reflectivity resulting from the presence of these layers or components is added to the above expression.

Some cover glasses, which may include anti-reflective coatings, may have a reflectance contribution ranging from about 0.05% to about 2%. Some optically clear resins may have a reflectance contribution ranging from about 0.01% to about 0.2%. Some touch screen panels may have reflectivity contributions ranging from about 0.3% to about 1.5%. Some liquid crystal displays may have a reflectance contribution ranging from about 0.6% to about 2.0%. Some black masking layers may have a reflectance contribution ranging from about 0.3% to about 2.5%.

The reflectivity values of these components and layers of the display module may cause a visually perceivable color mismatch between the viewing area (VA) and the black matrix area (BM) when the LCD is turned off, as shown for example in Figure 9 Show.

This visually perceivable color mismatch may be unattractive to some users. Color mismatches may be particularly noticeable in some use cases where the display module is subject to high levels of ambient light (for example, sunlight in automotive applications). Reflections from the surfaces of the electronic display, cover glass, and/or other components of the display module may detract from the aesthetics of the display module by creating color mismatches. Also, in some cases, these reflections may inhibit the user's ability to clearly view content displayed within the viewing area.

Some mitigation techniques to limit ambient light reflections in vehicular applications include the following. The instrument panel is designed to prevent reflections of direct external light from reaching the driver or other occupants. Angled display and/or cover glass surfaces are used to redirect reflections away from the driver and occupants. A design that includes an anti-glare scattering surface treatment on the display surface and/or cover glass to spread the reflected light over a wide range of angles, thereby reducing the magnitude of the direct specular reflection. One design includes anti-reflective interference coatings on the display and/or cover glass to reduce the magnitude of the direct specular reflection. In some cases, these design-based mitigation techniques can be effective in eliminating visible reflections, but they can result in unaesthetic designs that take up valuable real estate inside the vehicle.

Black color matching between the viewing area (VA) and black matrix area (BM) limits or eliminates visually perceivable color mismatch between the viewing area (VA) and black matrix area (BM) when the display is off. The display module according to the embodiments described herein can satisfy the color difference shown in Equation 1 and Equation 2 below by customizing the color difference between the reflection coefficient of the viewing area (VA) and the reflection coefficient of the black matrix area (BM). and color difference Both, to limit or eliminate visually perceivable color mismatches. (Equation 1) (Equation 2)

Unless otherwise specified, otherwise disclosed herein value and Values are obtained using a d/8° spectrophotometer instrument (such as a Konica Minolta CM700d spectrophotometer), according to ASTM E179 (Standard Guide for the Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measuring Reflectance and Transmission Properties) and ASTM E1767 (Specifying Observation and Measurement Geometries to Characterize Standard Practice for Material Appearance), measured under a standard CIE D65 illuminant. is the chromatic aberration of the specular component of the reflectance included in the measurement. This component of the reflectance includes all light scattered from an object. is the chromatic aberration excluding the specular component of the reflectance. This component of the reflectance includes only diffuse light scattered from an object. by matching and Both, the display module according to the embodiments of the present application can produce color matching under all viewing angles.

Photopic reflectance for evaluating color matching mimics the response of the human eye by weighting the reflectance by the wavelength spectrum according to the sensitivity of the human eye. Photopic reflectance can also be defined as the luminance, or tristimulus Y-coordinate of reflected light, according to known conventions, such as the CIE color space convention. Triplet values called tristimulus coordinates are defined in Equations 3-5 to be related to the spectral response of the eye, the spectral reflectance R(λ) multiplied by the light source spectrum I _illum (λ) and the CIE color matching function x̅ (λ ), y̅ (λ), or z̅ (λ). (Equation 3) (Equation 4) (Equation 5)

The color matching functions of Equations 1 and 2 can be tabulated for a standard observer of 2 degrees (CIE 1931) or 10 degrees (CIE 1964). Color matching values reported herein all assume a 10 degree standard observer. In addition, these tristimulus values can also be converted into the CIELAB 1976 perceptual-based color space according to Equations 6-8 below. (Equation 6) (Equation 7) (Equation 8)

In Equations 6-8, the values of X _N , Y _N and Z _N refer to the white achromatic standard light source as a reference, and are calculated according to the following Equations 9-11. (Equation 9) (Equation 10) (Equation 11)

For δ=6/29, the function f(t) is given by the following equation. (Equation 12)

L* describes the perception of lightness relative to the white standard, while a* and b* quantify color perception using a pair of orthogonal dimensionless coordinates describing blue/yellow and green/red opposing colors. In most industries, the CIE D65 standard illuminant is used as the white standard, representing northern European noontime lighting, with a color temperature of 6504 K. Unless otherwise specified, L*, a* or b* values disclosed herein are based on ASTM E179 (Geometric Conditions for Measuring Reflection and Guide to Selection of Standards) and ASTM E1767 (Standard Practice for Specifying Observation and Measurement Geometries to Characterize Material Appearance), measured under a standard CIE D65 illuminant.

An alternative to the orthogonal coordinates a* and b* is to use the cylindrical coordinates hue (h) and chroma (c). Hue is a color property that allows these colors to be classified as red, yellow, green, blue, or intermediate between any consecutive pairs of these colors. Hue represents a constant angle on the color wheel. Hue represents the saturation or chroma of a color and will be represented by a constant dimensionless radius on the color wheel. The human eye is extremely sensitive to changes in hue h, but not very sensitive to changes in lightness (L*) or chroma. By definition, h and C are given by the polar representations of a* and b* according to the following equations. (Equation 13) (Equation 14)

To obtain measurements on a wide range of samples, glass coupons with various inks and AR coatings were coupled to a display with an index matching fluid to approximate the display module configuration 800 shown in FIG. 8 . The index matching fluid acts as a temporary OCR in place of the optically clear resin 820 . The same technique can be used to simulate a touch screen by coupling the external touch screen panel 830 with an index matching fluid that acts as a temporary OCR in place of the optically clear resin 840 .

Tables 1A and 1B below show combinations of five different black masking layers (BM1-BM5) and two different displays (VA1 and VA2) when including the specular component ( ) and in the case of excluding the specular component ( ), where VA2 includes the touch screen panel 830 and the OCR 820 , while VA1 does not include the touch screen panel 830 and the OCR 820 . All tested combinations had a display module structure as shown in FIG. 8 with or without touch screen panel 830 and OCR 820 .

BM1 is a masking layer consisting of black ink with the SCI and SCE L*, a* and b* values reported in Tables 1A and 1B. BM2 is a masking layer consisting of black ink with the SCI and SCE L*, a* and b* values reported in Tables 1A and 1B. BM3 is a masking layer consisting of black ink with the SCI and SCE L*, a* and b* values reported in Tables 1A and 1B. BM4 is a masking layer consisting of black ink with the SCI and SCE L*, a* and b* values reported in Tables 1A and 1B. BM5 is a masking layer consisting of black ink with the SCI and SCE L*, a* and b* values reported in Tables 1A and 1B. The VA1 is an a-Si TFT-LCD from BOE (AV123Z7M-N12-58P2, 12.3 inches, 8:3 aspect ratio) with a glossy polarizer. The VA2 is an a-Si TFT-LCD from BOE (AV123Z7M-N12-58P2, 12.3 inches, 8:3 aspect ratio) with a glossy polarizer and a touchscreen panel.

The anti _- reflective cover glass (AR) of each combination is ^AutoGradeTM Corning Gorilla Glass for 2D interior, coated with 7 layers of _SiO2 / _Nb2O5 optical interference coating, designed to be in color between a*=0.16 and b*=-3.14 gives low reflectivity in the visible wavelength range (Y=0.39%). For optically clear resins, an index-matching fluid was used as a temporary optical bonding material. The refractive index matching fluid was Johnson's® baby oil (mineral oil) with a refractive index n = 1.4677 at 550 nm. All reported on Forms 1A and 1B , , L*, a*, b* and Y values were all measured using a d/8° Konica Minolta CM700d spectrometer.

As shown in Table 1A, the Y component of the reflectance of the antireflection layer on the cover glass is 0.39%. As used herein, the "Y component of reflectance" is defined by Equation 4 and represents the reflectance of a layer or part in the green light spectrum (approximately 550 nm), which is the dominant reflectance wavelength perceived by the human eye scope. The Y component of reflectance can be measured by a spectrometer (eg, d/8° Konica Minolta CM700d spectrometer). Thus, the Y component of reflectivity is a good indication of the average reflectivity of a layer or part. A value of 0.39% indicates a reasonably low reflectance of the anti-reflective coating on the cover glass. As shown in Table 1A, the combination of BM5 and VA1 produced the best color match, The value is 1.28. All other combinations exhibit a 3.5 or higher value. Although the combination of BM5 and VA1 produced a low , but this combination of The value is 1.69, as shown in Table 1B. None of the combinations tested also exhibited less than 3 value and less than 1 value. Form 1A Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 SCI (D65) L* a* b* Y ∆E (BM_i-VA1) ∆E (BM_i-VA2) first surface AR cover glass absorber 3.48 0.16 -3.14 0.39 VA1 AR cover glass monitor 12.54 -0.71 -0.80 1.49 VA2 AR cover glass Display + touch 16.69 0.01 -1.79 2.24 BM1 AR cover glass BM ink 1 6.13 0.63 -1.93 0.68 6.65 10.59 BM2 AR cover glass BM ink 2 6.98 0.84 -1.88 0.77 5.87 9.75 BM3 AR cover glass BM ink 3 8.20 0.64 -1.82 0.91 4.66 8.52 BM4 AR cover glass BM ink 4 9.44 0.45 -2.03 1.05 3.53 7.27 BM5 AR cover glass BM ink 5 12.44 0.55 -0.98 1.47 1.28 4.36 Form 1B Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 SCE (D65) L* a* b* Y ∆E (BM_i-VA1) ∆E (BM_i-VA2) first surface AR cover glass absorber 0.63 -0.05 -0.28 0.07 VA1 AR cover glass monitor 0.67 0.06 -0.23 0.07 VA2 AR cover glass Display + touch 0.92 0.07 -0.20 0.10 BM1 AR cover glass BM ink 1 0.49 0.00 -0.17 0.05 0.20 0.43 BM2 AR cover glass BM ink 2 1.11 -0.07 -0.40 0.12 0.49 0.31 BM3 AR cover glass BM ink 3 1.07 -0.04 -0.47 0.12 0.48 0.33 BM4 AR cover glass BM ink 4 2.05 -0.01 -0.67 0.23 1.45 1.23 BM5 AR cover glass BM ink 5 2.27 -0.02 -0.75 0.25 1.69 1.47

Tables 1A and 1B show that color matching performance can be sensitive to the black ink material of the masking layer and/or the type of display. Color matching performance may also vary depending on whether the display module includes a touch screen panel.

Embodiments of the present application achieve ideal color matching performance between the black matrix area (BM) and the viewing area (VA) of the display module. Such color matching performance according to embodiments of the present application may be achieved by including one or more circular polarizers in the display module stack. In some embodiments, a circular polarizer can be positioned on the bottom side of the cover glass. In some embodiments, the circular polarizing layer may be oriented such that the transmission axis of the linear polarizer of the circular polarizing layer is offset by an offset angle from the transmission axis of the linear polarizer included in the electronic display of the display module. By orienting the circular polarizer in this manner, the common axis (o-axis) of the quarter wave plate of the circular polarizer can be perfectly aligned or closely aligned with the linear polarizer of the electronic display. This orientation of the circular polarizer prevents or reduces color shifts in electronically displayed images that can cause color mismatches. By preventing or reducing this color shift, suitable color matching values as described herein can be achieved.

In some embodiments, the circular polarizing layer can reduce the reflectance scaling factor (α) of the viewing area of the display module and reduce the luminous scaling factor (β) of the electronic display. By lowering these scaling factor values, the proper color matching values described herein can be achieved.

In some embodiments, the display module designs described herein may include direct bonding of layers to components. Among other things, direct bonding can reduce or eliminate intermediate reflections (for example, internal reflections created by one or more air gaps within the design) and provide better touch response for touchscreen displays.

In some embodiments, the display module designs described herein may include one or more air gaps between layers or components of the display module. Designs that include air gaps can facilitate, among other things, rework or repair of display modules by enabling easier disassembly of the modules, and facilitate the construction of display modules with curved cover glasses. For example, air gaps can reduce the effect of light leakage in curved LCD displays, which can affect the display's black uniformity in the off state and white uniformity in the on state. A display module design with an air gap as described herein may provide one or more of the following advantages. (1) These designs can be adapted for 2D or 3D display module configurations. (2) These designs can facilitate the construction of display modules with more than one electronic display. (3) These designs can minimize the total reflection coefficient. (4) These designs could facilitate the use of flat-panel electronic displays with 3D cover glass. (5) These designs can provide the color matching performance described herein. (6) These designs can allow different thermal expansion of materials, which can improve the lifetime performance of the display module. In some embodiments, for display modules that require touch functionality, the size of the air gap can be minimized. In some embodiments, touch functionality may be enhanced using, for example, projected capacitive touch solutions or camera-based solutions.

FIG. 1 shows a display module 100 according to some embodiments. FIG. 2 shows a cross-section of the display module 100 along the cross-section line XX' according to some embodiments. Display module 100 may include one or more electronic displays 110 , one or more masking layers 150 , one or more circular polarizers 160 , and one or more cover glasses 170 .

As used herein, and shown schematically in FIG. 3 , circular polarizer layer 160 includes two optical elements: linear polarizer 168 and quarter wave plate 166, which are typically bonded together to form what is known as Combination optics with circular polarizers. The orientation of a linear polarizer is defined by the direction of its polarization axis 169 in the plane of the polarizer. The orientation of a quarter-wave plate is defined by the orientation of its optical axis, which is orthogonal to the extraordinary e-axis and the ordinary o-axis. In order to convert incident light of arbitrary polarization into circularly polarized light, the circular polarizing layer 160 may be oriented such that the incident light is incident from a side including the linear polarizer. The linear polarizer can be oriented so that its polarization axis is oriented at 45 degrees to the e-axis and o-axis of the waveplate.

Referring to FIG. 2 , electronic display 110 includes a first surface 112 and a second surface 114 opposite first surface 112 . In some embodiments, first surface 112 of electronic display 110 may be the top, user-facing surface of electronic display 110 . In some embodiments, second surface 114 of electronic display 110 may be a bottom surface of electronic display 110 . As used herein, the term "top surface" or "bottom surface" refers to the top and bottom surfaces of a layer, component or article in its orientation during its normal and intended use, wherein the top surface is the surface facing the user. For example, when incorporating a consumer electronics product having an electronic display, the "top surface" of the electronic display refers to the top surface of the display when the display is oriented such that a user can view content displayed on the electronic display.

Electronic display 110 includes one or more viewing areas 116 . The viewing area 116 is an area of the electronic display 110 where a user can view content (eg, graphic images) displayed by the active display layer 120 of the electronic display 110 .

The active display layer 120 may be, for example, a liquid crystal (LC) layer, a light emitting diode (LED) array, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) array, a micro LED array or a micro OLED array. The active display layer 120 may include a first side 122 and a second side 124 disposed opposite to the first side 122 . In some embodiments, the first side 122 of the active display layer 120 may define the top, user-facing surface of the active display layer 120 . In some embodiments, the second side 124 of the active display layer 120 may define a bottom surface of the active display layer 120 .

Electronic display 110 may be attached with circular polarizing layer 160 with optically transparent resin 118 . In some embodiments, an electronic display may be directly attached to circular polarizing layer 160 with optically transparent resin 118 . In such an embodiment, first surface 112 of electronic display 110 may be directly attached to second surface 164 of circular polarizing layer 160 within opening 154 of masking layer 150 .

As used herein, "optically transparent" refers to an average transmission of 90% or greater through a 1.0 mm thick piece of material in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm. In some embodiments, the optically transparent material may have an average transmission through a 1.0 mm thick piece of material in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm of 95% or greater or 98% or greater. The average transmittance in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm was calculated by measuring the transmittance at all integer wavelengths from 400 nm to 700 nm and averaging the measured values. Unless otherwise specified, clarity or lack thereof is measured by a spectrophotometer (eg, a Color i7 Spectrophotometer available from X-Rite Corporation or equivalent).

For example, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 , electronic display 110 may include one or more linear polarizers 126 that include a transmission axis 127 . Linear polarizer 126 may filter light in the visible wavelength spectrum (380 nm to 720 nm) emitted from active display layer 120 that does not oscillate in the direction of transmission axis 127 . In some embodiments, linear polarizer 126 may define first surface 112 of electronic display 110 .

In some embodiments, electronic display 110 may include an active display layer 120 that includes a liquid crystal display. In such an embodiment, the active display layer 120 may include a color filter layer, a liquid crystal layer, and a thin film transistor layer. In such an embodiment, electronic display 110 may also include a backlight 130 and one or more linear polarizers 128 disposed between backlight 130 and second side 124 of active display layer 120 to filter light from the backlight. 130 emitted light. In some embodiments, the electronic display 110 may include an active display layer 120 comprising a liquid crystal display and a linear polarizer 126 disposed over the liquid crystal display; and the display module 100 may comprise a touch screen panel 140 , the touch screen panel is disposed above the linear polarizer 126 and attached to the surface of the linear polarizer 126 with an optically transparent resin 146 .

In some embodiments, the reflectance of electronic display 110 may be defined by a reflectance Y component of about 0.6% to about 2.0%.

The circular polarizing layer 160 described herein may not be a component of the electronic display 110 . Instead, circular polarizing layer 160 may be a separate component that is attached to electronic display 110 and/or cover glass 170 via one or more layers of optically transparent resin. In some embodiments, electronic display 110 does not include a circular polarizer. Conventional LCD displays typically do not include integrated circular polarizers. Conventional LED displays (eg, displays comprising LED arrays, OLED arrays, micro-LED arrays, or micro-OLED arrays) typically do not include an integrated circular polarizer to suppress ambient light. If the circular polarizing layer is not included in such a conventional LED display, the LED display may have a mirror-like appearance, which makes it difficult for the user to view the information displayed on the display. Where conventional LED displays require such a mirror-like appearance, neither the display nor a display module including the display includes a circular polarizing layer. In embodiments including electronic display 110 without a circular polarizing layer, display module 100 may include circular polarizing layer 160 and not include a second circular polarizing layer disposed between electronic display 110 and cover glass 170 .

Masking layer 150 is disposed over electronic display 110 and includes one or more opaque regions 152 and one or more openings 154 . In some embodiments, opaque region 152 may surround opening 154 . Viewing area 116 of electronic display 110 can be seen through opening 154 of masking layer 150 . In some embodiments, opening 154 may define a perimeter of viewing area 116 .

As used herein, "opaque" means that no more than 0.1% of light having wavelengths in the range of 400 nm to 700 nm is transmitted through a component described as opaque. In some embodiments, masking layer 150 may include an opaque ink layer. 9. In some embodiments, masking layer 150 may have a black color. As used herein, a layer or component described as "black" or having a "black color" means that when the layer or component is deposited on a surface of cover glass 170 that does not have an anti-reflective coating (such as surface 174 or 172), the layer or component increases the total Y component of the reflectance by 0.3% to 2.5% with an increased chromaticity value (C) of less than 2, where the Y and C values are obtained from the opposite surface of the cover glass 170 (e.g. surface 172 or 174) measured. In some embodiments, masking layer 150 may include an opaque black ink layer. Exemplary opaque black inks include, but are not limited to, black inks BM1-BM5.

In some embodiments, the reflectivity of the opaque region 152 of the masking layer 150 may be defined by a reflectivity Y component of about 0.3% to about 2.5%.

In some embodiments, masking layer 150 may be disposed between electronic display 110 and cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, masking layer 150 may be disposed on second surface 174 of cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, masking layer 150 may be attached to second surface 174 of cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, masking layer 150 may be directly attached to second surface 174 of cover glass 170 .

As used herein, "disposed on" means that a first layer or component is in direct contact with a second layer or component. In other words, if a first layer or component is disposed on a second layer or component, then no layer or component is disposed between the first layer or component and the second layer or component. A first layer or component described as being "attached" to a second layer or component means that the layers or components are attached to each other via an adhesive layer. A first layer or component described as being "directly attached" to a second layer or component means that the layers or components are directly attached to each other via an adhesive layer, with no intervening layers. If a first layer or component is described as being "disposed over" a second layer or component, there may or may not be other layers between the first layer or component and the second layer or component. A first layer or component described as being "disposed on" or "disposed over" a second layer or component does not imply that the first layer or component and the second layer or component are Assembled in any particular order. Unless otherwise specified, the first layer or component and the second layer or component may be assembled in any order.

A circular polarizing layer 160 may be disposed over the masking layer 150 . The circular polarizing layer 160 includes a first surface 162 and a second surface 164 opposite to the first surface 162 . In some embodiments, the first surface 162 of the circular polarizing layer 160 may be the top surface of the circular polarizing layer 160 facing the user. In some embodiments, the second surface 164 of the circular polarizing layer 160 may be the bottom surface of the circular polarizing layer 160 .

For example, as shown in FIG. 2 , the circular polarizing layer 160 may be disposed between the masking layer 150 and the cover glass 170 . The circular polarizing layer 160 may be disposed over and overlap the opening 154 of the masking layer 150 , and may be disposed over and overlap all or a portion of the opaque region 152 of the masking layer 150 . In other words, the circular polarizing layer 160 overlaps the opening 154 of the masking layer 150 and overlaps all or a part of the opaque region 152 of the masking layer 150 . By being disposed above and overlapping opening 154 , light reflected from electronic display 110 and any other components of display module 100 below opening 154 will pass through circular polarizer 160 before exiting display module 100 . Likewise, by being disposed over and overlapping at least a portion of the opaque region 152 , light reflected from the opaque region 152 of the masking layer 150 will pass through the circular polarizer 160 before leaving the display module 100 .

In some embodiments, the circular polarizing layer 160 overlapped with the opaque region 152 of the masking layer 150 and the opening 154 of the masking layer 150, in the two-dimensional orthographic projection of the display module 100, is completely or completely aligned with the region 152 and the opening 154. Some overlap. For example, using FIG. 1 as an example of a two-dimensional orthographic projection of the display module 100 , the circular polarizer 160 may include a two-dimensional shape defined by a peripheral edge 161 . In a two-dimensional orthographic projection of the display module 100 including the circular polarizing layer 160 overlapping the opaque region 152 and the opening 154 , the shape of the circular polarizing layer 160 defined by the peripheral edge 161 and the entire orthographic projection of the opening 154 A portion overlaps with all or a portion of the orthographic projection of the opaque region 152 . As used herein, a first component “overlapping” a second component means that, in the two-dimensional orthographic projection of the display module 100 , the first component overlaps all or a part of the second component.

In some embodiments, the masking layer 150 may be disposed on the second surface 164 of the circular polarizing layer 160 . In some embodiments, masking layer 150 may be directly attached to second surface 164 of circular polarizing layer 160 .

The circular polarizing layer 160 may be attached to the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, the first surface 162 of the circular polarizing layer 160 may be disposed on the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, the first surface 162 of the circular polarizing layer 160 may be directly attached to the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 with an optically clear resin.

For example, as shown in FIG. 3 , the circular polarizing layer 160 includes a quarter wave plate 166 and a linear polarizer 168 . Quarter wave plate 166 includes an ordinary axis (o-axis) and an extraordinary axis (e-axis). The transmission axis 169 of the linear polarizer 168 is offset from the transmission axis 127 of the linear polarizer 126 by an offset angle 180 . As discussed herein, when electronic display 110 is powered off, offsetting transmission axis 169 and transmission axis 127 by offset angle 180 produces a color match between opaque region 152 of masking layer 150 and viewing region 116 of display module 100 . In some embodiments, the common axis of quarter wave plate 166 may be aligned with the transmission axis 127 of linear polarizer 126 when offset angle 180 is set to 45 degrees.

In some embodiments, the offset angle 180 may range from 25 degrees to 65 degrees, inclusive of subranges. For example, in some embodiments, the offset angle 180 can range from 25 degrees to 65 degrees, 30 degrees to 65 degrees, 35 degrees to 65 degrees, 40 degrees to 65 degrees, 45 degrees to 65 degrees, 50 degrees to 65 degrees degrees, 55 degrees to 65 degrees, 25 degrees to 60 degrees, 25 degrees to 55 degrees, 25 degrees to 50 degrees, 25 degrees to 45 degrees, 25 degrees to 40 degrees, or 25 degrees to 35 degrees. In some embodiments, the offset angle 180 may range from 40 degrees to 50 degrees. In some embodiments, offset angle 180 may be about 45 degrees. Offset angles below 25 degrees or above 65 degrees may produce undesirable color shifts in the displayed images emitted by the electronic display 110 .

A cover glass 170 is disposed over the circular polarizing layer 160 . The cover glass 170 includes a first surface 172 and a second surface 174 opposite to the first surface 172 . In some embodiments, first surface 172 of cover glass 170 may be the top, user-facing surface of cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 may be the bottom surface of the cover glass 170 .

In some embodiments, the cover glass 170 may include an anti-reflection layer 190 disposed on a surface of the cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, an anti-reflection layer 190 may be disposed on the first surface 172 of the cover glass 170 .

As used herein, an antireflective layer may be a layer including any of the following properties. (1) The anti-reflection layer may be a coating comprising one or more layers whose refractive index (n1) is between that of the surface of the cover glass 170 on which it is coated (nS) and that of air (n = 1). (2) The anti-reflection layer may be a coating with a gradient refractive index, wherein the refractive index of the gradient layer changes from a low refractive index (nL) at the air interface (where 1<nL<nS), and the The surface of the coated cover glass 170 increases to a high refractive index of nH, where nL<nH<nS. nS is the refractive index of the surface of the cover glass where the coating is located. This change in refractive index can be obtained by effective refractive index effects arising from either intentional gradient porosity (vacuum or gas-filled voids or interstitial regions) or geometric structures such as pyramidal or moth-eye structures . Gradients can also be achieved by spatially varying the proportions of the material components in a multicomponent material such that the refractive index changes.

Exemplary _materials suitable for anti _- reflection layers include, but are not limited to _: SiO2, _Al2O3 , _GeO2 , SiO, _{AlOxNy , AlN} , _SiNx , _{SiOxNy , SiuAlvOxNy} , Ta ₂ O ₅ , Nb ₂ O ₅ , TiO ₂ , ZrO ₂ , TiN, MgO, MgF ₂ , BaF ₂ , CaF 2 , SnO ₂ , HfO _{2 ,} Y ₂ O ₃ , MoO ₃ , DyF ₃ , YbF ₃ , YF ₃ , CeF ₃ , polymers, fluoropolymers, plasma polymerized polymers, silicone polymers, silsesquioxanes, polyimides, fluorinated polyimides, polyetherimides , polyether, polyphenylene, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, acrylic polymer, polyurethane polymer, polymethyl methacrylate, and the above suitable Other materials for the scratch-resistant layer. Antireflective coatings may comprise sub-layers of different materials.

In some embodiments, the antireflection layer may comprise a hexagonally aggregated nanoparticle layer such as, but not limited to, the hexagonally aggregated nanoparticle layer described in U.S. Patent No. 9,272,947 issued March 1, 2016 , the entire content of this patent is hereby incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the anti-reflection layer may include a nanoporous silicon-containing coating, such as but not limited to the nanoporous silicon-containing coating described in WO 2013/106629 published on July 18, 2013. The entire content of the document is hereby incorporated by reference herein. In some embodiments, the antireflective layer may comprise a multi-layer coating such as, but not limited to, WO 2013/106638 published on July 18, 2013; WO 2013/082488 published on June 6, 2013; and WO 2013/082488 published on June 6, 2016; Multilayer coatings described in US Patent No. 9,335,444, issued on October 10, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, the reflectivity of the anti-reflection layer 190 may be defined by a reflectivity Y component ranging from about 0.1% to about 2%.

In some embodiments, the display module 100 may include one or more touch screen panels 140 disposed above the electronic display 110 . The touch screen panel 140 includes a first surface 142 and a second surface 144 opposite to the first surface 142 . In some embodiments, the first surface 142 of the touch screen panel 140 may be the top, user-facing surface of the touch screen panel 140 . In some embodiments, the second surface 144 of the touch screen panel 140 may be the bottom surface of the touch screen panel 140 .

In some embodiments that include a touch screen panel 140 , electronic display 110 may be attached to touch screen panel 140 with optically clear resin 146 . In some embodiments, electronic display 110 may be directly attached to touch screen panel 140 using optically clear resin 146 . In such an embodiment, first surface 112 of electronic display 110 may be directly attached to second surface 144 of touch screen panel 140 with optically clear resin 146 .

In some embodiments that include a touch screen panel 140 , the touch screen panel 140 may be attached with the circular polarizing layer 160 using an optically clear resin 118 . In some embodiments, the first surface 142 of the touch screen panel 140 can be attached to the second surface 164 of the circular polarizing layer 160 with the optically transparent resin 118 . In some embodiments, the first surface 142 of the touch screen panel 140 can be directly attached to the second surface 164 of the circular polarizing layer 160 with the optically transparent resin 118 . In such an embodiment, the first surface 142 of the touch screen panel 140 may be directly attached to the second surface 164 of the circular polarizer 160 with the optically transparent resin 118 within the opening 154 of the masking layer 150 .

In some embodiments, the reflectivity of the touch screen panel 140 may be defined by a reflectivity Y component ranging from about 0.3% to about 1.5%.

In some embodiments, the reflectivity of optically transparent resin 118 and/or optically transparent resin 146 may be defined by a reflectivity Y component ranging from about 0.01% to about 0.2%.

The circular polarizer 160 of the display module 100 is designed to produce the following reflectance values for the viewing area 116 and the opaque area 152 of the masking layer 150 when the electronic display 110 is powered off. The viewing area 116 may have a first reflectance, and the opaque region 152 of the masking layer 150 may have a second reflectance, so that the color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance satisfies the following two requirements. ,as well as

in is the color difference between the first reflectance of the viewing region 116 and the second reflectance of the opaque region 152 in the case of a specular component including the first reflectance of the viewing region 116 and the second reflectance of the opaque region 152, is the color difference between the first reflectance of the viewing area 116 and the second reflectance of the opaque area 152 excluding the specular components of the first reflectance and the second reflectance.

In some embodiments, the viewing area 116 may have a first reflectance, and the opaque region 152 of the masking layer 150 may have a second reflectance, so that the color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance satisfies the following two requirements. ,as well as

Tables 2A and 2B below show that when including the specular component ( ) and exclude the specular component ( ), some examples of color matching performance of exemplary display modules according to embodiments of the present application. These combinations included the same five different black masking layers (BM1-BM5) and the same two different displays (VA1 and VA2) as discussed above for Tables 1A and 1B. These combinations also included the same cover glass and optically clear resin as discussed above for Tables 1A and 1B. All reported on Forms 2A and 2B , , L*, a*, b* and Y values were all measured using a d/8° Konica Minolta CM700d spectrometer. In each combination, the offset angle 180 of the transmission axis 169 of the linear polarizer of the circular polarizer and the transmission axis 127 of the linear polarizer 126 of the display is 45 degrees. Form 2A layer layer layer SCI (D65) L* a* b* Y ∆E ( BM_i -VA1) ∆E ( BM_i -VA2) first surface AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer absorber 3.93 0.50 -2.64 0.44 VA1 AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer monitor 5.55 -0.07 -2.32 0.61 VA2 AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer Display + touch 5.96 1.53 -3.09 0.66 BM1 AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer BM ink 1 3.91 0.62 -2.66 0.43 1.77 2.29 BM2 AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer BM ink 2 4.42 0.55 -2.94 0.49 1.38 1.84 BM3 AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer BM ink 3 4.50 0.55 -3.33 0.50 1.53 1.78 BM4 AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer BM ink 4 4.59 0.58 -3.67 0.51 1.74 1.77 BM5 AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer BM ink 5 4.64 0.77 -4.01 0.51 2.04 1.78 Form 2B layer layer layer SCE (D65) L* a* b* Y ∆E (BM_i-VA1) ∆E (BM_i-VA2) first surface AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer absorber 0.44 0.01 -0.39 0.05 VA1 AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer monitor 0.54 -0.07 -0.26 0.06 VA2 AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer Display + touch 0.75 -0.05 -0.34 0.08 BM1 AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer BM ink 1 0.40 -0.04 -0.26 0.04 0.15 0.36 BM2 AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer BM ink 2 0.53 -0.06 -0.46 0.06 0.20 0.24 BM3 AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer BM ink 3 0.68 -0.02 -0.34 0.08 0.17 0.07 BM4 AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer BM ink 4 0.80 0.01 -0.64 0.09 0.47 0.31 BM5 AR Cover Glass + Circular Polarizer BM ink 5 0.64 -0.08 -0.57 0.07 0.32 0.25

As shown in Tables 2A and 2B, all combinations of BM1-BM5 and VA1 and VA2 resulted in values less than 3 and Value is less than 1. These results show that the circular polarizing layer 160 according to the embodiment of the present application can produce color matching between a display module including a touch screen panel and a display module not including a touch screen panel. The data in Tables 1A-2B are plotted in graph 400 of FIG. 4 for comparison. "No CP on the cover glass" represents the combination without circular polarizer in Table 1A and 1B. "CP on the cover glass" represents the combinations in Tables 2A and 2B that include circular polarizers.

Table 3 below shows the formulas for the reflectance scaling factor (α) and luminous scaling factor (β) to account for the optical paths of reflected and transmitted light for an exemplary display module configuration having BM1-BM5 and VA1 and VA2. " ” represents the amount of depolarized light at the BM layer. Form 3 Circular Polarizer ( 45 ° Offset Angle) / Formula Reflectance Scale Factor (α) BM OCR Almost blocked by "circular polarizer/mirror reflection mechanism" touch screen Almost blocked by "circular polarizer/mirror reflection mechanism" monitor Display Brightness Scale Factor

Table 4 below shows the scaling factors for reflectance (α) and display brightness (β) obtained for the combinations in Tables 1A-2B. The reflectance scale factor of the display module ranges from 1% to 14%, depending on the amount of depolarization at the BM layer. α denotes a scaling factor to attenuate the reflection coefficient of each layer. Small alpha values generally indicate lower reflection coefficients. The variable "T" represents the transmittance of the circular polarizing layer. β represents a scaling factor for brightness reduction. Form 4 Display modules without circular polarizers (Forms 1A and 1B ) Display modules with circular polarizers (Forms 1A and 1B ) R (%) R (%) α (%) symbol BM ink 1 0.29 0.00 0.88 BM ink 2 0.39 0.05 13.84 BM ink 3 0.52 0.06 12.02 BM ink 4 0.67 0.07 10.87 BM ink 5 1.09 0.08 7.22 BM ink 6 1.85 0.02 1.01 touch screen 0.75 0.01 1.67 monitor 1.10 0.18 16.22 T (%) T (%) beta (%) symbol monitor 99% 42 42

As noted above, the results shown in Tables 2A and 2B are for a display module with an offset angle 180 of 45 degrees between the transmission axis of the linear polarizer of the circular polarizer and the transmission axis of the linear polarizer of the display. However, an offset angle of 180 ranging from 25 degrees to 65 degrees can produce a color match that meets the following two requirements: ,as well as , or both of the following requirements: ,as well as

Table 5 below shows the ratio of Y and Y_ref for the viewing area of a VA1 display module with a circular polarizer 160 attached thereto in accordance with some embodiments. "Y" is the reflectance component of the viewing area of the display module at different offset angles. "Y_ref" is the reflectance component of the viewing area of the VA1 display module without circular polarizer.

As shown in Table 5, circular polarizers with offset angles ranging from 25 degrees to 65 degrees have Y/Y_ref ratios ranging from 48.22 to 46.71. This shows that there is no significant difference in the reflectance of the displays for offset angles ranging from 25 degrees to 65 degrees. Therefore, circular polarizers with offset angles ranging from 25° to 65° can achieve desirable reflectance performance while also preventing or reducing color shifts that can cause color mismatches in electronically displayed images. Form 5 Offset angle (°) Y/Y_ref ratio (%) 0 52.91 5 51.95 10 51.09 15 50.50 20 49.45 25 48.22 30 48.06 35 47.42 40 47.23 45 46.86 50 47.02 55 46.24 60 46.77 65 46.71 70 46.27 80 46.49 90 46.37

In some embodiments, display module 100 may be incorporated into a vehicle interior by attaching display module 100 to a rigid support structure within the vehicle interior, such as rigid support structure 600 . Figure 5 shows a carrier interior 500 in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the vehicle interior 500 may include a center console base 510 having a flat or curved surface 512 that includes the display module 100 . In some embodiments, the vehicle interior system 500 may include a dashboard base 520 having a flat or curved surface 522 that includes the display module 100 . In some embodiments, the vehicle interior 500 may include a steering wheel base 530 having a flat or curved surface 532 that includes the display module 100 . In some embodiments, the vehicle interior 500 may include a base, which is an armrest, pillar, seat back, floor, headrest, or door panel, with a flat or curved surface including the display module 100 .

Although FIG. 5 shows an automobile interior, the vehicle interior 500 may be any type of vehicle (such as a train, automobile (such as a car, truck, bus, and the like), a marine vehicle (boat, ship, submarine, and and the like) and any vehicle interiors included in aircraft such as drones, airplanes, jets, helicopters and the like.

Furthermore, although FIG. 5 shows the display module 100 being incorporated into a vehicle interior, it should be understood that the display module 100 may also be incorporated into various types of display applications. In some embodiments, display module 100 may be incorporated into an article having a display (or display article), such as consumer electronics, including cell phones, tablets, computers, navigation systems, wearable devices such as watches and the like ), building products (such as windows or window components), or electrical products (such as refrigerators or stoves).

6 and 7 illustrate display module 100 attached to rigid support structure 600 in accordance with some embodiments. Rigid support structure 600 includes a frame 610 that defines opening 620 and is attached to cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, frame 610 may be attached directly to masking layer 150 . In some embodiments, frame 610 may be directly attached to second surface 174 of cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, one or more components of the display module 100 (including the electronic display 110 , the touch screen panel 140 , the masking layer 150 and the circular polarizer 160 ) may be disposed within the opening 620 of the frame 610 .

In some embodiments, the display module 100 may include a curved display module 100 . In some embodiments, the cover glass 170 may include a curved portion. In some embodiments, electronic display 110 may include curved portions. In some embodiments, the cover glass 170 can include curved portions and the electronic display can include curved portions.

In some embodiments, curved electronic display 110 may include a curved region 113 that includes one or more curved surfaces 115 with a radius of curvature less than or equal to 5000 mm (millimeters). In some embodiments, curved electronic display 110 may include a curved region 113 that includes one or more curved surfaces 115 with a radius of curvature ranging from 50 millimeters to 5000 millimeters. In some embodiments, first surface 112 of electronic display 110 may include curved surface 115 . In some embodiments, first surface 112 and second surface 114 of electronic display 110 may include curved surface 115 .

FIG. 10 shows a cross-section of the display module 100 along the cross-section line XX' according to some embodiments. Display module 100 may include electronic display 110 including active display layer 120 and viewing area 116 . The display module 100 may include a masking layer 150 disposed over the electronic display 110 , the masking layer 150 including an opaque region 152 and an opening 154 . The viewing area 116 can be seen through the opening 154 of the masking layer 150 . A cover glass 170 may be disposed over the masking layer 150 .

The display module 100 includes a circular polarizing layer 160 disposed between the electronic display 110 and the cover glass 170 . The circular polarizing layer 160 may overlap the opaque region 152 of the masking layer 150 and the opening 154 of the masking layer 150 .

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 10 , circular polarizing layer 160 may be attached to cover glass 170 with optically transparent resin 1010 . In some embodiments, circular polarizing layer 160 may be directly attached to second surface 174 cover glass 170 with optically transparent resin 1010 . In some embodiments, circular polarizing layer 160 may be attached to electronic display 110 with optically transparent resin 1020 . In some embodiments, circular polarizing layer 160 may be directly attached to first surface 112 of electronic display 110 with optically transparent resin 1010 .

In some embodiments, the reflectivity of optically transparent resin 1010 and/or optically transparent resin 1020 may be defined by a reflectivity Y component in a range of about 0.01% to about 0.2%.

In some embodiments, the cover glass 170 of the display module 100 shown in FIG. 10 may include a curved region 176 including one or more curved surfaces 177 with a radius of curvature less than or equal to 5000 mm. In some embodiments, the cover glass 170 of the display module 100 shown in FIG. 10 may include a curved region 176 including one or more curved surfaces 177 with a radius of curvature ranging from 50 mm to 5000 mm. . In some embodiments, the first surface 172 of the cover glass 170 can include a curved surface 177 . In some embodiments, the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 can include a curved surface 177 . In some embodiments, first surface 172 and second surface 174 of cover glass 170 may include curved surfaces 177 .

In some embodiments, circular polarizing layer 160 may be attached to curved surface 177 of second surface 174 with optically transparent resin 1010 . In some embodiments, circular polarizing layer 160 may be directly attached to curved surface 177 of second surface 174 with optically transparent resin 1010 . In some embodiments, the circular polarizing layer 160 may include an arcuate region 163 including an arcuate surface 165 having a second radius of curvature less than or equal to 5000 millimeters. In some embodiments, the circular polarizing layer 160 may include a curved region 163 including a curved surface 165 having a second radius of curvature ranging from 50 mm to 5000 mm.

In some embodiments, viewing area 116 of display module 100 shown in FIG. The color difference between satisfies the following two requirements. ,as well as

in is the color difference between the first reflectance of the viewing region 116 and the second reflectance of the opaque region 152 in the case of a specular component including the first reflectance of the viewing region 116 and the second reflectance of the opaque region 152, is the color difference between the first reflectance of the viewing area 116 and the second reflectance of the opaque area 152 excluding the specular components of the first reflectance and the second reflectance.

In some embodiments, the viewing area 116 may have a first reflectance, and the opaque region 152 of the masking layer 150 may have a second reflectance, so that the color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance satisfies the following two requirements. ,as well as

In some embodiments, cover glass 170 may include anti-reflective layer 190 disposed on a surface of cover glass 170 (eg, surface 172 or 174 ). In some embodiments, the anti-reflection layer 190 may be disposed on the first surface 172 of the cover glass 170 and the circular polarizing layer 160 may be attached to the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 .

In some embodiments, the display module 100 may include a frame 1050 disposed above the first surface 172 of the cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, border 1050 may overlap a portion of opaque region 152 of masking layer 150 .

In some embodiments, display module 100 may include one or more air gaps between various components or layers of the display module. As used herein, an "air gap" is the open space between two exposed surfaces of a display module. The air gap may include a minimum lateral dimension (eg, minimum lateral dimension 1112 ) that defines a minimum lateral space between two exposed surfaces.

In some embodiments, an electronic display can be on a first side of the air gap 1110 and a cover glass can be on a second side of the air gap opposite the electronic display. In some embodiments, the cover glass and masking layer may be on a second side of the air gap opposite the electronic display.

In some embodiments, an electronic display can be located on a first side of the air gap and a circular polarizer can be located on an opposite second side of the air gap. In some embodiments, the circular polarizer and masking layer can be located on a second side of the air gap opposite the electronic display. In some embodiments, a circular polarizing layer may be disposed between the air gap and the masking layer.

FIG. 11 shows a cross-section of the display module 100 along the cross-section line XX' according to some embodiments. Display module 100 may include electronic display 110 including active display layer 120 and viewing area 116 . The display module 100 may include a masking layer 150 disposed over the electronic display 110 , the masking layer 150 including an opaque region 152 and an opening 154 . The viewing area 116 can be seen through the opening 154 of the masking layer 150 . A cover glass 170 may be disposed over the masking layer 150 .

The display module 100 includes a circular polarizing layer 160 disposed between the electronic display 110 and the cover glass 170 . The circular polarizing layer 160 may overlap the opaque region 152 of the masking layer 150 and the opening 154 of the masking layer 150 .

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11 , circular polarizing layer 160 may be attached to electronic display 110 via optically transparent resin 1140 . In some embodiments, circular polarizing layer 160 may be directly attached to first surface 112 of electronic display 110 via optically transparent resin 1140 .

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 11 , the display module 100 may include an air gap 1110 between the electronic display 110 and the cover glass 170 . Electronic display 110 may be located on a first side of air gap 1110 and cover glass 170 may be located on a second side of air gap 1110 opposite electronic display 110 . In some embodiments, cover glass 170 and masking layer 150 may be on a second side of air gap 1110 opposite electronic display 110 . In some embodiments, cover glass 170 and masking layer 150 may be located on a second side of air gap 1110 , and electronic display 110 and circular polarizer 160 may be located on a first side of air gap 1110 .

In some embodiments, the air gap 1110 may be located between the first surface 162 of the circular polarizer 160 and the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, the lateral dimension of the air gap 1110 can be measured between the first surface 162 of the circular polarizer 160 and the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, the smallest lateral dimension 1112 of the air gap 1110 can be measured between the first surface 162 of the circular polarizer 160 and the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 .

In some embodiments, the display module 100 may include an anti-reflection layer 1130 disposed on or attached to the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, anti-reflection layer 1130 may be attached to second surface 174 of cover glass 170 via optically transparent resin 1145 . In some embodiments, the first surface 1132 of the antireflection layer 1130 may be in direct contact with the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, the anti-reflection layer 1130 may overlap all or a portion of the masking layer 150 . In some embodiments including the antireflective layer 1130 , the lateral dimension of the air gap 1110 may be measured between the first surface 162 of the circular polarizing layer 160 and the second surface 1134 of the antireflective layer 1130 . In some embodiments, the smallest lateral dimension 1112 of the air gap 1110 may be measured between the first surface 162 of the circular polarizing layer 160 and the second surface 1134 of the antireflection layer 1130 .

In some embodiments, the reflectivity of optically transparent resin 1140 and/or optically transparent resin 1145 may be defined by a reflectivity Y component ranging from about 0.01% to about 0.2%.

In some embodiments, the display module 100 may include an anti-reflection layer 1120 disposed on or attached to the first surface 162 of the circular polarizing layer 160 . In some embodiments, the second surface 1124 of the antireflection layer 1120 may directly contact the first surface 162 of the circular polarizing layer 160 . In some embodiments including antireflective layer 1130 , the lateral dimension of air gap 1110 may be measured between first surface 1122 of antireflective layer 1120 and second surface 174 of cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, the smallest lateral dimension 1112 of the air gap 1110 can be measured between the first surface 1122 of the antireflective layer 1120 and the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 .

In some embodiments, the display module 100 may include an anti-reflection layer 1120 and an anti-reflection layer 1130 . In some embodiments including antireflective layer 1120 and antireflective layer 1130 , the lateral dimension of air gap 1110 may be measured between first surface 1122 of antireflective layer 1120 and second surface 1134 of antireflective layer 1130 . In some embodiments, the smallest lateral dimension 1112 of the air gap 1110 can be measured between the first surface 1122 of the antireflective layer 1120 and the second surface 1134 of the antireflective layer 1130 .

In some embodiments, the reflectivity of antireflective layer 1120 and/or antireflective layer 1130 may be defined by a reflectivity Y component ranging from about 0.1% to about 2%.

In some embodiments, the smallest lateral dimension 1112 of the air gap 1110 may be greater than or equal to 20 microns. In some embodiments, the smallest lateral dimension 1112 of the air gap 1110 may be greater than or equal to 1 millimeter.

In some embodiments, the cover glass 170 of the display module 100 shown in FIG. 11 may include a curved region 176 including one or more curved surfaces 177 with a radius of curvature less than or equal to 5000 mm. In some embodiments, the cover glass 170 of the display module 100 shown in FIG. 11 may include a curved region 176 including one or more curved surfaces 177 with a radius of curvature ranging from 50 mm to 5000 mm. . In some embodiments, the first surface 172 of the cover glass 170 can include a curved surface 177 . In some embodiments, the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 can include a curved surface 177 . In some embodiments, first surface 172 and second surface 174 of cover glass 170 may include curved surfaces 177 .

In some embodiments, the viewing region 116 of the display module 100 shown in FIG. 11 may have a first reflectance, and the opaque region 152 of the masking layer 150 may have a second reflectance, so that the first reflectance and the second reflectance The color difference between satisfies the following two requirements. ,as well as

in is the color difference between the first reflectance of the viewing area 116 and the second reflectance of the opaque area 152 in the case of a specular component including the first reflectance of the viewing area 116 and the second reflectance of the opaque area 152, is the color difference between the first reflectance of the viewing area 116 and the second reflectance of the opaque area 152 excluding the specular components of the first reflectance and the second reflectance.

In some embodiments, the viewing area 116 may have a first reflectance, and the opaque region 152 of the masking layer 150 may have a second reflectance, so that the color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance satisfies the following two requirements. ,as well as

In some embodiments, cover glass 170 may include anti-reflective layer 190 disposed on a surface of cover glass 170 (eg, surface 172 or 174 ). In some embodiments, antireflective layer 190 may be disposed on first surface 172 of cover glass 170 and antireflective layer 1130 may be attached to second surface 174 of cover glass 170 .

In some embodiments, the display module 100 may include a frame 1150 disposed above the first surface 172 of the cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, border 1150 may overlap a portion of opaque region 152 of masking layer 150 .

FIG. 12 shows a cross-section of the display module 100 along the cross-section line XX' according to some embodiments. Display module 100 may include electronic display 110 including active display layer 120 and viewing area 116 . The display module 100 may include a masking layer 150 disposed over the electronic display 110 , the masking layer 150 including an opaque region 152 and an opening 154 . The viewing area 116 can be seen through the opening 154 of the masking layer 150 . A cover glass 170 may be disposed over the masking layer 150 .

The display module 100 includes a circular polarizing layer 160 disposed between the electronic display 110 and the cover glass 170 . The circular polarizing layer 160 may overlap the opaque region 152 of the masking layer 150 and the opening 154 of the masking layer 150 .

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 12 , circular polarizing layer 160 may be attached to cover glass 170 via optically transparent resin 1220 . In some embodiments, the circular polarizing layer 160 may be directly attached to the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 via the optically transparent resin 1220 . In some embodiments, the reflectivity of optically transparent resin 1220 may be defined by a reflectivity Y component ranging from about 0.01% to about 0.2%.

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 12 , the display module 100 may include an air gap 1210 between the electronic display 110 and the circular polarizing layer 160 . Electronic display 110 may be located on a first side of air gap 1210 , and circular polarizing layer 160 may be located on a second side of air gap 1210 opposite electronic display 110 . In some embodiments, circular polarizing layer 160 and masking layer 150 are located on a second side of air gap 1210 opposite electronic display 110 . In some embodiments, the circular polarizing layer 160 may be disposed between the air gap 1210 and the masking layer 150 .

In some embodiments, an air gap 1210 may be located between the second surface 164 of the circular polarizer 160 and the first surface 112 of the electronic display 110 . In some embodiments, the lateral dimension of air gap 1210 may be measured between second surface 164 of circular polarizing layer 160 and first surface 112 of electronic display 110 . In some embodiments, the smallest lateral dimension 1212 of the air gap 1210 can be measured between the second surface 164 of the circular polarizer 160 and the first surface 112 of the electronic display 110 .

In some embodiments, masking layer 150 may include portion 151 disposed over second surface 164 of circular polarizing layer 160 . In some embodiments, portion 151 of masking layer 150 may be disposed on second surface 164 of circular polarizing layer 160 . In some embodiments, portion 151 of masking layer 150 may define opening 154 of masking layer 150 . In some embodiments including portion 151 , portion 151 may be disposed between circular polarizing layer 160 and air gap 1210 .

In some embodiments, the smallest lateral dimension 1212 of the air gap 1210 may be greater than or equal to 20 microns. In some embodiments, the smallest lateral dimension 1212 of the air gap 1210 may be greater than or equal to 1 millimeter.

In some embodiments, the cover glass 170 of the display module 100 shown in FIG. 12 may include a curved region 176 including one or more curved surfaces 177 with a radius of curvature less than or equal to 5000 mm. In some embodiments, the cover glass 170 of the display module 100 shown in FIG. 12 may include a curved region 176 including one or more curved surfaces 177 with a radius of curvature ranging from 50 mm to 5000 mm. . In some embodiments, the first surface 172 of the cover glass 170 can include a curved surface 177 . In some embodiments, the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 can include a curved surface 177 . In some embodiments, first surface 172 and second surface 174 of cover glass 170 may include curved surfaces 177 .

In some embodiments, circular polarizing layer 160 may be attached to curved surface 177 of second surface 174 with optically transparent resin 1220 . In some embodiments, circular polarizing layer 160 may be directly attached to curved surface 177 of second surface 174 with optically transparent resin 1220 . In some embodiments, the circular polarizing layer 160 may include an arcuate region 163 including an arcuate surface 165 having a second radius of curvature less than or equal to 5000 millimeters. In some embodiments, the circular polarizing layer 160 may include a curved region 163 including a curved surface 165 having a second radius of curvature ranging from 50 mm to 5000 mm.

In some embodiments, viewing area 116 of display module 100 shown in FIG. The color difference between satisfies the following two requirements. ,as well as

in is the color difference between the first reflectance of the viewing region 116 and the second reflectance of the opaque region 152 in the case of a specular component including the first reflectance of the viewing region 116 and the second reflectance of the opaque region 152, is the color difference between the first reflectance of the viewing area 116 and the second reflectance of the opaque area 152 excluding the specular components of the first reflectance and the second reflectance.

In some embodiments, the viewing area 116 may have a first reflectance, and the opaque region 152 of the masking layer 150 may have a second reflectance, so that the color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance satisfies the following two requirements. ,as well as

In some embodiments, cover glass 170 may include anti-reflective layer 190 disposed on a surface of cover glass 170 (eg, surface 172 or 174 ). In some embodiments, the anti-reflection layer 190 may be disposed on the first surface 172 of the cover glass 170 and the circular polarizing layer 160 may be attached to the second surface 174 of the cover glass 170 .

In some embodiments, the display module 100 may include a frame 1250 disposed above the first surface 172 of the cover glass 170 . In some embodiments, border 1250 may overlap a portion of opaque region 152 of masking layer 150 .

As used herein, the term "glass" is intended to include any material made at least in part of glass, including glass and glass-ceramics. Glass ceramics include materials produced by controlled glass crystallization. In an embodiment, the glass-ceramic has a crystallinity of about 30% to about 90%. Non-limiting examples of glass-ceramic systems _that can be used include _Li2O × _Al2O3 × _nSiO2 ( _i.e. , the LAS system), MgO× _Al2O3 × _nSiO2 (i.e., the MAS system), and ZnO× _{Al2O 3} × nSiO ₂ (ie ZAS system).

While various embodiments are described herein, they have been presented by way of example, and not limitation. It should be understood that adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. Accordingly, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that various changes in form and details of the embodiments disclosed herein may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. The elements of the embodiments presented herein are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but can be interchanged to satisfy various situations as will be understood by those skilled in the art.

Embodiments of the disclosure are described in detail herein with reference to embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the drawings, where like reference numerals are used to indicate identical or functionally similar elements. References to "one/an embodiment," "some embodiments," "in certain embodiments," etc., indicate that the described embodiments may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but each implementation Examples may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in conjunction with one embodiment, it is believed to be within the skill of those skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in combination with other embodiments whether explicitly described or not. within the scope of knowledge.

The examples illustrate the disclosure, not limit the disclosure. Other suitable modifications and adaptations of the various conditions and parameters as commonly encountered in the art and would be apparent to those skilled in the art are within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

The indefinite article "a/an" describing an element or component means that there are one or more of those elements or components. Although these articles are traditionally used to indicate that the noun it modifies is singular, as used herein, the article "a/an" includes the plural unless the specific context states otherwise. Likewise, the definite article "the" is used herein to indicate that the noun it modifies can be singular or plural, unless otherwise stated in a specific instance.

Unless otherwise specified, directional terms (such as up, down, right, left, front, back, top, bottom, inward, outward) used herein are made with reference to the drawn drawings only and not Intended to imply absolute orientation.

As used in a claim, "includes" is an open-ended transitional statement. The list of elements following the transitional sentence "comprises" is a non-exclusive list such that elements other than those specifically recited in the list may also be present. As used in the claim, "consisting essentially of/composed essentially of" limits the composition of the material to the specified material and to those that do not materially affect the basic and novel properties of the material Material. As used in a claim, "consisting of" or "consisting entirely of" limits the composition of the material to the materials specified and excludes any unspecified material.

If a numerical range is recited herein, including upper and lower limits, then unless otherwise stated in a specific instance, that range is intended to include its endpoints, and all integers and fractions within that range. It is not intended that the scope of the claimed terms be limited to the specific values recited when defining the range. Further, when an amount, concentration or other value or parameter is given as a range, one or more preferred ranges, or a list of upper and lower preferred values, it is to be understood as specifically disclosing that any pair of All ranges are formed by any upper or preferred upper limit of a range and any lower or preferred lower limit of a range, whether or not those pairs are individually disclosed. Finally, when the term "about" is used to describe a value or an endpoint of a range, it is understood that the disclosure includes the specific value or endpoint referred to. Whether or not "about" is stated on a value or a range endpoint, that value or range endpoint is intended to include both embodiments: one modified by "about" and one not modified by "about."

As used herein, the term "about" refers to a value within ± 5% of the stated value. For example, about 3 megapascals may include any number between 2.85 megapascals and 3.15 megapascals.

The present embodiments have been described above with the aid of functional building blocks that illustrate the implementation of the specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternative boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and their relationships are appropriately performed.

It is to be understood that phrases or terms used herein are for the purpose of description rather than limitation. The breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

100: display module 110: Electronic display 112: first surface 114: second surface 116:View area 118: optically transparent resin 120:Active display layer 122: First side 124: second side 126: linear polarizer 127: Transmission axis 128: linear polarizer 130: backlight 140:Touch screen panel 142: first surface 144: second surface 146: optically transparent resin 150: masking layer 151: part 152: Opaque area 154: opening 160: circular polarizing layer 161: Perimeter edge 162: first surface 163: arc area 164: second surface 165: curved surface 166: Quarter wave plate 168: linear polarizer 169: Transmission axis 170: cover glass 172: first surface 174: second surface 176: arc area 177: curved surface 180: offset angle 190: anti-reflection layer 400:Charts 500: Vehicle interior 510: Center console base 512: flat or curved surface 520:Dashboard Base 522: flat or curved surface 530: Steering wheel base 532: flat or curved surface 600: rigid support structure 610: frame 620: opening 800: Display module configuration 810: liquid crystal display 812: Linear polarizer 820: optically clear resin 830:Touch screen panel 840: optically clear resin 850: masking layer 860: cover glass 870: Anti-reflection coating 1010: optically transparent resin 1020: optically transparent resin 1050: border 1110: air gap 1112: minimum horizontal size 1120: anti-reflection layer 1122: first surface 1124: second surface 1130: anti-reflection layer 1132: first surface 1134: second surface 1140: optically transparent resin 1145: optically transparent resin 1150: border 1210: air gap 1212: minimum horizontal size 1220: optically transparent resin 1250: border

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein, form a part of this specification and illustrate embodiments of the disclosure. Together with the description, the drawings further serve to explain the principles of the disclosed embodiments and to enable those skilled in the relevant art to make and use the disclosed embodiments. These drawings are intended to be illustrative, not restrictive. Although the disclosure has been generally described in the context of these embodiments, it should be understood that it is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure to these specific embodiments. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements.

FIG. 1 shows a display module according to some embodiments.

FIG. 2 shows a cross-section of a display module along the cross-section line XX' in FIG. 1 according to some embodiments.

Figure 3 shows a linear polarizer and a circular polarizer in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 4 is a color difference diagram of various display modules

Figure 5 shows the interior of a vehicle in accordance with some embodiments.

Figure 6 shows a display module attached to a rigid support in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 7 shows a cross-section of the display module and rigid support structure of FIG. 6 along the cross-section line 7-7'.

Figure 8 shows the display module configuration.

FIG. 9 shows the color mismatch between the viewing area and the black matrix area of the display module configuration of FIG. 8 .

FIG. 10 shows a cross-section of a display module along the cross-section line XX' in FIG. 1 according to some embodiments.

FIG. 11 shows a cross-section of a display module along the cross-section line XX' in FIG. 1 according to some embodiments.

FIG. 12 shows a cross-section of a display module along the cross-section line XX' in FIG. 1 according to some embodiments.

Domestic deposit information (please note in order of depositor, date, and number) none

Overseas storage information (please note in order of storage country, organization, date, and number) none

100: display module

110: Electronic display

112: first surface

114: second surface

116:View area

118: optically transparent resin

120:Active display layer

122: First side

124: second side

126: linear polarizer

128: linear polarizer

130: backlight

140:Touch screen panel

142: first surface

144: second surface

146: optically transparent resin

150: masking layer

152: Opaque area

154: opening

160: circular polarizing layer

162: first surface

164: second surface

170: cover glass

172: first surface

174: second surface

190: anti-reflection layer

Claims (36)

A display module, comprising: An electronic display including an active display layer and a viewing area; a masking layer disposed over the electronic display, the masking layer including an opaque region and an opening through which the viewing region is visible; a cover glass disposed over the masking layer; and a circular polarizing layer disposed between the electronic display and the cover glass, wherein the circular polarizing layer overlaps the opaque region of the masking layer and the opening of the masking layer, and wherein the circular polarizing layer includes a quarter wave plate and linear polarizer, and Wherein the electronic display does not include a circular polarizing layer, and the display module does not include a second circular polarizing layer disposed between the electronic display and the cover glass. The display module as claimed in claim 1, wherein the circular polarizing layer is attached to the cover glass with an optically transparent resin. The display module according to claim 1 or claim 2, comprising: an air gap located between the electronic display and the circular polarizing layer. The display module as claimed in claim 3, wherein the electronic display is located on a first side of the air gap, and Wherein the circular polarizing layer and the masking layer are located on a second side of the air gap. The display module as claimed in claim 3, wherein the circular polarizing layer is disposed between the air gap and the masking layer. The display module as claimed in claim 3, wherein a minimum lateral dimension of the air gap is greater than or equal to 20 microns. The display module according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the cover glass includes an arc-shaped area, the arc-shaped area includes an arc-shaped surface, and a radius of curvature of the arc-shaped surface is less than or equal to 5000 mm. The display module as claimed in claim 7, wherein the circular polarizing layer is attached to the curved surface of the cover glass with an optically transparent resin. The display module as claimed in claim 8, wherein the circular polarizing layer includes an arc-shaped area, and the arc-shaped area includes an arc-shaped surface, and the arc-shaped surface has a second radius of curvature less than or equal to 5000 mm. The display module according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein: when the display is powered off, the viewing area includes a first reflectance, the opaque area of the masking layer includes a second reflectance, and the A color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance satisfies the following two requirements: ,as well as in is the chromatic difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance in the case of a specular component comprising the first reflectance and the second reflectance, and where is the color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance excluding the specular components of the first reflectance and the second reflectance. The display module as described in claim item 10, wherein: . The display module according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the cover glass includes an anti-reflection layer disposed on a surface of the cover glass. The display module as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the masking layer includes a black color. The display module as described in request item 1 or request item 2, wherein: The electronic display includes a first linear polarizer including a first transmission axis, And the linear polarizer of the circular polarizing layer includes a second transmission axis, and the second transmission axis is offset from the first transmission axis by an offset angle. The display module as claimed in claim 14, wherein the offset angle ranges from 25 degrees to 65 degrees. The display module as described in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the active display layer includes: a liquid crystal layer, a light emitting diode (LED) array, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) array, a micro LED array or a micro OLED array. The display module according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the cover glass includes a first surface, a second surface opposite to the first surface, and a an antireflection layer, and Wherein the circular polarizing layer is attached to the second surface of the cover glass. A display module, comprising: an electronic display including a viewing area and a first linear polarizer including a first transmission axis; a masking layer disposed over the electronic display, the masking layer including an opaque region and an opening through which the viewing region is visible; a circular polarizing layer disposed above the opaque region of the masking layer and the opening of the masking layer and overlapped with the opaque region of the masking layer and the opening of the masking layer, the circular polarizing layer comprising a quarter a wave plate and a second linear polarizer including a second transmission axis offset by an offset angle from the first transmission axis; and A cover glass is arranged above the circular polarizing layer. The display module as claimed in claim 18, wherein the offset angle ranges from 25 degrees to 65 degrees. The display module as claimed in claim 18 or claim 19, wherein the electronic display includes a liquid crystal display. The display module as described in claim 18 or claim 19 includes a touch screen panel disposed above the electronic display. The display module as claimed in claim 18 or claim 19, wherein the electronic display includes a top surface attached to a bottom surface of the circular polarizing layer with an optically transparent resin. The display module of claim 18 or claim 19, wherein: when the electronic display is powered off, the viewing area includes a first reflectance, the opaque region of the masking layer includes a second reflectance, and A color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance satisfies the following two requirements: ,as well as in is the chromatic difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance in the case of a specular component comprising the first reflectance and the second reflectance, and where is the color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance excluding the specular components of the first reflectance and the second reflectance. The display module as described in claim item 23, wherein: . The display module as claimed in claim 18 or claim 19, wherein the cover glass includes a first surface, a second surface opposite to the first surface, and a surface disposed on the first surface of the cover glass An anti-reflection layer, and wherein the circular polarizing layer is attached to the second surface of the cover glass. The display module as claimed in claim 18 or claim 19, wherein the masking layer includes a black color. The display module as claimed in claim 18 or claim 19, wherein the masking layer includes a black ink. The display module of claim 18 or claim 19, wherein the electronic display includes a liquid crystal layer, wherein the first linear polarizer is disposed over the liquid crystal layer, and wherein the display module includes a touch screen A panel, the touch screen panel is disposed above the first linear polarizer and attached to a surface of the first linear polarizer with an optically transparent resin. A display module comprising: an electronic display including a viewing area; a masking layer disposed over the electronic display, the masking layer including an opaque area and an opening through which the viewing area can be seen; and a a cover glass disposed over the masking layer, wherein: when the display is powered off, the viewing area includes a first reflectance, the opaque region of the masking layer includes a second reflectance, and the first reflectance and A color difference between the second reflectance satisfies the following two requirements: ,as well as in is the chromatic difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance in the case of a specular component comprising the first reflectance and the second reflectance, and where is the color difference between the first reflectance and the second reflectance excluding the specular components of the first reflectance and the second reflectance. The display module as described in claim item 29, wherein: . The display module as claimed in Claim 29 or Claim 30 includes a circular polarizing layer disposed between the masking layer and the cover glass. The display module as claimed in claim 31, wherein the circular polarizing layer is disposed above the opaque region of the masking layer and the opening of the masking layer and in contact with the opaque region of the masking layer and the opening of the masking layer overlapping. The display module as described in claim 29 or claim 30 includes a touch screen panel disposed above the electronic display. The display module as claimed in claim 29 or claim 30, wherein the electronic display includes a linear polarizer. The display module as claimed in claim 29 or claim 30, wherein the cover glass includes an anti-reflection layer disposed on a surface of the cover glass. The display module as claimed in claim 29 or claim 30, wherein the masking layer includes a black color.

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