TW201407150A - Pathogen and particle detector system and method - Google Patents

Abstract

The system includes an excitation source for providing a beam of electromagnetic radiation having a source wavelength. A first wavelength selective device is positioned to be impinged by the beam of electromagnetic radiation. The first wavelength selective device is constructed to transmit at least a portion of any radiation having the source wavelength and to reflect radiation of other wavelengths. A medium containing particles is positioned to be impinged by the beam of electromagnetic radiation. At least a portion of the beam of electromagnetic radiation becomes scattered within the medium, the scattered electromagnetic radiation including forward scattered electromagnetic radiation and backward scattered electromagnetic radiation. An optical detector is positioned to receive backward and/or forward scattered electromagnetic radiation.

Description

Pathogen and particle detection system and method

The present invention generally relates to a system and method for detecting aerosol particles or water suspended particles, and more particularly to a method for detecting aerosol particles or water suspended particles and measuring by size classification. Particle systems and methods. The present invention has particular utility in detecting and classifying allergens and biological warfare agents by size, and the invention will be described below by this use, but the invention may have other uses.

Urban terrorist attacks involving the release of biological warfare agents such as anthrax have now become a concern. Weaponaceous anthrax spores are extremely dangerous due to their access to human lungs. For humans, the lethal inhaled dose LD _{50 of} anthrax spores (to kill a lethal dose of 50% of the exposed person) is about 2,500 to 50,000 spores. See TVInglesby et al., entitled "Biological Bacteria of Biological Weapons", JAMA Vol. 281, p. 1735, published in 1999. Some other possible weapon biological agents are Yersinia (plague), botulinum botulinum (botulinum poisoning), and francisella tularensis. In view of this potential threat, there is an urgent need for an early warning system that can detect such attacks.

The laser particle counter is a known detection tool that directs laser light The line passes through the same book and detects and analyzes the light passing through the sample to detect scattered light from the particles within the sample. A problem with current detectors or particle counters for detecting scattered light is that it is necessary to extract the scattered signal from the incident source signal. This means that a weak signal (scattered light from fine particles) must be detected from the background of the noise (the glare from the laser source). This feature is the main reason why the detection of laser particle counters has been difficult for a long time. The conventional design of a laser particle counter uses a costly and laborious method to reduce glare from a laser source and measure particle scattered light from a large amount of background noise, thereby making the counter extremely fragile and expensive. Currently known laser particle counters are extremely fragile and expensive and are therefore not suitable for this application. Conventional techniques for laser particle counting include a laser Doppler method for measuring particle velocity to estimate particle size, a transient time method for determining the time required for particles to pass through a sensing region, and A wide-angle multi-sensor design capable of measuring small particles only. A biosensor utilizing laser-induced fluorescence of a pulsed ultraviolet (UV) laser is described in T. H. Jeys et al., Proc. IRIS Active Systems, Vol. 1, p. 235 (1998). This biosensor is capable of detecting the aerosol concentration of 5 particles per liter of air, but it is extremely expensive and fragile. Other particle counter manufacturers are Met One Instruments Inc. of Grants Pass, Oregon, Particle Measurement Systems, Inc., Boulder, CO, and Terra International, Inc. of Anaheim, California. Based on the design relationship, the construction of these particle counters requires extremely precise optical correction and extremely sensitive sensors and electronics. These products are moving in the direction of laboratory use and are extremely expensive. Therefore, it is not suitable as a detector for field use, and is not suitable as a design dedicated to biological warfare agent detection.

Various detectors have been devised that detect fluid-suspended allergen particles that alert a sensitive person when it is detected that the number of particles in the air sample exceeds a predetermined minimum. The detections are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,646,597, 5,969,622, 5,986,555, 6,008,729, and 6,087,947, each to each of each of each of each Each of these detectors involves directing a beam of light through an ambient air sample such that a portion of the beam will be scattered by any particles in the air, utilizing a beam blocking device that transmits scattered light corresponding to a range of angles of the predetermined allergen size, and a A detector for detecting the transmitted light. If the light measured by the detector exceeds a preset value, an alarm is activated. While these detectors provide warning indications based on the presence or absence of allergen particles, they are not suitable for deployment on site and do not meet the more stringent requirements of pathogen detectors for detecting biological warfare agents.

The present invention provides an improved system and method for pathogen and particle detection. More specifically, the present invention develops a novel fluorescent signal collection method that utilizes a unique angular distribution pattern of inelastic scattering intensity (i.e., fluorescence from particles). Theoretically and experimentally, it has been demonstrated that the inelastic scattering of particles has a better intensity angular distribution in the backward (strongest) and forward (second strong) directions (Reference 1 "from microsphere clusters and tryptophan particles". Backward Enhanced Fluorescence", Yong-Le Pan et al., April Opt. Vol. 41, p. 2994, 2002; Reference 2, "Scattered and Incompatible Raman Spectral Angle and Size Dependent Characteristics of Microspheres" Igor Veselovskii et al., April Opt. Vol. 41, p. 5783, 2002). Briefly, in one embodiment, the system includes an excitation source for providing a beam of electromagnetic radiation having a source wavelength. A first wavelength selective device such as a dichroic beam splitter is placed at a position where it can be exposed to a beam of electromagnetic radiation. The first wavelength selective device can transmit at least a portion of the radiation having a source wavelength and reflecting other wavelengths. The medium containing the particles is placed in a position that can be illuminated by the beam of electromagnetic radiation. At least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation beam is scattered within the medium, the scattered electromagnetic radiation comprising forward scattered electromagnetic radiation and backscattered electromagnetic radiation. A photodetector is provided to collect forward and backscattered electromagnetic radiation.

The invention may also be considered to provide methods for detecting pathogens and particles. In this regard, an embodiment of such a method can roughly summarize the steps of: emitting an electromagnetic radiation beam; transmitting at least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation beam via the first wavelength selective device; and irradiating the particle-containing medium with the portion of the electromagnetic radiation beam </ RTI> wherein the particles scatter the electromagnetic radiation in a forward and backward direction; at least a portion of the backscattered electromagnetic radiation is reflected by the first wavelength selective device; and at least a portion of the forward and backward scatter are collected at the first optical detector Electromagnetic radiation, thereby determining the size of the particles that scatter the electromagnetic radiation in the forward and backward directions.

Other systems, methods, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the <RTIgt; Other such systems, methods, features and advantages of the present invention are within the scope of the present disclosure and the scope of the present invention and are protected by the scope of the appended claims.

14‧‧‧Detector

60‧‧‧ signal

62‧‧‧High-pass filter

64‧‧‧buffer

65‧‧‧peak detector

66‧‧‧Window Comparator

68‧‧‧Digital Counter

70‧‧‧ display panel

210‧‧‧Optical system

212‧‧‧Excitation source

214‧‧‧Electromagnetic radiation beam

216‧‧‧First wavelength selection device

218‧‧‧Media

220‧‧‧ granules

222‧‧‧ forward scattered electromagnetic radiation

224‧‧‧ Backscattered electromagnetic radiation

226‧‧‧First optical detector

230A‧‧‧Signal divider

230B‧‧‧Signal divider

232A‧‧Amplifier

232B‧‧Amplifier

234‧‧‧ Analog Digital Converter

236‧‧‧Window comparison circuit

238‧‧‧Control output display

240‧‧‧Low signal detection circuit

250‧‧‧Power Monitoring Detector

252‧‧‧Bandpass filter

254‧‧‧focus lens

256‧‧‧Power monitoring lens

260‧‧‧First beam blocking lens

262‧‧‧First optical component

264‧‧‧Second beam blocking lens

266‧‧‧Particle detector

301‧‧‧ particle detection system

310‧‧‧Optical system

312‧‧‧Excitation source

314‧‧‧Electromagnetic radiation beam

316‧‧‧First wavelength selection device

318‧‧‧Media

320‧‧‧ particles

322‧‧‧ forward scattered electromagnetic radiation

324‧‧‧ Backscattered electromagnetic radiation

326‧‧‧First optical detector

330A‧‧‧Signal divider

330B‧‧‧Signal divider

330C‧‧‧Signal divider

332A‧‧Amplifier

332B‧‧Amplifier

332C‧‧Amplifier

334‧‧‧ Analog Digital Converter

336‧‧‧Window comparison circuit

338‧‧‧Control output display

340‧‧‧Low signal detection circuit

342‧‧‧Alarm device

350‧‧‧Power Monitoring Detector

352‧‧‧Bandpass filter

356‧‧‧Power monitoring lens

360‧‧‧First beam blocking lens

364‧‧‧Second beam blocking lens

366‧‧‧Particle detector

370‧‧‧First optical component

372‧‧‧Second bandpass filter

374‧‧‧focus lens

376‧‧‧Second optical detector

A wide variety of aspects of the invention will be apparent from the following drawings. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, but rather to clearly illustrate the principles of the invention. In addition, the same component symbols are used to denote corresponding components in the drawings.

Figure 1 is an optical system for a fluid suspended particle detection system in accordance with a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 2 is a block diagram of a particle detection system incorporating the optical system of Figure 1 in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 3 is an optical system for a fluid suspended particle detection system 701 in accordance with a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 4 is a block diagram of a particle detection system of an optical system according to a third embodiment of the present invention and incorporated in Figure 3.

Figure 5 is a plot of the Mie scattering cross section versus particle radius.

Figure 6 is a block diagram of a pulse height measuring circuit constructed by an analog-to-digital converter, a window comparator circuit, and a control output display in accordance with a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of an analog-to-digital converter in accordance with a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 7A is a graphical illustration of the output of analog-to-digital converters at various points in accordance with a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 8 is an illustration of an example of a particle size histogram.

Figure 9 shows the fluorescence luminescence spectra of the four metabolites.

Figure 1 shows an optical system for use in a fluid suspended particle detector system in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The first exemplary embodiment of the system is particularly useful for detecting air or water-dispersing bioterrorism warfare agents spread by terrorists or others, but also as an urban facility to detect possible presence in nature such as mold or Bacteria or such as food and manufacturing plants His industrial facilities are accidentally, inadvertently, naturally or deliberately release other airborne or waterborne particles of harmful concentrations, and for use in indoor cleaning.

The term "fluid borne particles" as used herein means particles that are transmitted via air and water.

The term "pathogen" as used herein refers to any particle, biological agent or toxin via air or water medium that, if present in sufficient amounts in air or water, may cause potential harm or even death to humans. Herein, "biological agent" is defined as any microorganism, pathogen or infectious substance, toxin, biotoxin, or any natural, bioengineering produced by any such microorganism, pathogen or infectious substance regardless of source or method of manufacture. Or synthetic ingredients. Such biological agents include, for example, biotoxins, bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, spores, fungi, and protozoa, as well as any other pathogen known in the art.

"Biotoxin" is a toxic substance produced or derived from living plants, animals or microorganisms, but can also be manufactured or modified by chemical methods. However, toxins are usually naturally produced by host organisms (i.e., vortexin is produced by seaweed), but genetically engineered and/or synthetically produced toxins have been produced in the laboratory environment. Compared to microorganisms, toxins have relatively simple biochemical compositions and are unable to self-reproduce. In many ways, a biotoxin can be considered a chemical agent. Such biotoxins are, for example, botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin, streptococcal endotoxin B, carboxytoxin, ricin, saxitoxin, Shiga and Shiga toxin, dendritic toxin ( Dendrotoxins), endocyclic toxin-b (erabutoxin-b) and other known toxins.

The detection system is designed to detect air or water-borne particles and to produce an output value that displays, for example, the number of particles in various particle size ranges within the sample, and whether the particles are biological or abiotic particles. The system may also issue a warning signal or other reaction when the particle exceeds a normal background by a predetermined value and/or is a biological organism or biological agent that may cause harm.

Figure 1 is an optical system 210 for a water suspended particle detection system in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1, the optical system 210 includes an excitation source 212 for providing an electromagnetic radiation beam 214 having a source wavelength. In one embodiment, the first wavelength selective device 216 includes a dichroic beamsplitter that is illuminated by the beam of electromagnetic radiation 214. The first wavelength selective device 216 is configured to transmit at least a portion of any radiation having the wavelength of the source and to reflect radiation of other wavelengths. The first wavelength selective device 216 can reflect spurious spectral emissions from the excitation source 212. A portion of the electromagnetic radiation beam 214 can be reflected by the first wavelength selective device 216 toward a power monitoring detector 250. The power monitor detector 250 can be coupled to the excitation source 212 and, as needed, as part of a feedback loop that maintains a constant output power of the excitation source 212. The electromagnetic radiation beam 214 that is reflected by the first wavelength selective device 216 toward the power monitoring detector 250 can be concentrated (focused) by the power monitoring lens 256.

The medium 218 containing the particles 220 is placed in a position that can be illuminated by the electromagnetic radiation beam 214. At least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation beam 214 becomes scattered electromagnetic radiation within the medium 218. The scattered electromagnetic radiation includes forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 222 and backscattered electromagnetic radiation 224. The first optical detector 226 is placed in contact The position of the backscattered electromagnetic radiation 224 is received. The backscattered electromagnetic radiation 224 can be reflected to the first optical detector 226 by the first wavelength selective device 216. Bandpass filter 252 may be utilized between first wavelength selective device 216 and optical detector 226 to reduce any backscattered light from electromagnetic radiation beam 214 and/or to select a particular portion of the spectrum to be measured. A focusing lens 254 can be utilized between the first wavelength selective device 216 and the optical detector 226 to focus the backscattered electromagnetic radiation 224 toward the optical detector 226.

As shown in FIG. 1, the forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 222 can be directed to the first beam blocking lens 260. The first beam blocking lens 260 is designed to reflect non-scattering elements in the electromagnetic radiation beam 214 to avoid glare on the optical detector. The first beam blocking lens 260 has a material, such as ethylene, attached to the front surface for reflecting non-scattering elements of the electromagnetic radiation beam 214. Other considerations for the first beam blocking lens 260 are described in the patent application Serial No. 11/193,204, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The forward scattered electromagnetic radiation can then be directed to a first optical element 262, which is a low pass filter or a wavelength selective element like in the third exemplary embodiment. The first optical element 262 allows at least a portion of the forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 222 to pass through and reflect a portion of the forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 222. More specifically, the first optical element 262 can reflect the portion of the fluorescent signal of the forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 222 while allowing the remaining forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 222 to pass. The second beam blocking lens 264 can focus the passing portion of the forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 222 toward the particle detector 266. The particle detector 266 can be, for example, a photodiode for measuring the size of the particles 220.

a reflective fluorescent signal portion that can direct the forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 222 After being returned through the medium 218, it is reflected by the first wavelength selective device 216 toward the optical detector 226. A focusing lens 254 can be used between the first wavelength selective device 216 and the optical detector 226 to focus the portion of the reflected fluorescent signal toward the forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 222 of the optical detector 226.

2 is a block diagram of a particle detecting system according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention, which incorporates the optical system 210 of FIG. The optical system 210 includes an excitation source 212 that directs the beam of electromagnetic radiation 214 into the first wavelength selective device 216. The electromagnetic radiation beam 214 enters the medium 218 through the first wavelength selective device 216, and a portion of the electromagnetic radiation beam 214 is backscattered to the first optical detector 226, and another portion of the electromagnetic radiation beam 214 is forward scattered toward the source. The particle detector 266.

Two signal dividers 230A, 230B divide the outputs of the first optical detector 226 and the particle detector 266 by the output of the power monitor detector 250, respectively. Two amplifiers 232A, 232B are coupled to the output of the signal dividers 230A, 230B. A type of analog to digital converter 234 is coupled to amplifiers 232A, 232B. A window comparator circuit 236 is coupled to the analog to digital converter 234. A control and output display unit 238 is coupled to the output of the window comparison circuit 236. A low signal detection circuit 240 is coupled to the output of the excitation source 212, which provides the power intensity of the beam of electromagnetic radiation 214. The output of the low signal detection circuit 240 is also coupled to the control output display 238. An alarm device 242 is also coupled to the control output display 238. The control output display 238 can be a computer or custom software/hardware to control the operation of the particle detector.

Figure 3 is an optical system for a water suspended particle detecting system according to a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 3, the optical system 310 includes an excitation source 312 to provide an electromagnetic radiation beam 314 having a source wavelength. A first wavelength selective device 316, such as a dichroic beam splitter, is placed at a position that can be illuminated by the electromagnetic radiation beam 314. The first wavelength selective device 316 is configured to transmit at least a portion of any of the radiation having a source wavelength and to reflect other wavelengths of radiation. The first wavelength selection device 316 can reflect possible aliasing waves from the excitation source 312. A portion of the electromagnetic radiation beam 314 can be reflected by the first wavelength selective device 316 toward the power monitoring detector 350. The power monitor detector 350 can be coupled to the excitation source 312 and, as needed, as part of a feedback loop that maintains a constant output power of the excitation source 312. The electromagnetic radiation beam 314 that is reflected by the first wavelength selective device 316 toward the power monitoring detector 350 can be focused by the power monitoring lens 356.

The medium 318 containing the particles 320 is placed in a position that can be illuminated by the electromagnetic radiation beam 314. At least a portion of the electromagnetic radiation beam 314 can be the scattered electromagnetic radiation within the medium 318. The scattered electromagnetic radiation includes forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 322 and back scattered electromagnetic radiation 324. The first optical detector 326 is configured to receive backscattered electromagnetic radiation 324. The backscattered electromagnetic radiation 324 can be reflected to the optical detector 326 by the first wavelength selective device 316. Bandpass filter 352 may be utilized between first wavelength selective device 316 and optical detector 326 to reduce any backscattered light from electromagnetic radiation beam 314 and/or to select a particular portion of the spectrum to be measured. A focusing lens 354 can be utilized between the first wavelength selective device 316 and the optical detector 326 to focus the backscattered electromagnetic radiation 324 toward the optical detector 326.

As shown in FIG. 3, the forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 322 can be directed to illuminate the first beam blocking lens 360. The first beam blocking lens 360 is designed to reflect non-scattering elements of the electromagnetic radiation beam 314 while avoiding glare on the optical detector. The forward scattered electromagnetic radiation can then be directed to an optical element 370, which is the second wavelength selective device 316 in the fourth exemplary embodiment. The first optical element 370 allows passage of at least a portion of the forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 322 and reflects a portion of the forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 322. More specifically, the first optical element 370 can reflect the portion of the fluorescent signal of the forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 322 while allowing the remaining forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 322 to pass. The second beam blocking lens 364 can focus the passing portion of the forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 322 toward the particle detector 366. The particle detector 366 can be, for example, a photodiode for determining the size of the particle 320.

The portion of the reflected fluorescent signal that can direct the forward scattered electromagnetic radiation 322 is directed toward the second optical detector 376. A second band pass filter 372 can be used between the first optical element 370 and the second optical detector 376 to reduce any backscattered light from the electromagnetic radiation beam 314 and/or to select a spectrum to be measured. a specific part. A focusing lens 374 can be utilized between the first optical element 370 and the second optical detector 376 to focus the portion of the reflected fluorescent signal that scatters the electromagnetic radiation 322 toward the second optical detector 376. The second optical detector 376 can be, for example, a photomultiplier tube (PMT) optical detector.

4 is a block diagram of a particle detection system 301 in accordance with a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention, which incorporates optical system 310 of FIG. The optical system 310 includes an excitation source 312 that directs a beam of electromagnetic radiation 314 into the first wavelength selective device 316. The electromagnetic radiation beam 314 passes through the first wavelength selection device 316 enters the medium 318 and a portion of the electromagnetic radiation beam 314 is backscattered to the first optical detector 326 and another portion of the electromagnetic radiation beam 314 is forward scatter toward the particle detector 366.

The three signal dividers 330A, 330B, 330C divide the outputs of the first optical detector 326, the particle detector 366, and the second optical detector 376 by the output of the power monitor detector 350, respectively. Three amplifiers 332A, 332B, 332C are coupled to the outputs of the signal dividers 330A, 330B, 330C. A type of analog to digital converter 334 is coupled to amplifiers 332A, 332B, 332C. A window comparison circuit 336 is coupled to the analog to digital converter 334. A control output display 338 is coupled to the output of the window comparison circuit 336. A low signal detection circuit 340 is coupled to the output of the excitation source 312, which provides the power level of the beam of electromagnetic radiation 314. The output of the low signal detection circuit 340 is also coupled to the control output display 338. An alarm device 342 is also coupled to the control output display 338. The control output display 338 can be a computer or a customized software/hardware for controlling the operation of the particle detector.

The system design is based on the Mie scattering principle of particle size equivalent to the wavelength of light. In the Mie scattering state, the angular distribution and intensity of the scattered light are closely related to the size and shape of the particles. The scattering is characterized by the following characteristics: 1) the scattered light is focused in the forward and backward directions; 2) the angular distribution of the scattered light intensity is extremely sensitive to the size of the scattering particles; and 3) the scattering cross section of the particle It is proportional to the size of the particles in a monotonous but complex way. Using visible light, such as a visible laser dipole light output beam having a wavelength of 0.67 microns, the Mie scattering method is suitable for detecting and characterizing suspended particles in the micron range. Figure 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the Mie scattering cross section and the particle radius.

According to a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the optical system 310 of the detection system 301 is removed using a first beam blocking lens 360 placed on the light path through the sample using the principle that the scattering angle is proportional to the particle size. Scattered light outside the preset range. Since the scattering cross section of the particle is proportional to the particle size in a monotonous but complex manner as depicted and depicted in Figure 5, the particle detector 366 is designed to resolve the difference in measured pulse height by Detect the distribution of particle size within the sample. Therefore, the height of the electrical pulse output from the particle detector 366 depends on the size of the particle.

As shown in FIG. 4, the output of the particle detector 366 is coupled to an input of the second signal divider 330B, and the output of the power monitor detector 350 (which is equivalent to the excitation source 312) is coupled to The other input of the second signal divider 330B, and the ratio of the signals output from the second signal divider 330B. Figure 6 is a block diagram of a pulse height measuring circuit composed of an analog-to-digital converter 334, a window comparing circuit 336, and a control output display 338 in the second exemplary embodiment of the present invention, and Figure 7 is a more detailed description of the analogous digits. A sketch of converter 334. The output of the particle detector 366 can be a pulse signal, such as the signal 60 in a series of analog pulse signals depicted in FIG. 6, each pulse representing the scattered light of a particle in the medium 318, and the height of the pulse It is proportional to the size of the particles. In order to remove the DC background, individual input pulses from the particle detector 366 pass through a high pass filter 62 and then through a buffer 64 to the peak detector 65, which will measure the input pulse. height. The output of peak detector 65 will be a series of pulse count signals with pulse height data. An embodiment of the analog to digital converter 334 and the peak detection circuit is illustrated in detail in FIG. Figure 7A shows the pulse output values for each point in the circuit. The "PEAK OUT" output signal in Fig. 7A is sent to the window comparison circuit 336 for classification. The other pulses depicted in Figure 7A are time and enable signals to inform the window comparison circuit 336 to retrieve and store the data.

The window comparison circuit 336 has a series of window comparators 66 (labeled 1 to 10 in the embodiment of FIG. 6) for detecting pulses within a predetermined voltage range (window voltage). Each window comparator 66 transmits a signal to its associated digital counter 68 only when the input pulse height falls within its window voltage range (e.g., comparator #5 is 5 to 7.5 millivolts). The output of the associated digital counter 68 (block) is coupled to a display panel 70 which will display the number of particles of each particle size. Accordingly, the control output display 338 can include a bar graph that is illuminated by an array of light emitting diodes (LEDs) that are sequentially illuminated according to input values from respective counters of respective particle sizes to produce A histogram of the particle size distribution. The different particle sizes in the bar graph can have different colors. The output value can also be connected to a stylized computer to display a histogram of the particle size distribution on its screen.

The window comparison circuit 336 has a plurality of window comparators 66 and a digital counter 68 to calculate pulses corresponding to the particle size within the target range. In Figure 6, 10 such blocks are shown. However, 14 pieces can be provided at intervals of 0.5 μm between the particle sizes of 1 to 7 μm. Fewer or more comparators and counters may be provided if a smaller or larger particle size range is desired, such as a narrower range of pathogen sizes between 1 and 5 microns. Fig. 8 is a view showing an embodiment of a histogram of particle size distribution. Although it shows a distribution range from 1 to 19 microns, it should be understood that the programmable control output display 338 can display 1 to 7 microns. A histogram of particle size distribution over a narrower range or any desired range. The output of the control output display 338 can also be coupled to a visual and/or audible alarm device 342, such as a warning light and buzzer at the front end of the housing.

Any suitable software can be used to generate the output display histogram, such as the LabView software supplied by National Instruments, Austin, Texas. The software can also be used to generate an output of the activation alarm 342 if the counted amount within the particle size range of a pathogen or biological agent exceeds a predetermined concentration of the normal environment. This will help reduce or even eliminate the risk of false positives. The computer's output can also be used to trigger a more sophisticated biologic detection device, such as an anthrax detector using PCR technology. This combined detection method will be cost effective and further reduce the risk of false positives.

In a modified configuration of the present invention, since the processing procedure for processing such substances is known, and it is known that the instrument used in the processing program has a unique identification size distribution pattern, the size of the suspended particles can be The histogram of the distribution is compared to the profile of known weaponized biological agents. Thus, the detection system of the present invention can provide forensic information from manufacturers of biologics from potentially available sources.

As noted above, biological agents most likely to be used in terrorist attacks range in size from 1 to 7 microns. Table 1 below shows the characteristics of the bioterrorist agent types documented by the Centers for Disease Control:

Fluid suspension particles naturally present in ambient air having a size of between about 1 and 7 microns are extremely small and have a constant concentration. The peaks of the smoke intrusion particle size of the metropolitan area and the sudden occurrence of local dust sources are 0.3 micrometers and 5 micrometers, respectively. During the flower season, pollen and other allergens may also be present in the air, and the size of the allergen particles is between about 5 and 50 microns. Therefore, only a few of these natural suspended particles fall within the particle size range of the biochemical warfare agent (1 to 7 microns). Further, although the mold has a particle diameter of about 1 to 5 μm, the number of mold particles in any specific region does not usually change abruptly. Therefore, the detection system 301 according to the fourth exemplary embodiment is designed to detect the particle size within the specific size range and to generate an output representing the particle size detection range at intervals of 0.5 micrometers. The sudden and regional increase in the number of suspended particles with any particle size between 1 and 7 microns is most likely to deliberately release aggressive biological warfare agents or pathogens. The system can be configured to detect and store the natural background concentration of the particles within the desired particle size range and then use the background concentration as the comparative concentration of the subsequent output histogram to initiate the detection of a sudden increase in particle size. Alarm. The particle size distribution histogram of Fig. 8 shows a possible dangerous state in which the number of particles detected in the range of 1 to 7 micron particle size has far exceeded the normal value.

Although the particle detection system described above cannot distinguish specific particles, it is suspended in this target range in a normal urban air environment. Granules are usually relatively sparse, so they can be used as a sensitive and cost-effective method to warn of suspended biological warfare agents. Particles falling within this range may invade the human lungs and cause possible injury or even death of the inhaler. The alarm device 342 can promptly evacuate the nearby population to reduce the risk of exposure to the poison.

The detection system 301 can also be used to detect the danger of harmful dust in the factory. For example, the harmful asbestos fibers are about 5 microns in size, which typically have a length of about 5 microns or more and a diameter of about 1-2 microns. Damage can also be caused if whisk dust between 1-5 microns is inhaled into the lungs. The detection system 301 can be placed in a building containing asbestos or when a construction worker is working in such a building to generate a warning signal when an abnormal peak in the range of 1 to 5 microns is detected, which represents air There is a dangerous amount of asbestos fibers. Likewise, the detection system 301 can be placed in the vicinity of a worker making a defective part to generate a warning signal when the number of particles between 1 and 5 microns suddenly increases, indicating that the dust may have reached a dangerous concentration. The detection system 301 can not distinguish the asbestos or dust in the same particle size range under normal conditions, but when working in the asbestos or sputum environment, if the particles in the particle size range suddenly increase, it may be dangerous to listen. The indication of the status immediately evacuates the area for further testing.

Similarly, the detection system 301 can also be used in aseptic manufacturing facilities, such as food or pharmaceutical manufacturing plants, to continuously monitor the spillage of microorganisms, and emergency remedial measures can be taken at the first time. Similarly, the detection system 301 has been used as a continuous monitoring system to alert the plant manager of historical data and trend information regarding microbiological detection based on the requirements of the clean room.

In the detection system 301 described above, a two-stage detection and discrimination process is employed, the system having the optical system 310 first removing scattered light that falls outside the predetermined angular range including the target particle size range. Next, the detected output pulse is identified based on the pulse height, the number of pulses at each height is calculated and converted to a particle size of, for example, 0.2 microns, and the result is displayed as a histogram and generated at appropriate intervals. A new histogram to illustrate the change in particle distribution. However, in addition to being displayed in a histogram of particle size distribution, the optical portion of the detection system 301 can be configured to direct only portions of the scattered light signal corresponding to a particle size range of 1 to 7 microns to the detector 14, and The remainder of the detection system 301 is configured to issue a warning signal when the output of the detection system 301 exceeds a predetermined threshold. This will provide a less accurate output and will not be able to determine particle size identification within the detection size range, but if it is within the size range of known suspended pathogens, allergens or other harmful particles such as whisk or asbestos A relatively accurate increase in the number of particles can still produce a relatively accurate alarm. The optical system 301 of FIG. 3 need only be modified to provide a larger central blocking zone to block scattered light of particles larger than about 7 microns in size, and the output circuit is modified to be available in the particle detector 366. The output provides a threshold discriminator to provide an output signal from the discriminator to activate an alarm when the detected signal is above a selected threshold.

The pathogen detector of the present invention can be used in a variety of applications. For example, the pathogen detector can be implemented as a battery powered portable, handheld detector for field personnel. In this case, the housing can accommodate optical devices and circuitry for calculating particles by size range, as well as displays having current particle counts for each particle size, such as an LED display. It can also contain a transmitter to transmit Send wireless signals to a base station. It may also include an audible alarm and a warning light to indicate that the laser power is insufficient. Stand-alone, desktop instruments for use in buildings such as buildings are also available. This stand-alone, desktop instrument is similar to the one used in the field, but it is powered by an AC/DC converter using a standard power outlet on the wall. In the latter case, the detector provides protection against letters or parcels contaminated with biological warfare agents on the table.

The detector can also be part of a multi-purpose building security system that includes multiple detectors placed in different rooms and connected to a central monitoring computer or console. The console can be programmed to monitor the number of particles in each room, and to analyze the source of abnormal growth of any pathogen-sized particles, as well as to predict the likely pattern of distribution of pathogen particles within the building. The detector can be connected using a physical line or have a radio transmitter to transmit data to a central console to analyze the source of any increase in biological warfare agent particles and the possible diffusion patterns of any biological warfare agent soot.

The fluid suspended particle detector disclosed herein can also be used to monitor clean rooms to prevent possible contamination and/or material loss.

When the detection system 301 is used to a greater extent, the alarm device 342 is activated only when the following two conditions are met: (1) when a predetermined particle size range (about 1 to about 7 nm) is detected. When the number of aerosol particles suddenly increases; and (2) when a biological organism, a biological warfare agent, or an organic substance is detected using laser-induced fluorescence as described below.

The particle size sensor itself has the disadvantage of environmental particle false alarms. If the pathogen detection system 301 is a biological organism that combines the ability to determine the particle size of a biological or non-biobiotic particle using an ultraviolet-induced fluorescence sensor. These false positives can be further reduced when the biological warfare agent recognizes the detector. The detection system 301 of the present invention includes a first optical detector 326 and a second optical detector having a laser-induced fluorescence sensor to detect metabolites of biological organisms or biological agents such as biological warfare agents. 376. More specifically, the optical system 310 includes an excitation source 312 that is operable at a wavelength of from about 270 to about 410 nanometers, preferably from about 350 to about 410 nanometers. When the biologic contains three major metabolites: tryptophan, which typically emits fluorescence at about 270 nm (in the range of about 220 to about 300 nm); the nicotinamide adenine dinucleoside (NADH), which is usually Fluorescence is emitted at about 340 nm (from about 300 to about 400 nm); and riboflavin, which typically emits fluorescence at about 400 nm (from about 320 to about 420 nm) In the case, select about 270 to about 410 nm wavelength. However, the excitation source 312 preferably has a wavelength of from about 350 to about 410 nanometers. This wavelength ensures that two of the three major metabolites in the biologic, the biological agents NADH and riboflavin, can be excited, but do not excite other interfering substances such as diesel engine exhaust and other inert particles such as dust or talcum powder. Therefore, in the fourth embodiment, the selection wavelength range of the excitation light source 312 is capable of retaining the ability to excite the fluorescence of NADH and riboflavin (the above-described ability to excite tryptonic acid) while not exciting other interferents such as diesel exhaust gas. This step reduces false alarms caused by diesel exhaust (which can be excited by short UV wavelengths such as 266 nm).

Figure 9 shows the fluorescence spectra of the above four metabolites. Spectral analysis, especially the spectral analysis using different excitation wavelengths, can detect the composition of microorganisms and can be used to detect and classify microorganisms.

The outputs of the optical detectors 326, 376 are coupled to dividers 330A, 330C, respectively, and are coupled to control display 338 via amplifiers 330A, 330C and analog-to-digital converter 334 for connection to alarm device 342.

It is to be understood that the above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended to be illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the invention. Many different modifications of the embodiments of the invention described above are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. All such improvements and variations are within the scope of the disclosure and the scope of the invention, and are protected by the scope of the following claims.

210‧‧‧Optical system

212‧‧‧ excitation source

214‧‧‧Electromagnetic radiation beam

216‧‧‧First wavelength selection device

218‧‧‧Media

220‧‧‧ granules

222‧‧‧ forward scattered electromagnetic radiation

224‧‧‧ Backscattered electromagnetic radiation

226‧‧‧First optical detector

250‧‧‧Power Monitoring Detector

252‧‧‧Bandpass filter

254‧‧‧focus lens

256‧‧‧Power monitoring lens

260‧‧‧First beam blocking lens

262‧‧‧First optical component

264‧‧‧Second optical blocking lens

266‧‧‧Particle detector

Claims (32)

A particle detecting system comprising: a sampling area; a light source positioned on one side of the sampling area for transmitting a substantially collimated beam of light through the sampling area; a beam blocking device located in the sampling area On the opposite side, the beam blocking device has a non-transfer region for blocking at least a portion of the unscattered light that appears in the sampling region; a first optical detector, the light disposed behind the beam blocking device a path configured to receive and detect a portion of the forward scattered light that is scattered at different angles by the different particle sizes of the particles located in the sampling region, and to generate a quantity containing the number and particle size of the particles An output; a second optical detector disposed on the light source side of the sampling area, configured to receive and detect a portion of the backscattered light, and generate a fluorescent information containing the number of the particles and the particles And a first wavelength selecting device disposed between the light source and the sampling region, wherein a backscattered light system emerging from the sampling region is further selected by the first wavelength The guide is set so as to be received by the second optical detector. The system of claim 1, further comprising an alarm for providing an alarm signal when the number of detected particles in the predetermined particle size range exceeds a preset normal value within the predetermined particle size range . The system of claim 1, wherein the light source emits light having a wavelength of from about 270 nanometers to about 410 nanometers. The system of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises a laser diode or a light emitting diode (LED). The system of claim 4, further comprising a collimating mirror optically disposed between the light source and the first wavelength selective device. The system of claim 1, further comprising a pulse height discriminator associated with the first detector, a processor coupled to the output of the pulse height discriminator for The particle size distribution is processed according to the height of each pulse wave at a specified time to produce a histogram of the aerosol particle size distribution, and the histogram is displayed on an output device. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a first optical component disposed behind the beam blocking device and in front of the first detector to be illuminated by at least a portion of the forward scattered light, wherein The first optical element transmits only a specific wave of the portion of the forward scattered light to the first detector; wherein the first optical element further directs a portion of the forward scattered light to the second optical detector, The second optical detector is configured to receive and detect a portion of the forward scattered light guided by the first optical component; and a filter disposed in front of the second detector; The second detector thus detects a fluorescent portion of the forward scattered light and produces an output containing fluorescent information from the particles. The system of claim 7, further comprising a first lens configured to be illuminated by the beam, wherein the first lens further comprises a collimating mirror. The system of claim 7, further comprising a power monitoring detection lens configured to receive and transmit radiation guided by the first wavelength selective device, and a power monitoring detector, the power monitoring detector And configured to receive radiation from the power monitoring detection lens, wherein the power monitoring detector is in contact with the light source. The system of claim 7, further comprising a third detector, wherein the third detector is disposed behind the sampling area, and wherein the first optical component is configured to guide at least a portion of the front Scattering light to the third detector. The system of claim 7, wherein the source wavelength is between about 350 and 410 nanometers and the first filter transmits about less than 400 nanometers of light. The system of claim 7, further comprising a second beam blocking lens optically disposed between the first optical component and the first detector, wherein the second The beam blocking lens transmits the scattered light as well as absorbs the non-scattered light. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one filter optically disposed between the sampling area and the first detector, wherein the filter transmits the sampling This portion of the region forwards the scattered light and reflects the portion of the scattered light from the sampling region. The system of claim 4, further comprising a plurality of optical lenses for shaping light from the source to be near collimated light. The system of claim 1 wherein the source comprises a plurality of optical lenses for shaping the light and/or removing noise from the beam. The system of claim 1 wherein the sampling zone comprises an air sample. The system of claim 1 wherein the sampling zone comprises a sample of water. The system of claim 1 wherein the first wavelength selective device comprises a dichroic beam splitter. The system of claim 10, wherein the first optical component comprises a dichroic beam splitter. The system of claim 10, wherein the first optical component is a low pass filter. A method of detecting pathogens and particles, the method comprising the steps of: emitting a beam; transmitting at least a portion of the beam through a first wavelength selective device; and irradiating a portion of the beam with a particle-containing sampling region, wherein the particles Converging the light forward and backward; receiving at least a portion of the forward scattered light by a first optical detector, thereby measuring a particle size of the particle based on the forward scattered light; and a second optical detector At least a portion of the backscattered light is received, thereby detecting fluorescence from particles that scatter the light in a backward direction, and determining whether the particles are biological or abiotic based on the fluorescence. The method of claim 21, further comprising directing a portion of the forward scattered light toward the third optical detector with the first optical element, wherein the first optical component is a second wavelength selective device. The method of claim 21, further comprising focusing the portion of the forward scattered light that is transmitted through the first optical element toward the first optical detector with a third lens, wherein the third lens absorbs non-scattering Light. The method of claim 21, further comprising focusing the portion of the backscattered light directed toward the second optical detector by the first wavelength selective device with a fourth lens focus. The method of claim 21, further comprising filtering, by a filter, the portion of the backscattered light directed by the first wavelength selective device toward the second optical detector. The method of claim 21, wherein the wavelength selective means is adapted to separate the fluorescent signal and the light scattering signal emitted from the respective individual particles. The method of claim 26, wherein the system collects the fluorescence intensity and particle size information of one of the particles to determine whether the particle is biological or abiotic. A particle detection system includes: a sampling area; a light source located on one side of the sampling area for transmitting a substantially collimated beam of light through the sampling area, thereby being located in the sampling area Particles of different particle sizes scatter a plurality of portions of the beam at different angles, and one of the beams is unscattered to remain unscattered; a beam blocking device is located on an opposite side of the sampling region for the beam blocking device Blocking at least a portion of the unscattered portion of the beam and limiting a range of measured particles; a first optical detector disposed in the optical path behind the beam blocking device configured to detect a portion of the forward direction Scattering light, and generating one containing An output of information on the number of forward scatter particles in a predetermined particle size range in the light path; a second optical detector disposed on the light source side of the sampling area configured to detect a portion of the backscattered light, And generating an output containing information on the fluorescence and number of the backscattered particles in a predetermined range of particle sizes; and a first optical element for transmitting only a portion of the portion of the forward scattered light The band faces the first optical detector, wherein the remaining bands are reflected by the filter and along a light path toward the second optical detector. The system of claim 28, wherein the light source emits light having a wavelength in the range of from about 270 nanometers to about 410 nanometers. The system of claim 28, wherein the light source comprises a laser diode or a light emitting diode (LED). The system of claim 28, wherein the sampling zone comprises an air flow zone. The system of claim 28, wherein the sampling zone comprises a water flow zone.