TW201403846A - Multi-functional photovoltaic skylight and/or methods of making the same - Google Patents

Abstract

Certain examples relate to improved solar photovoltaic systems, and/or methods of making the same. Certain improved building-integrated photovoltaic systems may include concentrated photovoltaic skylights having a cylindrical lens array. The skylight may include an insulated glass unit, which may improve the solar heat gain coefficient. The photovoltaic skylight and lens arrays may be used in combination with strip solar cells and lateral displacement tracking systems. Such techniques may advantageously help to reduce cost per watt related, in part, to the potentially reduced amount of semiconductor material to be used for such example embodiments. A photovoltaic skylight may permit diffuse daylight to pass through into an interior of a building so as to provide lighting inside the building, while the strip solar cells absorb the direct sunlight and convert it to electricity.

Description

Multifunctional photovoltaic skylight and/or manufacturing method thereof

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/662,624, filed on Apr. 26, 2010, entitled "Patterned Glass Cylindrical Lens Arrays for Concentrated Photovoltaic Systems, and/or Methods of Making the Same."

Certain exemplary embodiments of the invention relate to improved solar photovoltaic systems, and/or methods of making the same. More particularly, certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention are directed to a building integrated photovoltaic system incorporating a concentrating photovoltaic sunroof comprising a lenticular lens array, and/or a method of making the same. In certain exemplary embodiments, the photovoltaic sunroof and the array of lenses can be used in conjunction with a strip solar cell and a lateral displacement tracking system. Such techniques may advantageously assist in reducing the cost per watt associated with the potential reduction in semiconductor materials to be used in the exemplary embodiments. In addition, the photovoltaic skylight allows diffused sunlight to pass through it into the interior of the building to provide illumination within the building, while the strip solar cells absorb direct sunlight and convert it into electricity. In addition, the photovoltaic sunroof provides variable solar thermal gain control.

Photovoltaic devices are known in the art (for example, refer to the US U.S. Patent Nos. 6,784,361, 6, 288, 325, 6, 613, 603, and 6,123, 824, the disclosures of each of Some conventional mainstream photovoltaic modules use a large number of crystalline germanium (c-Si) wafers. The large number of c-Si wafers tends to dominate the cost of the overall photovoltaic module. In fact, about 60% of the cost involved in producing conventional photovoltaic modules is related to c-Si solar cells. In order to cope with this problem, a concentrated photovoltaic photovoltaic (CPV) system has been proposed in which sunlight is collected by a concentration ratio of 100x to 1000x. The calculation suggests that a concentrating ratio of about 10x should allow the photovoltaic system to be produced to use at least 90% of the less ruthenium material.

Unfortunately, current concentrating photovoltaic systems use expensive high efficiency multi-function solar cells, expensive dual-axis tracking systems, and/or relatively expensive concentrating components. Therefore, based on the cost per watt, these systems are difficult to compete with other PV solutions.

Thus, it will be appreciated that the art does not require a simple low cost CPV system, as well as low cost solar cells and low cost concentrating components, and/or methods of making same.

One aspect of certain exemplary embodiments relates to an embossed glass cylindrical lens array, and/or a method of making the same.

Another aspect of certain exemplary embodiments relates to the use of the lenticular lens array for concentrating on a substantially elongated or strip of solar cell.

Another aspect of certain exemplary embodiments relates to a lateral displacement tracking system, and/or methods of making the same and/or methods of use thereof.

Other aspects of certain exemplary embodiments relate to building integrated photovoltaic systems that can include insulating glass units including lenticular lens arrays and strip solar cells. In some embodiments, the photovoltaic system can be integrated into a building as an insulating glass skylight.

According to certain exemplary embodiments, lateral tracking of a solar cell strip substrate relative to a lenticular array condensed thereon advantageously results in cost-effective power generation, self-regulating solar thermal gain control, and flooding. A light-emitting input is provided to provide a versatile BIPV product. The concentration ratio is preferably at least 2:1, more preferably at least about 3:1, but a high concentration ratio is possible. In some cases, a heat sink can be provided to keep the assembly cool, for example, when providing a high concentration ratio.

According to certain exemplary embodiments, the lens array is completely motionless, but the PV array glass is moved laterally to focus direct sunlight on the solar cell strips.

In certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a method of making a lens array for a solar photovoltaic module is provided. The glass is made by a float process or other methods. The glass is patterned with a plurality of rollers disposed on a production line (e.g., possibly along a float glass) to form a plurality of first lenses oriented along a common axis. When viewed in side cross-section, the rollers are each contoured such that the first lenses are each patterned to have at least one convex major surface.

In certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a method of making a solar photovoltaic module is provided. Providing a lens array consisting of a plurality of lenses oriented along a common axis, wherein the lenses are patterned with a roller (eg, For example, possibly along the float glass), and wherein when viewed in side cross-section, the lenses each have at least one convex major surface. A plurality of elongated c-Si containing solar cells are provided. The array of lenses, for each of the solar cells being oriented into the lenses, can substantially uniformly converge the light incident thereon on the elongate solar cells. In some exemplary embodiments, a solar photovoltaic module is fabricated in this manner, and the photovoltaic module can be operated by connecting it to a single axis tracking system at a fixed tilt angle, wherein the single axis tracking system is movable Matches the movement of the sun from east to west. However, in certain exemplary embodiments, the PV array substrate and the lens array are spatially separable from each other, and the PV array is laterally moved such that the focus of daylight remains on the PV strip battery throughout the day.

In certain exemplary embodiments of the invention, a method of making a solar photovoltaic system is provided. At least one lens array comprising a plurality of lenses oriented along a common axis is provided, wherein the lenses are patterned with a roller, and wherein the lenses each have at least one convex major surface when viewed in a side cross-section. The at least one lens array can collectively one-dimensionally concentrate the light incident thereon on the elongate solar cells for a plurality of elongated c-Si-containing solar cells that are oriented into the lenses.

In certain exemplary embodiments of the invention, a photovoltaic system is provided. A plurality of elongated c-Si containing solar cells are provided. Providing an array of lenses consisting of a plurality of lenses oriented along a common axis, each of the lenses being assembled to substantially collect incident light onto the elongate solar cells in a substantially one-dimensional manner, the lenses each having 3x to 30x Concentration ratio.

In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, a construction is provided Building products. A plurality of elongated c-Si containing solar cells are supported by a cover glass substrate. The lens array includes a plurality of lenses oriented along a common axis, the lenses being each configured to substantially collect incident light onto the elongate solar cells in a substantially one-dimensional manner, and the lens array is substantially parallel to the cover glass substrate and Separated. The lenses each have a convex top surface and/or a bottom surface when viewed in side cross-section. The pattern of the lens array is formed from a single low iron glass substrate. In some exemplary embodiments, a frame may be constructed to maintain the lens array in a parallel spaced relationship with the cover glass substrate.

In some cases, some demonstrations of existing photovoltaic and building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems may be primarily focused on power generation. However, in certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the BIPV system is versatile because it provides not only cost effective power generation, but also other advantageous features such as neon input, variable solar control, thermal insulation, and/or Beautify the "skin" of the building.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the BIPV system can include a photovoltaic sunroof. In some cases, the photovoltaic sunroof may comprise an insulated glass unit (IGU).

In certain exemplary embodiments, a BIPV system (eg, a photovoltaic sunroof) may be mounted on a roof of a building and/or other suitable structure. In some exemplary embodiments, the photovoltaic sunroof can be mounted on the roof at a latitudinal angle of inclination and deliver diffused light into the interior of the building while converting direct sunlight into electricity with relatively high efficiency.

The features, aspects, advantages, and exemplary embodiments described herein may be combined to implement other specific embodiments.

1‧‧‧ lens array

1, 2‧‧‧ position

2, 4, 5‧‧‧ inner surface

3‧‧‧Lens array

3a-3d‧‧‧ lens

4‧‧‧Low emissivity coating

5‧‧‧Solar battery

5a-5d‧‧‧ strip solar cells

7, 7a-7d, 9, 9a-9d‧‧‧ upper and lower rollers

11‧‧‧Concentrating lens array module

12‧‧‧Interconnection

13a, 13b‧‧‧ first and second flat convex arrays

15‧‧‧Laminated materials

17a, 17b‧‧‧ pipe fittings

19‧‧‧ Cover glass substrate

21‧‧‧Mirror array

21a-21d‧‧‧ Groove or recess

40‧‧‧Sliding mechanism

50‧‧‧Air gap

60‧‧‧Second air gap

70‧‧‧ pocket

75‧‧‧Double glass window insulated glass photovoltaic skylight system

80‧‧‧AR coating

100‧‧‧First substrate

200‧‧‧second glass substrate

300‧‧‧ third substrate

1700‧‧‧Concentrated solar photovoltaic skylights

1702, 1704, 1706‧‧‧ first, second and third substrates

1708‧‧‧Front frame

1710‧‧‧Tram

1712‧‧‧ Main body

1714‧‧‧Servo motor rod

1716‧‧‧ Slider

1718‧‧‧Small track

A-A, B-B‧‧ section

A‧‧‧ point light source

B‧‧‧Digital camera

C‧‧‧Reference lenticular lens

CLA‧‧‧ embossed glass

D‧‧‧White matte screen

S101-S109‧‧‧Steps

The above and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the aspects of the appended claims appended claims

1 illustrates an exemplary linear focus concentrating photovoltaic system comprising a lenticular lens array made of embossed glass, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment; FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary upper and lower drum profile for use in an embossing line To obtain a lens array of certain exemplary embodiments; FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary size of a lens in a lens array according to an exemplary embodiment; and FIG. 4 illustrates a concentration ratio (CR) of various concentrating photovoltaic systems according to various embodiments. Approximate cost per watt graph; FIG. 5 schematically illustrates an exemplary single-axis tracking system including a concentrating lens array according to an exemplary embodiment; FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of two laminated layers according to an exemplary embodiment. Flat convex array; FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing a Fresnel lens array according to an exemplary embodiment; FIG. 8 illustrates a hybrid thermal solar panel system including a lens array and a plurality of strip solar cells according to an exemplary embodiment. FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary system including an embossed mirror array and a strip of solar cells in accordance with an exemplary embodiment; the flowchart of FIG. 10 is illustrated in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. An exemplary method of a photovoltaic system; FIG. 11 is a perspective view in accordance with certain illustrative embodiments comprising bars A photovoltaic sunroof of a solar cell that is capable of lateral movement according to the position of the sun; the exemplary cross-sectional view of FIG. 12 illustrates a dual glazing insulated glass photovoltaic sunroof system in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments; FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Exemplary embodiments of a triple glazing insulating glass photovoltaic sunroof system are illustrated; Figures 14(a) through 14(d) illustrate how measurements are taken from a reference lenticular lens (or several); (a) through to FIG. 15(c) illustrate an AR coating disposed on a lenticular array in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments; FIG. 16 illustrates certain exemplary photovoltaic sunroofs mounted at an latitude angle to face the equator; 17(a) through 17(e) are schematic illustrations of exemplary multi-functional BIPVs for concentrated solar photovoltaic sunroofs, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments.

Photovoltaic devices (eg, solar cells) convert solar radiation into useful electrical energy. Typically, the occurrence of energy conversion is the result of a photovoltaic effect. Solar radiation (eg, daylight) that is struck on the photovoltaic device and absorbed by the active region of the semiconductor material creates a hole-electron pair in the active region.

Certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to embossed glass that can be used as a lenticular lens array in a concentrating photovoltaic application system, and/or a method of fabricating the same. In certain exemplary embodiments, a lens array in combination with a strip solar cell and a lateral displacement tracking system can be used. That is, in certain exemplary embodiments, the lens in the lens array can be configured to The incident light can each be concentrated to individual strip solar cells, and the solar cell substrate is controlled with a lateral displacement tracking system programmed to follow the movement of the sun from east to west. Some exemplary embodiments may use low iron glass. Such techniques may advantageously assist in reducing the cost per watt associated with the potential to reduce the amount of semiconductor material to be used in such exemplary embodiments.

As mentioned above, certain exemplary embodiments relate to embossed glass lenticular lens arrays and/or methods of making same. In this regard, FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary linear focus concentrating photovoltaic system comprising a substantially lenticular lens array made of embossed glass, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. The large low iron glass plate is modified into the lens array 1 by periodically modifying its thickness (at regular time intervals). The lenses 3a to 3d in the lens array 1 substantially focus the daylight from the sun into one dimension, and have a condensing ratio of, for example, 3x to 30x. Solar radiation can be focused, for example, on c-Si solar cells, and with efficiencies as high as 20%. Such c-Si solar cells are available at reasonable cost in the market. Figure 1 illustrates a c-Si solar cell formed as strips 5a to 5d. Further details regarding the strip solar cells 5a to 5d are provided below. In any event, in various embodiments of the invention, a plurality of c-Si solar cells can be mounted on a transparent substrate. The lenses 3a to 3d in the lens array 1 are mounted in a substantially collinear manner along a common axis. In some exemplary embodiments, the lenses 3a through 3d may be formed from a piece of glass. In this case, since formed of a common glass substrate, the lenses 3a to 3d can be effectively connected to each other. Alternatively or additionally, in various exemplary embodiments of the invention, a plurality of lenses and/or lens arrays adjacent to each other may be provided.

The embossing line of the glass factory can be used A large area lenticular lens array of certain exemplary embodiments is produced. This can be done with one or more sets of upper and lower rollers of the exemplary profile of Figure 2. That is, Figure 2 schematically illustrates exemplary upper and lower drum profiles that may be used in an embossing line to obtain a lens array of certain exemplary embodiments. When viewed in cross section, the top and bottom of the individual upper and lower rollers 7a-7d and 9a-9d of the upper and lower roller arrays 7, 9 are concave. Thus, the roller of Figure 2 produces a lenticular lens array. Of course, it should be understood that a flat convex lens array can also be obtained when any of the upper and lower roller groups is a flat surface.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary size of a lens in a lens array in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. Each lens of the embodiment of Figure 3 has a pitch or width of between about 5 and 100 millimeters, a minimum thickness or height of about 2 to 4 millimeters, and a maximum thickness or height of about 4 to 8 millimeters. Depending on the spacing, for example, the focal length or the center of the adjacent individual lens is about 10 to 200 mm. Of course, it should be understood that the dimensions in Figure 3 are merely illustrative. Indeed, various embodiments of the invention may include lenses of different sizes, shapes, and/or focal lengths. For example, some exemplary embodiments may have a minimum thickness or height of about 2 mm, and certain exemplary embodiments may have a maximum thickness or height of about 8 mm. In some exemplary embodiments, a 1 square meter mode The set may contain from about 10 to 200 lenses. The embodiment of Figure 3 has a width of 25 mm, a minimum thickness of 3 mm, and a maximum thickness of 4 mm. These dimensions mean a height difference of 1 mm and 40 lenses per square meter module. In the exemplary embodiment, the focal length is 150 mm, and the distance from the lens to the solar cell can be placed at 135 mm to achieve a concentration ratio of approximately equal to 10. In some exemplary embodiments, placing a solar cell that is closer to the focus facilitates the accumulation of light over a larger area of the solar cell.

Certain exemplary embodiments of the invention may use any suitable transparent substrate. For example, certain exemplary embodiments may include a low iron glass substrate, for example, to help ensure that as much red and near infrared light as possible is delivered to the semiconductor absorber layer. For example, patent application No. 11/049,292, co-reviewed and co-assigned, No. 11/122,218; No. 11/373,490; No. 12/073,562; No. 12/292,346; No. 12/385,318; Exemplary low iron glass substrates are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/453, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

For example, certain exemplary embodiments may include high transmittance low iron glass. Additional details of the demonstration low-iron glass are provided below.

In addition, the low iron glass can be thermally strengthened. In certain exemplary embodiments, the strengthening may occur at the end of the production line, for example, in some exemplary embodiments, after the glass has been patterned.

Current CPV systems typically implement dual-axis tracking because they use two-dimensional focusing. In this regard, current CPV systems are often mounted on poles and individual unit systems are individually tracked. This configuration increases the cost of the system. In contrast, certain exemplary embodiments of implementing a lenticular lens array reduce (and sometimes completely eliminate) the need for dual axis tracking. This is because the lenticular lens arrays of certain exemplary embodiments are configured to linearly focus the daylight on the strip or along the strip, and are completely different from the smaller spots or spot locations. In fact, when the lenticular lenses of certain exemplary embodiments are oriented substantially vertically, a simple east-to-west single axis tracking can be easily and efficiently performed.

In Table 1, compare 20% efficiency systems, fixed latitude dip, single-axis tracking, and dual-axis tracking systems at demonstration locations (Phoenix, Arizona) Annual power generation. More specifically, solar cells are high efficiency, back contact solar cell strips available from Sunpower. The power generation from the fixed orientation system to the single-axis tracking system improved by 30.7%. This gain is very large. However, the improvement from the single-axis tracking system to the dual-axis tracking system increased by only 5.8%. This extra 5.8% energy gain is usually offset by the cost of the dual axis tracking system itself. Therefore, the two-axis tracking system does not currently see economics. In any event, certain exemplary embodiments implementing a linear focus system can achieve at least an efficiency gain associated with moving from a single-axis tracking system to a two-axis tracking system without actually having to suffer the cost associated with the dual-axis tracking system, as this Implementations of the class specific embodiments may use only a single axis tracking system.

It will be appreciated that a low cost single axis tracking system can be advantageously implemented because many modules can be oriented with a single actuator by interconnecting all of the modules by parallel beams. The lens array is oriented substantially vertically, so it generally has a self-cleaning effect because rainwater can flow into the grooves of the embossed glass to reduce the accumulation of dust. Of course, additional periodic cleaning can be performed as needed. The single-axis tracking system can also be as low as the ground because the mechanism used to move it is simpler than the mechanism used for the two-axis tracking system.

The solar cell of the exemplary system of Fig. 1 can be economically manufactured, for example, c-Si solar cells are cleaved into strips. For example, a larger (eg, 4 inch to 12 inch) wafer can be formed and then cleaved to make multiple strips. In the case of a 3x to 30x concentrating ratio, only 33% to 3.3% of bismuth is required compared to a non-concentrating c-Si module that may require more enthalpy.

As described above and as suggested by the term "strip" itself, the strip solar cells of certain exemplary embodiments may have a substantially elongated shape. For example, some exemplary strip solar cells can be 2 mm x 150 mm, although other sizes are possible. In any case, the strips of solar cells can be split along the crystal orientation. In certain exemplary embodiments, the strips of cells may be mounted on a second glass substrate or another substrate as desired. In this case, a second substrate serving as a heat sink can be fabricated to help the solar cell maintain a low operating temperature and high efficiency. In some exemplary embodiments, active cooling alternatives to heat sink technology may be used.

In connection with the implementation of an exemplary embodiment of a strip solar cell, low cost assembly techniques such as are known and commonly used in the flat panel display (FPD) industry can be used. For example, such techniques can be used immediately in connection with strip solar cells having a width of 2 to 20 millimeters, and such techniques can include, for example, wafer on glass (COG) fabrication. Next, COG fabrication techniques can incorporate interconnect wiring, such as patterned metal, copper tape, and/or the like disposed on the glass. Certain exemplary embodiments may incorporate solar cells with low or no shadowing interconnections. Unshielded interconnects are sometimes used, for example, for back contact solar cells (e.g., available from Sunpower).

Figure 4 is a concentrating ratio according to various concentrating photovoltaic systems (CR) plot of approximate cost per watt. The graph of Figure 4 is based on the following assumptions. For CRs greater than 100, expensive multi-junction GaAs cells require active cooling. For CRs greater than 100, two-dimensional concentrating and two-axis tracking are required. For CRs less than 100, one-dimensional (eg, columnar) concentrating and single-axis tracking is used. The cost per watt of solar cells includes the costs associated with packaging and interconnection, and the cost per watt of the concentrator includes the cost associated with alignment. The graph of Figure 4 makes it possible for efficiency to exceed 20%. As can be seen from the graph of Fig. 4, a concentrating ratio of about 10 to 30x is particularly desirable from the viewpoint of cost per watt.

It will be appreciated that there are many advantages associated with certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention. For example, 3x to 30x concentrating members can be easily and inexpensively made with embossed glass. Then, this also considers a 3x to 30x c-Si solar cell with a smaller area. In some exemplary implementations, when the lenticular lens array is vertically mounted at a latitudinal inclination, it can have a substantial self-cleaning effect due to Rainwater cleans the grooves of the vertically placed embossed glass lens array, so the cumulative amount of dust and/or other debris is reduced. Certain exemplary embodiments associated with strip solar cells also make it possible to use low cost and known reliable assembly techniques derived from the FPD industry (e.g., when they have a width of about 2 to 20 millimeters). Again, as noted above, in certain exemplary embodiments, the use of a low cost single axis tracking or lateral displacement system can advantageously improve power output compared to fixed orientation systems. In addition, many modules can be easily connected to the same single-axis tracking system. The use of such demonstration techniques in highly direct exposure areas (southwestern United States) may result in higher annual power generation.

Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of a concentrating light transmission according to an exemplary embodiment An exemplary single-axis tracking system for mirror arrays. The exemplary system of FIG. 5 includes a plurality of concentrating lens array modules 11. For example, each module 11 can be the same or similar to the configuration of FIG. That is, each module can include a lens array that collects light over a (eg, c-Si) strip of solar cells. The individual modules 11 can be connected to a common power source, for example, with interconnects 12. Modules 11 can also be controlled such that they move in a direction that matches the movement of the sun from east to west.

In certain exemplary embodiments, one or both sides of the lens array may be coated with an anti-reflective (AR) coating to increase transmission. In some exemplary embodiments, the wideband AR may be provided by any suitable technique. In certain exemplary embodiments, low index yttrium oxide having a refractive index of about 1.3 may be applied to one or both sides of the lens array by wet coating methods such as sol (eg, dipping, spraying, rolling, or other coating methods) (eg, , SiO ₂ or other suitable stoichiometric coating). This technique can result in an increase in lens array transmittance and/or module power, for example, from 3 to 6%, depending on the number of coatings and coating surfaces used.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the lens array can be thermally strengthened and/or thermally strengthened. Of course, thermal strengthening may make it difficult to achieve embossed glass with varying thicknesses. Thus, certain exemplary embodiments may use chemical strengthening and/or strengthening techniques.

Additionally or alternatively, the lens arrays may be laminated together, for example, as shown in Fig. 6, which is a schematic illustration of two plano-convex arrays laminated together in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. In Fig. 6, first and second plano-convex arrays 13a and 13b are provided. The first and second plano-convex arrays 13a and 13b are laminated together using any suitable build-up material 15. For example, PVB, EVA or the like can be used to laminate the first and second plano-convex arrays 13a and 13b in one Start. In some exemplary embodiments, individual arrays 13 may be reinforced or strengthened individually (thermally, chemically, or otherwise) because the thickness variations are less severe and thus easier to process than lenticular lens arrays. In some exemplary embodiments, the laminate 15 itself helps to strengthen the entire array.

Figure 7 is a schematic representation of a Fresnel type lens array in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. Fresnel lenses are known to have a large aperture and a short focal length, without the material weight and build-up required for conventional lens designs. In addition, Fresnel lenses tend to be thinner, allowing more light to pass through them. A relatively small thickness variation makes it possible to reinforce the Fresnel lens. Although the exemplary lens of Figure 7 has a morphology on both major axes, it should be understood that one side of the lens may be planar or substantially planar and the other side may be in a form. In certain exemplary embodiments, a lens having a planar side and a Fresnel side may be laminated together, for example, using the techniques and/or materials described above.

Figure 8 illustrates a hybrid thermal solar panel system including a lens array and a strip of solar cells, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. The exemplary system of Fig. 8 is similar to the exemplary system of Fig. 1 in that it includes a lens array having a plurality of lenses 3a-3d, and a plurality of strip solar cells 5a to 5b. Light from the sun is focused on the strip solar cells 5a to 5b to generate electricity. The exemplary hybrid system of Figure 5 also includes water or another suitable flow of tubes 17a and 17b through which it can flow. The cold water is fed into the tubes 17a and 17b adjacent to the strip-shaped solar cells 5a to 5b, continuing in the path (in the exemplary embodiment of Fig. 8, in a substantially U-shape), and away from the strip-shaped solar cells. The advantage of providing cold water in close proximity to strip solar cells is that the efficiency of c-Si can be improved. In this regard, the efficiency of conventional c-Si solar cells will drop significantly at higher temperatures (for example, 60 degrees C) and at lower temperatures. The temperature (for example, 25 degrees C) will improve. Therefore, providing cold water in close proximity to the strip solar cells can improve the operational efficiency of the system.

Although the presence of cooling water can increase the efficiency of individual strip solar cells, a smaller total number of solar cells may reduce overall solar cell efficiency, for example, because solar cells are not installed in the return path of the hot output water. Nonetheless, overall efficiency can be improved by the cooling water acting on the strip solar cell and the entire path (including the return path without the solar cell) to further heat the water via the lens array. Of course, the hot water can be used because it can additionally be used in a thermal solar power application. As explained in detail below, the lens array and/or the tubular member can be relatively moved, for example, to match the movement of the sun from east to west. This is advantageous, for example, in building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications.

Additionally or alternatively, focusing can be performed with an array of embossed mirrors. Figure 9 illustrates an exemplary system including an embossed mirror array and a strip of solar cells, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. In FIG. 9, the strip-shaped solar cells 3a to 3d are directly or indirectly mounted on the cover glass substrate 19. For example, the cover glass substrate 19 can be relatively close to the sun, and in some exemplary examples, the strip-shaped solar cells 3a to 3d can be mounted on the main surface of the cover glass substrate 19 facing away from the sun. In certain exemplary embodiments, the cover glass substrate can be made of low iron float glass. In certain exemplary embodiments, an AR coating can be applied thereto. Light passing through the cover glass substrate 19 can be reflected by the mirror array 21 and concentrated back to the strip solar cells 3a to 3d. Mirror array 21 can be a portion (or portions) of the embossed glass that has been coated with a reflective coating. Light striking the grooves or recesses 21a to 21d of the mirror array 21 can thus be reflected backwards To strip solar cells 3a to 3d. As described above, relative motion of one or both of the cover glass substrate 19 and the mirror array 21 can be caused to improve efficiency (e.g., by tracking the movement of the sun from east to west).

While certain embodiments have been described in connection with fixed or stationary solar modules and moving lens arrays, certain other exemplary embodiments may involve fixed or stationary lens arrays and moving solar cell modules. In the latter case, the lens array may be stationary in a fixed orientation, and the solar array may be assembled to be movable throughout the day to keep the focus of the sunlight on the strip solar cell, for example, to the east from the sun West sports match. In this regard, as described above, the strip-shaped solar cells can be mounted on a substrate and the substrate can be moved. Such exemplary embodiments may be used, for example, in conjunction with a building integrated photovoltaic application system similar to an automatic adjustment window. Automatic window adjustments can be used to dynamically adjust the amount of light passing through, for example, with a diffuser, blinds, or the like. In certain exemplary embodiments, the movement of the sun may be tracked (directly or indirectly, based on the time of day and/or the day of the current year), thereby appropriately moving the substrate to increase or maximize sunlight on the solar cell. quantity. It will be appreciated that in such instances, the diffused light can be transmitted and the direct sunlight can be converted to electricity using a photovoltaic cell.

The table below compares the cost per watt of various photovoltaic technologies.

It can be seen that the embodiment of Table 2 produces a higher output of 2.4x per square meter for direct sunlight compared to the cadmium telluride type photovoltaic system. The embodiment of Table 2 also provides a lower cost per watt than a cadmium telluride type photovoltaic system.

The flowchart of FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary method of fabricating a photovoltaic system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment. In step S101, soda lime glass (e.g., low iron glass) is embossed with a plurality of upper and lower rollers as needed to form a lens array composed of a plurality of lenses oriented along a common axis. In step S103, a c-Si solar cell is formed on the wafer, and in step S105, the wafer is cleaved into a plurality of elongated solar cells along the c-Si crystal orientation. In step S107, elongated solar cell strips are disposed substantially parallel to each other. In step S109, the lens array is oriented for the solar cells such that each lens can be configured to collectively converge the light incident thereon onto an elongate solar cell in a substantially one-dimensional manner. Optionally, in a step not shown, the lens array and the plurality of elongated solar cells can be mounted to a single axis tracking or lateral displacement system, and the system is programmed to be movable to the east from the sun to the west. The motion is substantially matched, for example, to maximize the amount of light incident on the lens array and concentrated on the strip of solar cells.

Certain exemplary embodiments may be used as windows, skylights, rooftop PV modules, or the like, associated with BIPV applications. For example, in a rooftop application, a full-size solar cell can be replaced with a strip battery. A lens array that is substantially parallel to the strip of solar cells can be provided. Help with BIPV with tabbing, framed and junction box technology operating system.

As can be appreciated from the above, certain exemplary applications can be constructed to be somewhat similar to insulating glass (IG) units. The first or outer pane may be a lenticular lens array and the second or inner pane may have a strip of solar cells formed thereon. The sash assembly can assist the panes to remain substantially parallel to one another and, for example, spaced apart from one another by a suitable focal length, rather than a spacer. In certain exemplary embodiments, when the lens array is a flat surface, the face may be outward, for example, toward the sun. Of course, in some exemplary embodiments, providing embossed glass may have aesthetic features, and in this case, the embossed surface may be outward.

For example, in some instances, solar panels can be fabricated by cutting a solar cell wafer into narrow strips, such as the solar panel systems described above, which have the following advantages in some respects, for example, they can be reduced in cost. The solar cell requires more than half of the area.

As environmental and political pressures to improve efficiency and implement "green" technologies increase, it is desirable to implement methods that improve the operational efficiency of, for example, buildings and the like (eg, relative to electricity usage, etc.). Or product. It should be understood that in some situations, the efficiency of a building can be improved in different ways. For example, in some instances, photovoltaic control, shading, and/or glass performance may be improved and/or achieved to increase operational efficiency. Some exemplary optoelectronic control systems involve the inclusion of controls that improve "lighting," for example, using natural outside light to improve interior lighting. In some instances, the shading can include the addition of horizontal and/or vertical devices. Finally, another exemplary technique for controlling efficiency is through solar performance, for example, improving the solar and/or thermal properties of glass substrates and units used as windows in buildings.

Table 3 illustrates some of the existing percentages that can improve the efficiency of certain structures by optoelectronic control, shading, and glass efficacy from a report entitled "Driving Transformation to Energy Efficient Buildings: Policies and Actions."

Therefore, it should be understood that in some instances there is an opportunity to further improve the efficiency of certain building operations. For example, assemblies and/or methods for making such assemblies include some degree of optoelectronic control, shading, and improved glass performance are desirable. The implementation of BIPV systems in existing structures and/or new buildings can advantageously assist in further improving the operational efficiency of these structures.

Unfortunately, some existing BIPV systems have not been substantially commercialized (eg, mass production) due to several shortcomings. For example, some existing BIPV systems are installed in a vertical manner and cannot utilize the direction and/or angle of the sun, especially in the southern part of the head for most of the sun. In addition, some existing BIPV systems may be opaque and therefore do not allow light to enter the building. In some cases, when the BIPV system is partially transparent (for example, allowing some twilight to enter the building), PV efficiency and power output are often sacrificed. Additionally, some existing BIPV systems may not provide substantial thermal insulation and/or may not provide solar thermal gain control. Therefore, those skilled in the art will understand that there is no need to overcome An improved BIPV system with the aforementioned disadvantages.

Certain exemplary embodiments described herein relate to improved BIPV systems (eg, building integrated solar photovoltaic panels) and methods of making the same. Certain exemplary embodiments described herein may include photovoltaic sunroofs, windows, windshields, open roofs for automobiles, and/or other photovoltaic applications. In certain exemplary embodiments, the assemblies described herein may comprise double or triple glazing units. In certain exemplary embodiments, an assembly including an exemplary modified BIPV system can be installed in an existing roof and/or facade area. Of course, some of the assemblies described in this article can also be installed when building a new building. In certain exemplary embodiments, an assembly including an improved BIPV system can replace existing building materials with a potentially more cost effective system.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the assemblies as described herein may advantageously (1) be mounted at an latitude angle such that they face the equator to increase the amount of direct sunlight incident on the lenticular array; (2) allow Diffuse light into the structure while allowing most or substantially all of the direct sunlight to be used in solar cells; (3) providing automatic or dynamic solar thermal control, including reducing the solar thermal gain factor if necessary, and/or (4) Provides improved insulation.

Figure 11 illustrates a perspective view of an assembly in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. In certain exemplary embodiments, the assembly of Figure 11 can be a photovoltaic sunroof. The assembly of Figure 11 may comprise a lenticular array (e.g., a lens array, a lenticular lens array, etc.) and a substrate supporting a plurality of solar cells, which are disposed together in a frame or the like to form a double glazing unit. The assembly can be placed on buildings, roofs, facades, etc., so that sunlight can be incident Above it and gathered by the lens array. The light can then be focused on the solar cell. As can be seen from Fig. 11, the lenticular lens array may include a plurality of lenses 3a to 3d each focusing light on the strip-shaped solar cells 5a to 5d. As described in more detail below, the lens array and/or the strip of solar cells can be relatively moved, for example, from position 1 to position 2 (and intermediate points) to account for the movement of the sun in the sky (eg, by Morning in the morning to the west in the afternoon).

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary cross-sectional view of a dual glazing insulating glass photovoltaic skylight system 75, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. In FIG. 12, the first substrate 100 includes a lenticular array 3, and a plurality of solar cells 5 are disposed on the second glass substrate 200. The substrates 100 and 200 are separated by an air gap 50. The substrates 100 and 200 together form a double glazing unit. Figure 12 further illustrates the sliding mechanism 40. Certain exemplary embodiments may incorporate a sliding mechanism 40 to assist lateral movement of the solar cells and/or substrate 200, such as between each other. Additionally, an optional low emissivity coating 4 can be disposed on the inner surface of assembly 75 of FIG. In certain exemplary embodiments, assembly 75 may contain a low emissivity coating; for example, on the inner surface of the substrate of the assembly. Although not explicitly illustrated, a low emissivity coating can be disposed on one or more surfaces of any of the substrates 75 in accordance with any of the exemplary embodiments. Additionally, an anti-reflective coating can also be provided on one or more of any of the substrates.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the assembly may include additional (eg, third, or even more) glass substrates, and may be triple glazing units. Figure 13 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a triple glazing BIPV system in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. In FIG. 13 , the lenticular array 100 and the substrate 200 supporting the strip solar cells 5 are all disposed on the insulation sheet associated with the frame 40 . In the element, there is an air gap 50 between the first and second substrates. The substrate 200 is capable of lateral movement as shown by the bladder 70. Moreover, in the exemplary triple glazing embodiment, the third substrate 300 is disposed on the opposite side of the substrate 200 (relative to the substrate 100) with a second air gap 60 created between the substrates 200, 300. In certain exemplary embodiments, substrate 300 can be any suitable glass substrate. Although not shown in FIG. 13, a low emissivity coating can be disposed on one or more surfaces of any of the substrates 75 in accordance with any of the exemplary embodiments. The inner surfaces 2, 4 and 5 can be desirable locations for the coating when they can protect the functional layer (or plurality) of the low emissivity coating or the like. Additionally, an anti-reflective coating can also be provided on one or more of any of the substrates.

Due to the (at least) dual glazing nature of certain exemplary embodiments of the assembly, some degree of thermal insulation may be produced in certain exemplary embodiments. In addition, the air gap provided between the first and second and/or second and third substrates may be substantially evacuated and/or filled with an inert gas (eg, argon, nitrogen, helium, and/or the like) to form an insulation. Glass unit. In some embodiments, this can further improve insulation. It will be appreciated that in certain exemplary embodiments, when implemented as a window and/or skylight, the triple glazing assembly may advantageously provide a greater degree of insulation than a similar dual glazing system. However, in other exemplary situations, the air gap may only contain air.

In certain embodiments, the assembly of Figures 11, 12, and/or 13 can be integrated into a roof or lid structure of a building, a parking structure (eg, an openable roof for charging an electric or electric vehicle) To charge their batteries), and so on. In some examples, the assemblies of Figures 11, 12, and/or 13 can be mounted at a latitudinal angle such that they face the equator and increase incidence The amount of direct sunlight above the lens array. In the case where the module is mounted on a moving or parkable open roof of the vehicle, the light sensor can control the lateral displacement of the PV array relative to the lens array, since the direction of incidence of the solar energy will depend on whether the vehicle is moving or parked. direction.

During the day, the sun moves from the east to the west. In certain exemplary embodiments, the glass substrate supporting the strip-shaped solar cells illustrated in Figures 11, 12, and/or 13 can be moved from the left to the right for the lenticular array. In other words, in certain exemplary embodiments, the position of the entire assembly relative to the mounting surface thereof may remain fixed or substantially fixed while the substrate supporting the strip solar cells is laterally oriented to the lenticular array within the fixed or substantially fixed assembly. mobile. In some instances, this maintains the focus of the light substantially on the solar cell.

It should be appreciated that such movement (e.g., one portion of the unit remains substantially fixed while another aspect of the unit moves for a fixed aspect) may be different than other single axis tracking systems. For example, in other situations, the position of the solar cell can be fixed for the lens array, and in some cases, the sun can be tracked by a single axis tracking method, even with a two-axis tracking method. However, as explained above, system tracking can be implemented by physically moving the solar cells substantially lenticularly to the lenticular array instead of single or dual axis tracking.

In certain exemplary embodiments, tracking by laterally moving the solar cell to the lens array may be advantageous than if the position of the solar cell is fixed to the lens array. For example, this allows the assembly to be more easily integrated into existing structures and/or new constructions. In some cases, this allows the entire assembly to remain substantially stationary in a building, roof, facade, or the like. Immobile (eg, movement only within substantially fixed frames and/or the like); however, daylight is still allowed to focus on the solar cell strips over time, as described above.

Since the solar cell has this relative offset to the lenticular array, the solar cell can continue to generate electricity while partially or substantially blocking direct solar radiation from entering the building, thereby reducing glare. In certain exemplary embodiments, this can provide for automatic adjustment of solar thermal control. For example, when the assembly is exposed to an uncovered sun, that is, during the day, the solar cell can substantially absorb all of the direct light and block direct solar radiation from entering the building. Thus, the solar thermal gain factor of certain exemplary assemblies can be advantageously reduced when the situation warrants.

On the other hand, in some exemplary embodiments, diffused light (eg, light that is not directly from the sun, but still incident on the glass surface) cannot be focused on the solar cell strip and passed between the solar cells. The diffused light entering the building can advantageously provide internal illumination. In certain exemplary embodiments, diffuse illumination of buildings and/or structures may be provided without significantly affecting (eg, reducing) photovoltaic efficiency and/or power output. Moreover, in certain exemplary embodiments, increased diffuse light input may also advantageously reduce the need for artificial lighting.

More particularly, the structure (or features) and advantages associated with the above-described exemplary modified BIPV system are turned into, and in some instances, these assemblies may include a lens array (eg, a lenticular lens array (CLA), lenticular The array, etc., and the substrate supporting the solar cell, in certain exemplary embodiments, the substrate is capable of lateral movement.

Figure 11 illustrates direct solar radiation focused on a strip of solar cells with a lenticular array. For example, the lenticular ratio of the lenticular array can be from about 1.5x to about 30x, from about 2x to about 20x, and from about 3x to about 10x, and all subranges therebetween.

Figure 3 illustrates an exemplary lens array. Figure 3 is a schematic view of a lenticular lens array (CLA). Certain CLA exemplary embodiments have been described herein. Lens arrays are used in the optical industry and display industry, for example. In some instances, CLAs can be used in three-dimensional (3D) displays. As noted above, in certain embodiments, the CLA can be a plano-convex lens. However, the CLA can also be a lenticular lens.

The CLA shown in Figure 3 is an exemplary plano-convex lens array. For example, in the case of a plano-convex lens array, the focal lengths of the collimated light entering from the planar side and the convex side may be the same. The exemplary lens array dimensions of Figure 3 are described above. These dimensions are used to illustrate. In some cases, the lens design depends, at least in part, on the appropriate glass thickness variation (eg, the maximum amount of glass thickness on the full substrate), as well as the width of the solar cell (eg, the aspect ratio of the strip solar cell, etc.) ).

As noted above, in a triple insulated glass unit embodiment, a low emissivity coating can be provided on surface 4 and/or surface 5. One or more surfaces (eg, of the intermediate substrate) may be etched to assist in promoting diffusion of light through the unit. AR coatings can also be used. Exemplary low emissivity and AR coatings and their configurations are mentioned in U.S. Application Serial No. 13/324,267, filed on Dec. 13, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Other exemplary low emissivity coatings are mentioned below, and other exemplary AR coatings are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,767,253, and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0057236. 2011/0157703, 2009/0133748, 2009/0101209, 2009/0032098, 2009/0025777, and US application No. 13/360, 898 (applied on January 30, 2012) and 13/361,754 (applied on January 30, 2012). The entire contents of each of the documents are incorporated herein by reference. In the case of Phoenix, Arizona, this unit is expected to produce 175-750 kWh/m2/year, 225-500 kWh/m2/year is preferred, and the demonstration energy production is 258 kWh/ Square meter / year. In certain exemplary embodiments, the solar thermal gain coefficient (SHGC) is preferably less than 0.40, more preferably less than 0.20, more preferably less than 0.15, and sometimes 0.12 or less under direct sunlight. In contrast, in the cloudy state, SHGC is preferably less than 0.80, more preferably less than 0.65, and sometimes about 0.5 or less. Of course, different climates and/or geographic regions may provide higher or lower values. When providing both low emissivity and AR coating, the U value of the assembly can be less than 0.5, more preferably less than 0.35, and sometimes about 0.2. The visible light transmission can be about 50% in this case, however higher or lower values can be provided based on the desired application.

Figures 14(a) through 14(d) illustrate how the measured values are taken from the reference lenticular lens (or several). For example, FIG. 14(a) illustrates the reference lenticular lens C. The point light source A points through the lens C to the white matte screen D, and the digital camera B records the image generated on the white matte screen D. The cross-sectional view of Fig. 14(b) illustrates a lenticular lens from Edmund Optics, for example, which can be used as the lens A of Fig. 14(a). Figure 14 (c) is an exemplary image taken by the camera. The narrow leucorrhea diagram shows the concentrated light. Figure 14 (d) shows a graph of the light intensity and the normalized position of the exemplary lenticular lens (no unit). In some demonstration implementations In the example, the graph of Figure 14(d) assists in showing that the lenticular lens array (e.g., it is or contains embossed glass) can have a focus efficiency of greater than 90%. In certain exemplary embodiments, the embossed glass CLA can have a focus efficiency of at least about 70%, preferably at least about 80%, and in some exemplary embodiments, about 90% optimal.

It will be appreciated that the lens array disclosed herein may comprise glass, plastic, and/or other suitable materials.

As described herein, a lenticular array can focus and/or concentrate incident light to a small area, and the concentrated light can be transmitted through the array and incident on one or more solar cells. The solar cells can be arranged in a row such that their positions substantially correspond to the size, shape and/or position of the concentrated light transmitted through the lenticular array. At this point, the smaller the area where the light can be concentrated, the narrower the solar cell can be, in some instances. In certain exemplary embodiments, a narrower strip of solar cell may advantageously allow more diffused light to pass through the lenticular array and support the substrates of the solar cells into the building in which the assembly is configured.

A lens array for a concentrating solar module (CPV) can be cost-effectively manufactured in a number of ways, including, for example, morphologically, as disclosed and commonly assigned, US Publication Nos. 2011/0259394 and 2011/0263066 The glasses are incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the glass can be or contain low iron glass. In other exemplary embodiments, lenticular arrays for CPV applications can be fabricated by laminating plastic molded lenticular arrays (eg, made of PMMA) to glass substrates (eg, low iron glass substrates). In this case, the lens array is inside. The glass substrate protects it from external components.

In certain exemplary embodiments, an anti-reflective coating can be disposed on the surface of the lenticular array. Figures 15(a) through 15(c) show how one or more AR coatings can be placed on a lenticular array. More specifically, Figures 15(a) through 15(c) show that the AR coating 80 can be single-sided or double-sided (e.g., as shown in Figures 15(b) through 15(c) and Figure 15(a). Shown), in some exemplary embodiments, and may be provided on the first or second surface (or both) of the lenticular array. In certain exemplary embodiments, a double-sided AR coating can result in a lens array transmittance and/or a photovoltaic output of up to 6% increments. Similarly, a single-sided AR coating can increase transmission and/or output by up to about 3%. Suitable AR coatings are described in, for example, U.S. Publication Nos. 2011/0157703 and 2012/0057236, and U.S. Application Serial No. 12/929,481, filed on Jan. 27, 2011. In certain exemplary embodiments, the solar cells can be or contain any suitable material. However, in certain exemplary embodiments, the solar cells may be a stranded solar cell. Some of the strip-shaped solar cells have been commercialized by Solaria as 2x CPV panels. In these examples, the solar cell strips can be mounted directly on the back of the lenticular array.

In some cases, the solar cell strip can be attached directly to the back of a lenticular lens array that actually requires single axis tracking. For example, refer to U.S. Patent No. 8,119,902, and U.S. Application No. 2012/0067397, No. 2011/0315196, No. 2011/0186107, No. 2011/0168232, No. 2010/0294338, No. 2009/0056788, 2008/0289689, these documents show above and/or other related designs.

Narrow body wafer technology and packaging have been used in some instances Driver chip for the panel display industry. In certain exemplary embodiments, elongated stringers having a relatively high aspect ratio can be used. For example, the aspect ratio (eg, length and width) can be about 10:1, preferably about 15:1, and about 20:1 optimal (eg, 10 mm x 1 mm, 20 mm x 2 mm, 15 mm x) 1 mm, 20 mm x 1 mm, etc.), but in some instances it may even be larger. For example, in certain exemplary embodiments, a driver IC for an LCD (eg, in the flat panel display industry) can have a length greater than 30 millimeters and a width less than 1.5 millimeters. In some embodiments, the strips can be mounted directly or indirectly on the glass using low cost on-wafer (COG) technology.

Only back contact solar cells (e.g., Sunpower Corporation) are preferred in certain embodiments to avoid shadowing effects. Moreover, in certain exemplary embodiments, only back contact solar cells can be mounted directly onto the glass substrate using low cost COG technology. However, in other exemplary embodiments, the solar cells may have front and/or back contact.

In addition, certain exemplary wafer slicing methods that can be used with certain solar cells can advantageously produce strip solar cells that are as low as 6 or 8 inches (and in some cases, even longer), in some cases. under. In particular, in certain exemplary embodiments, these wafer slicing techniques can be advantageously utilized for high efficiency back contact solar cells. In certain exemplary embodiments, wafer dicing techniques for high efficiency back contact solar cells (eg, manufactured by Sunpower) can result in ultra low cost (eg, about a few cents) strip solar cells, and The length is, for example, up to 6 or 8 inches of wafer size (eg, 150 to 210 mm).

Therefore, from the above, it can be understood that there is a relatively high aspect ratio of the long 矽 The strip can be attached directly or indirectly to the glass substrate at a relatively low cost.

Additionally, certain exemplary assemblies described herein may advantageously be different than other commercial solar strips. For example, in some exemplary embodiments of the invention, a lenticular array and a substrate supporting the solar cells may be disposed in a frame such that an insulating glass unit may be formed. In some examples, an air gap may be provided between a first glass substrate (eg, a lenticular array) and a second glass substrate with a solar cell. In some instances, the substrates are spaced further apart to form an air gap. As the distance between the lenticular array and the solar cells increases, a higher concentration ratio becomes possible (e.g., from about 2x to 20x, preferably from about 3x to 10x, and all subranges therebetween). In some cases, the increase in light concentration such that the "beam" size reduction can advantageously reduce the necessary width of the tantalum solar cell. Such a reduction in area can further reduce the cost associated with solar cells (eg, because smaller areas of solar cells can reduce the amount of solar cell material required).

As mentioned above, the substrate supporting the solar cells can be assembled to move laterally within the assembly. In other words, certain exemplary embodiments of the assemblies described herein may advantageously include lateral movement mechanisms for only the lower substrate, such as the substrate supporting the solar cells. In this regard, the lens array can support the substrate and the substrate supporting the solar cells, and in some instances, the frame can be provided such that it allows lateral movement of the substrate supporting the solar cells.

With the position of the sun throughout the day, certain exemplary embodiments may advantageously maintain a solar cell (eg, a strip of solar cells) in substantial collinear relationship with a "beam" that is concentrated by a lenticular array without the need for a conventional single Or double Axis tracking system. This lateral mobility capability may, in certain exemplary embodiments, advantageously enable the assembly to be loaded and/or integrated into a building, structure, and/or the like in a fixed manner such that the entire assembly remains substantially stationary (eg, station Allows better sealing, less bulky frames, etc.). In some exemplary embodiments, this lateral movement can be used in place of a single or dual axis tracking system.

For example, in order to maintain the focus of direct sunlight on the strip of solar cells, in some exemplary embodiments, a second glass substrate that moves throughout the day may be formed (eg, the solar cells are disposed thereon) Substrate). In some implementations, this movement can be about one centimeter or one inch. Referring again to Figures 12 and 13, it should be noted that the solar cell substrate (200) can be mounted in a low-friction hinge mechanism or a sliding or track mechanism (which is associated with a lenticular array and/or a lenticular array and substrate (100), etc. Installed in the frame to promote this movement. As described above, the components 40 are illustrated in FIGS. 12 and 13. For example, a hinge mechanism similar to that used for shower doors can be used which enables the components to move relative to one another with low friction. The sliding mechanism on the track can be similar to that used for drawers.

In some embodiments, a small, low cost linear motor and/or actuator can be used to control lateral movement of a glass substrate with a solar cell strip. In some examples, the motors and/or actuators can be mini-type. In some cases, a mini linear actuator can be operated with a small stepper motor. Small linear motors/actuators are also used in low-cost consumer electronics, automotive and industrial applications. However, it should be understood that lateral movement of the substrate 200 can be controlled in any suitable manner.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a linear motor and/or actuator may be built into the frame of the assembly. In some embodiments, low cost micro The controller controls the motors and/or actuators. In some embodiments, the controllers can be programmed to maintain the relative orientation of the lenticular array to the glass substrate on which the solar strips are disposed in order to maintain the focus of daylight.

This movement is preferred for low friction movement. Therefore, this movement may require very little power. For example, in some embodiments, lateral movement may require a step of about 0.01 to 1 millimeter every ten minutes to maintain the focus of daylight. Moreover, the force required to move the glass may be low, especially if the glass substrate is relatively thin (e.g., less than about 10 mm, more preferably less than about 5 mm, and most preferably about 1 to 2 mm). In some instances, the glass can be thick enough to reduce tortuosity, but thin enough to reduce weight. In some cases, the power generated by the solar cell can be used to provide power to the mobile.

The dual and/or triple glazing assemblies described herein may not suffer from the problems experienced by conventional concentrating photovoltaic systems. In some conventional concentrating photovoltaic systems (eg, installed in the desert or the like), a robust and costly tracking system may be required to allow the system to withstand wind loads, other external forces, and some natural effects. However, in certain exemplary embodiments disclosed in the assembly herein, there may be no or few heavy external impact tracking systems (e.g., wind, etc.). This is because the glass that can safely enclose the solar strip is between the lenticular array and the interior of the building (for example, in the case of a double glazing unit), even enclosed between the first and third glass substrates ( For example, in the case of triple glazing units or units with more substrates). It will be appreciated that improved durability resulting from double, triple, quadruple, etc. glazings is advantageous, and that the assemblies described herein are suitable for implementation in energy efficient buildings.

As shown in Figure 16, certain exemplary assemblies disclosed herein can be mounted on the roof of a building at a latitude. In certain exemplary embodiments, the assemblies may be insulated. Moreover, the assemblies may advantageously have a low solar thermal gain coefficient for direct sunlight. Additionally, in certain embodiments, the diffused light/twilight entering the building through the assembly can reduce the need for artificial lighting. Based on these characteristics, the building can advantageously maintain low heating and cooling costs.

In some exemplary embodiments, the installation of the exemplary assembly is particularly advantageous in the southern position (northern hemisphere), near the equator, and north of the southern hemisphere (however, those skilled in the art will understand that if the implementation is outside the northern hemisphere, it is necessary to modify This system). In some instances, mounting the assembly at an latitude angle to the equator may advantageously provide more annual power generation than a vertical façade system. In other words, the assemblies described herein are particularly advantageous in, for example, warmer climates that are rich in direct sunlight. However, such assemblies are widely applicable and they can be used in any climate or region.

The table below shows the demonstration power generation data for Phoenix in the latitude of 33.43. The calculated values in Table 4 were calculated using the NREL PVWatts calculator.

If, in certain embodiments, the efficiency of direct sunlight is 10 to 20%, the 4 kW system of Table 5 uses a (BIPV) skylight area of about 25-50 square meters.

In certain exemplary embodiments, certain exemplary assemblies, such as those illustrated in Figures 11, 12, and/or 13, and/or 14, may be used as an automatic adjustment window. For example, in certain exemplary embodiments, substantially only diffuse pupils may be transmitted through the substrate into the structure on which the assembly is disposed. In certain exemplary embodiments, the diffuse pupil can be approximately equivalent to 15% of the total maximum exposure from the sun. In some exemplary situations, the amount of diffuse light can remain substantially unchanged regardless of the position of the sun throughout the day. During cloudy or wet weather, or when the sun is temporarily behind the clouds, the assembly still transmits most of the light to the interior of the building, as most of it is diffuse, even in some instances all diffuse light . In the presence of the sun, the total exposure can be increased by a factor of about 6, whereas a photovoltaic sunroof system can advantageously transmit only about the same amount of light (e.g., 15% of the total exposure). In other words, in some instances, the assembly can selectively block only direct solar radiation (eg, because solar radiation is absorbed by the solar strip). Thus, the assembly can have variable solar thermal gain control because it blocks most of the heat associated with direct sunlight (again, for example, because direct solar radiation (eg, from direct sunlight) is transmitted through the lower substrate before being transmitted through the lower substrate absorb). Some demonstration assemblies can therefore reduce air conditioning electricity bills.

In addition, because direct sunlight is absorbed by the solar cell strip (eg, for generating electricity), diffuse sunlight is the primary light entering the building. This helps reduce glare from direct sunlight. Transmission diffuse glare reduces the need for artificial lighting in a building without substantially increasing the ambient temperature within the building. In other words, the demonstrations in the building that integrate the assembly described in this article Embodiments, for example, as skylights, windows, or the like, can advantageously increase lighting within a building without increasing temperature, reducing the need for artificial lighting, and of course, providing an additional source of electrical power. Accordingly, certain exemplary assemblies described herein can reduce energy usage and/or facility costs in a variety of ways. In addition, Dawning tends to promote the health and productivity of building occupants, as shown in many studies.

As mentioned above, certain exemplary embodiments (eg, windows, skylights, double and/or triple glazing, etc.) described in the assembly herein may advantageously provide some degree of thermal insulation in certain exemplary embodiments. . Certain exemplary assemblies described herein may provide dual or triple glazing units. In this regard, in some cases, the results provide an additional level of insulation.

In addition, in order to provide additional insulation to the building, a low emissivity coating may be provided on one or more of the interior glass surfaces. In certain exemplary embodiments, the degree of additional insulation provided may advantageously reduce heating costs. It can also advantageously reduce utility bills, energy usage, and the like. Other exemplary low emissivity coatings are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,686,050, 6,723,211, 6,782,718, 6,749,941, 6,730,352, 6,802,943, 4,782,216, 3,682,528, and 6,936,347. The disclosure is incorporated herein by reference.

In some exemplary embodiments, if more light is desired to reach the interior of the building (eg, temporarily), the system can be programmed to move the solar cell strip away from the focal line of solar light. Occasionally, it is worth providing increased light (twilight), including direct solar radiation, to the interior of the building. However, in In this case, in some embodiments, the production of electricity may be reduced and/or stopped. This is merely an additional advantage associated with certain exemplary aspects of the assembly disclosed herein.

Accordingly, it should be appreciated that certain exemplary assemblies described herein may advantageously be installed at a latitudinal angle of inclination, thereby increasing power output, which may provide a light input into the building and may also provide insulation ( For example, as a double and/or triple glazing). In addition, some assemblies may advantageously provide automatic or dynamic solar thermal control, as well as a low solar thermal gain factor (if needed and/or under direct sunlight).

In certain exemplary embodiments, the versatility of the exemplary assemblies described herein may result in such assemblies becoming a more attractive building integrated photovoltaic system than existing/known BIPV systems. In some cases, there is not enough benefit from power generation alone to justify the investment in BIPV technology. However, by adding thermal insulation, variable solar thermal gain control, and diffuse calender input, the assembly may include an improved BIPV system as described herein (eg, windows, skylights, etc., including dual and/or triple glazing, insulation) Certain exemplary embodiments of the assembly of glass units and the like can provide a more comprehensive solution for energy efficient buildings.

It will be appreciated that the improved BIPV system disclosed herein can be used in roofs containing IGU photovoltaic sunroofs and on commercial roofs such as factories, warehouses, office buildings, large stores, schools, shopping malls, and the like. For example, an IGU-containing photovoltaic sunroof system is beneficial in any scenario where power generation, thermal insulation, solar thermal gain control, and/or twilight input can reduce the facility's facilities and/or operating costs.

17(a) through 17(e) are schematic illustrations of an exemplary multi-function B1 PV of a concentrated solar photovoltaic sunroof 1700, in accordance with certain exemplary embodiments. More specifically, Fig. 17(a) is a front view thereof, Fig. 17(b) is an isometric view thereof, and Fig. 17(c) is a view taken through a section AA of Fig. 17(a), Fig. 17(d) The detail C of FIG. 17(b) is enlarged for the view drawn by the section BB of FIG. 17(a) and FIG. 17(e). The first, second, and third substrates 1702, 1704, and 1706 are sequentially provided from the outside to the inside. The first substrate 1702 can be a cover glass substrate, and the second substrate 1704 can be an actuated intrinsic optical glass substrate (eg, it can include or support a lenticular array), and/or a third substrate 1706 in certain exemplary embodiments. These strip solar cells can be supported. However, in some different exemplary embodiments, the first substrate 1702 can include or support the lenticular array while the second glass substrate supports the strips of solar cells and is movable for a fixed lenticular array. In this case, the third substrate 1706 may be a protective substrate. The outer frame 1708 can be disposed between the first and third substrates 1702 and 1706 and assist them in maintaining substantially parallel to each other and spaced apart from each other. It may also support the second glass substrate 1704 directly or indirectly, for example, via a servo motor.

For example, in some exemplary embodiments, the latch 1710 can connect the second glass substrate 1704 to the body portion 1712 of the servo motor. When the servo motor is actuated, it causes the servo motor lever 1714 (which may include a magnet in some exemplary embodiments) to telescope, which causes the second substrate 1706 coupled thereto via the latch 1710 to be correspondingly displaced. Movement may be facilitated by providing one or more sliders 1716 that roll forward or otherwise travel along small tracks 1718 disposed on one or both sides thereof.

As mentioned above, the servo motor can be a linear motor in the frame, The system assists in controlling the lateral movement of the second substrate 1704. The microcontroller is programmed to cause motion of the servo motor, for example, based on time of day and/or based on photodetector feedback or the like. The total amount of movement may be approximately equal to 1 centimeter during the day, for example based on a latitude inclination or the like. The movement can be performed slowly, for example, about 0.01 to 0.1 mm every 10 minutes to achieve the movement throughout the day, so that the servo motor consumes a small amount of power. It is advantageous for the system to be protected with the first inner and third outer substrates 1702 and 1706. Therefore, the need to protect the system from external forces (eg, strong winds, hail, etc.) can be reduced.

As described above, the sunroof advantageously becomes an automatic adjustment type. In some cases, only about 15% of the total maximum exposure (which corresponds to diffuse light) is transmitted to the building. Direct solar radiation is blocked, thereby enabling variable solar thermal gain control, for example, thereby blocking heat at the most appropriate time (e.g., under full sunlight), which in turn can produce heating/cooling advantages, and the like.

As mentioned above, certain exemplary embodiments may include low iron glass. Here, according to standard practice, the total amount of iron is represented by Fe ₂ O ₃ . However, usually, not all forms of iron are Fe ₂ O ₃ . Instead, iron is often present in the ferrous state (Fe ²⁺ ; here expressed as FeO, even though the ferrous state iron is not completely in the form of FeO in the glass) and the positive iron state (Fe ³⁺ ) is present. Iron in the ferrous state (Fe ²⁺ ; FeO) is a blue-green colorant, and iron in the positive iron state (Fe ³⁺ ) is a yellow-green colorant. In the search for a glass that is relatively transparent or neutral, special attention is paid to the ferrous (Fe ²⁺ ; FeO) blue-green colorant because, as a colorant, it gives the glass a significant color. Although iron in the positive iron state (Fe ³⁺ ) is also a color former, it is less of a concern when seeking to achieve a glass having a relatively transparent color because the iron in a positive iron state tends to correspond to its ferrous state. It is a weaker coloring agent.

In certain exemplary embodiments of the invention, the glass is made to be highly transmissive to visible light, has a relatively transparent or neutral color, and consistently achieves high % TS values. The high %TS value is particularly desirable for photovoltaic device applications where the high % TS value of the light incident side glass substrate allows such photovoltaic devices to generate more electrical energy from incident radiation, as more radiation is allowed to reach the semiconductor absorption film of the device. It has been found that the use of very high batch redox numbers in the glass process allows the resulting low iron glass to be made via a floating process to consistently achieve a desirable combination of high visible light transmission, substantially neutral color, and high total solar energy (%TS) values. Moreover, in certain exemplary embodiments of the invention, this technique allows for the achievement of these desirable features with little or no use of yttrium oxide.

In certain exemplary embodiments of the invention, a soda lime-based glass having a very high batch redox number is produced by a floating process. According to certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the exemplary batch redox number that can be used to make the glass is about +26 to +40, preferably about +27 to +35, and about +28 to +33. Note that these are very high batch redox values that are not normally used to make glass). When making glass via a float process or the like, high batch redox values tend to reduce or eliminate ferrous iron (Fe ²⁺ ; FeO) in the resulting glass, allowing the glass to have a higher %TS transmittance. Conducive to photovoltaic application system. For example, an advantage is that, in certain exemplary embodiments, it allows for the fabrication of high transmittance, neutral color, high % TS glass with a typical iron content (e.g., about 0.04 to 0.10% total iron). In certain exemplary embodiments of the invention, the glass has a total iron content (Fe ₂ O ₃ ) of no greater than about 0.1%, more preferably from about 0 (or 0.04) to 0.1%, and is about 0.01 (or 0.04). It is also more preferably up to 0.08%, and is preferably from about 0.03 (or 0.04) to 0.07%. In certain exemplary embodiments of the invention, the resulting glass may have from 0 to 0.0050% % FeO (ferrous iron), more preferably from 0 to 0.0040, more preferably from 0 to 0.0030, more preferably from 0 to 0.0020, and from zero. Best to 0.0010, and in some exemplary examples, there may be 0.0005 to 0.0010. In certain exemplary embodiments, the resulting glass has a glass redox number of no more than 0.08 (different from the batch redox number), preferably no more than 0.06, no more than 0.04, and no more than 0.03 or 0.02. Better.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the glass substrate can have a color that is relatively transparent and slightly yellowish (positive b* value indicates a yellowish color) in addition to high visible light transmittance and high % TS. For example, in certain exemplary embodiments, the glass substrate can have a visible light transmission (at least about 91% better) of at least about 90%, and a total solar energy (% TS) value of at least about 90% (at least about 91% more). Good), a transmission a* color value of -1.0 to +1.0 (-0.5 to +0.5 is better, -0.35 to 0 is also better), and a transmission b* color value of -0.5 to +1.5 (0 to +1.0 Good, and +0.2 to +0.8 best). These properties can be achieved with an exemplary non-limiting reference glass thickness of about 4 mm.

In certain exemplary embodiments of the invention, a method of making a glass comprising the following: Wherein the glass has a visible light transmission of at least about 90%, a transmitted a* color value of -1.0 to +1.0, a transmitted b* color value of -0.50 to +1.5, a %TS of at least 89.5%, and wherein the method comprises: The glass was made with a batch redox number of +26 to +40.

In certain exemplary embodiments of the invention, a glass is provided, the system comprising: Wherein the glass has a visible light transmission of at least 90%, a TS transmittance of at least 90%; a transmission a* color value of -1.0 to +1.0, and a transmission b* color value of -0.5 to +1.5.

In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a solar cell is provided, comprising: a glass substrate; first and second conductive layers having at least one photovoltaic film disposed therebetween; wherein the glass substrate is composed of the following Composition of the composition: Wherein the glass substrate has a visible light transmittance of at least 90%, a TS transmittance of at least 90%, a transmission a* color value of -1.0 to +1.0, and a transmission b* color value of -0.5 to +1.5.

As used herein, the terms "on", "supported with" and the like should not be construed to mean that the two elements are directly contiguous to each other unless otherwise indicated. In other words, the first layer can be said to be "on" the second layer or "supported" with the second layer, even if there are one or more layers in between.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a skylight is provided. A plurality of elongated solar cells are supported by a substrate. A lens array includes a plurality of lenses oriented along a common axis, wherein the lenses are each assembled to collect light onto the elongate solar cell, and wherein the lens array is substantially parallel to and spaced from the substrate This defines a gap between the lens array and the substrate. The skylight group is configured to allow some of the diffused light incident thereon to pass through it and cause direct light to concentrate on the solar cells.

In addition to the features of the preceding paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, the sunroof can be placed substantially horizontally on the roof.

In addition to the features of any of the preceding two paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, the sunroof can be oriented at an angle of inclination and the angle of inclination selected according to the latitude at which the skylight is to be installed.

In addition to the features of any of the preceding three paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, the solar cells may comprise c-Si.

In addition to the features of any of the preceding four paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, the solar cells can have an aspect ratio of at least about 2:1.

In addition to the features of any of the preceding five paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, the solar cells can have an aspect ratio of at least about 5:1.

In addition to the features of any of the previous six paragraphs, in some exemplary embodiments, a moving mechanism can be configured to move the substrate supporting the solar cells to the lens array.

In addition to the features of the preceding paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, the substrate supporting the solar cells can have a substantially horizontal range of motion of up to about 20 millimeters.

In addition to the features of any of the previous eight paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, first and second edge seals may be provided, wherein each edge seal optionally includes first and second openings, the substrate And the first and second edges of the lens array are individually inserted into the first and second openings.

In addition to the features of any of the preceding nine paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, a motor may be provided, and the first openings of the first and second edge seals may be spaced apart by a distance greater than The length of the substrate allows the substrate to slide along an axis under the control of the motor.

In addition to the features of any of the preceding 10 paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, the skylight can be configured to be mounted at a latitudinal angle of about 5 to 50 degrees, preferably about 15 to 45 degrees.

In addition to the features of any of the preceding 11 paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, a motor and/or actuator may be provided for controlling lateral movement of the substrate supporting the solar cells.

In certain exemplary embodiments, a method of making a building integrated photovoltaic sunroof is provided. A substrate supports a plurality of solar cells separated by a substantially elongated shape. A lens array includes a plurality of lenses oriented along a common axis. The substrate and the lens array are interconnected such that the lenses are each configured to concentrate light incident thereon toward the elongate solar cells and to cause the lens array to be substantially parallel to and spaced from the substrate.

In addition to the features of the preceding paragraph, in some exemplary embodiments, the photovoltaic skylight may include another substrate that is mounted on one surface opposite the lens array and supports the solar cells The substrates are separated.

In addition to the features of any of the preceding two paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, the solar cells may comprise c-Si.

In addition to the features of any of the preceding three paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, the solar cells may have a minimum of about 2:1 The aspect ratio is preferably at least about 5:1.

In addition to the features of any of the previous four paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, the sunroof can be mounted at a latitudinal angle such that it is biased toward the equator.

In addition to the features of any of the preceding five paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, a motor and/or actuator may be provided for laterally moving the substrate supporting the solar cells.

In addition to the features of the preceding paragraphs, in certain exemplary embodiments, the substrate supporting the solar cells can have a lateral range of motion of up to about 20 mm.

While the present invention has been described with respect to the preferred embodiments and the preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is understood that the invention is not intended to Various modifications and equivalent configurations within the scope.

1‧‧‧ lens array

3a-3d‧‧‧ lens

5a-5d‧‧‧ strip solar cells

Claims (21)

A photovoltaic sunroof comprising: a plurality of elongated solar cells supported by a substrate; and a lens array formed by a plurality of lenses oriented along a common axis, the lenses being each assembled to be aggregated Light on the elongate solar cell, the lens array being substantially parallel to and spaced from the substrate to define a gap between the lens array and the substrate, the skylight being configured to allow some of the light incident thereon The light passes through it and causes direct light to collect on the solar cells. A photovoltaic sunroof as claimed in claim 1 wherein the sunroof is placed substantially horizontally on the roof. The photovoltaic sunroof according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the sunroof is oriented at an inclination angle, and the inclination is selected according to the latitude at which the sunroof is to be installed. The photovoltaic sunroof according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the solar cells comprise c-Si. The photovoltaic sunroof according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the solar cells have an aspect ratio of at least about 2:1. The photovoltaic sunroof according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the solar cells have an aspect ratio of at least about 5:1. The photovoltaic sunroof according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising a moving mechanism assembled to move the substrate supporting the solar cells relative to the lens array. The photovoltaic sunroof according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the substrate supporting the solar cells has a substantially horizontal range of motion of up to about 20 mm. The photovoltaic sunroof according to any one of claims 1 to 8, further comprising first and second edge seals, each of the edge seals comprising first and second openings, the substrate and the lens array The first and second edges are individually inserted into the first and second openings. The photovoltaic sunroof according to any one of claims 1-9, further comprising a motor, wherein the first openings of the first and second edge seals are separated by a distance greater than a length of the substrate The substrate is slidable along an axis under the control of the motor. The photovoltaic sunroof according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the sunroof is configured to be mountable at a latitudinal inclination of about 5 to 50 degrees. The photovoltaic sunroof of any of claims 1-11, wherein the sunroof is configured to be mountable at a latitudinal angle of about 15 to 45 degrees. The photovoltaic sunroof as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 12, further comprising a motor and/or actuator for controlling lateral movement of the substrate supporting the solar cells. A method of fabricating a building integrated photovoltaic sunroof comprising the steps of: providing a substrate for supporting a plurality of spaced apart, substantially elongated solar cells; providing a plurality of lenses oriented by a common axis one of a lens array; and interconnecting the substrate and the lens array such that the lenses are each configured to concentrate light incident thereon toward the elongate solar cells, and such that the lens array is substantially opposite to the substrate Parallel and separated from each other. The method of claim 14, wherein the photovoltaic skylight comprises another substrate, the other substrate being mounted on a surface opposite the lens array and spaced apart from the substrate supporting the solar cells. The method of any one of claims 14 to 15, wherein the solar cells comprise c-Si. The method of any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the solar cells have an aspect ratio of at least about 2:1. The method of any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein the solar cells have an aspect ratio of at least about 5:1. The method of any one of claims 14 to 18, wherein the sunroof can be mounted at a latitude angle such that it is biased toward the equator. The method of any one of claims 14 to 19, further comprising: providing a motor and/or actuator for laterally moving the substrate supporting the solar cells. The method of claim 20, wherein the substrate supporting the solar cells has a lateral range of motion of up to about 20 mm.