TW201112468A - Electrochemical system having a device for separating reactants - Google Patents

Abstract

An electrochemical system, such as a flow battery, includes a vessel. The vessel contains: (a) at least one cell that includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a reaction zone between the first and second electrodes, (b) a reservoir containing a first volume configured to selectively accumulate metal-halide electrolyte component and a second volume configured to selectively accumulate a liquefied halogen reactant, (c) a separation device separating the first volume from the second volume, and (d) a flow circuit configured to deliver the halogen reactant and the metal-halide electrolyte between the reservoir and the at least one cell.

Description

201112468 VI. Description of the Invention: TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to electrochemical systems, such as flow battery packs, and methods of using such electrochemical systems. The present application claims the rights of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 61/364, 631, filed on Jul. 24, 2009, to the U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 61/364, 633, filed on Jul. The patent towel application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. [Prior Art] The development of regenerative energy has revived the need for large-scale battery packs for off-peak energy storage. The requirements for this application are different from those of other types of rechargeable battery packs, such as lead-acid battery packs. Battery packs that are generally required for off-peak energy storage in power grids are low capital cost, long cycle life, high efficiency, and low maintenance. One type of electrochemical energy system suitable for this energy storage is the so-called "flow battery" which uses a functional component for reduction at a normal positive electrode and is adapted for normal operation of the electrochemical system. It becomes an oxidizable oxidizable metal at the usual negative electrode. The aqueous metal halide electrolyte is used to supplement the supply of the dentate component when the halogen component becomes reduced at the positive electrode. The electrolyte circulates between the electrode area and the reservoir area. An example of this system would be used as a metal and chlorine as a function. The electrochemical energy system is described in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 3,713,88, 3,993,502, 4,001,036, 4,072,540, 4,146,680, and 4,414,292 The published day 149813.doc 201112468 is the April 1979 EPRI report EM-105 1 (part ι·3), and the disclosures of these patents and the EPRI report ΕΜ-Ι051 are in full text and Into this article. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment, an electrochemical system, such as a flow battery, includes a vessel. The vessel comprises: (a) at least one battery comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a reaction zone between the first electrode and the second electrode; (b) - a reservoir comprising a configured Selectively accumulating a first volume of the metal toothed electrolyte component and a second volume configured to selectively accumulate the liquefied dentate reactant; (c) a separating element that will first and second volumes Separating; and (d) a flow loop configured to transfer a _-reactant and a metal- hydride electrolyte between the reservoir and the at least one battery. In a preferred embodiment, the separation element comprises a molecular sieve or a selective porous membrane. In another embodiment, a method of operating an electrochemical system includes: providing a system comprising a vessel, the vessel comprising: (a) at least one battery comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and the first electrode a reaction zone with the second electrode; and (b) a reservoir containing a first valley product and a first grain product separated by a separation element. The method further includes: bringing the metal from the first volume! a compound electrolyte component is mixed with a liquefied halogen reactant from a second volume to form an electrolyte mixture; an electrolyte mixture is supplied to the at least one battery in a discharge mode to generate electricity; and an electrolyte mixture is returned from the at least one battery to the reservoir The first volume in the collector is such that the unused liquefied dentate reactant from the returned electrolyte mixture permeates from the first volume through the 149813.doc 201112468 through the separation element to the second volume. In still another embodiment, the method further comprises: providing a metal toothed electrolyte component from the first volume to the at least one battery to charge the electrochemical system in a charging mode; and causing the electrolyte to be from the at least one battery Returning to the first volume in the reservoir such that any liquefied halogen reactant in the returned electrolyte permeates from the first volume through the separation element to the second volume. In a further embodiment, the separating element comprises a liquid collecting plate, such as a flat liquid collecting plate or a curved curved plate having at least two openings. In the configuration, the separating element is a substantially frustoconical or funnel-shaped sheet. The frustoconical or funnel-shaped separator has a circular or elliptical horizontal cross-sectional shape and the opening on the first end has a larger size than the opening on the opposite second end. The frustoconical shape can have a steadily increasing lateral beam size from the second end to the first end and a relatively constant inclined side wall. The funnel shape may have an unsteady increase (i.e., jump) of the cross-sectional size from the second end to the first end and one or more of the sloped sidewalls. [Embodiment] The following documents, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety in the the the the the the the the the the The embodiments disclosed herein relate to an electrochemical system (sometimes referred to as a "flow battery pack"). The electrochemical system utilizes a metal dentate electrolyte and a (iv) reactant such as molecular chlorine. The metal-based electrolyte and the fragrant compound in the halogen reactant may be of the same type. For example, when the halogen reactant is molecular chlorine, the metal toothed electrolyte may contain at least one metal 149813.doc 201112468 chloride. The electrochemical system can include a sealed vessel containing an electrochemical cell, a metal-based electrolyte, and a hydroxyl reactant in its internal volume and configured to deliver the metal-electrolyte and dentate reactants to The flow loop of the electrochemical cell. The sealed vessel can be a pressure vessel containing an electrochemical cell. The _ prime reactant can be, for example, a molecular gas reactant. In many embodiments, the dentate reactant can be used in a liquefied form. The sealer is so isolated that it maintains an internal pressure above the liquefaction pressure of the halogen reactant at a given ambient temperature. The liquefaction pressure of the specific element reactant at a given temperature can be determined from the phase map of the element. For example, Figure 4 shows a phase diagram of elemental chlorine from which the liquefaction pressure at a given temperature can be determined. Systems utilizing liquefied dentate reactants in sealed vessels do not require a compressor, and compressors are commonly used in other electrochemical systems for compressing gaseous halogen reactants. Systems utilizing liquefied dentate reactants do not require a separate reservoir for the elementary reactants, which may be external to the internal volume of the sealed vessel. The term "liquefied-acid reactant" refers to at least one of: a molecular element dissolved in water, which is also known as wet-type or aqueous dentate; and a "dry" liquid molecular element, Not dissolved in water. Similarly, the term "liquefied chlorine" can refer to at least one of: molecular gas dissolved in water, also known as wet chlorine or chlorine water; and "dry" liquid milk, which is not dissolved in water. . In many embodiments the system uses liquefied molecular gas as a dentate counter. Liquefied molecular chlorine has a gravity that is approximately twice that of water. The flow loop contained in the sealed vessel may be a closed loop loop, the 1498J3.doc 201112468 configuration configured to deliver a halogen reactant (lightly liquefied or liquid state) and at least one electrolyte to the battery and/or The 哕 main/electrical (荨) battery transfers a dentate reactant (preferably in a liquefied or liquid state) and at least one electrolyte. In many embodiments, the loop loop can be a sealed loop loop. Although it is circulated through the closed loop, and the damage (such as halogen reactant and metal toothed electrolyte) is preferably liquefied, the closed loop may contain ## „ peony in 3 with a certain amount of gas (such as chlorine gas) Preferably, the 'loop nuclear path allows the metal dentate electrolyte and the dentate reactant to circulate through the same __ liquid flow path without the separator in the battery. Each of the electrochemical cells can be used The poor mother f contains a first electrode which can serve as a positive electrode in a standard discharge mode, and a second electrode which can serve as a negative electrode in a standard discharge mode; and a reaction zone between the electrodes. In many embodiments, the reaction zone may be such that no separation of halogen reactants, such as a hydroxyl reactant or ionization factor reactant dissolved in the water of the electrolyte solution, occurs in the reaction zone. For example, when the tooth reaction When the substance is a liquefied gas reactant, the reaction zone may cause separation of chlorine reactants (such as gas reactants or gas ions dissolved in water of the electrolyte solution) in the reaction zone. The reaction zone may make it the same There is no membrane or separator between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery that is impermeable to dentate reactants, such as halogen reactants or ionized halogen reactants dissolved in the electrolyte solution. For example, the reaction zone can It does not contain a membrane or separator that is impermeable to liquefied gas reactants, such as gaseous reactants or chloride ions dissolved in water of the electrolyte solution, between the positive and negative electrodes of the same battery. In many embodiments, the reaction zone Separation of the halogen ions (such as the i-form ions formed by reduction of the functional reactants 149813.doc 201112468 at one of the electrodes) with the remainder of the liquid stream may not occur in the reaction zone. In other words, the reaction zone can be such that it does not contain a membrane or separator that is impermeable to pheromone ions, such as chloride ions, between the positive and negative electrodes of the same cell. In certain embodiments, the first electrode can be a porous electrode. Or contain at least - a porous part. For example, the first electrode may comprise a porous carbonaceous material (such as a porous carbon foam). In the discharge mode, The electrode can act as a positive electrode at which the halogen can be reduced to a halide ion. The use of a porous material in the first electrode can increase the efficiency of reduction of the halogen reactant. In many embodiments, the second electrode can comprise an oxidizable metal (ie, a metal that can be oxidized to form a cation during the discharge mode.) In many embodiments, the second electrode can comprise a metal of the same type as the metal ion of one of the components of the metal-thickening electrolyte. For example, when the metal halide electrolyte comprises a zinc halide, such as zinc sulfide, the second electrode can comprise metal #. In this case, the electrochemical system can act as a reversible system. Thus, in some embodiments, The electrochemical system can be reversible (ie, capable of operating in both a charge mode of operation and a discharge mode of operation) or be non-reversible (ie, can only operate in a discharge mode of operation). Reversible electrochemical systems typically utilize electrolytes At least one metal toothing such that the metal of the metal toothing is sufficiently strong and stable in its reduced form to enable formation Pole. The metal complexes that can be used in the reversible system include zinc halides because the elemental zinc is sufficiently stable to be able to form electrodes. On the other hand, the irreversible electrochemical system does not utilize metal toothings that satisfy the above requirements. Metals used in metal dentates in non-reversible systems are generally unstable and strong in their reduction, elemental form to enable the formation of electrodes. Examples of such unstable metals and I49813.doc 201112468 Examples of corresponding metal halides include potassium (κ) and potassium and sodium (Na) and sodium halides. The metal toothed electrolyte may be an aqueous electrolytic solution. The electrolyte may be an aqueous solution of at least one metal complex electrolyte compound such as Ζηα. For example, the solution can be a 15% to 50% aqueous solution of ZnCl (such as a ZnC & 25% solution). In certain embodiments, the electrolyte may contain one or more additives that enhance the conductivity of the electrolytic solution. For example, when the electrolyte contains ZnCl, the additive may be one or more salts of sodium or potassium (such as or KCl). Figure 1 illustrates an electrochemical system 1 comprising at least one electrochemical cell, electrolyte, and hydroxyl reactant contained in a sealed container crucible. The sealed container 101 is preferably a pressure containment unit that is configured to maintain a pressure in its internal volume that is at one atmosphere. Preferably, the sealed container 101 is configured to maintain a pressure in its internal volume that is higher than the liquefaction pressure of the nutrient reactant (such as elemental gas). To seal a container at a temperature such as 1 (TC to 4 at room temperature rc can be configured to maintain at least 75 psi or at least 1 psi or at least i25 pd or at least 150 Psi or at least 175 psi or at least psi or at least 25g (d) or at least 300 psi or at least 35 psi or at least _ or at least (four) or at least 500 psi or at least 550 psi or at least _ (four) (such as 75 to 65 〇 or " to 400 psi and all subranges previously described The internal pressure of the sealed volume may comprise a structural material capable of withstanding the required pressure. One non-limiting example of this material is stainless steel. At least the electrochemical cell is preferably contained within the sealed container 1〇1. Positioning type batteries, which may include horizontal positive electrodes and horizontal negative electrodes separated by a gap. Horizontal level batteries may be advantageous because the circulation of liquid 149813.doc 201112468 is attributed to, for example, shutdown emissions When the pump or the pump is filled and stopped, a certain liquid (electrolyte and/or _-reactant) may remain in the reaction zone of the battery. The amount of liquid may be such that it is provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the same battery. Electricity The presence of a liquid in the reaction zone allows the electrochemical system to be restarted more quickly when the metal dentate electrolyte and the nitrite reagent are recovered (compared to a system utilizing a vertically positioned battery) while providing a shunt interrupt The presence of the electrolyte in the reaction zone allows the battery to retain charge in the absence of circulation and thus ensures that the system provides an uninterruptible power supply (UPS). The horizontally positioned battery is also combined with the liquefied chlorine reactant used as a dentate reactant. The formation of air bubbles during operation may be prevented or reduced. In a midnight embodiment, the sealed container may contain more than one electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, the sealed container may contain a plurality of electrochemicals that may be connected in series In the battery n embodiment, a plurality of electrochemical cells connected in series may be configured in a stack. For example, the components 1 〇 3 of the figure represent one of the horizontally stacked electrochemical cells connected in series, and the vertical stacking of the horizontally positioned cells. It can be similar to the stack disclosed on page 7 of the w〇2〇〇8/〇892〇5 to the sheet of work and Figures 1 to 3' The manner in which the single horizontally positioned battery is incorporated herein is also applicable to stacking. The electrochemical system can include a feed tube or manifold that can be configured in a standard discharge mode of operation to include metal A mixture of a functional electrolyte and a liquefied dentate reactant is delivered to the at least one battery. The electrochemical system can also include a return tube or manifold that can be configured in the discharge mode to be at least one electrochemical The battery collects the product of the electrochemical reaction. These products may be a mixture comprising a metal complex electrolyte and/or a liquefied 149813.doc 201112468 reactant, but the γ reaction in the mixture compared to the mixture entering the battery The concentration of the species can be reduced due to the consumption of the cytokine reactant in the discharge mode. For example, in Figure 1, a feed tube or manifold i 15 is configured to deliver a mixture comprising a metal halide electrolyte and a liquefied halogen reactant to a horizontally positioned battery of the stack 103. The return tube or manifold i2 is configured to collect the product of the electrochemical reaction from the stacked cells. As will be further discussed, in some embodiments, the feed or manifold and/or return or manifold can be part of a stacked assembly for stacking of horizontally positioned cells. In some embodiments, the stack 1〇3 can be supported directly by the wall of the vessel 1〇1. In still other embodiments, the stack 1〇3 may be supported by one or more posts, struts or strings connected to the walls of the vessel 1〇1 and/or the reservoir 119. The feed or manifold and return or manifold may be coupled to a reservoir 119, which may contain a liquefied (e.g., liquid) nutrient reactant and/or a metal fragrant reactant. This reservoir can be located in the sealed container 1〇1. The reservoir "° feed or manifold, return or manifold and the at least one battery may form a loop loop for circulating the metal toothed electrolyte and the liquefied dentate reactant. The metal dentate electrolyte and the liquefied dentate reactant can flow through the loop loop in opposite directions in the charge mode and the discharge mode. In the discharge mode, the feed officer or the manifold 115 can be used to transfer the metal dentate electrolyte and the liquefied halogen reactant from the reservoir 119 to the at least one battery, and the return tube or manifold 120 can be used to metallize the electrolyte and The liquefied halogen reactant is transferred back to the reservoir from at least one battery. In the charging mode, a return tube or 1498l3.doc 201112468 manifold 120 can be used to transfer the metal-based electrolyte and/or liquefied halogen reactant from the reservoir 119 to the at least one battery 1〇3, and the feed tube or manifold U5 can be used to transfer the metal halide electrolyte and/or liquefaction reactant back from the at least one battery 103 to the reservoir 119. In some embodiments, when the system utilizes a vertical stack of horizontally positioned cells, the return tube or manifold 120 can be a return tube or manifold that travels upward. The tube 120 includes an upwardly extending section 121 and a downwardly extending section 122. The liquid metal halide electrolyte and the liquid of the liquefied-electrolyte flow out of the stack 103 in the discharge mode through the section 121, and then pass down through Section 122 up to the reservoir. The return tube or manifold traveling upwards prevents most of the flow from passing through the bottom cell of the stack 103, thereby providing a more uniform flow path resistance between the stacked cells. The electrochemical system can include one or more pumps for pumping the metal complex electrolyte and liquefying the halogen reactant. The pump may or may not be located within the inner volume of the sealed container. For example, Figure 1 shows a drain pump 123 that fluidly connects the reservoir 119 to the feed tube or manifold 115 and is configured The metal halide electrolyte and the liquefied dentate reactant are delivered to the electrochemical cell 3 by passing through a feed tube or manifold 15 in a discharge mode. In some embodiments, an electrochemical power generation system can include a fill pump depicted as part 124 in FIG. The fill pump fluidly connects the return tube or manifold 120 to the reservoir 119' and can be used to pass the metal dentate electrolyte and the liquefied dentate reactant to the electrochemical cell through the return tube or manifold in a charging mode battery. In some embodiments, the electrochemical system can include both a fill pump and a drain pump. The fill pump and drain pump can be configured to pass in the opposite direction. 149813.doc • 12- 201112468 over including the feed tube or manifold and return The circuit loop of the pump or manifold draws the metal halide electrolyte and the liquefied reactant. The filling pump and the discharge pump should be configured in such a way that only one spring is operated at a given time. This configuration improves system reliability and increases system life. The opposite configuration also allows us to use a valve in the system that switches between charging mode and discharge mode. The cost of this switching valve can often be greater than an extra pump. Therefore, the opposite pump configuration can reduce the overall cost of the system. The pump used in the system can be a centripetal pump. In some embodiments, a pump that is capable of providing a pumping rate of at least 30 L/min is preferred. Figure 1 shows the reservoir as part i! 9. The reservoir 丄9 can be made of a material that is inert to the _ 素 reactant. One non-limiting example of such an inert material can be a polymeric material such as polyvinyl chloride (pvc). The reservoir ιΐ9 can also store the metal halide electrolyte β. In this case, if liquefied gas is used as the liquefaction element reactant, the gas can be attributed to its higher density (specific gravity) and/or by the following Referring to the separation element described in Figures 7 and 8 and the metallization electrolyte knife, the liquefied chlorine (part 126) located at the lower portion of the reservoir and the liquefied gas located in the reservoir & Upper metallization electrolyte (part 125). The reservoir 119 can contain a feed line for liquefying the halogen reactants. It can supply the dentate reactant 126 to the feed tube or manifold ι of the system. The connection between the dentate reactant feed line and the feed manifold of the system may occur at the discharge mill, at the discharge mill 123 or after the discharge record 123. In some embodiments the connection between the dentate reactant feed line and the feed manifold of the system may comprise a mixed venturi. ® 1 presents the 149813.doc 201112468 feed official line for liquefying halogen reactants as part 127. The inlet of feed line 127 (such as a tube or tube) can extend to a lower portion 126 of reservoir 119 that can store a liquefied self-reacting reactant, such as a liquefied gas reactant. The outlet of the feed line 127 is connected to the inlet of the discharge system 123. The electrolyte introduction feed line (such as tube or tube 132) can extend to the upper portion of the metal complex electrolyte. In some embodiments, the reservoir 119 can include one or more headers, which can be, for example, There is a horizontal plate with holes. When the liquefied halogen reactant (such as a liquefied chlorine reactant) is returned to the reservoir 119 in a discharge mode, for example, from a return tube or manifold 12, the header plate can facilitate the storage of the liquefaction element reactant in the reservoir The lower portion 126 of the device settles. The reservoir 119 is preferably, but not necessarily, located below the stack of cells 1〇3. In some embodiments, the reservoir i! 9 can include one or more baffles. These baffles can be vertical plates located at the top and bottom of the reservoir. The separators reduce and/or prevent eddy currents in the return stream of the metal toothed electrolyte and the liquefaction reactant, thereby enhancing the separation of the liquefied dentate from the metal toothed electrolyte in the reservoir. In certain embodiments, the discharge pump can be positioned relative to the reservoir such that the body inlet/outlet is located below the upper surface of the metal toothed electrolyte in the reservoir. In some embodiments, the inlet/outlet of the drain pump can be positioned horizontally or substantially horizontally. In this configuration, the liquid stream of the metallization electrolyte liquefaction dentate reactant can form a 9 degree turn in the discharge pump from the direction of the inlet, the direction of the T bucket to the vertical direction in the feed manifold or tube 115. In some embodiments, the inlet of the drain pump 123 can include a bell mouthpiece, 'the bell mouthpiece can slow down the flow and thereby prevent/reduce the formation of the flow in the reservoir. J49813.doc 14 201112468 It can be positioned such that its inlet/outlet is located below the upper level of the metallization electrolyte in the reservoir. In some embodiments, the inlet/outlet of the filling system can be located at a lower level than the inlet/outlet of the discharge spring. The filled chestnut population/out σ can also have a bell mouthpiece that slows down the flow and thereby prevents/reduces the formation of the I flow in the reservoir. Figure 6 illustrates a reservoir 119 having a lower portion 126 that may contain a liquefied dentate reactant (such as a liquefied molecular gas reactant), an upper portion (2) that may contain a metal reactant reactant, and a separation element such as a level The liquid collecting plate 6〇3, the vertical partition 6〇4, the horizontal inlet 〇6〇5 of the discharge pump, the filled horizontal outlet 606 and the feeding line 6〇7 of the liquefied nucleus reactant, the feeding line 607 has a storage line The inlet in the lower portion 126 of the collector is connected to the inlet 6G5 of the discharge chest. The header plate 6〇3 is positioned substantially at the level at which the boundary between the desired metal toothed electrolyte and the dentate reactant is located. Line 6〇8 schematically plots the upper level of the metal-donate electrolyte in the builder. The 系6〇5 of the discharge system and the σ嶋 of the filling enthalpy can pass through the wall of the reservoir. In some embodiments, the electrochemical system can include a control component that can be used, for example, to control the rate at which the pump is discharged, the rate at which the pump is filled, and/or the rate at which the nutrient reactant is fed into the electrolyte. This control part can be an analog circuit. Figure 1 depicts the control part as a part 128 that can control the majority of the following: the rate at which the pump 124 and the discharge pump 123 are filled and the feed rate of the liquefied gas reactant through the feed line 127. The inner volume of the sealed container may have a plurality of pressurized zones, each having a different pressure. For example, the inner volume can include a first zone and a second zone, the second zone having a pressure that is higher than the pressure of the first zone. In some embodiments 149813.doc • 15· 201112468, the first zone may be enclosed or surrounded by a second, higher pressure zone. The first zone may contain an electrolyte/liquefied halogen reactant loop (ie, reservoir 119, battery 103, pumps 123 and 124, manifolds 115, 120), and the second enclosure or encapsulation zone may be located in the first zone The space between the wall and the sealed container 101. In Figure 1 'battery 103, feed manifold or tube 115, reservoir 119 (including metal halide reactants located in upper portion 125 of the reservoir and liquefaction reactants located in lower portion 126 thereof) And the return manifold or tube 120 can be located in the first pressure zone, and the second zone of higher pressure can be represented by the inner regions 129, 130 and 131 of the vessel 1〇丨. In this configuration, the pressure in the first zone can be a pressure sufficient to liquefy the halogen reactant at a given temperature. The pressure can be at least 75 pSi or at least 100 psi or at least 125 psi or at least 150 psi or at least 175 psi or at least 200 psi or at least 250 psi or at least 300 psi or at least 350 psi or at least 400 psi (such as 75 to 450 psi or 75 to 400 psi and all subranges between). At the same time, the ambient pressure in the second pressure zone can be higher than the maximum operating pressure of the first zone. The ambient pressure can be at least 75 pSi or at least 1 〇〇pSjj or at least 125 psi or at least 15 〇 pSi or at least 175 psi or at least 200 psi or at least 250 psi or at least 3 psi or at least 350 psi or at least 4 〇〇 Psi or at least 450 psi or at least 500 psi or at least 55 psi or at least 6 psi (such as 75 to 650 psi or 200 to 650 psi or 400 to 650 psi and all subranges between). The S-Hold Encapsulation configuration offers several advantages. For example, if a leak from the first zone/loop loop occurs, the higher pressure in the second zone surrounded may cause the leaked component to flow toward the first zone '❿ not outward. Moreover, the helium pressure zone surrounding 149813.doc • 16 - 201112468 can reduce/prevent the components in the first zone/loop loop (including components made of plastic (such as the walls of manifolds and reservoirs)) Spread fatigue cracks. The pressurized encapsulation configuration may also allow for the use of a thinner outer wall for sealing the container/ware, although such outer walls may still prevent the internal flow geometry of the metal-based electrolyte and the liquefied reactant from being adversely affected. Deformation. In the absence of a second zone of pressurization, a thicker outer wall may be required to prevent this (deprecated) deformation (due to an unsupported structure that resists the expansion forces of the internal higher pressure). In some embodiments, the outer wall of the sealed container/mother can be formed by a cylindrical assembly and two circular end plates, one of which can be placed on top of the cylindrical assembly and the other Can be placed at the bottom to seal the device. The use of a pressurized encapsulation configuration for such outer walls allows for the use of thinner end plates without exposing the metal toothed electrolyte and liquefied halogen reactants as compared to the condition when the outer wall is exposed to variable pressures generated during system operation. Internal flow geometry. The second pressure zone can be filled with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen. In some embodiments, the second pressure zone may also contain additional components that neutralize reagents leaking from the first zone (such as halogen reactants) and/or repair the walls of the first zone/loop loop. This additional material can be, for example, soda ash. Therefore, the spaces 129, 130, and 131 can be filled with soda ash. An electrochemical system in a pressurized encapsulation configuration can be made as follows. First, a sealed loop loop for a metal complex electrolyte and a liquefied lignin reagent can be fabricated. The sealed loop circuit allows it to maintain an internal pressure above a liquefied pressure of a liquefied dentate at a given temperature of 2. The sealed loop circuit can include one or more of the following 149813.doc 17 201112468 parts: one or more electrochemical cells; a reservoir for storing the metal complex electrolyte and the liquefied reactant; a feed manifold Or a tube for transferring a metal halide electrolyte and a liquefied reactant from the reservoir to the one or more batteries; a return manifold for using the metal complex electrolyte and the liquefied dentate reactant One or more batteries are passed back to the reservoir; and one or more pumps. After the loop is manufactured, it can be placed inside the vessel or container, which can later be pressurized to a pressure above the maximum operating pressure of the loop loop and sealed. The pressurization of the vessel can be performed by drawing in an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen and optionally one or more additional components. When the wall of the vessel is formed from a cylindrical assembly and two end plates, the sealing procedure can include end plates at the top and bottom of the cylindrical assembly. Figure 2 illustrates the path of the horizontally-displaced battery of the metal dentate electrolyte and the liquefaction reactant in the discharge mode through a stack (such as stack 1 〇 3). The electrolyte flow path in Figure 2 is The arrow indicates. For each of the cells in the stack, the flow can be from the feed tube or manifold. The part 115) is advanced into the distribution zone 22 and travels through the porous "chlorine" electrode 23 to the metal electrode 25 (which may comprise a substrate (which may be, for example, a titanium substrate or a rhodium-plated titanium substrate) and The oxidizable metal on the substrate (which may be, for example, zinc) is advanced into the collection zone 26' through the upward return manifold 27 (part 121 in Figure 1) and travels to the return tube 29 ( Part 122 in Figure j). In some embodiments, the part 24 can be placed on the bottom of the metal electrode. In still other embodiments, this part may be omitted. The purpose of the part 24 may be to prevent the flow of the metal toothed electrolyte from contacting the active metal 24 while passing through the porous electrode of the adjacent cell 149813.doc 201112468, which may comprise a polymer or plastic material. electrode. In some cases, the parts are more detailed. The positive electrode of the battery and its polymerizable material. Figure 2 also shows the barrier 3〇. Each of the barriers 3 can be part of the battery frame described below. The barrier 3〇 separates the same negative electrode. The barrier 3 can comprise an electrically insulating material, such as polyethylene oxide (PVC). In the configuration depicted in Figure 2, the 'metallization electrolyte can flow down through the porous electrode and then flow upwardly away from the cell. This downward and upward flow path on the L allows electrical contact between the porous electrode and the metal electrode of each cell, so that when the electrolyte flow is stopped and the feed manifold, distribution zone, collection zone and return manifold are emptied A pool of metal toothed electrolyte remains in each cell. This contact allows electrical continuity in the stack of cells to be maintained while the flow is stopped and provides uninterruptible power (UPS) applications without continuous pump operation. The τ and upward flow paths in each cell can also interrupt the shunt current that would otherwise occur when the electrolyte flow ceases. Such shunt currents are not desirable because they can result in poor self-discharge of energy stored in the system and unfavorable non-uniform distribution throughout one or more active materials of the stack, such as oxidizable metals (such as Ζη) . Figure 5 further illustrates the flow path through a stacked cell that uses ZnCh as an exemplary metal halide electrolyte and uses cl as an exemplary halogen reactant. The stack in FIG. 5 includes a battery 521 having a reaction zone 506 between a positive electrode 504 (eg, a porous carbon "gas" electrode) and a negative electrode 5〇2 (eg, a zinc electrode); and a battery 522 ' A reaction zone 507 is provided between the positive electrode 5〇5 and the negative electrode 503. The negative electrode 5〇2 of the battery 522 is electrically connected. 149813.doc • 19- 201112468 is connected to the positive electrode 5〇5 of the battery 52 1 to provide continuous electricity generation between the stacked batteries. Each of the negative electrodes, such as 5 hai, may comprise electrically conductive, impermeable parts similar to the part 24 of Figure 2. This part is shown as part 509 of electrode 5〇2 and part 51〇 of electrode 5〇3. Figure 5 also shows the electrode or termination plate located above the positive electrode of battery 521. When the battery 521 is a top terminal battery, the electrode 5〇1 may be the terminal positive electrode of the stack. If the battery 521 is not a terminal battery, the electrode 52ι may be a negative electrode of the adjacent battery of the stack. The positive electrode and (10) are preferably porous electrodes (such as porous carbon-containing electrodes (such as carbon foam electrodes)). . The battery may be disposed in the stack in such a manner that the distance between the batteries may be significantly greater than between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the stack-specific battery.

149813.doc -20· 201112468 The distance between the pools; and (π) provides electrical contact between the positive and negative electrodes of the adjacent battery. In FIG. 5, the positive electrode 505 of the battery 522 has a porous portion 525 and two conductive spacers 523 and 524 electrically connected to the negative electrode 502 adjacent to the battery 521. Conductive spacers 523 and 524 may or may not be made of a porous material. In some embodiments, conductive spacers, such as spacers 523 and 524, can be made of a carbonaceous material, such as graphite. Electrode 504, similar to electrode 505' cell 521, has a porous portion 52 and two conductive spacers 518 and 519. In addition to the batteries 521 and 522, FIG. 5 shows a reservoir 119; a feed line 115 including a pump 123; and a return manifold 120 including an upper extension portion 121 and a portion 122 connected to the reservoir 119. Feed line U5, return manifold 120, and reaction zones 506 and 507, along with reservoir 119, form a metal halide electrolyte (illustrated as ZnCi2 in Figure 5) and a halogen reactant (which is shown in Figure 5). It is a closed loop of C] 2) (for example, a liquid flow cycle). In the discharge mode, the mixture of metal dentate electrolyte and liquefied dentate reactants from reservoir 119 reaches the top of a respective positive electrode of a cell (such as electrode 504 of battery 521 and winter electrode 505 of battery 522). The halogen reactant is reduced at the positive electrode. After the mixture penetrates the porous portion of the positive electrode (portion 520 of battery 521 and portion 525 of battery 522), it becomes enriched in a halogen anion (CP in the case where the molecular gas is used as a halogen reactant). The reaction zone of the battery, such as zone 506 of battery 521 or zone 507 of battery 522, does not contain a membrane or separator configured to separate a halogen anion (such as C1·) from the metal halide electrolyte. Therefore, a mixture rich in halogen anions 149813.doc 21 201112468 travels from the positive electrode down to the negative electrode (such as the electrode of the battery) and the electrode 503 of the battery 522). In the discharge mode, the metal of the negative electrode is oxidized to form a cation that is released into the mixture rich in the ionic anion. For example, if the negative electrode contains metallic Zn (as shown in Figure 5), the metallic zinc is oxidized to zinc ions while releasing two electrons. After contacting the negative electrode, the electrolyte mixture enriched in both the halogen anion and the metal cation exits the cell through the upper extended return manifold and returns to the reservoir where the mixture can be re-supplied with a new dose. Liquefaction In summary, in the system illustrated in Figure 5, the following chemical reactions can be performed in the discharge mode:

Cl2(Aq)+2e -»2C1·(positive electrode)

Zn(4)->Zn2++2e' (negative electrode). Due to these reactions, 2Q2V per battery can be produced. In the discharge mode, the electrochemical system can consume the hydroxyl reactants and the metals that make up the negative electrode and can generate electrochemical potentials. In the charging mode, the metal of the pixel reactant and the electrode can be supplemented by applying a potential to the terminal electrode of the stack. In the charging mode, the electrolyte from the reservoir moves in a direction opposite to the direction of the discharge mode. For Figure 5, this opposite movement means that the electrolyte moves counterclockwise. In the charging mode, the electrolyte enters the battery (such as battery 521 or 522) at the electrode after passing through the return manifold 52, which acts as a negative electrode in the discharge mode but acts as a positive electrode in the charging mode. The electric current in Fig. 5 is the electrode 502 of the battery 521 and the electrode 5〇3 of the battery 522. The metal ions of the electrolyte at this electrode I498l3.doc -22- 201112468 can be reduced to a halogen metal which can be deposited back to the electrode. For example, for the system of Figure 5, zinc ions can be reduced and deposited at electrode 5〇2 or 503 (Zn2++2e·-Zn). The electrolyte can then pass through a porous electrode (such as electrodes 5〇5 and 5〇4 in Figure 5) where the dentate ions of the electrolyte can be oxidized to form a molecular dentate reactant. For the situation illustrated in Figure 5, the gas ions of the metal-electrolyte are oxidized at electrodes 505 and 504 to form a molecular gas. Since the system illustrated in Figure 5 is placed at a pressure above the liquefaction pressure of the dentate reactant, the halogen reactant formed at electrode 505 504 is in a liquid form. The electrolyte exits the cell (such as battery 521 or 522) through the official or orient 115 in the form of a mixture with the formed halogen reactant. The concentration of the metal halide electrolyte in the mixture can be lower than the concentration of electrolyte entering the cell from the tube 12〇. The mixture can enter the reservoir from tube 115 where it can be separated into a halogen reactant and a metal electrolyte using, for example, gravity and, optionally, a liquid collecting plate. The metal halide electrolyte mixed with the liquefaction reactant can undergo one or more liquid flow splits prior to being transferred to the cell, which can create multiple flow paths to the porous electrode. These flow paths can have the same flow resistance. Each of the one or more splits can divide the flow into two. For example, Figure 3 illustrates one possible battery design having a first stage split node 340 that will pass through the metal provided by the feed manifold 331 and liquefy the dentate reactant The liquid stream splits into sub-liquid streams 341 and 342. Each of the substreams 341 and 342 can be further split into two lower stage substreams at level 149813.doc -23- 201112468 secondary split nodes 343 and 344, respectively. Each of the four sub-fluids 3 4 5 ' 3 4 6 , 3 4 7 and 348 formed at the second-stage node is further split into two at the third-stage nodes 349, 35〇, 351 and 352, respectively. The third stage sub-liquid stream. Due to the splitting of the three levels, the flow of the metal dentate electrolyte and the liquefied halogen reactant can enter the cell through eight separate paths 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, in such independent paths. Each has the same flow resistance because it has the same length and the same number of turns, which have the same radius (i.e., the same geometry). The flow splitting nodes split the electrolyte of the battery and the flow of the functional element of each of the cells of the stack. The electrolyte and the liquefied Nantin reactant can exit the cell through a plurality of flow paths or through a single flow path. In some embodiments, the plurality of flow paths may be combined into a smaller number of streams prior to reaching the return manifold or tube. For example, Figure 3 shows that the electrolyte and liquefaction reactants can exit the cell through eight flow paths 361 through 368. Adjacent flow paths 361 and 362, 363 and 364, 365 and 366, Μ? and 368 are merged at the first stage merged nodes 369 to 372 into second stage flow paths 373, 374, 375 and 376, respectively. The secondary flow path is further combined at the four second stage merge nodes 377 and 378 to form two third stage flow paths 381 and 382, such as the third stage node 383. Further merged to form a single stream 384 that enters the return manifold 338. Each of the flow paths 361 through 8 has the same flow resistance ' on the way back to the ambiguity' because it has the same length and the same number of turns' the turns have the same radius. 149813.doc •24· 201112468 Figure 3 illustrates an electrochemical cell with a battery frame. This electrochemical cell can be used to achieve the structure and flow shown in Figure 2. The battery frame can include a feed manifold component 331, a distribution channel, a flow splitting node, a spacer projection 335, a fluid merge node, a collection channel, a return manifold component 338, and a bypass conduit component 334. In some embodiments, a plurality of battery frames (each similar to the frame depicted in Figure 3) can be stacked in a straight line and the electrodes are in the proper position to form the stack shown in Figure 2. To form the stack, the feed manifold components in each of the plurality of battery frames (such as the part 33D in FIG. 3 can be aligned with the feed differential f-parts in the other of the battery frames, This forms a feed manifold of the system. The distribution channels and flow splitting nodes in each of the battery frames can be aligned with the distribution channels and flow splitting nodes in the other of the battery frames, Thereby forming a distribution area of the system. The positive electrode (discharge mode) in each of the cells is located above or below the negative electrode (discharge mode) of each cell on the protruding portion of the spacer of the battery frame, thereby forming An alternating layer of a positive electrode and a negative electrode. The liquid stream merging node and the collecting channel in each of the plurality of battery frames can merge with the liquid stream in the other of the battery frames and the collecting channel Aligning thereby forming a collection area of the system. Return manifold components in each of the battery frames (such as part 338 in Figure 3) can be returned with the other of the battery frames Manifold parts are aligned, Thereby forming a return manifold of the system. Bypass conduit parts (such as part 334 in Figure 3) in each of the battery frames can be bypassed with the other of the battery frames The parts are aligned, thereby forming a bypass conduit for the system. 149813.doc • 25· 201112468 4 Bypass B can be used for fluid flow and/or wire or cable. In some embodiments, the battery frame can have A circular shape that facilitates insertion of the plurality of cells into a pressure containment vessel having a cylindrical shape, thereby reducing the production cost of the system. The frames may comprise an electrically insulating material, which may be a polymeric material (such as pvc). Based on the design of the battery frame can promote: low loss flow of electrolyte and dentate reactants (with uniform distribution); bipolar electrical design; internal bypass path and can be used to achieve operational static equilibrium mode (description The ease of manufacture of the parts of the following. The advantages of the battery frame may include, but are not limited to, a flow splitting design in the distribution zone, which may include multiple stratigraphic splits (such as the flow channel in Figure 3) ^ first-level splitting, second-level splitting, and third-level splitting), each of which splits to produce each of a plurality of through-channels having the same flow resistance having the same length and the number of f-curves and half-displays per The battery has eight feed channels, each of which has the same flow resistance. This design with multiple flow splits allows for the maintenance of laminar flow through each of the plurality of channel towels. This design may allow for independence from The liquid flow velocity, the homogeneity of the viscosity, or the uniformity of the density in the electrolyte to equally divide the flow volume between the plurality of channels. The operational mode shutdown mode can be used to store or transmit the electrochemical m during the shutdown mode, The metal dentate electrolyte and the _ reactant are not delivered to the battery. A small amount of the halogen reactant (which can be maintained in a horizontal position) can be reduced and combined with the metal = sub-form to form a metal! For example, the remaining liquefied gas reactant 149813.doc -26· 201112468 can be reduced to an anion anion and combined with zinc ions to form a vaporized zinc. In the shutdown mode, the terminal electrodes of one or more of the batteries of the system can be connected via a shorting resistor to produce a zero volt potential of the battery of the system. In some embodiments, a blocking diode is preferably used to prevent reverse current flow through the system via any external voltage source. During the discharge mode, the discharge pump can be turned on and a mixture of the metal complex electrolyte and the halogen reactant can be circulated through the battery of the system. When an oxidizable metal constituting the negative electrode forms a metal cation, electrons can be released. The released electrons can be captured by the dentate reactant, thereby reducing the reactant to a halogen anion and generating a potential on the terminal electrode of the battery of the system. The need for power from the system can consume dentate reactants, resulting in an additional dose of liquefied i纟 reactant being released from the (four) device into the feed tube or manifold of the system. During the static equilibrium or standby mode, there may be little or no liquid flow of the metal toothed electrolyte and the i-reactant. The availability of (4) can be maintained via a balanced voltage. This balancing voltage prevents self-discharge of the system by maintaining a precise potential across the battery of the system to counteract the electrochemical reaction forces that can occur in the absence of cycling of the metal i-electrolyte and the reactants. The particular design of the disclosed panel slashes the shunt current that would otherwise flow through the feed manifold and return manifold while maintaining electrical continuity between the cells. First Embodiment of Knife Off Element FIG. 6 illustrates a first embodiment of a reservoir ι 9 having a separation element 6〇3. In this embodiment, the separating element comprises the 149813.doc -27- 201112468 liquid collecting plate 603 shown in FIG. 6 and described above. The liquid collecting plate 603 is preferably a flat plate having an opening, which is mechanically and/or Or use gravity to separate the more recombinant and lighter components of the electrolyte. Second Embodiment of Separating Element Figure 7 illustrates another embodiment of a reservoir j丨9 having a separating element 7〇3. The reservoir of the embodiment of Figure 7 can be used in any of the systems and methods of any of the embodiments described above. The partition 6〇4 is optional and is not shown in the bottom portion of the reservoir U9. The separation element 703 can be, for example, a molecular sieve, a selective membrane, or other component capable of separating one component of the electrolyte mixture from other components of the electrolyte to thereby facilitate operation modes (eg, charging and discharging) of the flow battery. . Separating elements 〇3 having suitable geometries and characteristics for separating the desired components are preferably disposed in the reservoir ι 9 between the inlet to the bellows 607 and the inlet/outlet 6 〇 5 and The electrolyte mixture in reservoir 119 is separated into two volumes 705, 707 during operation of the flow battery. A first volume 7G5 is provided for selective electrolysis of the f component accumulation and a second volume 707 is provided for selective liquefaction (e.g., gas water) accumulation. The first product 707 can be located below the first volume, thereby utilizing liquefied lignin having a higher density than the remaining electrolyte component. However, depending on the type and operation of the separation element 7〇3 and the particular electrolyte and element components, the volume 707 can be located above or to the side of the volume 705. A suitable molecular sieve or membrane can selectively pass the desired molecules at 5 noon. This selectivity can be based, for example, on the molecular size and/or charge of the component. ★ The permeability of the knife or diaphragm can be abrupt with parameters such as pressure, temperature, and chemical concentration. An example of a knife/knife sieve containing a mesoporous carbon membrane, 149813.doc • 28· 201112468 This membrane provides size-based selectivity for molecules that can pass through (iv). Larger molecules are more difficult to penetrate micropores. This provides a higher permeability to the liquefied dentate reactant (e.g., gas water) than the metal halide electrolyte component (e.g., chlorination). Additionally, the separation element can further comprise a configuration to apply on the membrane or molecular sieve. The component of the electric field. An externally applied electric field promotes diffusion of molecules through the membrane and assists in selective diffusion based on charge. Depending on the particular liquefied metal and metal dentate electrolyte used, the molecular sieve may be selected to have a pore size suitable for passage of a predetermined molecule. Some examples of molecular sieves are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 3,939, filed. The molecular sieve may comprise: a granular natural or synthetic ceria-alumina material, which may have a lattice structure of a matte type (for example, see 〇. Grubner, Ρ.

Jiro and M. Ralek's monograph on Molekularsiebe (Molecular Sieve ^^^ ug. Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1968), with a micropore width of 2 A to 10 A (eg 'Buddha powder or bead sieve, such as Grace Davison S YL0SIV brand powder); it has a micropore width of 40 A to 100 A, which is optionally absorbed in the glass beads; and according to w. Haller (J. Chem. Phys. 42, 686 (1965)) The modified borosilicate glass has a micropore width between 75 and 2,400 A. Molecular sieves based on organic products can also be used. These products include: three-dimensional cross-linked polysaccharides, such as dextran gel (Sephadex grade, which is a product marketed by GE Healthcare Life Sciences), which can optionally be alkylated (Sephadex-LH grade, which is GE Healthcare) A product sold by Life Sciences); agarose gel (Sepharose, which is a product marketed by GE Healthcare Life Sciences); cellulose gel; and agar gel. Other examples of synthetic organogels 149813.doc -29- 201112468 Examples include cross-linked polypropylene amide and polyethylene oxide cross-linked via acrylate groups (commercial name Merckogel OR). It is also possible to use an ion exchange gel, such as a three-dimensional crosslinked polystyrene having a sulfonic acid group and a glucan gel as mentioned above, which has an acid group or an ammonium group (glucan) required for ion exchange. Gel ion exchanger). The separation element can comprise a porous container or tray holding the membrane or molecular sieve material. The molecular sieve materials may be in the form of granules or powder. The container can include an electrode or a conductive plate for applying an electric field to the membrane or the molecular sieve material. A voltage output from the flow battery or a voltage from a different power source (eg, grid power, a small battery pack located inside or outside the flow battery unit 1-1, etc.) can be applied to the electrodes or conductive board. The voltage applied to the separation element promotes selective diffusion of the liquefaction reactant through the separation element. The separating element can be permanently coupled (e.g., welded, glued 4) or removably engaged (e.g., bolted & clamped, etc.) to the wall of the reservoir 119. Alternatively, only the particulate molecular sieve material or membrane can be removed from the porous container or tray, and the container or tray can be permanently coupled to the wall of the reservoir. It should be noted that the first volume 705 need not exclusively contain only the remaining electrolyte damage and the first grain product 707 need not exclusively contain only liquefied halogens (such as gas water). The substantial concentration difference between the halogen reactant or the remaining electrolyte component across the separation element 703 is sufficient. Thus, the first volume 7〇5 may contain liquefied halogen in addition to the remaining electrolyte component and the second volume 707 may contain the remaining electrolyte component in addition to the liquefied halogen as long as the liquefied halogen concentration in the volume 707 is higher than in the volume 705 The concentration of liquefied halogen, and/or the remaining electrolyte composition concentration of 149813.doc -30· 201112468 remaining in volume 7〇5 is higher than the remaining electrolyte component concentration in volume 707. The difference in pulsation may be, for example, a difference in at least a jump in the concentration of the nutrient reactant between the first volume and the second volume, such as at least a difference in enthalpy, such as at least a defect, such as at least a difference in fan% ( For example, the difference between 1% and Na). The element 7〇3 can be selected (e. g., by selecting a particular pore size) and/or operating (e.g., by applying a particular voltage) to provide the desired concentration difference. In the discharge mode of operation of the flow battery described in Figure 7, the feed line 607 has a population 'in the second volume 7〇7 of the reservoir ι 9 below the separation element 7〇3' and will have a higher concentration The fluid of the i-reactant (i.e., the fluid having a higher concentration of the desired element for discharging the liquid stream function) is fed from the volume 707 into the liquid flow circuit. The inlet of the discharge pump 6〇5 introduces fluid from the first volume 705, the concentration of the remaining electrolyte component of the first volume 7〇5 being higher than the concentration of the remaining electrolyte component of the volume 707. Depending on the circumstances, the inlet 605 of the discharge pump may be omitted or may remain inoperative during the discharge mode if sufficient electrolyte is present in the second volume 707. The electrolyte and liquid halogen are mixed in the liquid flow circuit and after flowing through the battery and undergoing the reaction therein, the fluid mixture is discharged back into the reservoir crucible 9. Preferably, the mixture is discharged from the filling pump inlet/outlet 6〇6 into the first volume 7〇5. However, a separate outlet can be used to discharge the mixture from the flow loop into the volume 705. The unused halogen reactant selectively or preferentially permeates through the separation element 703 (i.e., the halogen reactant permeates through the element 7〇3 at a higher rate than the remaining electrolyte component) and selectively or preferentially accumulates In the second volume 7〇7. The other electrolyte component has a lower permeability through the separation member 703 than the halogen 149813.doc • 31·201112468 and is preferentially retained in the first volume 705. Thus, the concentration difference described above is established and maintained with the aid of the separation element 7〇3. In the charging mode illustrated in Figure 8, the remaining electrolyte component of the first volume 7〇5 is fed to the liquid by filling the pump inlet 6〇6 in the first volume 705 above the separation element 7〇3. In the flow loop. The concentrated nitrite in the second volume 7〇7 is preferably excluded from being drawn into the liquid flow circuit or minimized from being drawn into the liquid flow circuit. After flowing through the battery and undergoing a reaction therein, the fluid is discharged back into the reservoir 119. Preferably, the fluid is discharged from the exhaust system inlet/outlet 605 into the first volume 7〇5. However, a different independent outlet can be used to discharge the fluid from the flow loop into the volume 705. The discharged fluid is separated by a separating element 703, and the halogen reactant selectively permeates into the second volume 707, thereby maintaining the concentration of the electrolyte component in the first volume 7〇5 higher than the second volume 7〇7 The concentration of the electrolyte component. Third Embodiment of Separating Element Figure 9 illustrates another embodiment of a reservoir 119 having a separating element 903. The health collectors 1-9 of the embodiment of Figure 9 can be used in the systems and methods of the embodiments described above. The separation element 903 as shown is configured to separate the electrolyte from the recombination and the lighter component of the vehicle using one of the mechanisms of each of the various mechanisms: mechanical separation using a mesh or perforated plate; Flow velocity (since the separation element 903 can also act as a baffle); centrifugal force due to the use of axisymmetric geometry (eg, a funnel or truncated cone 903 that is generally symmetrical about the axis (such as the vertical axis); and gravity . 149813.doc •32- 201112468 Separation element 903 ώ A 甘甘丨 e* I s ^___

The circular horizontal cross-sectional shape and the opening on the first end (e.g., the upper end in Fig. 9) has a large opening. Figure 9 t cross-sectional port from the second end to the first end having a frustoconical shape that is less than the opposite of the opposite second end (e.g., the lower end) may have a steady increase from the second size and a relatively constant tilt The side walls (e.g., have a generally rounded shape that tapers toward the lower portion of the reservoir 119). The funnel shape (not shown) may have an unsteady increase in cross-sectional size from the second end to the first end (ie, jump) and __ or multiple n > in the inclined sidewalls; 1 η is divided into two volumes 9〇5, 907, wherein a first volume 905 is provided for accumulating a lighter component of the electrolyte, and a second volume 907 is provided for accumulating a more recombinant component (such as chlorine water). . The effluent stream 909/91 1, 913/915 can form a swirling fluid flow of fluid adjacent the upper surface of the separating element 903, such as by an outlet 8 that is curved in a direction generally along the % curved surface of the separating element 903. Promoted by 〇5A, 8〇5B. The outlets 805A and 805B are oriented in the inner volume of the frustoconical sheet 9〇3 and are curved in the direction of the curvature of the sheet 903 to provide angular distribution to the outlet fluid flow such that fluid flows around the upper surface of the sheet 903. Hovering. The resulting centrifugal force, along with gravity, helps the more recombinant components of the fluid settle into the second volume 907. The apertures 9丨7 in the perforated plate, mesh or screen 9〇3 not only allow the relatively recombined portion to enter the second volume 907, but also help slow down the flow of the fluid. The inlets/outlets 805A and 805B can function similarly to the inlets and outlets 605, 606 of Figures 6-8 of the previous embodiment in a reversibly operational system. 149813.doc • 33· 201112468 As described in relation to the previous embodiment, when the system is operating in the discharge mode, the return (ie, 'drain or outlet') flow 913 will travel from the stack through the discharge mode return conduit 822 (similar The conduit 122) in Fig. 1 and exits as the liquid stream 915 from the outlet 805B into the first volume 905 inside the frustoconical separating element 9〇3. A gas feed (i.e., suction) 921 from the lower second volume 9〇7 is supplied through the discharge mode feed pipe 815 (similar to the pipe Π 5 in the drawing) from the feed line 807 to the stack. Likewise, an electrolyte feed (i.e., suction) from the upper first volume 905 is supplied through conduit 815 from inlet 805A into the stack. The chlorine and electrolyte are mixed in a channel 815 above the inlet 8〇5A. Pumps for suction are not shown for clarity. In the non-limiting configuration shown in Figure 9, the discharge mode feed conduit 81$ extends vertically along the central axis of the truncated conical sheet 903 and extends below the bottom opening of the frustoconical sheet 9〇3. The bottom portion acts as a gas feed line 807. The inlet 8〇5A into the pipe 815 is located between the top opening and the bottom opening of the frustoconical thin plate 9〇3. The discharge mode return conduit 822 can extend perpendicularly away from the central axis of the thin plate 903 and terminate at an opening 805B inside the cone above the plate surface 9〇3. When the system is operating in the charging mode, the outlet stream 909 will travel from the stack through conduit 815 (which now acts as a charge mode outlet conduit) and exit as outlet 805A (which acts as an inlet in discharge mode) as stream 911 It enters the first volume 905 inside the frustoconical separating element 903. The bow-in opening 8 〇 6 in the charging mode feed conduit 822 above the separating element 903 can be used to provide the fluid 919 to the oscillating weight in the charging mode, which is similar to the inlet 606 in FIG. The opening 805B can also be used as an inlet in the charging mode. In this embodiment, the separation element 9〇3 uses the fluid fluid flow properties and gravity of 149813.doc -34· 201112468 to facilitate separation of the electrolyte components, and there is no additional moving portion, thereby reducing the additional fixation. Cost and operating costs. Fourth Embodiment of Separating Element Figure 1A shows another embodiment of a reservoir 119 having a separating element 1003. The reservoir 119 of the embodiment of Figure 10 can be used in any of the systems and methods of any of the embodiments described above. The separating element 1 as shown is configured to utilize a mechanism similar to that described above with reference to Figure 9 (except for the frustoconical or funnel plate 1 shown in Figure ι from the thin plate 9 〇 3 in Figure 9 The orientation is reversed by a mechanism that is 180 degrees (ie, reversed) to separate the relatively reconstituted and lighter components of the electrolyte. In one embodiment, the separation element 1〇03 comprises a curved sheet (such as a mesh or perforated screen or a ridged perforated plate) having openings in its side walls in some configurations. Preferably, as described above, the sheet has a frustoconical or funnel shape. In other configurations, the sheet 1003 lacks an opening in its sidewall. As shown in Figure 10, element 1003 has a frustoconical shape that tapers toward the top portion of reservoir U9 (i.e., the opening on the first end (e.g., the upper end in FIG. 1) has a second relative orientation The opening on the end (for example, the lower end) is small and small. The separating element 1003 divides the reservoir 119 into two volumes 1〇〇5, 1007' where the first volume 1〇〇5 is provided for the lighter group injury of the accumulated electrolyte' and the first grain product 1 〇〇7 Provided for accumulating more recombinant components (such as chlorine water). The effluent streams 911, 91 5 may form a swirling fluid flow of fluid adjacent the lower surface of the separating element 1003 as by a surface located adjacent to the bottom plate 1 I 3 498. The outlets at the top surface of the thin plate 903 of Fig. 9 are 8〇5 in and 8〇5]8. The outlets 805A, 805B are curved in a direction substantially along the curved lower surface of the separating member 1〇〇3. The resulting centrifugal force, together with gravity, helps the rutting recombination in the fluid settle better into the second volume 丨〇〇7. Therefore, in the target example of the drawing, the electrolyte and chlorine are separated into the volumes 1〇〇5 and 1〇〇7, respectively, by the electrolyte flowing upward from the volume 1〇〇7 into the volume. In contrast, in the embodiment of Fig. 9, separation occurs by gas flowing downward from the volume 9〇5 into the volume 907. Advantageously, the separation element implements an architecture with a simplified single flow circuit piping design, valve design, pump layout, and the like. Alternative flow battery designs typically require two separate flow systems that are more complex, costly, and more prone to crossover and leakage. Although the above is referred to a particular preferred embodiment, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made to the disclosed embodiments and such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the invention. All publications, patent applications and patents cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 illustrates a side cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an electrochemical system having a sealed container containing a stack of electrochemical cells. Figure 2 illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a flow path in a stack of horizontally positioned cells. Figure 3 illustrates a three dimensional view of a battery frame that can be used in certain embodiments of an electrochemical system. 149813.doc -36· 201112468 Figure 4 is a prior art phase diagram of the molecular gas as presented in U.S. Patent No. 94,283. Figure 5 graphically illustrates a three-dimensional view of the flow path control in an electrochemical system in a discharge mode. Fig. 6 schematically illustrates a side cross-sectional view of a reservoir having a header separation element and a separator. Figure 7 is a schematic illustration of a side cross-sectional view of a reservoir having discrete elements in a discharge operation of an electrochemical system. Figure 8 is a schematic illustration of a side cross-sectional view of a reservoir with separate elements in a charging operation of an electrochemical system. Figure 9 illustrates a three-dimensional shear diagram of a reservoir having a separate element disposed therein in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 10 illustrates a three-dimensional shear diagram of a reservoir in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The 6-well reservoir has separate elements disposed therein. [Main component symbol description] 21 Feed tube or manifold 22 Distribution area 23 Porous disorder electrode 24 Part 25 Metal electrode 26 Collection area 27 Return manifold 29 Return tube 30 Barrier 149813.doc -37- 201112468 100 Electrochemical system 101 Sealed container / 1 1 internal volume 103 stack 115 feed tube or manifold 119 reservoir 120 return tube or manifold 121 upwardly extending section 122 downwardly extending section 123 drain pump 124 filling pump 125 upper portion 126 lower portion 127 feed line 128 Part 129 Area/Space 130 Area/Space 131 Area/Space 132 Pipe or Pipe 331 Feed Manifold 334 Bypass Pipe Part 335 Spacer Projection 338 Return Manifold Part 340 First Stage Split Node 149813.doc -38- 201112468 341 sub-liquid stream 342 sub-liquid stream 343 second-stage splitting node 344 second-stage splitting node 345 sub-liquid stream 346 sub-liquid stream 347 sub-liquid stream 348 sub-liquid stream 349 third-stage splitting node 350 third-stage splitting node 351 Three-level split node 352 third-stage split node 353 split path 354 split path 355 split path 356 separation path 357 separation path 358 separation path 359 separation path 360 separation path 361 liquid flow path 362 liquid flow path 363 liquid flow path 364 liquid flow path 149813.doc ·39· 201112468 365 liquid flow path 366 liquid flow path 367 liquid flow path 368 Flow path 369 First stage merge node 370 First stage merge node 371 First stage merge node 372 First stage merge node 373 Second stage liquid flow path 374 Second stage liquid flow path 375 Second stage liquid flow path 376 Second stage flow path 377 Second stage merge node 378 Second stage merge node 381 Third stage liquid flow path 382 Third stage liquid flow path 383 Third stage node 384 Single stream 501 Electrode 502 Negative electrode 503 Negative electrode 504 Positive electrode 505 Positive electrode 506 Reaction zone 149813.doc -40- 201112468 507 Reaction zone 509 Part 510 Part 518 Conductive spacer 519 Conductive spacer 520 Portion 521 Battery 522 Battery 523 Conductive spacer 524 Conductive spacer 525 Part 603 Separation element 604 Separator 605 pump inlet 606 pump outlet 607 feed line 608 line 703 Offset element 705 Volume 707 Volume 805 Α Outlet 805Β Outlet 806 Lead into opening 807 Feed line 149813.doc •41 · 201112468 815 Discharge mode feed line 822 Discharge mode Return line 903 Frustum thin plate 905 First volume 907 Volume 909 Drain flow 911 Emission Flow 913 Drain Flow 915 Drain Flow 917 Pore 919 Fluid 921 Chlorine Feed 1003 Separation Element 1005 First Volume 1007 Second Volume 149813.doc -42-

Claims (1)

201112468 VII. Patent application scope: 电化学 An electrochemical system comprising a vessel, wherein the vessel comprises: (a) at least one battery comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and a reaction zone between the first electrode and the second electrode; (b) a reservoir comprising a first volume configured to selectively accumulate the metal halide electrolyte component and configured to selectively a second volume accumulating a liquefied reactant; (c) a separating element that separates the first volume from the second volume; and (d) a liquid flow loop configured to be in the reservoir The concentrator and the metal dentate electrolyte are transferred between the collector and the at least one battery. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the separation element has a permeability to the liquefaction element reactant that is higher than a permeability of the metal hydride electrolyte component. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein The separation element comprises a molecular sieve or a selective porous membrane. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the molecular sieve or the selective porous membrane comprises a molecular sieve selected from at least one of the group consisting of: granular natural or synthetic mono-oxidation> Medium pore carbon material. 5. The system of claim 3 wherein the separating element comprises a porous container or tray having the molecular sieve located therein or thereon. 6. The system of claim 2, wherein the permeating one of the liquefaction reactants is 149813.doc 201112468 is higher than the permeability of one of the metal insect electrolyte components based on a molecular size or At least one of a charge. 7. The system of claim 2, further comprising an electrode or a conductive plate electrically contacting the separating element to apply a voltage to the separating member to facilitate selective penetration of the liquefied dentate reactant Spread through the separating element. 8) The system of claim 1, wherein the separation element comprises a liquid collection plate. 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the separating element comprises a curved sheet having at least two openings. 1. The system of claim 9, wherein: the β 玄玄曲板 comprises a frustoconical or funnel-shaped curved sheet having a first opening at an upper end thereof and a second opening at a lower end thereof; the curved sheet It is configured to promote the separation using a centrifugal force; the first volume is above the curved sheet; and the second volume is below the curved sheet. 11. The system of claim 1 wherein the curved sheet tapers toward a lower portion of the reservoir. The system of claim 11 wherein the curved sheet comprises a web, screen or perforated sheet having openings in its side walls. 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the flow loop comprises at least an outlet of a return conduit that is generally curved along an upper surface of the curved sheet. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein: the culvert flow loop further comprises at least one feed conduit extending perpendicularly along a central axis of the curved sheet; and 149813.doc 201112468 the at least one A bottom portion of one of the feed conduits extends through the second opening D of the curved sheet and extends below the second opening into the second volume to serve as a pixel reactant feed line. 15. The system of claim 1 wherein the curved sheet tapers toward an upper portion of the reservoir. 16. The system of claim 15 wherein the flow loop comprises at least an outlet of a return conduit that is generally curved along a lower surface of the curved sheet. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the concentration of the metal halide electrolyte component of the first volume is higher than the concentration of the metal toothed electrolyte component of the second volume. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the concentration of the elementary reactant of the second volume is higher than the concentration of the elemental reactant of the first volume. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the second volume is below the first volume in the reservoir. 20. The system of claim 19, wherein the flow loop is a loop of a loop configured to separate the metal halide electrolyte component and the reactant from the first volume and the second The volume is transferred to the at least one battery and from the at least one battery to the reservoir. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the flow loop comprises: a feed manifold configured to separate the metal-based electrolyte component and the halogen reactant from the first volume and the second A volume is transferred to the at least one battery; and a return manifold configured to transfer the elementary reactant and the metalized tooth electrolyte component from the at least one battery to the reservoir. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the feed manifold comprises: a first inlet located in the first volume; and a second inlet located in the second volume. 23. The system of claim 1 wherein the volume of the inner volume of the vessel is greater than the liquefaction pressure of one of the self-reacting reactants. 24. The system of claim 1, wherein the flow loop comprises: a first-circulating pump configured to deliver a flow through the flow loop in a first direction; and a second A circulation pump configured to deliver a flow through the flow path in a second direction opposite the first direction. 25. The system of claim 1, wherein the reservoir includes one or more baffles configured to reduce eddy currents in the reservoir. 26. The system of claim 1, wherein the reservoir is located below the at least one battery. The system of claim i, wherein the first electrode comprises a porous material, the first electrode of the ahai comprises a metal, and the metal-electrolyte component comprises a gasification word, the electrolyte comprises an aqueous electrolyte, the liquefaction The halogen reactant comprises a liquefied gas reactant and the at least one battery comprises a vertical stack of one of the horizontal cells connected in series. 28. A method of operating an electrochemical system, comprising: (A) providing a system comprising a vessel, the vessel comprising: (a) at least one battery comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; And 149813.doc 201112468 a reaction zone between the first electrode and the second electrode, and (b) a reservoir comprising a first volume and a second volume separated by a separating element; B) mixing a metal halide electrolyte component from the β-first grain product with a liquefied dentate reactant from the second volume to form an electrolyte mixture; (C) the electrolyte mixture in a discharge mode Providing to the at least one battery to generate electricity; and (D) returning the delta-electrolyte mixture from the at least one battery to the first volume of the reservoir such that unused liquefaction from the returned electrolyte mixture ii The prime reactant permeates from the first volume through the separation element to the second volume. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the concentration of the metal halide electrolyte component of the first volume is higher than the concentration of the metal halide electrolyte component of the second volume and the halogen reactant of the second volume The concentration is higher than the concentration of the first volume of the pixel reactant. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the step comprises: (E) supplying the metal halide electrolyte component from the first volume to the at least one battery in a charging mode to charge the electrochemical system And (F) returning the electrolyte from the at least one battery to the first volume in the reservoir such that any liquefied halogen reactant in the returned electrolyte selectively passes through the first volume 31. The method of claim 28, wherein the separation element comprises a molecular sieve or a selective porous membrane, the first electrode comprising a porous carbonaceous material, The second electrode comprises zinc, the metal-oxide electrolyte component comprises a gasification word, the electrolyte mixture comprises an aqueous electrolyte mixture, the liquefied halogen reactant comprises a liquefied chlorine reactant, and the at least one battery comprises a level of series connection One of the batteries is stacked vertically. The method of claim 31, wherein the liquefied halogen reactant selectively permeates from the first volume through the separation element to the second volume based on at least one of: having a smaller than the metal The molecular size of the molecular size of the toothed electrolyte group injury or a charge different from the charge of the metal toothed electrolyte component. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein the separating element comprises a liquid collecting plate. The method of claim 28, wherein the separating element comprises a curved sheet having at least two openings. 35. The method of claim 34, wherein: the curved sheet comprises a frustoconical or funnel-shaped curved sheet having a first opening at an upper end thereof and a second opening at a lower end thereof; The state promotes the separation using a centrifugal force; the first volume is above the curved sheet; and the second volume is below the curved sheet. 36. An electrochemical system comprising a vessel, wherein the vessel comprises: (a) at least one battery comprising: a first electrode; I49813.doc -6. 201112468 a second electrode; and one located at the first a reaction zone between the electrode and the second electrode; (b) a reservoir comprising a first volume configured to selectively accumulate a metal halide electrolyte component, and configured to selectively a second volume of a liquid liquefied reactant; and (c) a liquid flow loop configured to transfer the halogen reactant and the metal complex electrolyte between the reservoir and the at least one battery, Wherein the flow loop comprises: (i) a feed manifold configured to transfer the metal halide electrolyte component and the dentate reactant from the first volume and the second volume, respectively, to the at least a battery, the feed manifold including a first inlet in the first volume and a second inlet in the second volume; and (ii) a return manifold 'which is configured to use the element The reactant and the metal halide electrolyte component are from the at least A battery is delivered to the reservoir. 37. The system of claim 36, wherein the first volume is above the second volume in the reservoir, the first electrode comprises a porous material, and the second electrode comprises a metal 'the metal-based electrolyte The component comprises zinc oxide, the electrolyte comprising an aqueous electrolyte, the liquefied reactant comprising a liquefied chlorine reactant, the at least one battery comprising one of the horizontal cells connected in series vertically stacked and the stack is located in the vessel The reservoir is above the piano. 3 8 _ an electrochemical system comprising a sealed vessel 'The sealed vessel containing 149813.doc 201112468 has: (a) at least one battery comprising: a first metal electrode; a second porous electrode; a reaction zone between the first electrode and the second electrode; (b) a liquefied chlorine reactant; (c) at least one metal vapor electrolyte; and (d) a closed loop flow loop Transmitting the gas reactant and the at least one metal vapor electrolyte to the reaction zone, and transferring the gas reactant and the at least one metal vapor electrolyte from the reaction zone, wherein the gas reactant and the metal toothing The reactant has the same flow path in the closed loop flow loop in the at least one battery. A 39. metal halogen electrochemical system comprising: (A) a pressure containment vessel containing (4) a horizontally positioned battery - vertically stacked, wherein each of the cells in the stack comprises: at least one positive An electrode; at least one negative electrode; and a reaction zone between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and a κ (b)-electrolyte mixture comprising (1) at least one aqueous electrolyte comprising a metal and a halogen; Ii) a pressurized halogen reactant; and () a circulation pump configured to deliver one of the electrolyte mixtures 149813.doc 201112468 a liquid stream passing through the reaction zone such that the dentate reactant is at the positive electrode The reduction is performed to form an electrolyte mixture rich in a halide ion, the halogen ion-rich electrolyte mixture bypassing the negative electrode. 40. An electrochemical system comprising: • a pressurization sealer having an inner volume, the inner volume comprising a first pressure zone and a second pressure zone surrounding the first pressure zone, wherein : (A) the first pressure zone comprises: (a) at least one battery comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and a reaction zone between the first electrode and the second electrode; b) - a liquefied _ _ reactant; (c) at least one metal complex electrolyte; and (d) - a liquid flow loop configured to transfer the dentate reactant and the at least - electrolyte to the at least - a battery; and (B) one of the pressures in the first pressure zone is higher than one of the hydroxyl reactants, and one of the pressures in the second pressure zone is higher than the pressure in the first pressure zone. 4 1 · An electrochemical system comprising: a pressurized sealer blue comprising: (a) at least one battery comprising: a first electrode; 149813.doc 201112468 a second electrode; and a a reaction zone between the first electrode and the second electrode; (b) a liquefied pixel reactant; (c) at least one metal halide electrolyte; (d) a reservoir containing the at least one metal halide electrolyte And the liquefied dentate reactant; and (e) a liquid flow loop configured to transfer the halogen reactant and the metal toothed electrolyte between the reservoir and the at least one battery; wherein the vessel One of the internal volume pressures is higher than one of the liquefaction reactants; and wherein the reaction zone of the battery does not contain a membrane or separator that is impermeable to the reactant. 42. The system of claim 41, wherein the system does not include a compressor. 43. The system of claim 41, wherein the halogen reactant is located below the at least one metal halide electrolyte in the reservoir. 44. The system of claim 41, wherein the flow loop is a loop of a loop configured to transfer the dentate reactant and the at least one electrolyte from the reservoir to the at least one battery' and The at least one battery is delivered to the reservoir. The system of claim 44, wherein the flow loop comprises: - a manifold that is configured to deliver the i-reactant and the at least one electrolyte to the at least one Battery; and a return manifold, Danjing configuration 149813.doc •10· 201112468 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. The Nansu reactant and the at least one electrolyte from the at least A battery is delivered to the reservoir, the system of claim 45, wherein the feed manifold includes a first introduction line and a second introduction line separate from the first introduction line, wherein the first introduction line is grouped State to introduce the metal halide electrolyte, and the second introduction line is configured to introduce the halogen reactant. The system of claim 46, wherein the halogen reactant is at least partially separated by gravity below the at least one metallization electrolyte in the reservoir. The system of claim 47, wherein the second introduction line extends below the first introduction line in the reservoir. The system of claim 46 wherein the return manifold is an upward return manifold. The system of claim 44, wherein the flow loop comprises at least one circulation pump, at least one circulation pump configured to deliver the dentate reactant and the at least one electrolyte passing through the reaction zone of the battery. The system of claim 50, wherein the flow loop comprises: a first circulation pump gossip configuration to deliver a flow through the flow loop in a first direction; and - a second cycle And configured to deliver a liquid flow through the flow loop in a first direction opposite the first direction. The system of claim 50 wherein the at least - the inlet of the spring is a horizontal inlet that protrudes beyond the wall of the reservoir. For example, the system of item f, wherein the reservoir contains at least a horizontal collector plate level collector plate in the reservoir to separate the device reactant from the electricity 1498l3.doc 201112468. The system of item 44, the eddy current in the reservoir is as good as the system of the system 4, square. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. The reservoir is configured to reduce the or a plurality of baffles. Wherein the reservoir is located under the at least one battery, such as the system of claim 43, wherein the sealed vessel has: a U-force region containing the reservoir and the at least one battery; and an envelope of the first pressure zone One of the pressures in the first zone of the second pressure zone. Wherein the pressure in one of the second zones is higher than the system of claim 56, the pressure in the first pressure zone of the L r L L 八 干 5 亥 亥 为 为 为 , , , , , , , , , The pressure in the pressure zone of the 坌 ° 茨 is in the range of 100 psi to 600 psi. For example, in the system of 5 Qing, the second pressure zone of φ兮·goods _, zhonghehai contains an inert gas or at least one of the neutralizer for the element reactant. The system of claim 41, wherein the first electrode comprises a porous carbonaceous material, such as the system of claim 59, wherein the at least one battery comprises a horizontal battery, and one of the cells is used for the elementary reactant and the at least one An electrolyte is introduced above the first electrode, and an outlet for the dentate reactant and the electrolyte is located below the first electrode. The system of claim 59, wherein the first electrode further comprises one or more conductive spacers. Female. The system of claim 59, wherein the second electrode comprises a word, wherein the electricity is zinc sulfide; and wherein the elementary reactant comprises a liquefied gas anti- 1498I3.doc • 12-201112468. 63. 65. 65. 66. 67. ::: The system of item 62 wherein the electrolyte further comprises at least one of sodium carbonate and potassium vapor. The system of claim 41 wherein the at least one battery comprises a plurality of batteries. For example, the system of claim 64 wherein the battery comprises a plurality of cells in series. The system of claim 64, wherein the at least one battery comprises one of horizontal cells stacked in series vertically stacked. An electrochemical system comprising a vessel, wherein the vessel comprises: (a) one of a series of horizontal cells connected in series; (b) a reservoir configured to accumulate a metal halide electrolyte component and a liquefied reactant; and (c) a flow loop configured to transfer the functional reactant and the metal-based electrolyte between the reservoir and the stack; wherein: (i) One of the first batteries in the stack comprises: a porous electrode; a metal electrode; and a reaction zone between the porous electrode and the metal electrode; (ii) one of the second cells in the stack comprises: a hole electrode; a metal electrode; and 149813.doc • 13-201112468 a reaction zone between the porous electrode and the metal electrode; (III) a conductive spacer electrically contacting the porous electrode of the first battery and the The metal electrode of the second battery; and (IV) the conductive spacers are configured such that the pixel reactant and the metal electrolyte are flowing in a space between the conductive spacers The first battery Hole electrode, and the flows to the first reaction zone in a battery. 68. The system of claim 67, wherein the reaction zones of the first cell and the second cell do not contain a membrane or separator that is impermeable to the liquefied reactant, the metal halide electrolyte component comprising gasification Zinc, the electrolyte comprising an aqueous electrolyte, the liquefied dentate reactant comprising a liquefied gas reactant. 69. The system of claim 67, wherein a distance between the battery between the first battery and the second battery is greater than between the porous electrode of the first battery and the metal electrode of the first battery The distance is at least three times larger. M9813.doc •14·