TW200950210A - Compact planar cell phone antenna covering six bands - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention presents a compact planar cell phone antenna covering six bands. The radiator of the antenna is mainly installed in a space of 45×12mm2 above a metal ground surface of 45×100mm2. Additionally, a double inverse-L shaped metallic tiny strip is used as the main structure. Furthermore, a parasitic structure and an impedance adjustment structure are gradually added to the main structure. Finally, this antenna is capable of covering six specified bands, such as GSM850, GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS and WLAN2.4GHz.

Description

200950210 VI. Description of the Invention: [Technical Field] The present invention provides a technical field of a hand-held mobile communication device, and more particularly, a technically provided small-area planar mobile phone antenna that is built-in and covers six frequencies. [Prior Art] In recent years, with the continuous development of handheld mobile communication devices (or mobile phones), the size of the products has become thinner and smaller, and for the beauty of mobile phones, the exposed antennas are gradually being built. The antenna is replaced, and the function of the mobile phone is more and more, and the volume that the antenna can be distributed inside the casing of the mobile phone is severely limited. Therefore, the antenna radiator size of mobile phones developed in recent years is required to be limited to a small volume range. In addition, the operating band of the antenna is also required to include GSM850 (824~894MHz) and GSM900 (880~960 Ο v). Five specification bands, such as MHz), DCSC1710 to 1880MHz), PCS (1850~1990MHz), UMTS (1920~2170MHz), etc., are even more desirable to include the W1AN/2.4GHz (2400 to 2484MHZ) specification band. It is known from a large number of conventional techniques in the prior art that a planar antenna in which the antenna radiator has only the same width and height and is located on the same dielectric substrate as the metal ground of the antenna is easier to manufacture. This type of antenna design can be roughly divided into three categories, among which the better operational performance has reached the width of the radiator in six specification bands including GSM850, GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS, WLAN 2. 4 3 200950210 GHz. The height is 40 mm and 15 mm respectively; that is, the area of the radiator is 600 mm2. Table 1: Loop antenna table antenna | 丨丨丨ϋ·_·..................-........... ..................................... «Η» 'hj . -5〇-1 ♦ 1 ^ toner strip |h = 4's 2007 2007 Radiator size 50 mm x 14.5 mm 45 mm χ 20 mm Ground plane size 50 mm x 100 mm 45 mm χ 95 mm bandwidth (VSWR=2.5) 870MHz~ 1150 MHz 1700MHz ~1900 MHz (VSWR=3) 850 MHz ~1180 MHz 1540 MHz ~2230 MHz Application Band GSM900, DCS GSM850, GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS Gain 0.1 dBi ~4dBi 0.4dBi~4dBi Features a simple dual path to generate dual frequency Modal loop antenna, although the antenna height is below 15mm, the bandwidth is still insufficient. The application frequency band containing five frequencies uses a driven strip to generate high frequency, and is coupled to the loop to generate a low frequency design, although it can include a five-frequency application band. However, the height of the antenna cannot be reduced to less than 15mm. [1] The first of the three categories is the Loop Antenna (as shown in Table 1). This antenna type mainly produces a resonant mode with a half wavelength. State, 2009502 10 Therefore, although the better antenna design can achieve GSM85〇, GSM9〇〇, pcs, UMTS five-frequency operation, it is still difficult to overcome the shortcomings of the antenna light body area (up to 900 mm2).

Table 2: Monopole (e.e.) Monopole (e.E.D.) Hemp "*·*· l, ^ ii van _· __·· ·» ·- !<» mem private", age 2006 2008 2008 Radiation dimensions 38.5 χ 15 (mm2) 41 χ 23 (mm2) 60 mm x 10 mm Ground plane size 38.5 mm x 60 mm (mm2) 33.5 mm x 70 mm (mm2) 60 mm x 100 mm (mm2) Bandwidth (VSWR=2.5) 891 ~ 961 MHz 1705 ~ 2180 MHz 2341 ~ 2980 MHz ( VSWR=2) 850 ~ 970 MHz 1595-1995 MHz 2400 ~ 2625 MHz 4295 ~4705 MHz 5145-5960 MHz (VSWR=3) 815 ~990 MHz 1700 ~2415 MHz Application Band GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS, WLAN 2.4GHz GSM900, DCS, PCS, WLAN 2.4GHz, 5.2GHz '5.8GHz GSM850' GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS Benefit 1 dBi ~ 3.2dBi -0.5dBi~2.5dBi -0.5dBi~2.5dBi Features multipath bent monopole Antenna type to generate multi-mode, low-frequency bandwidth 891 ~ 961 MHz can not be forwarded to 824 MHz - use the couple between the strip to generate low-frequency and high-frequency modes, and then match the components to achieve the design of the five-band antenna , but its width is too wide, only applicable to PDA phones [3] [4] [5] 200950210 The second type of monopole antenna (Monopole Antenna) (as shown in Table 2) is a quarter wavelength The antenna pattern of the resonant mode is generated, but when the antenna radiator is close to the ground plane, the large coupling effect is easy to cause the antenna radiator to reach the GSM850, GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS, WLAN2 with a small width and height at the same time. Six specification bands such as 4 GHz. The area of the radiator designed by the preferred antenna has been reduced to 577.5 mm2 (38.5x15 mm2), but only covers five standard bands such as GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS, WLAN 2.4 GHz. Table 3: Monopole Slot Antenna Reference Table Antenna ί Not ¥ f) 1 \H-^—4——^ top ground poftton tuning siut (h»ng* t» /monopol· «lot / j mnUmfmm Jn «»2? ι I 19 IttT W -2J ! >b..\ W,a5 , ,-. -,· c 5 .%* iW-S —ίτ^| e*LiJ >r 40 * 2 -JI Ι 4*8nm _;i ----. M>2«nn {I 参2*M ........ .. -----: • n- CriMPBd ί * 2Δ . { {970970 2007 2008 Radiation dimensions 45 mm x 21 mm 45 mm x 21 mm 40 mm x 15 mm 40 mm x 15 mm A Ground plane size 45 x 100 (mm2) 45 x 100 (mm2) 40 mm x 85 Mm 40 mm x 85 mm, Folding phone width (VSWR=3) 808 ~ 998 MHz 1682 ~ 2328 MHz (VSWR=3) 778 ~ 1070 MHz 1674 ~ 2741 MHz (VSWR=3) 822 ~ 962 MHz 1670 ~ 2670 MHz (VSWR=3) 820 to 970 MHz 1675 to 2660 MHz Application band GSM900, DCS, PCS 'UMTS GSM850, GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS, WLAN 2.4GHz GSM850 'GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS, WLAN 2.4GHz GSM850 'GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS, WLAN 2.4GHz gain — 1.4dBi~3.4dBi 1.5dBi ~2dBi -0.3dBi ~5. 0dBi 2.3dBi ~ 5.4dBi Features ------- Divide the groove line on the Ground to resonate the dual-frequency mode. The bandwidth is quite wide. You can dig the groove line on the Ground to resonate the dual-frequency mode. The bandwidth is quite wide. The groove line on the Ground is used to resonate the dual-frequency mode. The bandwidth is quite wide. The groove line on the Ground is used to resonate the dual-frequency mode. The bandwidth is quite wide. 200950210 contains a six-frequency antenna design, but the disadvantage is that the antenna ifj is 15mm. The above includes a six-frequency antenna design, but the disadvantage is that the antenna height can be more than 15mm and can include a six-frequency antenna design, but the disadvantage is that the antenna height can be more than 15mm and can include a six-frequency antenna design, but the disadvantage is that the antenna is more than 15mm. [6] [7] [8] [9] The third type is a monopole slot antenna (as shown in Table 3). This antenna type differs from a monopole antenna in the length of a quarter-wave slot. To generate a resonant mode' although the preferred antenna design can be 60〇mm2 (40x15 mm2)

❹ Radiator area' reaches six specification bands covering GSM850, GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS 'WLAN 2· 4 GHz, but the height of the radiator still does not meet the requirement of less than 15 mm. Table 4: Inverted F antenna literature Ί(1)Material—i· Antenna 乂(10)疒----------(... :::SBBBBSBSB ----- 2007 2007 Radiation Dimensions --- 18 mm x 4 mm 24 mm x 6.4 mm Ground plane dimensions ------ 45 mm x 115 mm 40 mm x 107 mm Bandwidth ~— _ (VSWR=3) 2460 ～2540 MHz (VSWR= 2) 2330 ~ 2540 MHz 5035 ~ 5365 MHz Application Band ----- WLAN 2.4GHz WLAN 2.4GHz, WLAN 5.2GHz Gain 0.1 dBi ~ 4dBi 0.4dBi ~ 4 dBi 7 200950210 Features - 1 - 1 [10] [ii The fourth type of inverted F antenna (shown in Table 4) is one of the second type of monopole antennas, which also produces a resonant mode at a quarter wavelength, mainly on the main radiator of the monopole antenna. A grounded metal microstrip is added as an impedance adjustment structure to adjust the input impedance mismatch caused by the coupling effect of the antenna due to the decrease in the height of the radiator. However, this also causes a large impairment of the impedance bandwidth, so this type Most of the antennas are used in wireless area networks WLAN/2.4GHZ (2400~2484MHz) and WLAN/5.2GHZ (5035 ~5365MHz). Fan Band. References [1] Chi, YW and Wong, KL? ^Internal Compact Dual-Band Printed Loop Antenna for Mobile Phone Application,, 9 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 1457 -1462, May 2007.

[2] Li, WY and Wong, KL “Internal Printed Loop-Type Mobile Phone Antenna for Penta-Band Operation, 5, Microwave Opt Technol Lett., Vol. 49, No. 10, pp. 2595-2599, Oct. 2007 .

[3] Jing, X., Du, Z., and Gong, K., "A Compact Multiband Planar Antenna for Mobile Handsets," IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag. Lett., Vol. 5, pp. 343-345, 2006.

[4] Sim, C. Y. D., iCMutiband Planar Antenna Design for Mobile Handset^ Microwave Opt. Technol Lett.9 Vol. 50, No. 6, pp. 1543-1545, Jun. 2008.

[5] Wong, K·L” and Kang, T. W” “GSM 850 / 900 /1800 / 1900 / UMTS Printed Monopole Antenna for Mobile Phone Application,” Microwave TfecAwo/· Vol· 50, No. 12, pp. 3192-3198, Dec. 2008. 200950210 [6] Wong, Κ·L., Chi, YW, and Tu, S. Y., “Internal Multiband Printed Folded Slot Antenna for Mobile Phone Application/9 Microwave Opt. Technol Lett. , Vol. 49, No. 8, pp. 1833-1837, Aug. 2007· [7] Wu, CH and Wong, K_L·, “Hexa-Band Internal Printed Slot Antenna for Mobile Phone Application, 59 Microwave Opt. Technol Lett^ Vol. 50, No. U pp. 35-38, Jan. 2008.

[8] Lin, C. I. and Wong, K. L., ^Printed Monopole Slot Antenna for Internal Multiband Mobile Phone Antenna,^ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 55, No. 12, pp. 3690-3697, Dec. 2007.

[9] Lin, CI and Wong, KL, ^Printed Monopole Slot Antenna for Penta-Band Operation in the Folder-Type Mobile Phone, 35 Microwave Opt. Technol Lett9 Vol. 50, No. 9, pp. 2237-2242, Sep ❺ 2008.

[10] Tan, Q. and Erricolo, D., ^Comparison Between Printed Folded Monopole And Inverted F Antennas for Wireless Portable Devices, 55 Antennas and Propagation International Symposium, pp. 4701-4704, Jun. 2007.

[11] Angelopoulos, ES, Kostaridis, AI and Kaklamani, DI, UA Novel Dual-Band F-Inverted Antenna Printed on a PCMCIA Card,” O〆.recAw/. ieW·, Vol. 42, No, 2, pp. 153-156, Jul. 2004. [Disclosed] Technical problem to be solved: The first type of loop antenna, although the better antenna design can achieve five-frequency operation, it is still difficult to overcome the larger area of the antenna radiator. Disadvantages. The second type of monopole antenna, although it uses a quarter-wavelength to produce a resonant mode antenna type, can only cover five standard frequency bands. The third type is a monopole slot antenna, although the preferred antenna The design has been able to reach the six specification bands, but the height of the radiator still does not meet the requirements of less than 15mm. The inverted F-type antenna of the fourth type is likely to cause a large impairment of the impedance bandwidth. Technical characteristics of the problem: provide a coverage of six frequencies The small space flat mobile phone antenna, the radiator of the antenna is mainly placed in the 45x12mm2 space of the 45x1 00mm2 gold 200950210 area above the ground plane, and the metal microstrip with a pair of inverted l shapes as the main structure, and then gradually add on Parasitic structure

The whole structure is finally sufficient to cover six specification bands such as GSM850, GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS, WLAN 2. 4GHz. Compared with the efficacy of the advanced technology: the antenna design of the present invention not only has a small radiator size of 45xl2nun2, but also has a simple structure. The impedance band in the VSWR<3 standard ranges from 810 to 1010 MHz and 1705 to 2515 MHz, covering six specification bands such as GSM850 / GSM900 / DCS / PCS / UMTS / WLAN 2. 4GHz. The antenna design has good radiation characteristics and the gain of the low operating band can reach h 5 dBi on average, and the gain of the high operating band can reach 3 dBi on average, which has practical value. The above-mentioned objects, structures and features of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments of the present invention. . [Embodiment] The present invention provides a small space planar mobile phone antenna covering a six-frequency, and the antenna structure thereof is: a small-space planar mobile phone antenna covering a six-frequency according to the present invention, the antenna substrate adopting thickness, width and length FR4 dielectric plates with 0.8 ππη, 45 followed by 112 mm and a dielectric constant of 44. A metal ground plane (4〇) with a 〇〇-area is printed on the substrate and 45xl2mm2i is left over the metal ground plane (40) [the light-emitting body 200950210 (1) and 50 Ω of the integrated area printed antenna The axis is fed into the microstrip line (50); see the first figure. The radiator (1) of the antenna is divided into three parts according to the function; the main structure (10) of the radiator (1), the parasitic structure (20), and the impedance adjustment structure (30). Referring to the second figure, the main structure (1 〇) of the radiator (1) is a double inverted L-shaped metal microstrip with a width of 1 mm and a total length of 80 mm and is composed of a 45x12 mm2 radiator substrate on the upper right. The corner begins and is printed on the ridged path of the EDCBA point. And the metal microstrip bent into a double inverted l shape starts from the upper right corner of the radiator (1), first falls to the left side to form a second inverted L-shaped metal microstrip (1 2 ), and then falls to the right to form a The first inverted l-shaped metal microstrip (1 1 ) is mainly used to excite two standard frequency bands (824~960 MHz) located in GSM 850 and GSM 900 and three specification bands of DCS, PCS and UMTS (1710~2170 MHz). Band) end; two resonant modes located near 96 〇 MHz and 2100 MHz, respectively. ® The parasitic structure (20) is an L-shaped grounded metal microstrip with a width of 1 mm added to the lower right side of the antenna substrate. This [shaped grounded metal microstrip is defined by the F on the right edge of the metal ground plane of the antenna substrate. After extending the length of 9 nun along the edge of the substrate, the length of the 12 coffee is extended to the left to the G point, mainly for generating a resonance mode in the frequency region. The impedance adjustment structure (3 〇) is a grounded metal microstrip connected to the main structure (丄0) and having a width of 0.5 mm, and the first inverted L-shaped bend of the double L-shaped metal radiator is f R St , A, U bow listening cool I Β point) extends to the right 7 mm long 200950210 degrees and then extends downwards 6 (to (8) is connected with the metal ground plane, mainly used to adjust the input impedance characteristics of the antenna. See second As shown in the figure, the main structure (1 〇) is designed as follows: The conventional multi-band monopole antenna design is often designed to reduce the size of the antenna, and a plurality of metal-body excitations are appropriately bent to generate a plurality of preset resonant frequencies. Modal. At the same time, the quarter wavelength of each mode resonance frequency is determined by the total length of the metal radiator and the length of a certain bending section. The antenna design proposed by the present invention is also bent into a double The inverted metal microstrip (with a total length of 70-90 mm, 80 mm is optimal, and the printed path is EDCBA point) is the main structure (1〇) of the radiator (1), forming a TYPE 1 antenna pattern. This design is mainly produced by two gauges that can be seated at 900 cubits with 900 Band (824 ~ 960 \ 1112) and]) 08 ,? 〇8 and two resonant modes at the end of the UMTS three specification bands (1710~2170 MHz band); one resonant frequency is 960 MHz and the other resonant frequency is 21 〇〇 MHz, as shown in the third figure. A quarter wavelength (about 78 mm) of the resonant mode at a frequency of 960 MHz is distributed over the entire path length of the double inverted L-shaped metal microstrip as shown in the fourth (a) diagram. The current distribution of the quarter-wavelength (about 35.7 mm) with a frequency of 2100 MHz is distributed from the feed end (point A) along the first inverted L-shaped bend line via point B. The path length to point c is as shown in the fourth (b) diagram. Referring to the second figure, the parasitic structure (20) is designed as follows: Because the TYPE 1 antenna type is covered by the resonant mode of the high frequency band, the frequency of the operation is much lower than the specification requirement, so the right side of the TYPE i antenna Add a parasitic structure (2 ◦) of a .L-shaped grounded metal microstrip to form an antenna pattern of τγρΕ2, so that a resonant mode can be generated at a resonance frequency (21 MHz) slightly higher than the original high-frequency mode. State (resonance frequency is 255〇μΗζ), and the resonance frequency of the original high-frequency mode can be reduced to 19〇〇ΜΗζ. At this time, the two modes located in the still band are close enough to be combined to cover 18〇〇. ~ 2720 MHz wide band. However, the addition of an L-shaped grounded metal microstrip reduces the τγρΕ 〇 1 antenna originally at a low frequency mode of 960 MHz to 85 〇, resulting in poor impedance matching; as shown in the third figure. In addition, in design, this L-shaped grounded metal microstrip, in order to avoid the distribution path close to the low-frequency mode, produces a large coupling effect, so as to deteriorate the impedance matching of the low-frequency mode, the upper edge selection and DE line segment spacing 2 is followed. At the same time, the length of the metal microstrip extending to the left can be used to control the seating frequency of the newly excited mode. Referring to the second figure, the impedance adjustment structure (3 〇) is designed as Ο because a parasitic structure that generates a high-frequency mode is added to the TYPE 2 antenna pattern, but the impedance matching of the low-frequency mode is degraded, so As shown in the second figure, a grounded metal microstrip is added to the TYPE 2 antenna type, and this is used as an impedance adjustment structure (30), thus forming a ΤΥΡΕ3 antenna type. This grounded metal microstrip enables good impedance matching in the low frequency band of the TYPE 3 antenna type. According to the Smith chart shown in the fifth figure, such a structural design can adjust the input impedance of the low-frequency mode near 850 MHz, so that the resonance ring of 13 200950210 gathers around the center of the Smith chart. This helps to reduce the low-frequency mode. The VSWR value of the resonant frequency of the state is less than 2 (as shown in the third figure). At this time, under the standard of VSWR <3, the low-frequency impedance bandwidth can cover 756~945 MHz. The parameter of the present invention for achieving the high-frequency operation bandwidth is adjusted as follows: TYPE 3 is clearly seen in the third figure. The high-frequency resonant mode of the antenna under the VSWR <3 standard impedance bandwidth does not fully contain πιο~2484 MHz. In order to achieve this design goal, it is necessary to reduce the drastic change in the main current distribution of the high-frequency mode; this can be achieved by widening the line width of the current distribution path (A - b - C line segment). As can be seen from the sixth figure, when widened to 3 mm, not only the high frequency band can achieve the impedance bandwidth of 17〇5~2515 MHz under the standard of VSWR <3, but also the low frequency band contains 81〇~1〇 Impedance bandwidth of 1 〇 MHz. The modality of the three modes of the design of this day is measured in χ_ζ, y_z, x_y planes and the simulated radiation field pattern is as shown in the seventh (a) (b) (c)

The invention proposes to cover the six-frequency body. Small space flat cell phone antenna.

14 200950210 MHz and 1 705~2515 MHz, covering six specification bands such as GSM85〇 / GSM9〇〇 / DCS / Pcs, / UMTS / WLAN 2. 4GHz. The antenna design has good light-light characteristics and the gain of the low operating band can reach an average of 1.5 dBi, and the gain of the high operating band can reach 3 dBi on average, which has practical value. The present invention has been described with respect to the preferred embodiments of the present invention. However, those skilled in the art can change and modify the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Such changes and modifications shall be covered by the scope of the following patent application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The first drawing is an overall structural view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. First Figure: is a structural diagram of an antenna radiator according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The second figure is the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR, Voltage Standing Wave. Radio) of the TYPE 1, 2, 3 antenna measurement. Figure 4 (a): Metal surface current distribution diagram of the TYPE 1 antenna (96〇mHz) ° Fourth (b) diagram: Metal surface current distribution diagram of the TYPE 1 antenna (21〇〇mHz) ° Fifth : TYPE 2, 3 antenna low-frequency modal input impedance Smith chart. Figure 6: Adjusting the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) frequency response of the t-line width measurement of the TYPE 3 antenna. 15 200950210 The seventh (a) diagram is a radiation field diagram that measures and simulates the three excited mode resonant frequencies of the antenna design proposed by the present invention. Fig. 7(b) is a radiation field diagram (jr = 18 〇〇 Mjjz) for measuring and simulating three excitation mode resonance frequencies of the antenna design proposed by the present invention. Seventh (C) diagram: A radiation field pattern (^ = 2365 MHz) of three excitation mode resonance frequencies measured and simulated by the antenna design of the present invention. Fig. 8 is a graph showing the gain and efficiency of the antenna gain and measurement obtained by simulation and measurement in the operating band of the antenna design proposed by the present invention. [Description of main component symbols] (1) Radiation body (10) Main structure (1 1) First inverted L-shaped metal microstrip (1 2 ) Second inverted L-shaped metal microstrip (20) parasitic structure (30) Impedance adjustment structure (40) metal ground plane (5 0 ) feeding microstrip line (A) point (B) point (C) point (D) point (E) point (F) point (G) point (Η) point 16

Claims (1)

200950210 VII. Patent application scope: _ · 1 · A small space flat mobile phone antenna covering six frequencies, including: There is: The radiator of one antenna is mainly placed in the 45x12mm2 space above the metal ground plane of 45x100mm2, and A pair of inverted L-shaped metal microstrips are used as the main structure. The main structure starts from the upper right corner of the radiator, and the double inverted L-shaped bending path is printed. The right side of the radiator is added with a [shaped grounded metal microstrip. The parasitic structure and the body structure are extended to the right and downward by an inverted L-shaped bend, and an impedance adjustment structure is connected with the metal ground plane to form a radiator of the antenna, and the radiator of the antenna is sufficient to cover GSM85〇 , GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS, WLAN 2. 4 GHz of the standard frequency band ο 2 . The small space planar mobile phone antenna covering the six frequency as described in claim 1 wherein the main structure is bent A double-shaped L-shaped metal microstrip with a total length of 70-90, and the metal microstrip bent into a double inverted L shape starts from the upper right corner of the radiator and first falls to the left to form a first L-shaped metal microstrip, then backward on the right side forming a first shaped metal l inverted microstrip. 3, as described in claim 1, the small-area planar mobile phone antenna covering the six-frequency range, wherein the upper edge of the parasitic structure is spaced apart from the main structure by 2 mm, and the parasitic structure extends to the left to extend the length of the god's length. Control the seating frequency of the new excited mode. 17 200950210 4 · A small-space planar mobile phone antenna covering six frequencies as described in claim 2, wherein the line width of the first inverted L-shaped metal microstrip that widens the main structure of the current distribution path can be reduced When the main current distribution of the high-frequency mode changes drastically, and the line width of the first inverted L-shaped metal microstrip is widened to 3 mm, not only the high frequency band can achieve the impedance of ι7〇5~2515 MHz under the VSWR<3 standard. The bandwidth is also such that the low frequency band contains an impedance bandwidth of 810 to 1 〇 1 〇 mHz. Eight, the pattern: as the next page