TW200918153A - Methods and devices for reducing hazardous air pollutants - Google Patents

Abstract

The disclosure provides methods and systems for sequestering and/or reducing sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and/or carbon dioxide present in industrial effluent fluid streams. A solid particulate material comprising a slag component, a binder component (distinct from the slag component), and optionally water is formed and then contacted with the effluent fluid stream to reduce at least one of the sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and/or carbon dioxide. The contacting of the effluent stream may occur in a packed bed reactor with the solid dry particulate material. Methods of reducing pollutants from exhaust generated by combustion sources, lime and/or cement kilns, iron and/or steel furnaces, and the like are provided.

Description

200918153 IX. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION: TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for reducing emissions, and more particularly to a method and system for isolating air pollutants in a fluid stream produced by a fiber combustion source. [Prior Art] Most industrial processes operate using a combustion source that contains noodles, impurities, and incineration. The combustion source will produce a variety of dangerous air pollutants according to the different types of materials used in the combustion of the jade, such as the use of materials, the way of supplementing, the materials of the boiler, and other operational factors (hazardous airp〇Uutants, HAPs). The dangerous air pollutants normally released through the combustion source include sulfur oxides (sulfiir 〇xides), nitrogen oxides (10) coffee oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon oxides, hydrogen acids, and i gas carbides ((^(^(10)) (10) Wide-particle substance gamma-cafe than (four) philogenic organic compounds, aerosol compounds (妳08〇1 (; 〇111{)_ postal, mercury, lead, ammonia, and odor-oxygen, etc. in wastewater or smoke After the gas leaves the combustion source, various types of air pollution control system have been removed by the arsenal - such air pollutants. However, most of the air pollution control equipments require high energy and require high temperatures. Operation and high cost and expensive maintenance cost. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the above problems, the present invention provides a method of reducing pollution generated by a combustion source, the method comprising: after the fluid stream leaves the combustion source, 200918153 / Gua Duchuan 1 contacted with solid particles (s〇iidmateria) to reduce the initial content of this / claw / current melon oxide (initialam〇unt). Blending-slag a slag c〇mp〇nent formed with a binder component (sinking component) containing at least one reactive S1 cate compounds. In various embodiments, from a combustion source Leaving • ΛΜ·body"0_, the temperature of the fluid stream is at most about 60 degrees Fahrenheit _ 〇F) (about 316 degrees Celsius (316 OQ) before contact with the solid particulate matter. Contact with the fluid flow in contact with the solid state The initial content of the particulate matter, after contact with the solid particulate material, has a sulfur oxide removal efficiency of about 20%; * in different embodiments, even higher removal efficiency of the propionate, about A sulfur oxide removal efficiency of at least about 7% can be achieved. Further, the present invention provides a method of reducing contamination from a combustion source comprising contacting the fluid stream with a solid state after the fluid stream exits the combustion source a particulate material for reducing the initial content of nitrogen oxides in the fluid stream, wherein the solid particulate material is formed by blending a heterogeneous component containing at least one of the active (tetra) acid salt compounds with a binder. At the same time, before the fluid stream contacts the solid particulate material, the temperature of the fluid stream is at most about _°F (about 316. 〇. The nitrogen oxide content after the fluid stream contacts the solid particulate material, before the fluid flow contacts the solid particulate material Comparing the initial levels of nitrogen oxides contained, the fluid stream has a nitrogen oxide removal efficiency of at least about 20% upon contact with the solid particulate material. At the same time, the present invention provides a method of reducing contamination from a combustion source, Its 200918153 includes contacting the fluid stream with solid particulate matter after the fluid stream exits the combustion source to reduce the initial levels of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide in the fluid stream. Among them, the solid particulate material is formed by blending a slag component containing at least one active citrate compound with a binder component. In one embodiment, the temperature of the fluid stream before the contact of the fluid stream with the solid particulate material is at most about 6 Torr (about 316 ° C). When the total content of air pollutants after contact with the solid particulate matter by the fluid flow is compared with the initial content of the air pollutants contained before the fluid flow contacts the solid particulate matter, the fluid flow contacts the solid particulate matter. Has an air pollutant removal efficiency of at least about 2%. The present invention provides for a pollution abatement system comprising a combustion source and a packed bed reactor. The combustion source produces a fluid stream comprising at least one air pollutant and having an initial content in the fluid stream, and the air pollutant is selected from the group consisting of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide. Ethnic group. The packed bed reactor has an inlet, an outlet, and at least one chamber; the inlet is for receiving a flow. The reaction chamber comprises a plurality of solid particulate materials, and the average particle size of the solid particulate material is between From about 0.25 mm to about 12 mm, the solid particulate material is formed by blending a slag component and a binder component, wherein the slag component has at least one active phosphonate compound. The reaction chamber also has a volume that provides sufficient residence time for the fluid stream to reduce the initial level of air contaminants in the fluid stream with a removal efficiency of at least about 2%. 200918153 The present invention provides a method for reducing contaminants produced by a combustion source, which comprises directing a self-burning packed bed reactor from a combustion rider, the temperature of the fluid stream being at most about 600 F (about 316 Torr. The initial content of the fluid stream has at least one air pollutant 'this air pollutant is selected from the group consisting of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide. The packed bed reaction H has at least - contains plural a solid particle. The reaction chamber of the substance, the solid particle material having an average particle size diameter of about 〇25 mm to about 12 mm, and the solid particulate material is formed by blending the slag component and the binder component, and the melting The slag component has at least one active phthalate compound. Moreover, the packed bed reactor has at least about 2% air pollutant removal efficiency during operation. Additionally, the present invention provides a method of reducing pollution from a combustion source, Including monitoring an initial content of at least one contaminant in the fluid stream produced by the combustion source, the contaminant being selected from the group consisting of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide The fluid stream is directed into the packed bed reactor at a temperature of up to about 600 T (about 316 ° C) to reduce the amount of contaminants in the fluid stream, wherein the packed bed reactor has at least one of a plurality of a reaction chamber of solid particulate matter having an average particle size diameter of from about 0.25 mm to about 12 mm, the solid particulate material being formed by blending a slag component and a binder component, the slag component having at least one An active citrate compound. When the fluid stream exits the packed bed reactor, the amount of contaminants in the fluid stream is reduced, wherein the reduction in the contaminant of the fluid stream is between the initial content of the contaminant of the fluid stream, There is a difference in content of at least about 20% per hour on average. 8 200918153 % The present invention provides a method for reducing sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and/or carbon dioxide in a fluid stream discharged from a combustion source, the combustion source being fixed (stati) 〇naiy) combustion sources (such as boilers, incinerators), cement parties, lime E, ironmaking furnaces and steelmaking furnaces, etc. At the same time, this method provides the removal of sulfur oxides, An effective method for the emission of oxides and/or dioxide which controls the emission of greenhouse gases and further recycles at least one industrial product and causes most of the by-product materials to form related products. The description of the content and the following description of the embodiments are intended to illustrate and explain the principles of the invention, and to provide a further explanation of the scope of the invention. [Embodiment] The present invention provides a reduction or isolation of at least one species. A method of gaseous air pollutants from a fluid stream produced by a combustion source. In a particular embodiment, 'this flow contains gas and/or vapor, or # carries solids and/or The liquid gas and/or vapor, for example, contains particles, diOplet and/or aerosol. In another embodiment, fluid flow refers to a wastewater stream or an exhaust stream produced by a combustion-source in an industrial process. In this embodiment, a solid particulate material is provided which is effective to remove at least one contaminant from the fluid stream. The solid particulate material is formed by blending a slag component and a binder component. In one embodiment, moisture is added during the incorporation of the slag component and the binder component to form the solid particulate material in a spherical form. In another embodiment, the solid particulate material is formed from a plurality of solid particles or agglomerates. In a 200918153 embodiment, the solid particulate material in the form of agglomerates has an irregular and porous shape which is formed by blending a slag component, a binder component, and selectively adding moisture. The fluid stream flows into a reactor containing the solid particulate material and is contacted with the solid particulate material to cause the solid particulate material to remove at least one air contaminant from the fluid stream. In a specific embodiment, the air pollutant is selected from the group consisting of sulfur oxides (s〇x; including sulfur dioxide (S〇2), sulfur monoxide (S0), sulfur trioxide (s〇3), etc.), nitrogen oxide (N〇X; contains nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (N02), etc.), and carbon dioxide (c〇2). In another embodiment, the solid particulate matter of the pollution reduction system further removes other air pollutants such as carbon monoxide (c〇), hydrochloric acid (HC1), and chlorofluorocarbon (cW(10) plus (10)(3) (4); CFC), particulate matter (pM), volatile organic compounds (IV) hemp organic compounds; v〇Cs), aerosol compounds (4) (10) 丨_p〇unds), mercury (Hg), _b), ammonia ( NH3), ozone (q3), and combinations of the above air pollutants and their equivalents. Accordingly, in accordance with the present invention, a method of reducing contaminants produced by a combustion source wherein the spherical solid particulate material is used to reduce the inclusion of contaminants in the fluid stream. The solid particle material contains a "hetero component" and a binder component. And the solid particulate matter is formed by blending the impurity components and reducing the ship's (four). The ingredients and binders have different properties, and the fish-soluble ingredients are the source of an active crush. In the specific implementation of the financial, the impurity-free thief is further stepped into the water and blended with the water and fully smashed into a solid lion before contacting the fluid stream. As used herein, "sufficiently dried in 200918153" is the content of moisture in this solid particulate matter, which is about 3 percent lower than the overall mass of the whole material, and can be selectively lower than! The percentage by weight, and in another specific embodiment, is less than the percentage of G.5 $. In the embodiment, the particulate matter is formed by blending other components, and the other components are so-called secondary components, and the secondary components simultaneously contain the source of the alkaline ions and the source of the oxidized willow aldum. In a specific embodiment, the solid particulate material can optionally comprise a third component, the third component being a source of oxidative dance (CaO) and an alkali metal ion. Slag component The slag component is an industrial by-product of the metal manufacturing industry. In various embodiments, the slag component comprises a reactive citrate. Citrate is a typical tetrahedral structure. This tetrahedral structure is chained, d〇uble chains, sheets, two-dimensional networks. ), and other forms of polymerization (inorganic polymerization; ge〇_P〇lymer) are linked. The oxalate salt contains a stone atom and an oxygen atom, and the ruthenium atom and the oxygen atom system are accompanied by one or more metals and/or ruthenium. Generally, § 儿 '石夕 and oxygen form the form of oxidized stone (SiX〇y), wherein the number of X-ray atoms (X) is usually 1 or 2' and the number of oxygen atoms (y) is 2 to 7. In the range (ie, cerium oxide (SiO 2 ), antimony trioxide (Si 〇 3 ), island bismuth silicate (Si 04 ), and double island oxalate (Si 2 〇 7), etc.). At the same time, most of the citrate is insoluble in water and has stability in water. The phthalate compound in water needs to be promoted to have good solubility and/or reactivity under alkaline conditions and by increasing the temperature. The solubility and reactivity of phthalate compounds in water are affected by a number of factors, including cations complexed with cesium 11 200918153 acid anions, such as Group IA alkali metal ions and ammonium ions (NH4+) tend to form Water-soluble oxalate. The sulphate reacts with ionics and exhibits a high degree of/glutination in water. These oxalates are thought to be ionized to form a lithospermium ion (& 〇_ • icms) ). For example, citrate can form different crystal structures ranging from crystalline and highly-ordered phases (eg, quartz) to crypto-crystalline phases (eg, jade The extremely fine tangent structure of the chalced〇ny, and then to the amorphous (am〇rph〇us phases) or glassy amorphous structure (such as opal). Irregular lattice configurations allow for high levels of ion strike and destruction of the silicate structure. Therefore, the high-order and well-crystallized crystal forms are virgin and non-reactive, and the silicate crystal lattice is easily attacked when the cryptomorphic and amorphous crystalline crystal lattices are irregular and open lattice structures are formed. The citrate is made active. In various embodiments, the slag component of the solid particulate material comprises an active phthalate. For example, έ (not to limit any theory), it is considered here that due to the specificity of dicalcium silicate ' 2 Ca0 SiO 2 , C 2 S ) and tricalcium silicate ( 3 Ca 0. SiO 2 ' C 3 S ) Crystal form, especially 丫_ 二 矽 二 y y y y y y y y y y y P P ( ( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C And therefore suitable for reacting with contaminants. For example, these active phthalates react with carbon dioxide in water. The active citrate compound will react with carbon dioxide at 25 〇C (77 °F) in water and at an ambient pressure of at least 9 (pH). The active citrate compound means having more than 1 〇% of the total compound of the compound. Increasing the temperature generally increases the solubility of the phthalate compound in water. In various embodiments, the slag component comprises at least about 5% active citrate, optionally at least about 10% 'optionally at least about 15% active citrate, of which % (percent) It is the weight percentage on a dry basis. Many slag materials contain calcium silicates. In various embodiments, at least a portion of these calcium citrate will react with sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, and/or oxidized feed in the water. As described in the prior art, slag is a by-product compound that is generally produced during the manufacture and processing of metals. This slag refers to a wide variety of by-product materials, typically containing a large proportion of non-metallic by-products during the manufacture and processing of ferrous metals and/or steel. Typically, during processing, Slagging agents or flux materials are added to the furnace to remove impurities from the molten iron ore, scrap, iron and/or steel feedstock. Typical fluxes are limestone (CaC03) and/or dolomite (d〇l〇mite, CaC03.MgC03). The molten slag forms a citrate melt flowing on top of the furnace which, upon cooling, forms a combined bismuth citrate and oxide. The composition of the slag depends on the addition of the metal in the furnace and usually contains metal sulfides and metal atoms in the form of elements. The composition and properties of the slag are affected by both the type of the furnace and the post-processing process, which not only affects the chemical composition of the slag, but also affects the crystallinity, phase growth of the slag, 13 200918153 and surface morphology. The reactivity of the slag is impacted. For example, at least one active phosphonic acid salt form is formed in the refining chamber, such as γ_石夕酸二妈 (y_C2S), β-石夕酸二约(P-C2S), and tricalcium citrate (C3S) )Wait. Moreover, the particle size, porosity, and surface area of the slag will impact the reactivity, and the smaller particle size and high porosity will increase the surface area of the slag component exposed to pollutants and water, thereby promoting slag. Increased reactivity with target air pollutants. The ρ iron ore is processed by blast fUmaces to form refined pig iron. Blast fUmace slags are generally formed into three main types: air-cooled, granulated, and pelletized (or expanded). The air-cooled blast furnace slag is formed by cooling the molten slag at a relatively slow cooling rate compared to ambient conditions, and cooling is accelerated by a cooling process, such as watering, before the end of the cooling process. The granulated slag is formed by tempering the molten slag in water' thus forming fine-ordered-structured glass particles. Such granulated slags are typically further ground, thereby increasing the cementitious nature of the material. The spherical or porous slag is cooled by water injection, and this process of cooling the water causes the vapor to be rapidly generated, and the structure of the substance develops into a broad bubble structure. Steel slags are formed during the further processing of pig iron and other steel materials in steelmaking furnaces. Typical steelmaking furnaces include basic oxygen process fUmaces (BOF), open hearth (0pen hearth fomaces; OHF), and electric arc fomaces (ECF). At present, most of the steel manufacturing procedures are manufactured by the Oxygen Steelmaking Process in the Steelworking Process, or by the EAF process in special steelmaking waste. Taking the oxygen gas steelmaking method as an example, the hot liquid blast furnace metal, scrap, and the refining agent are charged into the reforming furnace (the bright furnace); and the spray is placed in the bottom of the furnace to attract people. ; high Wei gas and furnace towel (10) _ combined to remove this impurity from the charge; these impurities are determined by carbon (such as gaseous - oxidation, stone, bell, scale and - some iron (such as liquid oxide) In this way, f and forest and / or white * (stone combined to form steel slag. At the end of the refining process, the liquid steel is injected into the ladle, while the steel collapse remains in the container, then light Knock the container to place the steel slag in a separate slag bucket. 'Steel can be made in many different grades, and the properties of the steel slag can have a major impact on each grade. The grade of steel can be divided into high grade, intermediate grade and The lower three types are distinguished by the carbon content of the steel towel. The higher grade _ usually has a higher carbon content. In order to reduce the carbon content in the steel, a larger amount of oxygen is required in the steel making process. An additional amount of auxiliaries is needed to remove impurities from the steel and to accelerate the shape of the nucleus The term "carb 〇 lag s 」 系 系 系 系 系 系 系 系 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 Optionally at least about 1% by weight 'optionally at least about G5 weight percent, optionally at least about P weight percent. Steel slag typically has an S content of oxalic acid di- and oxidative feed. Procedures in steelmaking There will be some different forms of steel slag, including furnace (or outflow _) slag, _ _ 15 200918153 (raker slags), synthetic (or bucket) slag, and mine 2 or cleaning (cleanou® melting Slag. In the initial stage of steel production, steel slag is easily produced as furnace slag or slag. After the molten steel flows out of the furnace, the molten steel is converted into a bucket for further refining and removal. Other impurities contained in the steel, in the process, due to the addition of flux to the molten steel in the bucket, resulting in other steel slag. These steel slag is combined with any slag retention and assists in adsorption. Chemical products (inclusions), insulation, and protection of the refractory resistance of the bucket. The steel slag in this steelmaking stage is generally called raker and washing slag. Mine (so (1) slag and cleaning Slag is another type of slag commonly found in steelmaking operations. Mine melting and cleaning county - generally included in the stage slag, falling in the steel slag on the equipment floor, or from the bucket in the light Inside the slag removed after knocking. The bucket refining stage usually contains quite a lot of additional flux, and the properties of these synthetic slags are often distinctly different. These New County are rich in aerobic and stone eve The acid salt is also suitable as a raw material for the slag component in the solid particulate matter, especially these synthetic slags are like aggregates, due to the special in situ expansion of these synthetic slags in situ (eXpansi〇 n in situ) and cannot be widely reused. It is worth noting that the slag composition may contain slag compositions derived from different locations in the furnace and/or addition process, or may contain a desmear composition from a different furnace or process. The so-called "melting furnace" here includes both iron ore and steel reformers. For the sake of s, the furnace is produced in an iron spreader, and the steel is produced in any steel forming 16 200918153 or refining procedure, which contains a stainless boat, which will be described in detail later. According to the position of the slag in the program and the subsequent processing _, the source of the slag is different, and the number of the slag is reduced by the distribution, and the different axial properties (four) are 1. (4) and crystallization growth. These may be ground to the desired particle size distribution and/or fineness (surface area). Eight representative tests include a compound containing a compound, a compound containing a compound, a compound containing a compound, a compound containing a compound, an iron-containing compound, a compound, and/or a sulfur-containing compound. The lysing material in the smear/inspection component is selected from the group consisting of a sulphuric acid feed (calcium 〇xide) containing a percentage of about Μ to about 6 ,, optionally about 3 〇 to %, and 4 alternatively about 30 to 40 weight percent. In an embodiment, the slag material in the slag component is selected from the group consisting of at least about 25 weight percent of cerium oxide (SiO 2 )', optionally at least about 3 liters by weight; optionally at least about % Reset percentage. It is worth noting that the amount of dioxo in the composition is reflected in a simple oxide analysis. The percentages made here are otherwise indicated on the basis of weight. It is worth noting that the chemical composition of the different jobs described herein is calculated by elemental analysis and is expressed as a mono-oxide, which is determined by X-ray fluorescence. Different single oxides may (and are generally) present more complex compounds in the feedstock, and oxide analysis is a useful method for presenting the concentration of the compound of interest in the individual compositions. The single oxide analysis does not need to reflect the concentration of active citrate, which may only represent a fraction of the total content of the primary oxide in the raw material. 17 200918153 In a specific embodiment, the slag component further comprises at least about 25 weight percent calcium oxide; optionally at least about 3 weight percent; alternatively at least about percent by weight. As mentioned above, calcium oxide and strontium oxide (silic〇n〇xide) are generally present in the form of alkaloids. However, based on the mono-oxide analysis of the whole, the respective contents of oxidized dance and chopped oxide are at least About 25 weight percent. In a specific embodiment, the slag component comprises at least one active ingredient selected from the group consisting of calcium citrate (CaSi03), oxidized mother, and combinations thereof, wherein the total content of active ingredients in the lysine component is about 30 to 90 weight percent. In one embodiment, the slag composition contained in the slag composition is as shown in Table 1 which excludes impurities and diluent. Table I Oxide/Metal Weight Percent (wt. %) Oxidation About (Calcium Oxide, CaO) 35~55 Ceria (Silica, Si02) --——_—— 10~35 Oxidation (Aluminum Oxide, Al2〇 3) 0.1 to 10 iron oxide (Iron Oxide, FeO) [70 to 80% oxidation 0.1 to 40 iron (FeO) and 20 to 30% ferric oxide (Fe203)] Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 3-10 Manganese Oxide (MnO) 3-10 Sulfate (Sulfate, S03) 0.01 ~ 15 Phosphate (Phosphate, P2O5) 0.01 ~ 1 18 200918153 Metallic Iron (Metallic Iron) ^~ Sichuan _ For example, suitable The slag generally has a cementitious nature, and the active enthalpy is blast furnace stone powder. The cooling rate of the slag is generally slow enough to form different crystalline compounds, including major compounds such as dicalcium citrate, citric acid, dicalcium ferrite, oxidized crushed-oxidized milk Meridianite (3CaO.MgO_2Si02), calcium aluminate, calcium-magnesium iron oxide, free lime, and free magnesia (stainless steel slags) is particularly suitable for use as a 'slag slag component because stainless steel slag contains relatively high concentrations of free lime and/or free magnesium oxide' and relatively high concentrations of citrate, especially active citrate crystals. Morphology, such as γ_dicalcium citrate (Y-C2S). In the process of crystal growth and phase transfer, since the phase of y_;g dicalcium phosphate is unstable in the crystal lattice of dicalcium citrate, it will be broken into fine powder by self-pulverization. . * As previously stated, different amounts of elements 'such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and fission, etc., can be added to refined iron to form steel: in refined iron, the higher the content of these elements, the higher the steel The higher the level. These itins tend to combine with the compounds used in the slag to refine metals. In general, stainless steel contains at least about 1 (). 5% chromium. A typical Worth steel has at least (1) 6% chromium and at least about 8% nickel. The non-scale steel contains approximately 1.7 weight percent (four). The higher the grade, the less money, the less carbon, and may contain other elements such as pin and fierce. For example, the low grade of the 19th 191818 Vostian stainless steel has up to 0.08% carbon, chrome between about 17~19. 5 〇 / 〇, about 8 ~ 10.5% recorded, and up to 2% manganese ' It does not contain molybdenum. Another representative high grade 316L steel contains up to 0.03% carbon, about π% chromium, about 9% nickel, about 2% manganese, and about 2.5% molybdenum. Among the names of 316L steel, "L" means low carbon content. The highest grade of Vostian stainless steel is grade 317L_Worthian stainless steel' which has at most 0.03% carbon, between about 16.5 to 18.5% of the network, about 13.5 to 17.5% of nickel, about 1 to 2% of manganese, and About 4 to 5% of molybdenum. In the 317LMN grade, the "M" and rN" in the name indicate the degree of increase in molybdenum and nickel contained in the composition, respectively. Stainless steel slag tends to combine with these various elements and further comprises a high amount of active and/or water soluble cerate, which is well suited for forming solid particulate matter in various embodiments of the present invention. material. The slag component may further comprise other sources of active citrate, in addition to the slag described above, including in the above discussion, so long as these sources provide suitable and/or necessary active ingredients. Other suitable examples are blast furnace (cup〇la) powders collected from air pollution control equipment placed in a blast furnace, such as cupola arresters; . Another suitable source of industrial by-products is paper de-inking sludge ash. A number of different manufacturing/industrial process by-products can be used as a suitable source of active Schiff I salt in the materials of the solid particulate material disclosed in accordance with the present invention. These well-known by-products, including alumina and/or oxidized oxides, ', ea, representative manufacturing products and/or industrial by-products, are contemplated for use in the specific embodiments of the present invention. . 20 200918153 Binder component In various embodiments, the binder component is used to blend with the slag component to form agglomerate particulate solids. In various embodiments, the binder component maintains the slag component in the form of a solid particulate material and has a predetermined particle size. Therefore, when the solid particulate material is used in an industrial pollution reduction device, it can withstand handling at the same time. With loading and unloading. The following will be described in detail. In various embodiments, the solid particulate material has a slag composition and a binder component and is disposed in a packed bed reactor. - The fluid stream is directed to the human-filled reactor and at least one of the solid particulate matter in the fluid stream circulating in the reaction bed is contaminated by contact with the solid particulate material. The combination of any-filamentous-segmentation will be used to make the specific embodiment disclosed in the cap of the present invention. In different embodiments, the binder component is selected from the group consisting of ordinary; 〇rdinary cement (OPC), Portland cement clinker, shutting (gum), temple powder, And the group consisting of molasses and combinations thereof. • The - specific implementation of the system is formed by blending the binder component and the slag component, wherein the ratio of the enchant component and the binder component is about 6 to i (6:1) to 99 on a dry weight basis. Than i (99:1). In one embodiment, the solid particulate material is formed by a blending of a 10% by weight binder component, optionally about 3 to 1 weight percent of the binder component. 'And selectively off 4 to 6 weight percent _ knot ingredients. In addition, in the case of (4) Shicai, the miscellaneous #j component slag component is blended in the case of 200918153 containing moisture to form solid particulate matter, for example, on a wet basis, bonding The agent component and the slag component may be blended with from about 5 to 30 weight percent water, optionally from about 7 to 2 weight percent water, and in certain embodiments, from about 1 to 15 weight percent. Water. In a specific embodiment, the binder component and the slag component are uniformly and/or thoroughly mixed to form a solid particulate material. Portland Cement In one embodiment of the invention, the binder component is selected from the group consisting of hydraulic cementitius compositions. Thus, in one embodiment, the cement component comprises a Portland cement component comprising a conventional Portland cement, modified Portland cement, mixed hydraulic cement (hydrauHceements) ), as well as cement clinker. "Hydraulic cement" means cement that hardens through contact with mineral components in cement and undergoes water cooperation, even when dip

When entering the water. "Portland Cement" is known to those who lie on the towel and can be made in wet method (wet P_ss) or dry type y towel. The procedure of the wet method and the dry method Μ ‘but the addition and subtraction will be added to the section. Raw materials used in the manufacture of cement include non-, methane, oxygen, iron, and, in addition to other materials (such as soil, sand, or shale), usually contain limestone. In the first stage of cement manufacturing, the moisture is ejected from the raw material, and the section is preheating stage. The side of this stage will remove water (4) moisture, and raise the temperature of the raw material by 22 200918153 to 1500 °F. (equivalent to _. 〇. second, the section is the calcination stage, the calcination stage generally occurs at temperatures between about 15 〇〇 αρ and 2 〇〇〇 αρ (equivalent to 11 〇〇. ,, among which limestone (CaC03) is converted to lime (CaO) by ejecting carbon dioxide in the calcination reaction. Then the raw material is heated in the combustion zone to a maximum temperature of about 2··· to 30 GGT (equivalent to I·% money) 5〇.〇, the raw materials are fully mixed and melted, thus forming inorganic compounds, such as diterpenoid acid (C2S or 2Ca〇.si〇2), tricalcium omega acid (C3S or 3Ca0.SiO2), Shaohua Tris (C3A or 3Ca0.A1203), and tetracalcium aluminate (04 or 4Ca0.A1203.Fe203). The molten material is cooled and solidified into an intermediate product of small agglomerates, so-called clinker, which is cooked. The material is then removed from the brick kiln. The cement clinker is then finely ground and combined with other additives (eg set-retardant) Gypsum) mixed to form ordinary Portland cement. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM; American Society for Testing and Materials), C 150 international test s called "Portland Specification for Standards (stan (jard Specification for Portland Cement)"" offers eight types of common Portland cement for different applications, named: Type 1, Type 1A, Type 2, Type 2A, Type 3, Type 3A, Type 4 and Type 5. In a specific embodiment, the binder component comprises Portland cement selected from the group consisting of Type 1, Type A A, Type 3, and/or Type 3A. 'Portland cement contains about 35 to 65% tricalcium citrate, about 15 to 40% dicalcium citrate, about 0 to 15% tricalcium aluminate, and about 6 to 20% aluminum ferrite. Calcium, however, these hydraulically active ingredients will vary depending on the type of cement. Through the typical single metal oxide analysis of 23 200918153, Type 1 ordinary Portland cement contains nearly 64X» of oxidized feed and 21% of oxidized stone. , 5 〇 / 〇 oxidation | Lu, 3% of iron oxide, and traces of other compounds, such as Oxides, sulfur oxides, potassium oxides, sodium oxides, etc. The single oxide analysis calculated by elemental analysis in the present invention is a conventional technique 'however' as described previously 'different active ingredients may It is actually present in sources of more complex molecules such as dicalcium citrate, tricalcium citrate, triammonium ferrite, and three bows of ig acid. In one embodiment, the cement component comprises Portland cement clinker, the major constituents and parameters of which are shown in Table 2 below, which exclude impurities and diluents. Table II Oxide/Metal Weight Percent (wt. %) Oxidation_(Calcium Oxide, CaO) 59~68 Ceria (Silica, Si02) 18~27 Oxidation (Aluminum Oxide, Al2〇3) 2~7 Iron Oxide (Iron Oxide, FeO) [70~80% iron oxide (FeO) and 20~30% ferric oxide (Fe203)] 0.2 ~6.5 Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 0.5 〜5 Sulfate (Sulfate, S03) 1.5 to 5 nano equivalents (Na2〇e equivalent) 0.05 to 1.3 Loss on Ignition % (LOI) 0~3 The alkali contained in different pozzolan and/or cementitious substances can be sodium equivalent 24 200918153 ( Na2〇e ―) indicates that it is estimated to be an amount calculated by Equation 1 shown below when both sodium oxide and potassium oxide are present. Equation 1 : z = x + (〇.658. y) where z is the nanoequivalent Na20e, x is the content of sodium oxide (Na2〇) in the composition, and y is the content of the oxidization impurity 20 in the composition. The nanoequivalent in the Portland cement side is from above _weight percent to above or about (seven) weight percent, optionally at least about! Weight percentage. Loss on ignition _ ^Basic _ is the amount of volatile matter in the sample, which is used to indicate the degree of high temperature treatment (4). The representative loss on ignition test parameter is CU4 in the US material test age: "Standard Test Methods f〇r Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic

Cement)” heats the sample and measures its reduced weight to estimate the reduction in volatile matter. Portland cement clinker, as described in the 'j', may be mixed with other materials at a content above about Μ by weight, optionally in the range of about 2 to 1 〇, for example, a type of wave. Portland water; nitrile additives include gypsum (calcium sulfate), fly ash, and blast furnace stone powder. The solid material is formed by blending a squid containing Portland cement to form a soil dry 1 component, which has a cement composition of Portland cement, and the content in the total mixture is about -15 15% by weight. Optionally, it is about 3 to 12 weight percent 匕X and optionally about 4 to 1 weight percent. In one embodiment, 25 200918153 is about 5 to 10 weight percent. As previously stated, in various embodiments, the binder component and the slag component are blended in the presence of water. The moisture content of the system dominates the amount of cemented phase formation due to the degree of strengthening, hardening, and coalescence. For example, in typical concrete, the proportion of moisture in the Portland cement ranges from less than 0.35 to about 0.65, typically at a minimum of 0.25 for the hydration reaction of the cement compound. Thus, as described above, 'about 8 to 25 weight percent moisture is added to the dry mixture, and optionally about 10 to 15 weight percent moisture is added to the dry mixture, which contains the slag component and the binder component. . After the cement component having Portland cement is solidified or hardened by a hydraulic reaction, a coalesced solid particulate material is formed, which is used in the pollution reducing apparatus and method disclosed in the present invention. Starch-based cement component In one embodiment, the cement component comprises a starch-based binder component. The starch is generally classified as a polydextrose mixture of complex carbohydrates having a-amylose and amylopectin. __Amylose is a linear polymeric molecule bonded by α • (1-4), while branched-chain powder is a branched polymeric molecule with a (1—>4) glucosyl group and at regular intervals (reguiar interyais) (meaning that the average mother has 24 to 30 glucosyl groups) has an α (1 - 6) branch points. The ratio of amylose and amylopectin in the starch molecule is generally from 2 to about 丨. Suitable temples are derived from different plants, including rice, wheat, corn, cassava, and/or marlin. The starch-based binder component can be optionally modified 26 200918153 (modified) to improve different physical properties, such as thickening or adhesive properties, or in an unmodified form. Chemical modification methods may include esterification or pregelatinization. Thus, the term "starch-based binder" encompasses not only starches isolated or extracted from natural plant sources, but also derivatives, synthetic or semi-synthetic equivalents of these natural ingredients. The starch-based binder component is typically mixed in water, wherein the starch-based component is about 25 to 9 weight percent, optionally from about 3 to 50 weight percent starch, and the remaining water and/or solvent (eg, polyethylene). alcohol). The solid-grain particulate matter is formed by blending a binder component containing a temple powder or a temple powder derivative. On a dry basis, the binder component is about 15% by weight of the total mixture, and can be selectively approximated to 5 weight percent of the binder component, and optionally about 3 to 5 weight percent of the binder component of the total mixture. Guar Gum In one embodiment, the binder component comprises Guanhua gum. Guanhua gum is known as 'GUaran', a kind of mannose (galact〇mannan) (a mannose backbone with polysaccharides with galact〇se side gr〇ups) Class), generally derived from plant seeds of Cyamopsis tetragcmoloba. Guanhua gum generally has a ratio of mannose and galactose residues of about ^ to i to 2! . Guanhua gum is a thickener. It is used as a thickener and can be used as a reagent in the parent's invention, such as the word (which may be present in the slag component, other binder components, or the third component). The term "Guanhua Gum" includes not only extracts extracted or extracted from Guanhua bean plants, but also derivatives, synthetic or semi-synthetic products of these natural extracts. _ Glue can be supplied in aqueous or silk form and reconstituted with a water-based agent. The typical water content of the rubber is about 4 to 6 weight percent. The solid particulate material is formed by blending with a binder component (4). On a dry basis, the composition of the silk binder is about 5% by weight of the total mixture, and optionally about 1 to 5 weight percent of Guanhua. The binder component, and optionally from about 1 to 3 weight percent of the binder component. Molasses In the specific embodiment, the viscous and glacial ingredients contain molasses or other sugar-based binders. Molasses is a conventional sugar syrup (s〇rghumsymp), a sugar-product produced by a sugar cane or sugar beet refining process towel. The glycocalyx is usually extracted from the plant body by a sugar cane processing procedure at the sulfur dioxide, which is then boiled to form crystals and remove the sucrose. This procedure usually takes three times and produces so-called "first molasses", "second m〇iasses", and finally "blackstrap molasses" in each procedure. All are sufficient to reduce the content of sugar. In the processing of sugar beets, the juice is extracted from the sugar beets and boiled for crystallization. However, only the final crystallization step usually forms the so-called "beet-molasses". As used herein, "m〇lasses" generally refers to by-products produced during the extraction and refining of sugars, and includes equivalents, derivatives, synthetic or semi-synthetic equivalents of these natural by-products. Molasses is a thick adhesive contact, which is used in combination with the present invention to provide the desired form of solid particulate material. The glycocalyx binder component can be used in aqueous or dehydrated form. When an aqueous molasses binder component is used, the molasses typically has a water content of from about 15 to about 6 weight percent, optionally from about 20 to 50 weight percent. Second Component (Oxidation Test) In various embodiments, the solid particulate material selectively comprises a third component comprising oxidative fishing and a source of metal ions (eg, And / or potassium ions). In a specific embodiment, the third component comprises a feedstock which is produced or manufactured in an industrial process. In some embodiments, the advantages of reusing waste materials, which are discarded, stacked, or buried elsewhere, are described in more detail later. However, many suitable sources of calcium and alkali metal ions can be natural materials such as minerals or processed commercial products. In various embodiments, the third component comprises a substance selected from the group consisting of cement kiln dust, lime kiln dust, beet lime, clinker ash, slaked lime, and raw and lime. Its combination. These mixtures comprise any composition having at least two components. In a specific embodiment, the third component comprises a substance selected from the group consisting of cement kiln dust, lime kiln dust, and beet lime, or a combination thereof. The third component may comprise other sources of calcium oxide and alkali metal ions, for example, 'the third component may include wastewater treatment of Wei sludge, wood violet and paper sludge, by-products of calcium carbide manufacturing, and others. Conventional and 29 200918153 匕 4疋 for the oxidation of metal ions and substances. As previously stated, the source of oxygen and metal ions of the shirt may have different compositions depending on the particular procedure at the time of manufacture of the source, from the raw materials used in the manufacture and the particular ingredients in the fuel. , the state and lang of the raw materials stored or stacked, and the changes of their sides. In this regard, in certain embodiments, the third component comprises at least one species of activity "7"; the heterocomponent is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, potassium oxide, and sodium oxide, or a combination thereof. In a specific implementation, the third component comprises at least one active knives, the active component being selected from the group consisting of oxidative dance, sodium oxide, and oxidative discharge, or a combination thereof, and the active ingredient is at age The total content of the f towel is 30 to 60% by weight. The third component may optionally contain other active compounds in addition to the oxidation and metal oxides, and the active ingredient is not limited to those mentioned above. The towel has been enumerated. In the specific action, the third component package (δ is at least 30% by weight of oxidized | bow. The second component contains at least 3Q weight percent of free stone, ash in the other & "Free lime" means free oxygen which is readily available in a substance when it is hydrolyzed in water. The quicklime contains a high concentration of dehydrated (free) lime or oxidized! "5' makes it compatible with water." Respond That is, aging, slaked lime or 3 water lime has shouted water to react into hydrogen and oxygen (to ^ Qing). The content of miscellaneous lime is usually hidden from the anti-ship shop of Wei Jian (4). In an embodiment, the free lime may be about 5% or even higher. 30 200918153 In certain embodiments, the third component comprises a source of scented sesame ions in the form of an oxidized source of alkali ions (alkali i〇n) Nano (Na2〇) and/or oxidation clock (K20)' and its content is at least about 丨 by weight. It is worth noting that some metal ions are complexed with different wrong anions (c〇_ex core (4), such as sulfate Class _ates), however, 'typical assay content analysis for each of the present inventions; and sulfates. In the specific embodiment, the ion source is in the form of sodium oxide and/or potassium oxide. Lower, at least about 3 weight percent, optionally at least about *, weight percent. Nanoequivalent Na2〇e (as shown in Equation 1), ranging from at least _ weight percent to at least about 1 weight percent, Resolvablely less than about 2 weight percent, optional At least about 3 weight percent. In certain embodiments, at least about 5 weight percent. As will be described in more detail below, the metal ions initiate solid state teaching (required reaction conditions for the substance), for example, providing high The acid value is used to accelerate the reaction rate with one or more of the pollutants, and to contribute to the formation of a suitable product in the solid particles (4) to react with the contaminant, a specific example of which is carbon dioxide. The solid cover towel, the composition of the third component is shown in Table 3, which excludes impurities and diluents. Table · Weight percent (wt. %丨------ 30-45 Oxidation of oxides (Calcium Oxide,CaO) 31 200918153 Cerium Oxide (Silica, Si02) 10 ～20 Oxidation 1 Lu (Aluminum Oxide, Al2〇3) 2~7 Iron Oxide (Feronium Oxide, Fe2〇3) 1~3 Oxidation Town (Magnesium Oxide, MgO) 0.5 〜3 Sulfate (Sulfate, S03) 1~15 Sodium Oxide (Na20) 0.1 〜1 Potassium Oxide (K20) 0.1 〜15 In some embodiments, the third component contains cement smoked Gray (cement kiln dust; CKD) 'It is generally referred to in Porter In the manufacture of cement, cement kiln or related processing equipment produced byproduct. Portland cement can be made from wet brick kilns or dry-type kiln. Although the procedures of the wet method and the dry method are different, the heating process is performed on the raw materials in the process. Raw materials for the cement manufacturing industry include sources of calcium, strontium oxide, iron, and aluminum, and generally contain limestone, and other materials other than clay, sand, and/or shale. In general, cement kiln dust (CKD) contains a composition of different particulates that are produced in different areas of the brick kiln, pretreatment equipment, and/or feedstock processing system. For example, clinker ash, which comes from a part of the dust of the fully calcined material, and the raw material (aqueous and dehydrated) dust. As previously stated, the composition of the cement kiln ash varies depending on the materials and fuels used in the manufacturing and processing conditions, as well as the location at which the collection points for the cement kiln dust are collected in the private manufacturing order. The cement kiln dust may include dust or age substances collected from the stone kiln exhaust gas; IL, clinker cooler wastewater, pre-calcined wastewater, air pollution control equipment, etc. 32 200918153. Clinker cooler dust is the dust collected from the clinker cooling zone of the monument, and typically has a chemical composition that is very similar to Portland cement. Although the cement 1 ash product will change with different bricks, the cement kiln dust usually has at least some glue and/or money for the dust present in the clinker and calcined material. . Code (4) Cement wire shreds include chopped compounds such as citrate, including tricalcium citrate and dicalcium citrate; aluminum-containing compounds such as aluminates, including tricalcium aluminate; and iron-containing compounds such as ferric acid The salt contains about four ferric acid. Cement kiln ash generally contains oxidized words relative to the local content. The standard cement kiln dust composition comprises from about 10 to 60 weight percent calcium oxide, optionally from about 25 to 50 weight percent, and optionally from about 30 to 55 weight percent. In some embodiments, the cement kiln dust comprises about 1 to 10% free lime, alternatively from about 1 to 5%, and in some embodiments from about 3 to 5%. Further, the cement ash typically contains sodium and potassium alkali metal ions, each independently from about 0.1 to 10 weight percent, and optionally from about 0 to about 5 weight percent. Cement kiln dust may contain additional alkali metal ions, soil metal ions and sulfur, and other substances. The cement kiln dust typically also contains from about 10 to 20 weight percent cerium oxide (SiO 2 ), from about 2 to 7 weight percent alumina (A 1203), and from about 1 to 3 weight percent iron oxide (Fe 203). Typical cement kiln dust has a special gravity ranging from about 2.6 to 2.8, a maximum particle size of about 0.3 mm (300 microns), and a range of Blaine fineness (specific surface area). It is from about 4,600 cm2/g (33 200918153 points per gram square) to 14, 〇〇〇cm2/g. In one embodiment of the present invention, the third component of the solid particulate material comprises lime (i.e., quicklime) or lime kiln dust (LKD). Lime Kiln ash is a by-product of lime production. Lime kiln dust is dust or particulate matter collected from lime brick kilns or related processing. Lime can be classified as high according to the lime manufacturing procedure! % ash or magnesium; 5 ash. Lime is typically heated by a calcination reaction, such as calcium carbonate (calcium carb〇nate; CaC03), to form free calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. High-calcium lime has a high concentration of calcium oxide, and typically eight scallops, including infused compounds and iron-containing compounds. High lime is typically formed in high purity calcium carbonate (about 95% pure or higher). The typical oxidative feeding system contained in the lime kiln dust is derived from the processing procedure of the aunt lime, which makes the content of the oxidized mother in the lime kiln ash similar to the calcium oxide concentration of the lime product itself, which may be at least about 75 weight percent. Optionally at least about 85 weight percent, and in some embodiments at least about 90 weight percent. In some lime processes, dolomite (d〇1〇mite; -CaC03_MgC03) is heated and decomposed to produce mainly calcium oxide and magnesium oxide (MgO), thus forming so-called magnesium-containing lime. The calcium oxide may be present in the lime or lime kiln dust produced by processing the magnesium-containing lime by at least about 45 weight percent, optionally at least about 5 weight percent, and in one embodiment, At least about 55 weight percent. Although lime and lime kiln ash will vary depending on the lime processing procedure used, lime and lime kiln ash generally have a relatively high concentration of free lime. The typical content of free lime in these lime or lime kiln ash 34 200918153 is about 10 to 50%, alternatively 2 〇 to 4 〇%. In addition, lime kiln ash and lime products typically comprise sodium and potassium metal ions, each of which is present in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 1 weight percent, and optionally from about 0.03 to about 0.25 weight percent. Lime and/or lime soot may contain other metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions (such as magnesium oxide as described above) and sulfur, and other substances. The lime kiln dust also contains about 1 to 10 weight percent of oxidized stone eve (siHca;

Si02), about 0.1 to 5% by weight of oxidized inscription (aiumina, · ai2〇3), and about 0.5 to 2% by weight of iron oxide (ir011 oxide; Fe2〇3). Typical lime kiln ash has a special gravity ranging from 2.6 to 3.0 with a maximum particle size of about 2 mm (2 μm), while Blaine flneness (specific surface area) ranges from 1,300 cm2/g to 1 inch, 〇〇〇cm2/g. In the embodiment disclosed in the present invention, another substance which is the third component of the solid particulate matter is a by-product of the sugar refined lime. Lime is used in the production of sweetened vegetables, beets, maple sap and sorghum towels. For example, the red-red beet is harvested and processed with water to form the original awj'uice (usually a molasses product), which is rich in nutrients and contains reversible lungs. (sugarju (4) therefore contains strict sugar wood, and different non-sugars, such as organic and inorganic salts, amino acids, pigments and knives (such as protein and pectin). Water-containing lime is added to the juice, used In order to improve the acid qijianqing _ _ _ _ _ insoluble simple organic compounds in the traditional sugar purification method, will add lime and carbon dioxide to form a precipitate (sudden, this Na system from carbon _ and some of the above non-sugar Compound group 35 200918153

'Wang 1 rice called horse|Beet The use of the word is only expressed in the form of sugar usually in the form of water (calcium hydroxide; I step by step full refining. Beet tends to need to keep its mud by-product on the same day is often called "

The different ageing materials comprise at least about a weight percent of the bonded ship, and at least about 8 to 97 weight percent of the county component. In the case of a specific fine towel, the particulate matter is contained under dry scale (as previously described), about 5 to 10 weight percent of the cement component containing Portland cement, and 95 weight percent of the impurity component containing the touch. . #— The optional third component is present in the _ particulate material. The binder component in the fine particle (4) is about i to 15 weight percent, the slag component is about 40 to 7 weight percent, and the third component is It is about 15 to 57 weight percent. In a specific embodiment, the solid particulate material comprises from about 5 to about 1% by weight of the total solid particulate material composition of the binder component comprising wave 36 200918153 Portland cement, and from about 3 to 65 weight percent of the non-recorded steel slag The slag component, and the third knives containing about 3G to & weight percent of the cement yarn, selectively, on a dry basis, the slag composition is about 4 〇 weight percent, and the cement kiln dust is about 40 weights. The percentage, as well as the composition containing the wave cementing agent, is about K) weight percent. Alternatively, the ratio of the Lai component to the third component may be in the range of about 1 to 1 to 99, optionally about 0.5 to 1 to 1 to 〇·5, and may be 1 to 1 Comparing 'axis and binder composition, and optional water, third component, or other optional additives, can be combined and added in a mixer or grinder, to Mix the individual ingredients. The CT refinery component and the binder component are pushed to form a plurality of spherical solid particulate materials. The spheroidal particles may be coalesced and have a high pore structure, for example having a surface area of at least about KK) em2/g, optionally at least about · cm 2 /g 'optionally at least about 'at the same time in some embodiments The middle is at least about 4,000 em2/g. Smaller particle sizes tend to have a larger surface area and are used to initiate the reaction of the active ingredient. This recording and fine shot is formed by the _ occupational component and/or the third component (4). The particle size of the test component and the _three component is relatively smaller than the required coalescence particle size, and at the same time, it can be added to the smelting process by controlling the binder component. The relative amount of slag component is achieved. The processing of the blended material is carried out by means of obstruction or grinding, for example, the enchanting age of the ship (the third age of the money can be rotated) (10) before or after the replacement, grinding or grinding in a ball mill To reduce the particle size. In a specific embodiment, the solid particulate material comprises spherical particles. The average particle size diameter of various different 37 200918153 is expected, for example, a plurality of particles having an average particle size of about 2525 to 12 meters. The cap particles may optionally have an average particle size diameter of from about Q25 to 6 house meters, optionally having an average particle size of from about 5 to 6 mm, optionally having an average particle size diameter of from about 丨 to 6 mm. And an average particle size diameter of about 2 to 6 mm. In another implementation, the average particle size is about 6 to 9 mm or about 9 to 12 filaments. The particle size diameter depends on the size of the packed bed reaction (iv), the pressure drop and residence time required for the reaction, and the desired reduction in contaminant content. For example, a useful equation is the direct (four) view of the particles in the medium. The calculation is calculated by the filling force. This equation is the Ergim equation, as shown in Equation 2 below: Equation 2:

dP dL G PSc^p

150(1-Φ)^

+ 1.75G dP/dL is the pressure drop per unit length of the packed bed, and L is the unit length of the packed bed (inch). In addition, Ορυ, G is the surface mass velocity in units of lbm/ft2 hr (pounds mass/square s), where p is the density of the flow and υ is the surface velocity (ie, the fluid at the same volumetric flow rate) The velocity of the flow through the empty reactor can be obtained by dividing the fluid volume flow rate by the cross-sectional area. φ is the porosity of the packed bed and can be obtained by dividing the filled solid volume by the total packed bed volume. Gc is the gravitational constant, which is 32174 lbm'ft/s2'lbf (crushed mass per gram/second square. 碛 force)' and % is the equivalent average particle diameter of the solid fill material, while μ is the fluid passing through the packed bed Dynamic viscosity in lbm/ft.hr (stoneside mass/mile.hour). 38 200918153 In a typical manufacturing facility, the wastewater or waste stream has a range of approximately 10,000 acfm (actual cubie feet pei>minute; actual ft3/min) in different procedures (approximately 285 per minute) Cubic meters (m3/min)) to 3,000,000acfm (about 85,000 m3/min). However, in the present invention, this flow rate change depends on the capacity and type of equipment used in the program, and is difficult to generalize. For example, 'typical cement manufacturing equipment, the kiln exhaust gas is usually about 1 〇〇, 〇〇〇acfm (about 2,800 m3 / min) to 400,000 acfm (about 11, 〇〇〇m3 / min), and the typical ' boiler The flow rate of the exhaust gas can range from about 100,000 acfm (about 2,800 m3/min) to about 600,000 acfm (about 17,000 m3/min). Thus, in one embodiment, a packed bed reactor can be used to treat typical industrial exhaust gas flow rates and allow them to contact solid particulate matter. In one embodiment, the volumetric flow rate used is about 41,000 acfm and the solid particulate material has an average particle size diameter of about 1 to 6 mm. Similarly, the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the packed bed reactor is less than or equal to 250 Pa (Pascals). In one embodiment of the present invention, contact with solid particulate material is generated from a fluidized bed reactor, a venturi dry scrubber, a packed bed reactor, and / or any combination or equivalent of the above. It is not limited to the reactors listed above, and other conventional reactors suitable for producing a gas/solid reaction can be expected to be used in the present invention. In one embodiment, the fluid stream produced by the combustion source is directed to a packed bed reactor containing a plurality of solid particulate materials by blending the slag composition with the 39 200918153 adhesive composition. form. Fluidized bed reactors suspend solid particulate matter in a gas that is directed upwardly during the reaction and are well known in the art. For example, gas fluidized beds use solid adsorbent materials to capture contaminants generated when fossil fuels are burned. In a specific embodiment, the flow system flows upwards and has a sufficient flow rate to lift a plurality of particles via friction. In this method, disturbances of the mixed solids and gases are achieved. In one embodiment of the invention, the fluid stream may comprise sufficient moisture after the combustion reaction, or may be added to the fluid stream or solid particulate material prior to the fluid stream or solid particulate material being placed in the reactor, if If necessary, to enable it to react with the dry solid particulate material in the reactor. For example, a typical moisture content in a fluid stream is generally less than or equal to about 3 weight percent, and optionally less than or equal to about 0.5 weight percent. However, in another embodiment, the fluid flow may be passed through a scrubber or other equipment to increase the water content of the fluid stream as it enters the reactor, perhaps to bring the water content of the fluid stream to a higher saturation point. The packed bed reactor consists of a tray with a packed bed medium. Alternatively, the shredded towel can be further advanced with (4) reduced small objects or layers. The spatial form of the objects may be saddle, toroidal, mesh or special form to maximize the separation between solid particulate matter and fluid flow, although minimizing pressure drop and retention between solid particulate matter. Porosity reduces its setting. The typical operation of a packed bed reactor has a much lower pressure drop than other reactors (e.g., Venturi scrubber 200918153 venture scrubber) and typically provides higher contaminant removal efficiency. A schematic diagram of the packed column reaction n is shown in "Fig. 1" and "Fig. 2". Packing column 10 is a typical design. At the most A load, the average face gas flow rate will not exceed the design long body flow rate. For the majority of A's wire-filling anti-magic, the average gas flow rate varies depending on the state of the exit, from about 8 to 25 ft / s (in British / second) (about 2.5 to 7 m / s (meters / sec) )) ' However, any particular flow rate is not limited in the present invention. The wastewater/flue gas enters from the person p 12 of the packed column 1G. The fluid flow system is generated upstream of the furnace, the incinerator, the boiler, or the kiln, and includes at least one contaminant selected from the group consisting of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide, and has From the water vapor produced by the combustion reaction. The packed column 10 has an outer reaction chamber 13 and an inner reaction chamber 丨4, and the reaction chamber 13 and the inner reaction chamber 14 respectively comprise a reaction bed 16 having a plurality of solid particulate materials 2〇 to form a reaction chamber disposed in the reaction chamber. The medium body 22 is filled. The plurality of solid particulate materials 2〇 comprise any of the different types of solid particulate materials previously described. The fluid stream enters the reaction bed 16 and flows through the packing medium body 22' to contact the respective solid particulate matter 2, where it reacts to cause the solid particulate material 20 to adsorb target contaminants in the fluid stream, and/or Target contaminants react and therefore remove these contaminants from the passing fluid stream. It can also be carried out in multiple stages, with each stage having a filling medium body 22. After contact with the filled medium body 22 of the packed bed 16, the fluid stream exits from an outlet 26 of the packed column 1 . The design of the packed tower is affected by the following factors: 200918153 The composition of the solid particulate matter f2G 'degree and particle size, the degree of removal of the target contamination, the temperature and pressure of the inlet gas-water fluid, and, among other things, A factor well known in the art. Typical operating pressure variations range from about 1 (four) (about 7 kPa (kPa)) to (10) psi (about 690 kPa). The shaft does not have these typical pressures in this Fortune. Reaction Bed • 16 volumes allow for different chemical and physical procedures to be completed. Gas/vapour_solids contact within the column can have localized contaminant removal efficiency and maximize reagent utilization. In a different real & example, it is necessary to minimize the pressure difference or pressure drop of the fluid 12 of the packed column 1 () and the fluid 2 of the outlet. The typical pressure difference between outlet 12 and population % must be less than or equal to 250 Pa (l-pair to water column). The reaction chamber 14 at the inlet of the reaction bed 16 may contain additional equipment (not shown) which is prepared to cause disturbance of the solid particulate matter 20 and to rotate the position of the solid particulate material 20, such as the support plate, porosity Structural material, or saddle medium, this saddle; 1 is used to maintain the position of the reaction bed 16, as the flowing fluid spreads and perturbs through the reaction bed 16 to promote fluid flow and solid particulate matter in the reaction bed 16. 2 chances of contact between. In addition, the inner reaction chamber 14 and the reaction bed are made to have a size or have a volume sufficient to provide a residence time for enabling treatment of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and/or carbon dioxide in the white body stream. The content is reduced by 20/〇. The ping time is generally expressed as τ (equal to the reactor volume divided by the fluid flow rate; τ = reaetof volume/gas flow rate), which is the average time of the molecules in the packed column. Similarly, according to one of the disclosed In an embodiment, the inner reaction chamber 14 of 421818153 has a volume that allows the fluid stream to have sufficient residence time to react with the solid particulate material 20 in the reaction bed 16 and to remove at least one target contaminant. As previously described, the volume of these reaction chambers 13, 14 can be determined by the flow rate of the fluid stream to be treated. The fluid stream exiting from the packed column outlet 26 can be recirculated into the packed column inlet 12 for removal of other contaminants by a recovery cycle (not shown). In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing sulfur f- " oxides, nitrogen oxides, and/or carbon dioxide emitted by a fluid stream that is produced in a solid state combustion source (eg, a steel furnace, Incinerators, cement kilns, lime kilns, ironmaking furnaces and steelmaking furnaces. As described above, the method further removes at least one contaminant selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, fluorine gas carbide, hydrogen acid, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, aerosol compounds, mercury, lead, A group of ammonia and ozone. According to this method, in various embodiments, an efficient method of removing sulfur oxides, #NOx, and/or dioxide emissions is provided, and thus greenhouse gas emissions are controlled, as long as at least one industry is further recovered By-products on and used in this new use. As shown in Fig. 3, a flow diagram of a contaminant removal system in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present invention. A combustion source 100 produces a fluid stream 112 having at least one contaminant. This fluid stream 112 is introduced into a packed bed reactor 114 having a plurality of solid particulate materials as previously described. In connection with the solid particulate matter in the packed bed reactor 114, the pre-touch fluid stream m can have a temperature of up to about 嶋 (close to poly). This kind of reaction's that these occur at temperatures up to about 卿 (nearly 316. The reaction of 〇 is regarded as a low dish). In some cases, this contact occurs at most circa.f (nearly 232. 〇 in the environment) , optionally at most about to turn (nearly 2〇4. 〇, optionally up to about Talk (nearly 177. 〇, optionally about (nearly .135° 〇, optionally up to about 2 qing ( Nearly 121. 〇, can be selectively up to about .. F (nearly 93. 〇, can be selectively up to about (near (four)), optional = also at most about bribes (nearly 38. 〇, and in a specific implementation In the example, the ambient temperature is measured in the previously described reaction H. In another embodiment, the contact occurs at a temperature of between about 275 〇F (nearly 135 〇) to 4 游 (nearly 232. 〇, optionally about 3〇〇〇F (nearly 149.〇 to 35〇叩 (nearly 177 C). According to this, in the case of a heat exchanger, the fluid stream 112 can be contacted before contacting the solid particulate matter. Cooling. Alternatively, packed bed reactor 114 can be placed in a low temperature zone downstream of the combustion in the system. The advantage is that at such low temperatures, a significant amount of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and/or carbon dioxide can be effectively removed. Thus, in another embodiment, the present invention discloses a reduction in combustion source generation. The method of contamination is followed by fluid stream 112 exiting from combustion source 1 by contacting fluid stream 112 with solid particulate matter at a low temperature to reduce the initial level of sulfur oxides in fluid stream 112. Said solid particulate material is formed by blending a slag component with a binder component, wherein the slag component has one or more active phthalate compounds. In another embodiment, one of the disclosed inventions The method of reducing the amount of nitrogen oxides in the fluid stream 112 is reduced by the fluid stream 112 being contacted with the scavenging material at a low temperature after the fluid stream 112 exits the combustion source (10). The content of the towel, the solid particulate material is formed by pushing the impurity component and the adhesion component, and the Heron has one or more active oxalate compounds. In a specific embodiment, by The particulate matter is contacted at a low temperature, so that the initial content of at least the gas-contaminant is removed, and the air >5 dye is selected from the group consisting of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide. For example, the treated fluid stream 112' from the sizing reactor m is relative to the initial content of cerium oxide, gas oxide, and/or dioxide in the untreated fluid stream 112. Having a reduced amount of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and/or dioxide. In a particular embodiment, the packed bed reactor 114 has a removal efficiency of at least about 20% 'optionally at least about 25%, Optionally at least about 3%, optionally at least about 35%. The removal effect is calculated by the following formula 3. Equation 3: Shape (%) = 1〇〇l — i] I Ej where removal efficiency (RE) is the percentage of contaminant removed from the fluid stream and Ει is the average amount of contaminant in the fluid stream ( The mass flow rate measured before entering the reactor inlet), and Eo is the average amount of contaminant in the fluid stream after the fluid stream exits the reactor (the mass flow rate measured after leaving the reactor). After the fluid stream is contacted with the solid particulate material in the reaction bed, the sulfur oxides removed from the fluid stream 45 200918153 contain a spear, at least about 2q weight percent of the spear, and the rate can be selectively at least About 25 weight percent, optionally at least about 100% by weight, optionally at least about 4 weight percent, optionally at least about 50 weight percent, optionally at least about 6 weight percent, optionally At least about 7 weight percent, optionally at least about 75 weight percent, optionally at least about 8 weight percent, and optionally at least about 1 weight percent t曰匕, optionally at least about 9 weight percent Percentage, optionally at least about % by weight: the 100-knife ratio removal efficiency reflects the initial content of the contact with the fluid stream and the solid particulate matter, the fluid oil _ grain fresh pick-up, the sulfur oxide minus y, although The removal efficiency described herein may also be an average over a certain time interval, ie, an average removal efficiency, such as an average removal efficiency over a period of minutes, minutes, ten minutes, or hours. In particular, the sulfur oxide removal efficiency is at least 75%, alternatively at least _, alternatively at least 85%, and at least some of the actual wipes. Recirculating the fluid stream by reintroducing the fluid flow from the reactor into the human reaction H population, as previously described, the recirculating fluid stream is stepped in to remove the good _, And providing a higher removal efficiency for each of the air pollutants described herein. After the fluid stream is contacted with the solid particulate material in the reaction bed, the amount of nitrogen oxide removal reflected by the removal efficiency is at least about 1%, optionally at least about 15%, and optionally at least about 20%, optionally at least about 25%, optionally at least about 30% 'optionally at least about 40%, optionally at least about 46 200918153 50%, optionally at least Q6Q%, Optionally at least about 7 (%). In a particular embodiment, the nitrogen oxide removal efficiency is at least about 鸠, and optionally at least about 25%. The amount of carbon oxide removal reflected by the removal efficiency after the fluid stream is contacted with the solid particulate material in the reaction bed is at least about 1 G%, optionally at least about 15%, and optionally at least about Optionally, at least about 25%, alternatively from about 1% to about 30%, optionally at least about 35%, alternatively at least about 40%. Optionally, at least about, optionally at least about _, alternatively at least about. In a specific closure, the A oxide has an efficiency of at least about 20%, and optionally at least about 75%. Moreover, in the implementation of the shot, the fluid flow system and the solid impurity (4) are at a low temperature, wherein the flow has a lower than about

600 °F (about 316 ° C) temperature. Further, in accordance with the present invention, a plurality of contaminants are simultaneously removed from the fluid stream. For example, the amount of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide in the fluid flow wiper is reduced by at least about 20% removal efficiency, optionally at least after the filamentizing reaction needle is contacted with the particulate matter. Johor, optionally at least about 30% 'optionally at least about 35%, and in some embodiments, the removal efficiency of the total content of sulfur A, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide is at least about 4 〇. %. For example, the removal efficiency of the initial total amount of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide in the fluid stream is at least about 20%. '47 200918153 As such, in one embodiment, the concentration of one or more contaminants in the fluid stream is monitored after the fluid stream exits the reactor. In the present invention, this monitoring method is a well-known technique' and may include a continuous emission monitoring system (CEMs) for providing an average concentration of target contaminants in a fluid stream within a predetermined interval. , for example, grams per minute (g/min). Given the pre-set removal efficiency of the contaminants, the concentration of the target contaminant in the monitored fluid stream will imply that the filling medium body is depleted and that it is time to replace the fresh filling medium. This predetermined removal efficiency can thus be applied to a control system and can be determined by empirical observations of the system and/or by predictive modeling systems. If the concentration of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, and/or carbon dioxide exceeds a predetermined set point, it is processed and removed via the filling medium body. In one embodiment, the reactor is operated off-line to replace the filling medium body with a fresh filled medium body and then returning the reactor to an on-line operation. After the reaction of carbon dioxide and/or sulfur oxides with the solid particulate material, the depleted solid particulate material comprises calcium carbonate and/or calcium sulfate produced by the reaction. In one embodiment, the depleted solid particulate material can be regenerated and reused in the reactor. In another embodiment, the coalesced solid particulate material can be removed by surface grinding and screening. Substances removed from this surface contain calcium carbonate and/or calcium sulfate. In this method, the surface of the depleted solid particulate material is regenerated for additional reaction with contaminants in the fluid stream and can be reused in the reaction bed. In another embodiment, the coalesced solid particles can be ground, such as by grinding in a grinder, and then mixed with a new binder at 48 200918153 to form solid particulates again. According to this, the solid particulate matter can be reused. Because of secret money bribes, ageing substances have tannins! Bow and / or sulfuric acid, in other industrial processes, can be selectively used as raw materials, such as raw materials in cement manufacturing or in iron and / or steel A flux in the manufacturing process. As shown in Fig. 5, in other embodiments, the reactor 2 can be continuously used, and can have at least two internal reaction chambers 2〇 for isolation operation. In operation, only one of the reaction chambers 2〇4 is activated, while the bypass valve 2〇8 causes the fluid flow to be lost from the deactivated further reaction chamber 206. The solid particulate material 21G in the deactivated reaction chamber 2〇6 can be replaced, thus providing a continuous uninterrupted operation of the pollution removal system. The plurality of side states of the filling medium body can be directly loaded into the reaction bed, and the reaction bed has the appropriate space_device as described above. Alternatively, these solid particulate materials can be placed in a replaceable cartridge (not shown) which can be placed in the internal reaction chamber. Thus, in a particular embodiment, the pollution isolation system has continuity and regenerability. • In various embodiments, the present invention provides a pollution abatement system comprising a combustion source 'this combustion source produces' a fluid stream having at least one air pollution selected from the group consisting of sulfur oxides, nitrogen The group of oxides and carbon dioxide, the air pollutants present in the fluid flow towel have an initial content. The pollution reduction system comprises a packed bed reactor having an inlet for receiving a stream of fluid and an outlet. The packed bed reactor further has at least one reaction chamber, and the reaction chamber contains a solid particle material having a uniform particle size of about G25 to 12 filaments. The im surface material rhyme is composed of a blended (four) component and a scale weave (iv) and the molten component has at least one active weiwei. The reaction chamber has a volume that provides sufficient residence time, and (iv) the amount of air contaminant reduction is removed relative to the initial level by at least about 20% removal efficiency. The compound "having as described above" means an active acid salt. In addition, the present invention relates to any particular theory in which the oxidation in a fluid stream may simultaneously act with at least one type of contaminant (sulfur oxide (s〇x), nitrogen oxides (NOX). And/or carbon dioxide (C〇2) reacts. The following reaction mechanisms may occur between solid particulate matter and carbon dioxide: the fluid stream exiting the combustion source contains water vapor, and the carbon dioxide is at a basic pH. The carbonate anion is formed in the environment, and the carbonate anion reacts with the calcium ion present in the active citrate to form calcium carbonate. The alkalinity of the environment is believed to drive the reaction of carbon dioxide with calcium oxide and citrate, and It is further believed that it tends to form an active citrate product in the depleted solid particles. The depleted solid particulate material still contains active bismuth salts and a sufficient amount of alkali metal ions, which is sufficient for the alkali metal ions. Helps maintain the acid value. The carbonation reaction reduces the pH of the solid particulate matter (toward a more neutral state). The ingredients may be used to adjust the pH. The above are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the invention. Please refer to "Fig. 3" and "Fig. 4" again, after the fluid stream 112 leaves the packed bed reactor 114, at least one Air pollution control equipment (air p〇iiuti〇nc〇ntr〇i 50 200918153 devices 120; APCDs) 120 further processes this fluid stream 112. In addition to sulfur oxides (SOX), nitrogen oxides (Ν〇χ), and / In addition to carbon dioxide (C〇2), the fluid stream contains at least one other contaminant. For example, in addition to sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and/or carbon dioxide, from boilers, brick kilns, furnaces, and incinerators General air pollutants found in carbon monoxide, hydrogen acid, chlorofluorocarbons, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, aerosol compounds, mercury, lead, ammonia, ozone, combinations of % and above, and equivalents thereof. In some embodiments, the packed bed reactor 114 may be adapted to incidentally remove such other contaminants as described above, however, as shown in "Fig. 3", it may be expected to be attached to the downstream air. Control Equipment (APCDs) 120a 'Requires the reduction of one or more other contaminants to acceptable concentrations. Typical imitative air pollution control equipment 12〇 includes electrostatic precipitators, bag filters, cyclones, active Carbon dust collector, flue gas desulfurization dust collector, thermal storage oxidation furnace, pressure swing adsorption device, selective catalytic reactor, selective non-catalytic reactor, etc. As shown in Figure 4, in a specific implementation In the example, before the fluid stream 112 enters the packed bed reactor 114, the pollution removal system further includes at least one air pollution control device 120a, 120b for pretreating the fluid stream 112. Therefore, any solid particulate matter Produce a hazard or produce an unwanted reaction' or other filth that would rot or damage hardware equipment can be secreted. After the helium stream 112 is treated and/or processed by the (four) filament reactor 114 and the empty rolling contamination control device i2〇a, the fluid stream H2 is directed to the flue 122 and discharged to the atmosphere. In a specific example, the present invention provides a method of reducing sulfur oxide (SOX), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and carbon dioxide (C02) emissions from cement manufacturing facilities. It includes reacting cement manufacturing materials (sources of #弓, 石夕, Ming, and iron) in a brick kiln to produce clinker and fluid streams containing sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide. At least a portion of the fluid stream is contacted with a solid particulate material which is the solid particulate material of the preceding embodiments; producing a product which comprises calcium carbonate and/or calcium sulfate. Any of the procedures in the previously described embodiments may be suitable for use in the present embodiment, for example, fluid flow and solid particulate matter < 'before contact' fluid flow may be treated via at least one air pollution control device to move In addition to at least one air pollutant. Limestone (ie calcium carbonate) is the raw material used in the manufacture of lime and cement. Similarly, gypsum (i.e., calcium sulfate) is ground together with Portland cement clinker to form Portland cement. In one embodiment, the product comprises calcium carbonate or barium sulfate to aid in its reuse as a raw material for the production of clinker and/or lime. Therefore, the carbon gorge produced by the cement f is subsequently combined with this to produce clinker, or calcium sulfate is combined with clinker to produce cement. * This method of riding can reduce the sulfur oxides (s〇x), nitrogen oxides (4), and oxidation from cement and/or lime manufacturing equipment, as well as iron and/or steelmaking equipment. Slave (032). The method includes contacting at least a portion of the fluid stream with a solid particulate material comprising sulfur oxides (s〇x), nitrogen oxides (10), and oxy- sulphur (), which are produced in ironmaking and / or steelmaking process m furnace can be any of the previously described slag sources - such as furnaces, such as blast furnace (iron ore processing), flat _ processing, tempering oxidizing furnace (steel processing), or electric arc furnace ( Steel processing). Solid particulate matter package 52 200918153 Contains binder components and slag components, unlike binder components. The product contains the produced carbonated acid which can be reused as a raw material in an industrial process. In other embodiments, the present invention provides a method of reducing sulfur oxides (SOX), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and carbon dioxide (c〇2) emitted from a hydrocarbon combustion source, such as a hydrocarbon combustion source such as Power plant boiler or incinerator. Hydrocarbon combustion sources contain a source of fixed points 'which are formed by the combustion of hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and oxidized >5, which are sources of combustion that contain fossil fuels (such as media). , methane), synthetic fuels (such as petroleum coke, syngas, ethanol), or other types of hydrocarbon equipment. The method includes contacting at least a portion of the fluid stream with a solid particulate material comprising sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide produced by combustion of the fossil fuel. The solid particulate material is any of those previously described. The product, comprising calcium carbonate and/or calcium sulfate, can be reused as a raw material in an industrial process. The various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, and the description of the following examples is illustrative and not intended to limit the embodiments. Example 1 solid-% particulate matter by blending 10% by weight of Type 3 Portland cement (except for fineness of grinding to produce early strength ranging from 320 to 670 m2/g (m ^ 2 / gram) Blanc In addition to the fineness (Blaine fineness), its chemical and physical properties are similar to those of Type 1 Portland cement; of which, the early strength is generally greater than about 45 〇m2/g of Blanc fineness) and 90% by weight of slag is not recorded. And forming a mixture; adding 3% by weight of water in the mixture (63% slag under wet basis and 7% Portland cement " 53 200918153 until the formation of spherical particles, and having about 2 to An average particle diameter of 6 mm. The solid particulate material is placed in a packed bed reactor having a reaction bed divided into three stages. The packed bed reactor has a diameter of 8 inches (about 20 cm). The length is approximately 3 inches (91 cm). The reaction bed is installed at a height of approximately 2.5 inches (approximately % centimeters). Operation of a fuel furnace produces a fluid flow having a flow rate of approximately 41,000 cubic feet per minute. Flow rate and contains sulfur oxides (SOX), nitrogen oxides (NOX) And carbon dioxide. The temperature at which the fluid stream enters from the inlet of the packed bed reactor is about 323 °F (about 162 °C). It leaves the packed bed reactor relative to the fluid stream at the inlet of the packed bed reactor. In the fluid stream, the concentration of sulfur oxides is reduced by about 85 weight percent (ie, every 100 grams of sulfur oxides enters the packed bed reactor, after which only 15 grams of sulfur oxide remains in the fluid stream exiting the packed bed reactor), Nitrogen oxides are reduced by about 25%, while carbon dioxide is reduced by about 31 〇/〇. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method of recycling industrial by-products. This industrial by-product is discarded and stacked elsewhere. Or, in the case of a burial, for example, in a specific embodiment, a method for recycling industrial by-products is provided. The solid particulate material is formed by blending a first manufacturing component and a second manufacturing component. The first manufacturing component is a slag component having at least one active phthalate compound. The second component is a binder component, and the binder component is a waste liquid such as molasses. A fluid stream produced in an industrial process, the fluid stream comprising sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide, and the fluid stream is in contact with the solid particulate matter at a later time to produce a product comprising a deacidified mother and/or sulfuric acid. Ma, and 54 200918153 may be beneficially reused in industrial processes. In some embodiments, after the solid particulate material is contacted with the fluid stream and after the product is produced, the solid particulate material is depleted and at least a portion is depleted The solid particulate material can be recycled in an industrial manufacturing process. In this way, the method disclosed by the present invention provides a solution for further sustainable development, which includes the current growth and development needs for future generations and the protection of natural and man-made environments. A balance is struck between needs. Moreover, the method and system provided by the present invention are used to reduce sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides 'and/or carbon dioxide' emitted by different fixed-point sources at low temperatures, in addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and providing these fixed points. Sources can comply with non-regulations, to meet economic and commercial benefits through a carbon dioxide emissions trading system, and to reduce the potential corrosiveness and inefficiency of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and/or carbon dioxide in fluid wipes. Companion. While the present invention has been described above with reference to the above, it is not intended to limit the present invention, and any skilled artisan may make some modifications and refinements without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The scope of protection shall be subject to the definition of the scope of the patent application attached to this specification. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a discharge reduction system having a packed bed reactor in a consistent embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a packed bed reactor in an embodiment of the present invention; BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 4 is a schematic flow chart of a specific embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a discharge reduction system with a packed bed reactor according to an embodiment of the present invention. . [Main component symbol description] 10 Packing tower 100 Combustion source 112 Fluid stream 114 Packed bed reactor 12 Inlet 120a Air pollution control equipment 120b Air pollution control equipment 122 Flue 13 External reaction chamber 14 Internal reaction chamber i • 16 Reaction bed 20 Solid state Particulate matter 200 reactor 202 internal reaction chamber 204 reaction chamber 206 reaction chamber 208 bypass valve 56 200918153 210 solid particulate matter 22 filled medium body 26 outlet

57

Claims (1)

200918153 X. Patent application scope: 1. Included: 'The fluid stream comprises a sulfur oxidation method for reducing pollution from a combustion source, providing a fluid flow away from a combustion source; providing a solid material, the solid material system Formed by blending - Jiafeng into eight and a binder component, and the t-slag component has at least - active rock compound; and 1 σ causes the fluid stream to contact the solid material; wherein the fluid The temperature of the fluid stream is at most about 60 (TF ' and before the stream is contacted with the solid material, and the initial content of the sulfur oxide of the fluid stream before the fluid stream contacts the material, the fluid stream After the material is contacted, the sulfur oxide removal efficiency of the fluid stream is at least about 7 〇〇 / 〇 2. The method of reducing the pollution generated by the combustion source as described in claim 1 further comprises monitoring the fluid flow The method of reducing the amount of sulfur oxides produced before and after contact with the _ state material. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the binder component is selected from Portland cement. a group consisting of one of a group consisting of cement clinker, molasses, Guanhua gum, and starch, or a combination thereof. 4. The method of reducing pollution caused by a combustion source according to claim 1, wherein the slag The component is selected from the group consisting of one of a group consisting of carbon residue, slag, and steel slag, or a combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the slag is reduced by a combustion source. 58 200918153 The composition is selected from the group consisting of air-cooled blast furnace slag, spherical blast furnace slag, blast furnace stone powder, perforated and/or spherical slag, basic oxygen furnace steel slag, open hearth steel slag, and electric arc furnace steel slag. A method of reducing the pollution produced by a combustion source according to claim 1, wherein the solid material further comprises a component of the second component, and the third component comprises a source of oxidized J and 7. A method of reducing the pollution produced by a combustion source according to claim 1, wherein the solid material comprises a plurality of particles, and the particles have an average of from about 25 mm to about 12 mm. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the fluid stream is contacted with the solid material in a packed bed reactor. 9. The reduction as claimed in claim 8 A method of causing contamination by a combustion source, wherein the pressure difference between the inlet of the packed bed reactor and the outlet of the packed bed reactor when the fluid stream is in contact with the solid material is up to about 250 Pa. The method of reducing pollution caused by a combustion source according to Item 1, further comprising recovering the fluid flow in contact with the solid material for the first time, and contacting the fluid flow with the solid material to remove a larger amount of sulfur oxidation. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the solid material comprises a plurality of particles, and the particles have an average particle size diameter of from about 丨 mm to about 6 mm. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the slag component to the binder component is about 6 to 1 to 99 on a dry basis. A method of reducing contamination by a combustion source as recited in claim 1, wherein the blending of the refining component and the binder component comprises blending with water. .14. The method of reducing pollution caused by a combustion source as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fluid stream is further reduced in contact with the solid material by at least one contaminant selected from the group consisting of - oxidation & And a group of nitrogen oxide rides, and the removal efficiency of the contaminant is at least about 2% after contact with the solid material. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the fluid stream is contacted with the parent material to reduce a third air pollutant selected from the group consisting of - A group of oxidized, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochloric acid, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, aerosol compounds, mercury, ships, ammonia, and ozone. (16) The method of reducing pollution caused by a combustion source, wherein the solid material has a slag composition of about 8 Torr to a weight percent ratio on a dry basis, and the binder The composition is about 3 to 20 weight percent. 17. The method of reducing pollution caused by a combustion source according to claim 1, wherein the fluid machine is produced from a steel furnace, a furnace, an incinerator, a cement brick kiln, and a lime brick kiln. 8. A method comprising one or a combination of the group consisting of 8. The method of reducing pollution caused by a combustion source according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the fluid stream before contacting the fluid core with the solid material A method of reducing contamination by a combustion source as described in claim 1 wherein the fluid stream is displaced by the sulfur oxide after the fluid stream is contacted with the solid material The efficiency is at least about 80%. 20. A method for reducing pollution caused by a combustion source, comprising: * providing a self-sequence_opening m the slit flow comprising - nitrogen oxides; providing - solid riding material, the __ _ by blending - test ingredients and one Forming a binder component, and the smelting component has at least one active silicate compound; and contacting the δ HAI fluid stream with the solid material; wherein 'the fluid stream flows before contacting the solid material The temperature is lower than about 〇F' ϋ and the nitrogen oxidation_starting content of the fluid stream is contacted with the (iv) material before the fluid stream is contacted with the shut-off material, and then the fluid stream is The nitrogen oxide removal efficiency is at least about 2%. The method of reducing the pollution generated by the combustion source according to claim 20, further comprising monitoring the fluid stream before and after contacting the material. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein the binder component is selected from the group consisting of Portland cement, cement clinker, molasses, Guanhua gum, and a temple. 61. The method of claim 20, wherein the slag component is selected from the group consisting of carbon residue, slag, and the combination thereof. And steel slag A group consisting of one or a combination thereof. 24. A method of reducing pollution from a combustion source as claimed in claim 2, wherein the component of the slag is selected from the group consisting of air-cooled blast furnace slag, spherical a group consisting of one of or a combination of blast furnace slag, blast furnace stone powder, perforated and/or spherical blast furnace slag, oxygenated furnace steel slag, open hearth steel, and electric arc furnace steel slag. 2G. The method of reducing pollution caused by a job source, wherein the solid material further comprises a third component, and the third component comprises a source of oxidized dance and a source of an alkali metal ion. 26 as described in claim 2 A method of reducing contamination by a combustion source, wherein the solid material comprises a plurality of particles, and the particles have an average particle size diameter of from about 0.25 mm to about 12 mm. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the fluid stream is contacted with the solid state material in a packed bed reactor. 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the pressure difference between the population of the packed bed reactor and the outlet of the packed bed reactor is when the fluid is contacted with the material. , up to about 25 〇pa. 29_ The method of reducing pollution caused by a combustion source as described in claim 20, further comprising recovering the fluid flow contacted by the first person... the solid material, and bringing the fluid flow into contact with the solid material again for removal More amount of nitrogen oxides. The method of claim 20, wherein the solid material comprises a plurality of particles, and the particles have an average particle size diameter of from about 丨 mm to about 6 mm. ^ 31. The method of claim 20, wherein the ratio of the slag component to the binder component is about 6 to 1 on a dry basis. 99 to 1. 32. The method of claim 20, wherein the slag component and the binder component are blended with water. 33. The method of claim 20, wherein the solid material has a slag composition of about 80 to 97 weight percent on a dry basis and the binder component is about 3 Up to 20 weight percent. 34. The method of claim 2, wherein the fluid stream is contacted with the solid material to reduce at least one pollutant, the pollutant is a carbon dioxide and sulfur oxidation riding city The population has a removal efficiency of at least about 203⁄4 after contact with the 'solid material'. The method of claim 34, wherein the fluid stream is contacted with the solid material to reduce a third air pollutant, the third air coloring agent being selected from the group consisting of - Groups of carbon oxides, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrogen hydrides, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, aerosol compounds, mercury, malodor, ammonia, and ozone. 36. The method of reducing pollution caused by a combustion source as described in the item 2 of May, wherein the stream 63 200918153 is produced by a boiler, a furnace, an incinerator, a cement kiln, and a limestone smoked house. A group consisting of one or a combination of the constituent ethnic groups. A method of reducing pollution by riding as described in claim 20, wherein the fluid stream has a temperature of between about 275 〇p and 45 〇F before contacting the solid material. See the method of claim 1 for reducing contamination by a combustion source, wherein the fluid stream has a nitrogen oxide removal efficiency of at least about 25% upon contact with the solid material. 39. A method of reducing pollution from a combustion source, comprising: providing a fluid stream exiting a combustion source, the fluid stream comprising an air pollutant, and the air pollutant comprises sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and Carbon dioxide; providing - solid material 'the solid material is formed by blending a slag component and a binder component, and the slag component has at least one active silicate compound; and the fluid stream and the solid Contacting the material; wherein, before the fluid flow contacts the _state material, the temperature of the surface flow is at most about _°F′ and 'the smear of the fluid flow relative to the fluid flow before contacting the _ material The initial content, the amount of money __ after the material is contacted, the removal efficiency of the air pollutant of the fluid stream is at least approximately. 40. The method of reducing pollution from a combustion source as recited in claim 39, further comprising monitoring the fluid contaminant before and after contact with the solid material 64 200918153 ο 41. The method of claim 39, wherein the method of reducing contamination by a combustion source further comprises recovering the fluid stream that is first contacted with the solid material and re-contacting the fluid stream with the solid material for removal. A large amount of air pollutants. 42. A pollution reduction system comprising: a combustion source 'the combustion source generates a fluid flow, and the fluid flow comprises at least - an air pollutant selected from the group consisting of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, And a population of carbon dioxide, and the air pollutant has an initial content in the fluid stream; and a packed bed reactor having an inlet for receiving the fluid stream, - π, and at least a reaction chamber comprising a plurality of solid particulate materials ' and the solid particulate materials having an average particle size diameter of from about (10) millimeters to about η millimeters, wherein the solid particulate matter is controlled by a composition = a component and a Forming a binder component, and the dashed component has at least one, a lingual acid salt; wherein the reaction chamber has a volume for providing the fluid stream in contact with the solid particulate material in the reaction A sufficient residence time in one of the chambers, and the sufficient residence time provides at least 20% removal of the air pollutants relative to the initial content of the line of contaminants Rate. 43. The pollution abatement system of claim 42, wherein the reaction chamber contains a replacement crucible comprising the solid particulate material. 65 200918153 44. The stain line as described in claim 42 contains a plurality of classes. 45. The waste reduction reactor of claim 42 comprising at least two reaction chambers, wherein one of the reaction chambers is an activated reaction chamber for receiving the fluid flow during operation And the other of the reaction chambers is a deactivated reaction. The fluid stream is circulated to the activated reaction chamber during operation. 46. The pollution abatement system of claim 42, wherein the component comprises a non-recorded steel, and the lining contains a wave of money and/or cement clinker. 47. The pollution abatement system of claim 42, wherein the temperature of the fluid stream prior to contact with the solid particulate material is at most about 600 F. 48. The dirt metering line of claim 42, wherein the fluid stream comprises sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide. The method of claim 42, wherein the air pollutant comprises a substance and the initial level of the sulfur oxide has at least '70% of the sulfur oxidation relative to the initial content of the sulfur oxide. The efficiency of removal of objects. The pollution abatement system of h42, wherein the air pollutant comprises -oxide' and the packed bed reactor has at least about 80% removal efficiency of the sulfur oxide. 51. The pollution reduction system of claim &, 丄, z, wherein the air pollutant comprises a rock dioxide mountain, and the initial level of the carbon dioxide is relative to the initial content of the carbon dioxide, the packed bed reaction 66 200918153 has At least about 20% of the sulfur oxide removal efficiency. 52. The soil system according to claim 42, wherein the air pollutant comprises niobium oxynitride and (iv) the supplemental content of the WE oxide, the packed bed reactor having at least about 20% of the nitrogen Oxide removal efficiency. 53. A method of reducing pollution from a combustion source, comprising: directing a fluid generated from a combustion source into a human-filler reactor, wherein the temperature of the fluid stream is at most about 6 WF, and the fluid flow is more Including an initial content of at least one air pollutant selected from the group consisting of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide, the packed bed reactor having an inlet for receiving the fluid stream, An outlet, and at least one reaction chamber, the reaction chamber comprising a plurality of solid particulate materials having a mean particle size diameter of from about 〇^ mm to about U mm, the solid particulate material being melted by blending Forming a slag component and an adhesive component, and the slag component comprises at least one active phthalate compound; contacting the fluid stream with the solid particulate material; and monitoring the fluid stream after exiting the packed bed reactor a content of at least one air contaminant in the fluid stream; wherein 'the initial content relative to the air contaminant' is after the fluid stream exits the packed bed reactor The air pollutant of the fluid stream is reduced by 20%. 54. A method of reducing contamination by a combustion source as recited in claim 53, wherein the solid particulate material is disposed in a replacement crucible and the replacement crucible is placed in the reaction chamber. A method of reducing pollution from a combustion source as recited in claim 53 wherein there is a pressure differential between the inlet and the outlet, the pressure differential being about 25 kPa. 56. The method of claim 53 wherein the temperature of the fluid stream is reduced from about 275 °F to about 450 °F. 57. The method of claim 53 wherein the binder component comprises Portland cement, cement clinker, molasses, Guanhua gum, and/or starch. 58. The method of claim 53 wherein the slag composition comprises carbon residue, slag, and/or steel slag. 59. The method of claim 53 wherein reducing contamination by a combustion source, wherein the fluid stream and the inlet of the packed bed reactor further comprise at least one air pollution control device, wherein the fluid flow The fluid stream is treated by the air pollution control device prior to entering the packed bed reactor. 60. The method of claim 53, wherein the method further comprises at least one air pollution control device between the fluid stream and the outlet of the packed bed reactor, wherein the fluid flow is After exiting the packed bed reactor, the fluid stream is treated by the air pollution control device. 61. The method of claim 53 for reducing pollution from a combustion source, further comprising recovering the fluid stream after first contact with the solid particulate material, and re-contacting the fluid stream with the solid particulate material for removal In addition to the greater amount of this air pollutant. 62. A method of reducing pollution from a combustion source, comprising: 68 200918153 monitoring an initial content of at least one contaminant present in a fluid stream produced by a combustion source, and the contaminant is selected From a population consisting of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide; directing the fluid stream into a packed bed reactor to reduce the contamination when the temperature of the fluid stream is at most about 6 Torr The content of the material, wherein the packed bed reactor has at least one reaction chamber, the reaction chamber comprising a plurality of solid particulate materials having an average particle size diameter of from about 0.25 mm to about 12 mm, the solid particulate matter Formed by blending a slag component and a binder, and the fringing component comprises at least one active phosphonate compound, wherein the contaminant exits the fluid stream of the packed bed reactor The content of the fluid stream is reduced; and after the fluid stream exits the packed bed reactor, the amount of the contaminant of the fluid stream is monitored. 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the reaction chamber comprises a replacement 匣' the replacement comprises a plurality of solid particulate matter, wherein reducing the content of the contaminant, further comprising When the content of the contaminant in the fluid stream of the packed bed reactor exceeds a predetermined level, a depleted solid particulate material is replaced with a new replacement crucible. 64. The method of claim 62, wherein the method of reducing contamination by a combustion source further comprises detecting a level of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, or carbon dioxide in the fluid stream exiting the packed bed reactor. The fluid stream of the packed bed reactor '69 200918153 has a removal efficiency of 20%. 65. A method of reducing contamination by a combustion source as set forth in claim 62, further comprising recovering the fluid stream exiting the packed bed reactor for removing a greater amount of the air pollutant. C 70