200916187 九、發明說明： 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明大體上係涉及用於化學製程、質傳反應器及管 柱之質傳裝置，尤指用於該等反應器及管柱的不規則充填 元件。本發明亦涉及製造或使用該等不規則充填元件的方 法。 【先前技術】 不規則或任意堆置之充填元件常使用於氣_液或液_液 (:接觸塔或管柱，以於向下流動液體與向上上升液體間提供 質傳表面，其十典型的向下流動液體為液態流、而典型的 向上的上升液體為氣體或蒸氣流或其他液態流。不規則充 填元件可用於多種化學及處理製程，例如精顧、脫模、分 餾、吸收、分離、清洗、萃取或任何其他化學、熱交換或 處理製程。-般而言’分離不規則的充填元件具有特定的 幾何形狀並設計為針對質傳表面積而言具有最大效能。由 於不規則充填元件一般為任意堆置或不規則充填入在任意 i定向的充填床中的管柱殼中，當個別不規則充填元件於充 填床中定位於多個旋轉方位時，所需要的是個別不規則充 填元件能具有高質傳效率及優良的液壓容量二者。 先前技術的不規則充填元件以各種形狀及各種材料存 在。-般而言’不規則充填元件可為金屬、陶竟類、塑料、 玻璃等材料所製成。通常地，不規則充填元件可為圓柱形、 弓形、或「鞍形」、或其他非弓形之形狀，例如球形、超 環面（toroidal)等形狀。先前技術之不規則充填元件的其中 200916187 n ^其效㈣常高度依賴其構形或方位，該等構形 或方，係相對於液體流穿過該元件於充填床内之方向。舉 例而3，包爾環（Pall ring)為常見的圓柱形充填元件，其具 有多個長槽壁及内舌部或凸部。當沿其長轴方向觀之1 爾環提供質傳的表面積非常小，但當沿垂直於長轴方向觀 =’其提供質傳的表面積則非常大。基於該等差異，可獲 得的氣/液或液/液接觸的表面積與該元件之方位而有所差 異，其最終地將影響元件的效能。此外，包爾環位於與長 轴^向垂直之處具有大表面積係為其缺點，因為其將產生 遮蔽（shieM)」或抑制流體在下游流動方向中流過 的環。 •於吳國第5，1 12,536號專利案中（在此稱為ι53ό專利）揭 路了種不規則充填元件，其具有在整體體積上更均勻分 佈的表面積。該案中揭露了鞍形不規則充填元件，其具有 間的弓形内或外肋條元件以界定内部容積。雖然⑽專 利中所揭露的填充元件改良了先前技術中的其他不規則充 填7L件，但其仍具有阻礙其效能的限制因素。舉例而言， =利揭露的充填元件之曲率使得位於同一曲面之内°肋條元 J皮此緊密地在一起’因此限制了流經該元件的液體流之 “。此外’由於536專利之充填元件的肋條通常為以中 心且縱向對準，故由流體流所遭遇到的第一個肋條元件血 =地將會遮蔽隨後的肋條元件而使其不與流體接觸。此種 遮蔽作用因減Μ件用以質傳及/或熱傳的有效表面積，而 減少其質傳效應。再者’雖然，536專利揭露了切割 200916187 多個肋條元件以及彎折不連續端於内部容積中的可能性， 但’536專利之不規則充填元件的大部分表面積仍位於其内 部容積之外。 另種類型的不規則充填元件揭露於美國第5,882,772 唬專利。於該專利中，具有複數個別的條帶，每一條帶以 正弦波形延伸於平面外網狀連接區域之間。美國第 5,543,088專利中揭露了相似的不規則充填元件，其中複數 個別的條帶延伸於平面端部連接區域之間。於前述兩專利 f巾’個別的條帶沿其中點連接在__起，因此提供了使得條 帶聚集在一起且阻礙了氣體流通的區域。再者，該充填元 件必須以具有足夠的厚度及強度的材料製成，才能抵抗平 面外腹板或連接區域的變形。較佳的情況下，該不規則充 填元件具有一構形，而該構形係利用相對細的規範材料來 抵抗變形。 因此，需發展出一種不規則充填元件，當其置於多種 不同方疋轉方位的充填床中時，該等不規則充填元件能維持 1尚質傳效率及良好的液壓容量。就有利的情況而言，充填 几件而迠在不浪費或浪費極少材料下被製造出，且其具有 構形’该構形报容易就能抵抗前述的變形情況。 【發明内容】 互參照 主本案依據35 U.S.C. § 119(e)主張第60/828,900號臨時 中叫案之優先權’該臨時申請案申請曰為2006年10月1〇 曰°亥S°°時申睛案揭露之内容明確地併於此以作為參考。 200916187 方面而3 ，本發明提供了 —種鞍形不規則充填元 件，當其置於相對於遭遇充填元件之液體的流向的多旋轉 方位中時’其具有通常地為均句的開放流體容積。本發明 t鞍形元件包含有-對橫向間隔、縱向延長、且弓形的側 邊構件，該等構件可且右你 再仟Ί具有徑向垂直的凸緣。該等側邊 相配合界定出該創新充殖分杜μ i 土 λ件的長軸。此外，該充填元件 包3有稷數個内和外弓裉 _ ^ μ ^條m其自側邊構件延伸且 _. ^ 1以界疋出該充填元件的内部容積。 沾且± 次外肋條7°件可對準或不對準於充填元件 的長軸。該外肋條元件之寬 停元件$办；冤度了荨於或大於或兩倍於内肋 内和外肋條元件之數量約可為3到2〇。在 描述肋條元件時所使用的用詞「 在 弧形形狀和以多個直線所構“广Wed)」係欲涵蓋為 「V再…'、 所構成的肋條元件，例如那些具有 」>、或以曲線及直線所組人之$ # Μ ,^ απ τ、，且σ之形狀的肋條元件。 本發明的鞍形不規則充填 件，該肋停元件^ ^ π 、 '、l 3至少一肋條元 力條凡件較内和外肋條元件而言具 且其縱向設置於連續的内肋 丨的鬲度， 該較小肋條元件包含有至小=及/或外肋條元件之間。 匕3有至J —滴點（ 部分地配置於充填元件的 ”叫’及至少 可至少部分連續或至少一中。該等較小肋條元件 生兩較短的肋條部件，每二了可 柒。肋條部件可單獨$ w 句，、有自由 相同徑向彎折之 例如於相對握向彎折之、或於 依照本發明的-實施例而 〇不規則充填元件中，至 200916187 其内部容積中。相較於 件，當充填元件置於反應器或管 充真床時，創新的元件之形狀及 表面積分佈及較少限制的流體路 另一方面而言，本發明針對置 管柱等的複數個前述的不規則充填 則的方位設置，以提供—區域，其 生於液體流之間或之中的區域。 【實施方式】 請參考詳細的圖式且在一 nn ^ 牡開始參考圖1至圖13，本發 月—實施例之一般鞍报x拍B丨士 _ ^ 、彳充填元件整體地以標號10指 不。充填元件1 〇包含右一式# 士 弓形本體11，其為部分的超環體。 弓形本體11可為超環體约 K衣體約百A之五至約百分之五十或百分 <十至百分之二沾脚 .. 的體積。在特定描述的實施例中，充200916187 IX. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION: TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to mass transfer devices for chemical processes, mass transfer reactors, and columns, particularly for irregularities of such reactors and columns. Fill the components. The invention also relates to a method of making or using such irregular filling elements. [Prior Art] Irregular or arbitrarily stacked filling elements are often used in gas-liquid or liquid-liquid (: contact tower or column to provide a mass transfer surface between a downward flowing liquid and an upward rising liquid. The downward flowing liquid is a liquid stream, and the typical upward rising liquid is a gas or vapor stream or other liquid stream. Irregular filling elements can be used in various chemical and processing processes, such as intensive, demoulding, fractionation, absorption, separation. , cleaning, extraction or any other chemical, heat exchange or treatment process. - Generally speaking, 'separate irregular filling elements have specific geometries and are designed to have maximum efficiency for mass transfer surface area. Due to irregular filling elements For any stacking or irregular filling into the column shell in any i-oriented packed bed, when the individual irregular filling elements are positioned in multiple rotating orientations in the filling bed, what is required is an individual irregular filling element. It can have both high mass transfer efficiency and excellent hydraulic capacity. The prior art irregular filling elements exist in various shapes and various materials. 'The irregular filling element can be made of metal, ceramic, plastic, glass, etc. Generally, the irregular filling element can be cylindrical, arcuate, or "saddle", or other non-bow shaped shape, for example a shape of a sphere, a toroidal, etc. The prior art irregular filling element of which is generally highly dependent on its configuration or orientation, which is relative to the liquid flow through the The element is in the direction of filling the bed. For example, 3, the Pall ring is a common cylindrical filling element having a plurality of long groove walls and inner tongues or protrusions. When viewed along the long axis thereof The surface area provided by the 1 ring is very small, but when viewed perpendicular to the long axis, the surface area that provides the mass transfer is very large. Based on these differences, the available surface area of the gas/liquid or liquid/liquid contact It differs from the orientation of the component, which ultimately affects the performance of the component. Furthermore, having a large surface area where the baggage ring is perpendicular to the major axis is a disadvantage because it will create a shadow (shieM). Or inhibit fluid in The ring that flows through the flow direction. • In U.S. Patent No. 5,1,12,536 (herein referred to as the ι 53 patent), an irregular filling element is disclosed which has a more uniform surface area distributed over the entire volume. In this case, a saddle-shaped irregular filling element is disclosed having inter-arc inner or outer rib elements to define an internal volume. Although the filling element disclosed in the (10) patent improves other irregular fillings of the prior art, the 7L piece is improved. It still has the limiting factor that hinders its performance. For example, the curvature of the filling element is such that it lies within the same surface. The ribs J are tightly together. This thus limits the flow of liquid through the element. "In addition, since the ribs of the filling element of the 536 patent are generally centered and longitudinally aligned, the first rib element encountered by the fluid flow will mask the subsequent rib elements from the fluid. contact. This shading reduces the mass transfer effect due to the effective surface area used for mass transfer and/or heat transfer. Further, although the 536 patent discloses the possibility of cutting a plurality of rib elements in 200916187 and bending the discontinuous ends in the internal volume, most of the surface area of the irregular filling elements of the '536 patent is still outside its internal volume. Another type of irregular filling element is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,882,772. In this patent, there are a plurality of individual strips, each strip extending in a sinusoidal waveform between the out-of-plane mesh connection regions. A similar irregular filling element is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,543,088, in which a plurality of individual strips extend between planar end connection regions. The individual strips of the aforementioned two patents are attached at their midpoints, thus providing a region that causes the strips to gather together and hinder gas flow. Furthermore, the filling element must be made of a material having sufficient thickness and strength to resist deformation of the flat outer web or joint region. Preferably, the irregular filling element has a configuration that utilizes a relatively thin gauge material to resist deformation. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an irregular filling element which can maintain a good mass transfer efficiency and a good hydraulic capacity when placed in a plurality of packed beds of different directions. In an advantageous case, several pieces are filled and are produced without wasting or wasting very little material, and they have a configuration that is easily resistant to the aforementioned deformation. [Claim of the Invention] The cross-reference main case is based on 35 USC § 119(e) claiming the priority of the temporary appeal of No. 60/828,900 'The application for the provisional application is October 2006 〇曰°海°°° The content disclosed in the Shenyan case is explicitly used here as a reference. 200916187 Aspect 3, the present invention provides a saddle-shaped irregular filling element that has an open fluid volume that is generally a uniform sentence when placed in a multi-rotational orientation relative to the direction of flow of the liquid encountering the filling element. The t saddle element of the present invention comprises a pair of laterally spaced, longitudinally elongated, and arcuate side members that can have a radially vertical flange. The sides cooperate to define the long axis of the innovative filling component. In addition, the filling element package 3 has a plurality of inner and outer bows _ ^ μ ^ strips m extending from the side members and _. ^ 1 to define the internal volume of the filling member. The 7° piece of the ± outer rib can be aligned or not aligned with the long axis of the filling element. The outer rib element has a wide stop element; the number of rib members that are greater than or greater than twice the inner rib and outer rib elements can be about 3 to 2 inches. The term "in the shape of an arc and the "Wed" in a plurality of straight lines" used in the description of the rib element is intended to be a "V again..." constituting rib element, such as those having ">, Or rib elements in the shape of $ # Μ , ^ απ τ, and σ in groups of curves and lines. The saddle-shaped irregular filling member of the present invention, the rib stopping member ^^ π, ', l 3 at least one rib member is provided for the inner and outer rib members and is longitudinally disposed on the continuous inner rib The twist, the smaller rib element is included between the small = and / or outer rib elements.匕3 has a J-dropping point (partially disposed in the filling element) and at least partially continuous or at least one. The smaller rib elements produce two shorter rib members, each of which is 柒. The rib members may be individually $w, free of the same radial bend, such as in a relative grip bend, or in an irregularly filled element in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, up to the internal volume of 200916187. Compared to the parts, the shape and surface area distribution of the innovative elements and the less restrictive fluid path when the filling element is placed in the reactor or the tube is filled with the real bed. On the other hand, the present invention is directed to a plurality of tubes, etc. The aforementioned irregular filling is arranged to provide a region which is generated between or among the liquid streams. [Embodiment] Please refer to the detailed drawing and refer to FIG. 1 to FIG. 13, the present month - the general saddle of the embodiment x beat B gentleman _ ^, the 彳 filling element is generally indicated by the reference numeral 10. The filling element 1 〇 contains the right one type #士弓形11, which is part of the super loop The arcuate body 11 can be The volume of the super-ring body is about five hundred to about fifty percent or a hundred percent of the body of the K. The volume of the tenth to two percent of the feet. In the specifically described embodiment, the charging
少具有百分之二十的表面 先前技術的不規則充填元 柱内多個不同旋轉方位的 構形’藉由提供更均勻的 徑’來增加質傳效率。 於質傳層、及反應器或 元件，其以一般地不規 為質傳及/或熱傳可能發 填元件10的弓开4太Μ ,,, 體11大約為完整超環體的百分之二 五的體積。 充填元件1 0包今古__ 2 , , ώ L 3有對弓形側邊構件12和14，其橫 向間隔、縱向延伸、且大體上為平行的。該側邊構件12和 "可為且取佳為具有徑向直立的凸緣元件i“叫8， 形出槽20和22，甘及《 ^ 一係用以將液體沿著充填元件1〇表面往 充填元件1 0之弓报士 Λ* 11 /本體11的縱向末端傳送。該側邊構 1 2、該側邊構件14、几# , < 4凸緣16及凸緣18之弓形構形提供一 牙重抵抗變形的構形， 藉此使得本發明相較於先别技術之不 200916187 規則充填元件而言女耸蚀田 兄开使用較便宜且較小的規範尺寸的材 料作為凸緣16和凸緣】8另外的或選擇的方案，該側邊 構件12和該側邊構件〗4 ·5τ 丄re* 迓傅仟14可错由壓紋，以形成正弦曲線或 其他波形的輪廓、或以其他方法來強化。 。亥不規則充填it件1 〇亦包含有複數個内和外弓形肋條 元件並整體地分別以標號24矛口 26表示。肋條元件24和26 U填70件10之弓形本體u的長度自側邊構件12和 側邊構件14之間延伸。肋你；4 ί ^ 甲肋條70件24和肋條元件26之相對 端係分別地一體成型於或者遠技 者連接於該側邊構件12和該側邊 =上太：此所述之「外肋條元件」係指通常自充填元 二】1 的半徑之執跡朝外的方向延伸之肋條元 护本F11所二之-㈣條兀件」係指通常自充填元件之弓 :的半径之軌跡朝内的方向延伸之肋條元件。每一 外肋條7L件26及/或内肋條元件24可沪 本體II的半徑朝外及/或朝内延伸。或者，二件1G之弓形 肋條元件24及/或外肋條元件可以::份或全部的内 伸。箭號27a和箭號27b，分別地，通常：相交的角度延 示之充填元件10的徑向_及㈣㈣^對於圖1中所 件24和外肋條元件26的總數一般可在 向。内肋條元 17姻。新；々六话-从 、 至約20或5至 所不之充填几件的實施例係具有四 及五個外肋條元件26。 個内肋條元件24 如圖1至圖13所示，内弓形肋條 條元件26界定出一大體為弓形之内 牛24及外弓形肋 μ位於弓形本體η中^在該側邊構積28’該内部容積 2及14之間、之上 200916187 及之下。用於蒸氣及/或液體之流道之内部容積的可使用程 度可藉由内弓形肋條元件24和外弓形肋條元件26之尺 寸、形狀或方位來部分地促進。於一實施例中，内弓形肋 條元件24和外弓形肋條元件26每個都徑向延伸且基本上 為相同高度。 肋條7L件24和肋條元件20可中心地且縱向對準、或 較佳地可交替地不對準弓形本體之中心長軸30,如最清楚 :說明於圖2之中。不對準的狀態下產生了蒸氣/液體的點 觸，而不是如中心地對準肋條元件時產生的流體之面接 I此外，藉由將因連續且中心對準的肋條元件所產生之 遮蔽作用減至最小，而使得不對準的構形打開了通往充填 =10之弓形本體U的内部容積28之長軸的流體流徑。 广縱向不對準可減少於不規則充填床内，一不規則充 二之一個或多個肋條插入另一個不規則充填元件 或多個肋條之中的趨勢，此現象有時稱之為「巢套 nestmg)」。巢套現象降低了質傳效率 在充填床上傳送。 從進液體及瘵軋 每-内肋條元件24及每一外肋 的效能獨立選擇特定了依據所欲 26的宫，、3 a * 式。舉例而言，外肋條元件 之寬产等於、或最高達、或兩倍於内肋條元件24 .. 、件10之弓形本體的曲率，杏内弓报肋 條元件24往徑向朝 I田内弓形肋 最佳的…所示。範圍二;、：此之間的位置越接近， 使經歷以箭號27b所：之S'的内弓形肋條元件24,可 斤私之禮向朝外方向流經充填元件1〇的 200916187 液體流之流徑限制減至最少。最佳的如圖1所示，内肋條 元件24設置自弓形本體u端部較遠者相較於内肋條元件 24接近於端部者具有較小的寬度，因此内肋條元件24之間 提供更多開放空間。附加地或選擇性地，内肋條元件24的 數量可減少及/或内肋條元件可自徑向向外彎折以於相鄰内 肋條元件24之間提供更大的空間。Less than 20% of the surface of the prior art Irregular Filling Element The configuration of multiple different rotational orientations within the column 'by providing a more uniform diameter' increases mass transfer efficiency. In the mass transfer layer, and the reactor or component, which is generally irregularly transmitted and/or heat-transferred, may be filled with the element 10, and the body 11 is approximately the percentage of the complete super-ring. The volume of twenty-five. The filling element 10 is now __ 2 , and ώ L 3 has pairs of arcuate side members 12 and 14, which are laterally spaced, longitudinally extending, and substantially parallel. The side members 12 and " can be and preferably have a radially upright flange element i"8, forming slots 20 and 22, and the "^ is used to hold the liquid along the filling element 1" The surface is conveyed toward the longitudinal end of the filling member 10 of the filling member 10 / 11 / body 11. The side structure 1 2, the side member 14, the #, < 4 the flange 16 and the flange 18 of the bow The shape provides a configuration in which the tooth is resistant to deformation, thereby making the present invention use a less expensive and smaller gauge size material as the flange than the prior art non-200916187 regular filling element. 16 and flange 8 additionally or alternatively, the side member 12 and the side member 〖4 · 5τ 丄re* 迓 仟 14 may be embossed to form a contour of a sinusoid or other waveform, Or in other ways to strengthen. The irregular filling of the piece 1 also includes a plurality of inner and outer arcuate rib elements and is generally indicated by the numeral 24, respectively. The rib elements 24 and 26 U are filled with 70 pieces 10 The length of the arcuate body u extends between the side member 12 and the side members 14. The ribs you; 4 ί ^ ribs 70 The opposite ends of the piece 24 and the rib element 26 are separately integrally formed or connected to the side member 12 and the side edge = upper: the "outer rib element" as used herein refers to the normally self-filling element The rib of the radius of 1 is extended outward. The rib element protector F11 is a rib element that extends normally in the direction of the trajectory of the radius of the bow of the component. Each outer rib 7L member 26 and/or inner rib member 24 may have a radius that faces outwardly and/or inwardly. Alternatively, the two 1G arcuate rib elements 24 and/or the outer rib elements may be: all or part of the extension. Arrow 27a and arrow 27b, respectively, typically: the angle of intersection of the filling element 10 in the radial direction _ and (four) (four) ^ is generally in the direction of the total number of 24 and outer rib elements 26 in Figure 1. The inner ribs are 17 marriages. New; 々6-- from, to about 20 or 5 to the embodiment of the filling of several pieces has four and five outer rib elements 26. Inner rib element 24, as shown in Figures 1 to 13, the inner arcuate rib strip element 26 defines a generally arcuate inner cow 24 and outer arcuate rib μ located in the arcuate body η at the side of the side 28' The internal volume is between 2 and 14, above and above 200916187. The extent to which the internal volume of the flow path for the vapor and/or liquid is utilized can be partially promoted by the size, shape or orientation of the inner arcuate rib element 24 and the outer arcuate rib element 26. In one embodiment, the inner arcuate rib element 24 and the outer arcuate rib element 26 each extend radially and are substantially the same height. The rib 7L member 24 and the rib member 20 may be centrally and longitudinally aligned, or preferably alternately misaligned with the central major axis 30 of the arcuate body, as best seen: illustrated in FIG. In the misaligned state, a vapor/liquid contact is generated instead of the fluid interface I generated when the rib element is centrally aligned, in addition to the shadowing effect produced by the continuous and center-aligned rib elements. To a minimum, the misaligned configuration opens the fluid flow path to the long axis of the internal volume 28 of the arcuate body U filled with =10. Wide longitudinal misalignment can be reduced to the tendency of an irregularly filled one or more ribs to be inserted into another irregular filling element or ribs in an irregularly packed bed, sometimes referred to as a "nested nest" Nestmg)". Nesting reduces the efficiency of mass transfer on the filling bed. The efficiency of each of the inner and inner rib elements 24 and each outer rib is independently selected from the liquid and the rolled and the outer ribs, and the 3 a* formula is specified. For example, the width of the outer rib element is equal to, or up to, or twice the curvature of the inner rib element 24, the arcuate body of the piece 10, and the apricot inner rib element 24 is oriented radially toward the arcuate rib of the I field. The best...shown. Range 2;: The closer the position between the two, the inner bow rib element 24 that passes through the arrow 27b: S', can flow in the outward direction through the filling element 1 〇 200916187 liquid flow The flow path limit is minimized. Preferably, as shown in Figure 1, the inner rib elements 24 are disposed from the end of the arcuate body u and have a smaller width than the inner rib element 24 is closer to the end, thereby providing more between the inner rib elements 24. More open space. Additionally or alternatively, the number of inner rib elements 24 may be reduced and/or the inner rib elements may be bent radially outward to provide more space between adjacent inner rib elements 24.
舉例而言，β弓形肋條元件24之寬度可獨立的約大於 1mm、約大於l_5mm、或約大於2醜。外弓形肋條元件％ 之寬度可獨立的約小於5mm、約小於4 5mm、或約小於 4mm，以避免滯流的產生、並避免於過寬肋條元件之外或下 游邊形成低質傳尾流區域。通常該等尾流區域的產生是不 理想的’因為該等尾流區域減少了不規則充填元件1〇的質 傳效率。 充真it件1 0可另具有—個或多個小肋條元件η，該等 1、肋條^件32具有小於内肋條元件24與外肋條元件26之 =度。小肋條元件32縱向設於連續交替的内肋條元件Μ 外肋條元件26之間，於一訾 ^ '實轭例中，在其相對端處連接 到側邊構件12和該侧邊構件 , 夕 於另一實施例中，一個或 夕個小肋條元件32的一端# $ & 97細次兩端可與相鄰的小肋條元件 32 '肋條7L件24或肋條元杜 士人 ’、 6結合、而非與侧邊構件12 一 、’、Q s。該小肋條元件至少邻八## Γ刀位於兄填兀件1 〇之弓 开乂本體11的内部容積28之中、 ^ 4* /λ ’以使遍布於充填元件1〇之 -積的質傳表面更加均句分佈之 件10之嫡主 舨而吕，不規則充填元 之 '、息表面積的至少百分 _ t —十、至少百分之四十、或 12 200916187 至少百分之五十位於充填元件w 積28之中。於所示 之弓$本體11的内部容 大約百八之實％例中，該不規則充填元件10之 大、、勺百刀之-十八的物矣，7~. ri 〜表面積位於内部容積28中。 …肋條元件32可獨 組合狀態，且以任何方式 +連續或任何 .,,. 考折或成开>。於一實施合丨I φ，— 個或夕個小肋條元件可連 — 波形並具有-或多個波峰及/折舉例而吕’可為正弦 Μ中。在此所述之「滴點以提供滴點於内弓形容積 落下或滴落之任何連續戈P PDlnt)」’意指液體可能 ^ ^ ^ 連續或不連續的邊緣或點。滴點造成游 體落下處形成微小的小,省甘y ，同點坆成液 加質傳效率。 促進並增進蒸氣的接觸以增 於另一實施例中，—個弋文… 成為不連續狀，藉此形成兩^ 條元件32可截斷並 地的方位，置於充填=件3W其可獨立 置於充填讀10之内容積26中。 中，肋條部件34a和肋條部件34b可實質上唯持正哲由 k_:_ —"自由知偏移以形成相分離的滴點。於 部件34a和肋條部件34b '‘ 、 '，肋條 過該等肋條部件二=朝向料’則當以約通 鏡像。p件之間的…面觀之時，其彼此之間形成 小肋條元件32 $ f # -Γ a _> 执 X度可與朝相同徑肖延伸之内肋你— 件Μ及外肋條元件26之寬度相同或不同。内== 填元件10中，备一丨站技_ 也迷的充 件24相等之t声访Μ件32具有與大約兩内肋條元 ，寬又，該内肋條元件係自弓形本體丨】 朝内設置。 之部 13 200916187 内肋條元件24、外肋條元件26、 充填元件1。之縱軸長度的數量及排列：::二元件”沿 不同。較佳而言’除了其端部之外—應特疋的應用而 沿其整體長度維持與相鄰的肋條元件2:兀件24、26和32 藉此充填元件1〇具有較多的、26和32相分離’ 體流流經充填元件10的機會。為減少阻擋所欲之液 肋條部件34et和34b勾住另—植了—减上一充填元件之 26、32、34a、34b的機| 兀件10之肋條元件24、 一於充填元二:任:=求係使助條部… 心壮的縱向端。Rl U* L ‘ 34a和34b較佳係自充填 ’肋條部件 設於充填…。之端部的肋;==置，因此其被 在所描述的充填元件10之實 或32所遮蔽。 32設於-對内和外肋條元件^和％ ，母:小肋條元件 可獨立的’將每-小肋條元件32，言J間。當然其有機會 之間、於各對内肋條元件24q 7各對外肋條元件26 件32、内肋條元件24、及外肋;、力於任何-對的肋條元 所描述的充填元件1G之實施❹件26的組合之間。在 填元件10的端1 ，内肋條元件24設於充 肋條元件24和外# & _ & 、兀牛32分布在交替的内 Η和外肋條兀件26之門 ^ ^ 小肋條元件32用以形成等县的θ、、中設置於中央的兩 元件24、26、32、34 7、肋條部件34a和34b。肋條 么 3 4 a和3 4 b之叙* b — 用而不同。 之數置及排列可因應特定的應 月之充填元件的另一實施^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 且其以元件符lu。明白地作為二“於圖14至圖26， 介馮代表。充填元件110與充 14 200916187 填元件HM目近似且相似的元件，以相同的參考符號在字首 附加「1」作為代表。 充填元件"0具有一弓形本體i"’其為不完全環體。 弓形本體111可為-環體約百分之十五的體積。充填元件 n〇包含有彎曲側邊構件112和114，其分別地具有凸緣元 件116和118,以形成槽120和槽122，其係用以將液體往 弓形本體1 1 1的縱向末端傳送。 一内弓形肋條元件124設於弓形本體之縱向之兩端， 且外弓形肋條元件126沿側邊構件112和114之中間設置。 内肋條元件124 一般以徑向朝内方向，箭號i27a所指之方 向，延伸之，而外肋條元件126 —般以徑向朝外方向，箭 说㈣所指之方向，延伸之。内和外肋條元件⑶和⑶ 共同界定出-通常為弓形的内部容積128且其 軸 130 。 ' 四個小肋條元件132設於相鄰對的内和外則条元件124 和126之間。兩最内小肋條元件132巾，每—個為不連續 且形成肋條部件加和134b。肋條部件叫和ι施及肋 條元件124、m和132可被建構、設置及定位成如前所述 之充填兀件10的相對應元件。於所描述的實施例中，充填 兀件110約百分之三十六的總表面區域位於内部容積128 中。較佳者而言，除了其相對端之外，肋條元件mm 和I32沿其整體長度維持與相鄰的肋條元件124、126洋132 =離，藉此充填㈣no具有較多開放之構形以減°少阻 撞所欲之液體流流經充填元件i丨〇的機會。 15 200916187 本發明不規則充填元件10和110可以各種不同的材料 製成，包纟，舉例而言，陶瓷、塑膠或金屬。不規則充填 元件10和11 〇之強度可藉由加工硬化、組織化至少一部分 的元件表面來加強，並可藉由壓紋表面的方式來加強，即 藉由壓紋至少一部分的元件表面以成形ώ小凹處在一邊或 兩邊上，及/或藉由在關於充填元件110之不同的肋條元件 I24、126和13〇上壓紋一彎曲的斷面。該彎曲的斷面較佳 者係以足夠的深度於側邊構件112和114中延伸，以提供 一結構來中斷沿槽120和122流動的液體，並使其導向肋 條元件124、126和132，而不使其准以流向充填元件11〇 之端部。小凹處或其他中斷流動的結構可設於槽12〇和122 中以達成相同目的。相同的結構亦可用以與充填元件1〇相 關0 不規則充填元件丨〇和丨丨〇可以各種不同技術製造。於 一貫施例中，本發明之不規則充填元件以美國第5,112,536 號專利案之製程加以製造，該案併於此以作為參考，其中 每一充填7L件以單一的，薄片材料形成，且内、外及小肋 條7L件與側邊構件一起，實質上包含該薄片材料的總表面 積。 另參考圖27所示，複數個不規則充填元件1〇和u〇 可被用於在反應器及,/或在氣/液或液/液接觸塔36中提供質 傳及/或熱傳表面積。不規則充填元件1 〇及/或丨丨〇可被堆 置於管柱或反應器36之適當的支撐件中以形成充填床38、 或其可能在置入管柱或反應器3 6之前，以一般不規則定位 16 200916187 被先排列為充填床形式。前述的本發明之充填元件的形狀 和構形創造出開放、並易於進入的液體流動路徑、且當自 多個不同角度觀看時’其呈現出相對均勻的表面積分佈， 而其造成了通常而言為獨立方位的元件效能。 以下的實施例說明本發明的不規則充填元件之獨立方 位效能，但其不欲以任何方式限制本發明的範圍。 實施例1 計算三個不同的不規則充填元件的質傳係數：比較元 件卜美國第4,3〇3,599號專利揭露的—種鞍形不規則充填 元件；比較元件2 ’美國第5,882,772號專利揭露的一種鞍 形不規則充填元件；以及本發明之元件3，於冑i至圖Η 所揭露的充填元件1 〇。 每一充填元件之質僂孫勒 ιν # ,, 得保數以其十個不同充填方位計算 之’ S亥等方位分別為如下表—所押-For example, the width of the beta arcuate rib elements 24 can be independently greater than about 1 mm, greater than about 1-5 mm, or greater than about ugly. The width of the outer arcuate rib elements % can be independently less than about 5 mm, less than about 45 mm, or less than about 4 mm to avoid stagnation and avoid creating low quality tail flow regions outside or below the over wide rib elements. Usually the generation of such wake regions is undesirable 'because the wake regions reduce the quality of the irregular filling element 1 。. The plucking element 10 may additionally have one or more small rib elements η, and the rib members 32 have a lower degree than the inner rib element 24 and the outer rib element 26. The rib element 32 is longitudinally disposed between the continuously alternating inner rib members Μ outer rib members 26, and in the yoke example, at the opposite ends thereof is joined to the side members 12 and the side members, In another embodiment, one end of one or a small rib element 32 may be combined with an adjacent small rib element 32' rib 7L piece 24 or rib element Dusit', 6 instead of With the side members 12, ', Q s. The small rib element is at least adjacent to the ## Γ 位于 位于 位于 位于 位于 位于 兄 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ The surface of the more uniform sentence distribution of the 10th is the main, and the irregular filling element', at least the percentage of the surface area _ t - ten, at least 40%, or 12 200916187 at least fifty percent Located in the filling element w product 28. In the case where the internal volume of the bow body 11 is approximately one hundred and eighty, the irregular filling element 10 is large, the spoon is a knife-eighteen object, and the ri ~ surface area is located in the inner volume. 28 in. ...the rib elements 32 can be combined in a single state and in any manner + continuous or any ., .. test or open >. In one implementation, I φ, - or a small rib element can be connected - a waveform and has - or multiple peaks and / / folds can be sinusoidal. As used herein, "a drop point to provide any continuous drop or drop of the drop in the inner arcuate volume" "" means that the liquid may be ^ ^ ^ continuous or discontinuous edges or points. The dropping point causes the tiny drop of the swimming body to form a small small, saves the y, and the same point sputum into the liquid to increase the efficiency. Promoting and enhancing the contact of the vapor to increase in another embodiment, a simplification, thereby forming a discontinuous shape, thereby forming a position in which the two elements 32 can be cut off, placed in the filling = 3W, which can be independently placed Fill in the internal content 26 of the reading 10 . The rib member 34a and the rib member 34b may be substantially freely offset by a k_:_-" to form a phase-separated drop point. The member 34a and the rib members 34b '', ', the ribs passing through the rib members 2 = toward the material' are mirrored. When viewed between the p-pieces, they form a small rib element 32 between each other. $ f # -Γ a _> The X-degree can be extended with the inner ribs of the same diameter and the outer rib elements 26 The widths are the same or different. Inside == Filling component 10, preparing a station technology _ also fascinating filler 24 equal to the sound of the access member 32 having approximately two inner rib elements, the width of the inner rib element is from the bow body 丨Set inside. The part 13 200916187 inner rib element 24, outer rib element 26, filling element 1. The number and arrangement of the lengths of the longitudinal axes::: The two elements "are different". Preferably, except for their ends - the special rib elements are maintained along their overall length for the application of the ridge element 2: 24, 26 and 32 whereby the filling element 1 has a greater number of 26 and 32 phase separations. The body flow flows through the filling element 10. The liquid rib members 34et and 34b are hooked to reduce the blockage. - a machine that subtracts 26, 32, 34a, 34b of the filling element | a rib element 24 of the element 10, a filling element 2: any: = a system for making the bar... a strong longitudinal end. Rl U* L ' 34a and 34b are preferably self-filling ribs provided at the ends of the filling ribs; == set, so that they are obscured by the solid or 32 of the filling element 10 as described. Inner and outer rib elements ^ and %, mother: small rib elements can be independently 'will each-small rib element 32, say J. Of course there is a chance between each pair of inner rib elements 24q 7 external rib elements 26 The member 32, the inner rib member 24, and the outer rib; between the combination of the implement member 26 of the filling member 1G described by any pair of rib members At the end 1 of the filling element 10, the inner rib element 24 is provided on the ribbed element 24 and the outer dam and the yak 32 are distributed in the door of the alternating inner and outer rib members 26. 32 is used to form the θ of the same county, the two elements 24, 26, 32, 34 7 disposed at the center, and the rib members 34a and 34b. The ribs 3 4 a and 3 4 b are different from each other. The number arrangement and arrangement can be adapted to another implementation of the filling element of the specific month ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ and it is represented by the element lu. It is clearly represented as "two" in Figure 14 to Figure 26, referred to as Feng. The filling element 110 is similar to and similar to the filling element HM, and the same reference numeral is added with "1" at the beginning of the word. The filling element "0 has an arcuate body i"' which is an incomplete ring. The arcuate body 111 can be about 15 percent of the volume of the ring body. The filling element n〇 includes curved side members 112 and 114 having flange members 116 and 118, respectively, to form grooves 120 and grooves 122 for conveying liquid toward the longitudinal ends of the arcuate bodies 11 1 . An inner arcuate rib element 124 is disposed at the longitudinal ends of the arcuate body, and the outer arcuate rib member 126 is disposed intermediate the side members 112 and 114. The inner rib member 124 extends generally in a radially inward direction, in the direction indicated by arrow i27a, and the outer rib member 126 extends generally in a radially outward direction, in the direction indicated by arrow (4). The inner and outer rib elements (3) and (3) together define a generally arcuate internal volume 128 and an axis 130 thereof. 'The four small rib elements 132 are disposed between the inner and outer strip elements 124 and 126 of adjacent pairs. The two innermost small rib elements 132 are each discontinuous and form a rib member sum 134b. The rib members and rib members 124, m and 132 can be constructed, positioned and positioned to fill the corresponding elements of the member 10 as previously described. In the depicted embodiment, about 36 percent of the total surface area of the filling element 110 is in the interior volume 128. Preferably, in addition to the opposite ends thereof, the rib elements mm and I32 are maintained along their entire length with the adjacent rib elements 124, 126 ocean 132, whereby the filling (4) no has a more open configuration to reduce ° Less chance of blocking the flow of the desired liquid through the filling element i丨〇. 15 200916187 The irregular filling elements 10 and 110 of the present invention can be made of a variety of different materials, including, for example, ceramic, plastic or metal. The strength of the irregular filling elements 10 and 11 can be enhanced by work hardening, texturing at least a portion of the surface of the component, and can be reinforced by embossing the surface by embossing at least a portion of the surface of the component to form The depressions are on one or both sides and/or by embossing a curved section on the different rib elements I24, 126 and 13 of the filling element 110. Preferably, the curved section extends in the side members 112 and 114 with sufficient depth to provide a structure to interrupt the flow of liquid along the grooves 120 and 122 and direct the rib elements 124, 126 and 132, It is not allowed to flow to the end of the filling element 11〇. A small recess or other interrupted flow structure may be provided in the slots 12A and 122 for the same purpose. The same structure can also be used to relate to the filling element 1 不 irregular filling elements 丨〇 and 丨丨〇 can be manufactured in a variety of different techniques. In a conventional embodiment, the irregular filling element of the present invention is manufactured by the process of U.S. Patent No. 5,112,536, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, in the in the The outer and small rib 7L members together with the side members substantially comprise the total surface area of the sheet material. Referring additionally to Figure 27, a plurality of irregular filling elements 1 and u can be used to provide mass transfer and/or heat transfer surface area in the reactor and/or in the gas/liquid or liquid/liquid contact column 36. . Irregular packing elements 1 and/or crucibles may be stacked in a suitable support of the column or reactor 36 to form a packed bed 38, or it may be placed before the column or reactor 36, With the general irregular positioning 16 200916187 is first arranged in the form of a packed bed. The aforementioned shape and configuration of the filling element of the present invention creates an open, and easily accessible liquid flow path, and when viewed from a plurality of different angles, it exhibits a relatively uniform surface area distribution which results in the usual Component performance for independent orientation. The following examples illustrate the independent orientation of the irregular filling elements of the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. Example 1 Calculating the mass transfer coefficients of three different irregular filling elements: a comparison element of a saddle-shaped irregular filling element disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,3,3,599, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. A saddle-shaped irregular filling element; and the element 3 of the invention, the filling element 1 揭 disclosed in 胄i to Η. The quality of each filling element 偻 勒 ιν # , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
丨衣所彳示不A至I。方位A到I 相對於自元件擺放至三笛卡々 卞兒座標軸之一的每一軸自底座 位置之0。，45。和90。。對於各_ *试 _ 务 母—充填元件而言，質傳係數範 圍藉由A至I每一位置的暂 — 置的質傳係數之最大值減去最小值。 母一充填元件的平均皙值尨如_ „ 買傳係數即計算自每-方位Α至I之 個別質傳係數的平均值。 一般而言，較高的皙值 後外专 W傳係數係指該元件具有較高的質 傳效率，而較窄的質傳 古& 〇士以 〜數把圍係指該元件的效能在改變 方位時變化度較少。比較 俨古a A 几件1和2以及本發明之元件3， 攸方位A至I的質傳係數、 孫叙楚# σ 處傳係數範圍、以及平均質傳 係數寺值呈現於表1中。 17 200916187 表1:不規則充瑱元件之質傳係數 方位 比較元件1 比較元件2 本發明之元件3 A 1.00 1.02 1.18 B 1.05 1.02 1.09 C 0.97 0.87 1.09 D 0.96 1.02 1.20 E 1.05 1.02 1.18 F 1.08 0.98 1.09 G 1.07 1.00 1.10 Η 1.08 1.00 1.13 I 1.10 1.06 1.12 範圍 0.19 0.14 0.11 平均值 1.04 1.00 1.13 如表1所示，本發明之元件3具有較低的質傳係數範 圍、在每一方位具有較高的質傳係數、且相較於比較元件1 和2而言具有較高的質傳係數平均值。因此，本發明之元 件3相較於比較元件丨和2而言具有較佳效率、較少特定 方位影響的效能。 實施例2 針對本發明之實施例（圖14至圖16所示的充填元件 110)與四種市售的不規則充填形式之效能進行比較試驗。在 全部逆流中少量碳氫化合物混合物以蒸餾提取。塔之運轉 壓力顯著地高於大氣壓力-該等混合物於1中加工時非常 典型的條件、且為不規則充填元件時常使用的典型條件。 該塔的直徑和充填床足夠大以確保會產生工業相關數據。 18 200916187 在充填床以上及底下的液體；1¾ 士 & π r π狀體樣本均須加以分析以測量充填 效率。充填的最大容量取決於杳祕丄Μ χ 开π田增加輪入熱直到壓力隨著 額外的輸人熱而非常急遽下降時且自充填床頂部的霧沐 ㈣加inment)相當明顯時（效率損失）。t匕較試驗的結果如表 2所示。 表2 充填種類 鞍形高效能金屬不規 則充填：小尺寸_ 鞍形高效能金屬不規 相對容量 1.00 1.09 相對效率 1.28 1.00 相對特定表面積 1.66 正弦波形南效能金屬 不規則充填：小尺寸 正弦波形南效能金屬 _ 不規則充填：大尺寸 本發明之元件 1.10 1.09 1.13 1.45 1.17 0.89 1.00 1.09 1.22 1.12 該等試驗數據展現出當本發明之元件使用較比較充填 -件小之特定表面積時’本發明之實施例達到了相等或較 阿的相對容量及/或較高的效率。因此本發明實現在使用小 =對特定表面積時，^同時具有有利的相對容量及相對 效率〇 由前述可得知，本發明為可查 义 ^㈣了達“相較之所有目 “及目的之發明，且本質上結構具有其餘優點。 特定的特徵及次組合係具有實用性且 ::合的參考即可得知。其預期包含於本案I::::: 19 200916187 圍内完 以說明 、由於任何可能的實施例可在不脫離本發明的範 成，故在此所提出或揭露於所附圖式中的内容僅用 而並非對本發明作任何形式上的限制。 【圖式簡單說明】 金所附圖式為說明書的一部分，其用以對應閱讀說明 書，且其中所示例如標號等係用以指出如各式觀點中的— 部分： 圖1為本發明之不規則充填元件一實施例的側視圖； 圖2為圖1所示之不規則充填元件的上視圖，其中較 圖1所示略為放大； 圖3至圖13為圖1及圖2所示之不規則充填元件之各 式立體圖； 圖14至圖1 6為依照本發明之不規則充填元件另一實 施例的各式立體圖；及 圖27為管柱或反應器之部分示意圖，其中包括由本發 明之不規則充填元件所構成的充填床。 【主要元件符號說明 ] 10,110 充填元件 11,111 弓形本體 12,14,112,114 側邊構件 16,18 凸緣元件 20,22,120,122 槽 24,124 内肋條元件 26,126 外肋條元件 20 200916187 27a,27b,127a,127b 箭號 28,128 内部容積 30,130 中心長軸 32,132 小肋條元件 34a,34b,134a,134b 肋條部件 36 塔，反應器 38 充填床 21The clothing shows that it is not A to I. The orientation A to I is 0 relative to the position from the base of each axis of the self-equivalent to one of the three-dimensional coordinate axes. , 45. And 90. . For each _ * test _ 母 - filling element, the mass transfer coefficient range is subtracted from the maximum value of the temporary quality transfer coefficient for each position of A to I. The average value of the parent-filling component is as follows: _ „ Buying coefficient is the average of the individual mass transfer coefficients calculated from each-azimuth I to I. In general, the higher 皙 value is the external W-transmission coefficient. The component has a higher quality of mass transfer, while the narrower quality of the ancient & gentleman refers to the performance of the component in the number of changes in the orientation when the orientation is less changed. Compare a few pieces of a A 1 2 and the component 3 of the present invention, the mass transfer coefficient of the 攸 azimuth A to I, the range of the Sun Chuchu # σ transmission coefficient, and the average mass transfer coefficient are shown in Table 1. 17 200916187 Table 1: Irregular charging elements Quality Coefficient Azimuth Comparison Element 1 Comparison Element 2 Element 3 of the invention A 1.00 1.02 1.18 B 1.05 1.02 1.09 C 0.97 0.87 1.09 D 0.96 1.02 1.20 E 1.05 1.02 1.18 F 1.08 0.98 1.09 G 1.07 1.00 1.10 Η 1.08 1.00 1.13 I 1.10 1.06 1.12 Range 0.19 0.14 0.11 Average 1.04 1.00 1.13 As shown in Table 1, element 3 of the present invention has a lower range of mass transfer coefficients, a higher quality transfer coefficient in each orientation, and is compared to comparison element 1 and 2 is higher The coefficient average is passed. Therefore, the element 3 of the present invention has better efficiency and less specific orientation effects than the comparison elements 丨 and 2. Embodiment 2 Embodiments of the present invention (Figs. 14 to 16) The illustrated filling element 110) was tested in comparison to the efficacy of four commercially available irregular filling forms. A small amount of hydrocarbon mixture was extracted by distillation in all countercurrents. The operating pressure of the column was significantly higher than atmospheric pressure - such mixtures Typical conditions for processing in 1 and typical conditions often used for irregular filling of components. The diameter of the tower and the packed bed are large enough to ensure that industry-related data are generated. 18 200916187 Liquid above and below the packed bed; The 13⁄4 士 & π r π sample should be analyzed to measure the filling efficiency. The maximum capacity of the filling depends on the secret 丄Μ χ open the π field to increase the heat of the wheel until the pressure drops very sharply with the additional heat input. At the same time, the fog (4) plus inment at the top of the packed bed is quite obvious (efficiency loss). The results of the test are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Filling type saddle Irregular filling of performance metal: small size _ saddle high-performance metal irregular relative capacity 1.00 1.09 relative efficiency 1.28 1.00 relative specific surface area 1.66 sinusoidal waveform south performance metal irregular filling: small size sinusoidal waveform south performance metal _ irregular filling: large Dimensions Elements of the Invention 1.10 1.09 1.13 1.45 1.17 0.89 1.00 1.09 1.22 1.12 The test data demonstrates that the embodiments of the present invention achieve equal or lesser when the components of the present invention use a particular surface area that is smaller than the relatively filled-piece. Relative capacity and / or higher efficiency. Therefore, the present invention achieves the use of small = for a specific surface area, while having a favorable relative capacity and relative efficiency. As can be seen from the foregoing, the present invention is identifiable ^ (4) for "all" and the purpose Invention, and in essence the structure has the remaining advantages. Specific features and sub-combinations are known and can be found in the following references. It is intended to be included in the present disclosure in the context of the disclosure of the present invention. It is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The drawings are a part of the specification, which is used to correspond to the reading specification, and the like, such as the reference numerals, are used to indicate the parts of the various aspects: FIG. 1 is the present invention. 2 is a side view of an irregular filling element shown in FIG. 1 , which is slightly enlarged as shown in FIG. 1 ; FIG. 3 to FIG. 13 are not shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. FIG. 14 to FIG. 16 are various perspective views of another embodiment of the irregular filling member according to the present invention; and FIG. 27 is a partial schematic view of the column or reactor, including the present invention. A filling bed made up of irregular filling elements. [Main component symbol description] 10,110 filling element 11,111 arcuate body 12,14,112,114 side member 16,18 flange element 20,22,120,122 groove 24,124 inner rib element 26,126 outer rib element 20 200916187 27a,27b,127a,127b arrow 28,128 internal volume 30,130 central long axis 32,132 small rib elements 34a, 34b, 134a, 134b rib member 36 tower, reactor 38 packed bed 21