TW200835035A - Membrane and electrode assembly (MEA) of fuel cell and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents

Membrane and electrode assembly (MEA) of fuel cell and manufacturing method thereof Download PDF

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TW200835035A
TW200835035A TW096105529A TW96105529A TW200835035A TW 200835035 A TW200835035 A TW 200835035A TW 096105529 A TW096105529 A TW 096105529A TW 96105529 A TW96105529 A TW 96105529A TW 200835035 A TW200835035 A TW 200835035A
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layer
electrode assembly
membrane electrode
electrode structure
assembly according
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TW096105529A
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Chinese (zh)
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TWI340497B (en
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Ming-San Lee
Long-Jeng Chen
ting-huai Chen
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Univ Nat Sun Yat Sen
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Abstract

Membrane and Electrode Assembly (MEA) of Fuel Cell at least comprises an electrolyte having a first surface and a second surface and a first electrode structure disposed at the first surface of the electrolyte. The first electrode structure has a patterned microstructure being used to increase the reactive area of between the fuel or oxidant and the reaction layer. In effects, the performances of the fuel cell will be enhanced and the loading of catalyst and the cost will be reduced.

Description

200835035 九、發明說明： 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明係有關於-種燃料電池之膜電極組，特別係有 關於一種具有一圖案化微結構之膜電極組。 【先前技術】 ----π %偶紙A U你主要 包含一陽極11、一曾早办姑赠 、子又換膜12及一陰極13，該陽極u200835035 IX. Description of the Invention: [Technical Field] The present invention relates to a membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell, and more particularly to a membrane electrode assembly having a patterned microstructure. [Prior Art] ---- π % O-Paper A U You mainly include an anode 11, a pre-existing gift, a sub-film 12 and a cathode 13, the anode u

與該陰極13係分別具有一擴散層14及-催化！ 15，該擴 散層14係用以讓反靡备鱗 飞反應耽體均勻全面擴散進入該催化層 15 ’而該催化層15係用以催化燃料電池中電化學反應 進行’惟’習知結構之該催化層15與該擴散層η之間的 接觸面積過小，常使得燃料或氧化劑（如甲醇分子、Η2、 02尊）通過該催化層1 $ 15之速度緩慢而影響電化學反應逮 率，此外，由於習知之該催化層15之通道狹小，一 於刀子的平均自由輕（Mean Free path)，使得燃料或氧化 於初入該催化層15時即參與反應，無法深人該催化声15 導致催化劑利用率低而形成浪費。 ㈢， 【發明内容】 ' 本毛月之主要目的係在於提供一種燃料電池 極組及其製作方法，該燃料電池之膜電極組係至少包含f 電解貝層以及-第_電極結構，該電解質層係具$ 一 表面及一第二表面，兮哲 禾一 之 …，弟-電極結構係設，置於該電解質層 :、面忒第-電極結構係具有-圖案化微結構。 毛係利用该圖案化微結構大幅增加_或氧& _ 5 200835035 省反應層之間的接觸面積，其功效上除了可提昇燃料電池 之丨生此外，亦可大幅降低催化劑使用量及節省成本。 、依據本發明之一種燃料電池之膜電極組，其至少包含 包解貝層以及一第一電極結構，該電解質層係具有一第 及第一表面，該第一電極結構係設置於該電解質 層之该第一表面，該第一電極結構係具有一圖案化微結 構。Each of the cathodes 13 has a diffusion layer 14 and a catalyst! 15. The diffusion layer 14 is used to uniformly and uniformly diffuse the anti-feeding scale reaction reaction body into the catalytic layer 15', and the catalytic layer 15 is used to catalyze the electrochemical reaction in the fuel cell to perform a 'unknown' structure. The contact area between the catalytic layer 15 and the diffusion layer η is too small, which often causes the fuel or oxidant (such as methanol molecules, Η 2, 02) to pass through the catalytic layer 1 15 slowly, which affects the electrochemical reaction capture rate. Because the channel of the catalytic layer 15 is narrow, and the Mean Free path of the knife causes the fuel or oxidation to participate in the reaction when it enters the catalytic layer 15, the catalyst cannot be deepened. The utilization rate is low and waste is generated. (3), [Summary of the Invention] The main purpose of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell pole set and a method for fabricating the same, the membrane electrode assembly of the fuel cell comprising at least an f-electrolytic shell layer and a -th electrode structure, the electrolyte layer The system has a surface and a second surface, and the --he-electrode structure is placed on the electrolyte layer: the surface-electrode-electrode structure has a patterned microstructure. The use of the patterned microstructure greatly increases the contact area between the reaction layers of the _ or oxygen & _ 5 200835035, which not only improves the fuel cell generation, but also greatly reduces the catalyst usage and cost. . A membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell according to the present invention, comprising at least a coating shell layer and a first electrode structure, the electrolyte layer having a first surface and a first electrode structure disposed on the electrolyte layer The first surface, the first electrode structure has a patterned microstructure.

依據本發明之一種膜電極組之電極結構，其包含一擴 散層以及-反應層，該擴散層係具有一表面，該反應層係 形成於該擴散層之該表面，且該反應層係具有一圖案化微 結構。 依據本發明之一種膜電極組之電極結構，其包含一擴 散層以及-反應層，該擴散層係具有一表面及一圖案化微 結構’該®案化微結構係形成於該表面，該反應層係覆蓋 该擴散層之該表面及該圖案化微結構。 依據本發明之一種電極結構之反應I，其係具有一多 孔層、—催化層以及―®案化微結構，該多孔層係具有-上表面’該圖案化微結構係形成於該多孔層之該上表面， 該催化層係覆蓋該圖案化微結構及該多孔層之該上表面。 依據本發明之-種電極結構之反應層，其係且有一催 化層以及-圖案化微結構’該圖案化微結構係形成於該催 化層上。 依據本發明之-種燃料電池之膜電極組之製作方 法，其包含提供-電解質層，該電解質層係具有一第一表 6 200835035 面及第二表面；以及設置一第一電極結構於該電解質層之 該第一表面，該第一電極結構係具有一圖案化微結構。 【實施方式】 請參閱第2圖’其係本發明之一較佳實施例，一種燃 料電池之膜電極組2 0係至少包含一電解質層21以及一第 一電極結構22 ’該電解質層21係可為質子交換膜（pr〇t〇I1 Exchange Membrane)或離子交換膜（I〇n Exchange Membrane)，該電解質層· 21係具有一第一表面21a及一第 二表面2 1 b，該第一電極結構22係設置於該電解質層2 i 之該第一表面21 a，該第一電極結構22係具有一擴散層 221、一反應層222友一圖案化微結構225，該擴散層221 之材質係可為碳布（Carbon Cloth)或碳紙（carb〇n Paper)， 该反應層2 2 2係設於該擴散層2 2 1與該電解質層21之間， 用以進行電化學反應，該反應層222係具有一多孔層 223(Gas Abundant Layer)及一催化層 224(Catalyst Layer) ’在本實施例中，該圖案化微結構225係形成於該 反應層222之該多孔層223 ’該圖案化微結構225係可增 加參與電化學反應之面積，該多孔層223之材質係可為碳 泮刀、$反纖維、石墨粉、石墨纖維或其它導電材料，該多孔 層223係具有一上表面223a，該圖案化微結構225係可形 成於該多孔層223之該上表面223a，較佳地，該多孔層 223與該圖案化微結構225係為相同材質，並且該多孔層 223與該圖案化微結構225係可一體成型，以簡化製程， 請再參閱第2圖，該催化層224係覆蓋該圖案化微結構225 7 200835035 及4夕孔層223之該上表面223a，較佳地，該催化層224 … 之厚度係不大於1 00微米，或者，請參閱第3圖，在另一 實施例中，該反應層222係具有該催化層224及該圖案化 微結構225，且該圖案化微結構225係可形成於該催化層 224上，以省略製作該多孔層223，較佳地，該催化層224 與該圖案化微結構225係一體成型。 請再參閱第2圖，在本實施例中，該多孔層223與該 催化層224之間係具有一反應界面226，該反應界面226 係由該催化層224所覆蓋該多孔層223之該上表面223a 及該圖案化微結構225之表面所構成，該反應界面226的 大小係為電化學反應區之多寡，請參閱第4及5圖，該圖 案化微結構225係可由複數個柱狀微結構225a所構成， 5亥些柱狀微結構225a係呈陣列分佈，且該些柱狀微結構 225a之間距係可為相等或不相等，此外，該些柱狀微結構 225a係可為圓柱狀、長柱狀、圓錐狀或其它幾何形狀，在 φ 本實施例中，該些柱狀微結構225a係呈長柱狀，且該些 柱狀微結構225a係凸設於該多孔層223之該上表面 223a戈者’明參閱弟6及7圖’在另一實施例中，該圖 案化微結構225係可凹設於該多孔層223之該上表面 223a 〇 請參閱第8圖，在另一實施例中，該圖案化微結構225 係可形成於該擴散層221，該擴散層22丨係具有一表面 221a ’該圖案化微結構225係形成於該擴散層221之該表 面221a，較佳地，該擴散層221係一體形成該圖案化微結 8 200835035 構225’在本實施例中，該反應層222係覆蓋該擴散層22i . 之该表面221a及該圖案化微結構225，較佳地，該反應層 _ 222係由催化材料所構成。 明茶閱第9圖，該燃料電池之膜電極組2〇可另包含 有一第二電極結構23，該第二電極結構23係設置於該電 解貝層21之該第二表面21b，在本實施例中，該第二電極 結構23係相同於該第一電極結構22 ’該第一電極結構22 _ 係可作為陽極或陰極，而該第二電極結構23之極性係相 反於该第一電極結構22之極性，即當該第一電極結構 作為陽極時，該第二電極結構23係作為陰極。 關於本發明之燃料電池之膜電極組2〇之製作方法， 請參閱第10A至10C圖所示。首先請參閱第10A圖，提 供一電解質層21，該電解質層21係具有一第一表面21a 及一第二表面21 b，在本實施例中，該電解質層‘ 21係可為 貝子父換膜（Proton Exchange Membrane)或離子交換膜 φ (I〇n Exchange Membrane);接著，請參閱第 10B 圖，設置 一第一電極結構22於該電解質層21之該第一表面21a， 該第一電極結構22係具有一擴散層221、一反應層222及 一圖案化微結構225，該反應層222係設於該擴散層221 與該電解質層21之間，用以進行電化學反應，該反應層 222係具有一多孔層223(Gas Abundant Layer)及一催化層 224(Catalyst Layer)，在本實施例中，該圖案化微結構225 係形成於該反應層222之該多孔層223，以增加參與電化 學反應之面積，該多孔層223之材質係可為碳粉、碳纖維、 9 200835035 石墨粉、石墨纖維或其它導電材料，該多孔層223及該圖 案化微結構225之製造方法係可由一導電材以濕蝕刻、乾 蝕刻或微印刷等方式一體形成，或者該多孔層223及該圖 案化微結構225係可分別形成，該催化層224係覆蓋該圖 案化微結構225及該多孔層223之該上表面223a，而該催 化層224係可以沈積、電喷灑、轉印或塗佈方式形成。另 外明苓閱第1 〇C圖，在本實施例中，其另包含設置一第 二電極結構23於該電解質層21之該第二表面2卟，該第 一電極結構23係相同於該第一電極結構22，較佳地，該 =料電池之膜電極組2G係由該第_電極結構22、該電解 貝層21及該第二電極結構23以熱壓合方式形成。 本I明係利用该圖案化微結構225大幅增加婵料戋氧 化劑與該反應層222之間的接觸面積，其功效上除了可提 昇燃料電池之性能外，亦可大幅降低催化劑使用量 成本。 本發明之保護範圍當視後附之巾請專㈣圍所界定 =為準’任何熟知此項技藝者’在不脫離本發明之精神和 =圍内所作之任何變化與修改，均㈣本發明之保護範 圍。 【圖式簡單說明】 第 1 第 2 第 3 圖：習知燃料電池之膜電極組之剖面示意圖 圖：依據本發明之-較佳實施合·】，一種燃料 電池之膜電極組之剖面示意圖。 圖·依據本發明之一具體實施例，一種燃料 200835035 電池之膜電極組之剖面示意圖。 4 圖·依據本發明之一較佳實施例，複數個柱 狀微結構呈陣列分佈之立體示意圖。 " 5 圖：依據本發明之一具體實施例，複數個柱 狀微結構呈陣列分佈之立體示意圖。 圖：依據本發明之另一具體實施例，一圖案An electrode structure of a membrane electrode assembly according to the present invention, comprising a diffusion layer and a reaction layer, the diffusion layer having a surface, the reaction layer being formed on the surface of the diffusion layer, and the reaction layer having a Patterned microstructure. An electrode structure of a membrane electrode assembly according to the present invention, comprising a diffusion layer and a reaction layer, the diffusion layer having a surface and a patterned microstructure formed on the surface, the reaction A layer covers the surface of the diffusion layer and the patterned microstructure. A reaction I of an electrode structure according to the present invention has a porous layer, a catalytic layer, and a "cased microstructure" having an upper surface having a patterned microstructure formed on the porous layer The upper surface, the catalytic layer covers the patterned microstructure and the upper surface of the porous layer. The reaction layer of the electrode structure according to the present invention has a catalytic layer and a patterned microstructure. The patterned microstructure is formed on the catalyst layer. A method for fabricating a membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to the present invention, comprising: providing an electrolyte layer having a first surface and a second surface; and providing a first electrode structure to the electrolyte The first surface of the layer, the first electrode structure has a patterned microstructure. [Embodiment] Referring to Figure 2, a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a membrane electrode assembly 20 of a fuel cell comprises at least an electrolyte layer 21 and a first electrode structure 22' It may be a proton exchange membrane (Im Exchange Membrane) or an ion exchange membrane (I〇n Exchange Membrane), the electrolyte layer 21 has a first surface 21a and a second surface 2 1 b, the first The electrode structure 22 is disposed on the first surface 21 a of the electrolyte layer 2 i. The first electrode structure 22 has a diffusion layer 221 , a reactive layer 222 , a patterned microstructure 225 , and a material of the diffusion layer 221 . The carbon dioxide (Carbon Cloth) or carbon paper (carb 〇n Paper) is disposed between the diffusion layer 2 21 and the electrolyte layer 21 for electrochemical reaction. The reaction layer 222 has a porous layer 223 (Gas Abundant Layer) and a catalytic layer 224 (Catalyst Layer). In the present embodiment, the patterned microstructure 225 is formed on the porous layer 223 of the reaction layer 222. The patterned microstructure 225 can increase the surface involved in the electrochemical reaction The material of the porous layer 223 may be carbon knives, anti-fibers, graphite powder, graphite fibers or other conductive materials. The porous layer 223 has an upper surface 223a, and the patterned microstructure 225 may be formed thereon. The upper surface 223a of the porous layer 223 is preferably the same material as the patterned microstructure 225, and the porous layer 223 and the patterned microstructure 225 can be integrally formed to simplify the process. Referring to FIG. 2 again, the catalytic layer 224 covers the upper surface 223a of the patterned microstructure 225 7 200835035 and the 4 hole layer 223. Preferably, the thickness of the catalytic layer 224 is not more than 100 μm. Or, in FIG. 3, in another embodiment, the reaction layer 222 has the catalytic layer 224 and the patterned microstructure 225, and the patterned microstructure 225 can be formed on the catalytic layer 224. The porous layer 223 is omitted for fabrication. Preferably, the catalytic layer 224 is integrally formed with the patterned microstructure 225. Referring to FIG. 2 again, in the embodiment, the porous layer 223 and the catalytic layer 224 have a reaction interface 226, and the reaction interface 226 is covered by the catalytic layer 224. The surface 223a and the surface of the patterned microstructure 225 are formed. The size of the reaction interface 226 is the number of electrochemical reaction regions. Referring to Figures 4 and 5, the patterned microstructure 225 can be composed of a plurality of columnar micros. The structure 225a is formed, and the columnar microstructures 225a are arranged in an array, and the distance between the columnar microstructures 225a may be equal or unequal. Further, the columnar microstructures 225a may be cylindrical. The long columnar, conical or other geometric shape, in the embodiment, the columnar microstructures 225a are long columns, and the columnar microstructures 225a are convexly disposed on the porous layer 223. The upper surface 223a is shown in the following figures. In another embodiment, the patterned microstructure 225 can be recessed on the upper surface 223a of the porous layer 223. Please refer to Fig. 8, in another In one embodiment, the patterned microstructure 225 can be formed on the diffusion layer 22 The diffusion layer 22 has a surface 221a. The patterned microstructure 225 is formed on the surface 221a of the diffusion layer 221. Preferably, the diffusion layer 221 integrally forms the patterned microjunction 8 200835035. In the present embodiment, the reaction layer 222 covers the surface 221a of the diffusion layer 22i and the patterned microstructure 225. Preferably, the reaction layer 222 is composed of a catalytic material. According to FIG. 9 , the membrane electrode assembly 2 of the fuel cell may further include a second electrode structure 23 disposed on the second surface 21 b of the electrolysis shell layer 21 in the present embodiment. In an example, the second electrode structure 23 is the same as the first electrode structure 22 ′. The first electrode structure 22 _ can serve as an anode or a cathode, and the polarity of the second electrode structure 23 is opposite to the first electrode structure. The polarity of 22, that is, when the first electrode structure functions as an anode, the second electrode structure 23 serves as a cathode. Regarding the manufacturing method of the membrane electrode assembly 2 of the fuel cell of the present invention, please refer to Figs. 10A to 10C. First, referring to FIG. 10A, an electrolyte layer 21 is provided. The electrolyte layer 21 has a first surface 21a and a second surface 21b. In this embodiment, the electrolyte layer '21 can be a shell-shaped mask. (Proton Exchange Membrane) or ion exchange membrane φ (I〇n Exchange Membrane); then, referring to FIG. 10B, a first electrode structure 22 is disposed on the first surface 21a of the electrolyte layer 21, the first electrode structure The 22 series has a diffusion layer 221, a reaction layer 222 and a patterned microstructure 225. The reaction layer 222 is disposed between the diffusion layer 221 and the electrolyte layer 21 for electrochemical reaction. The reaction layer 222 The system has a porous layer 223 (Gas Abundant Layer) and a catalytic layer 224 (Catalyst Layer). In this embodiment, the patterned microstructure 225 is formed on the porous layer 223 of the reaction layer 222 to increase participation. The area of the electrochemical reaction may be carbon powder, carbon fiber, 9 200835035 graphite powder, graphite fiber or other conductive material, and the porous layer 223 and the method for manufacturing the patterned microstructure 225 may be electrically conductive. material The porous layer 223 and the patterned microstructure 225 may be formed separately by wet etching, dry etching or micro-printing, and the catalytic layer 224 covers the patterned microstructure 225 and the porous layer 223. Surface 223a, and the catalytic layer 224 can be formed by deposition, electrospraying, transfer or coating. In addition, in the embodiment, the second electrode structure 23 is disposed on the second surface 2 of the electrolyte layer 21, and the first electrode structure 23 is the same as the first An electrode structure 22, preferably, the membrane electrode group 2G of the battery is formed by thermocompression bonding of the first electrode structure 22, the electrolytic shell layer 21 and the second electrode structure 23. The use of the patterned microstructure 225 greatly increases the contact area between the bismuth oxide and the reaction layer 222. In addition to improving the performance of the fuel cell, the efficiency of the catalyst can be greatly reduced. The scope of the present invention is defined by the scope of the appended claims, whichever is to be understood by the skilled in the art, and the present invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The scope of protection. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a membrane electrode assembly of a conventional fuel cell. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A cross-sectional view of a membrane electrode assembly of a fuel 200835035 battery in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 4 is a perspective view of a plurality of columnar microstructures in an array according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. " 5 Figure: A perspective view of a plurality of columnar microstructures in an array according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure: According to another embodiment of the invention, a pattern

化微結構凹設於一多孔層之立體示意 圖。 ^ 7 圖·依據本發明之另一具體實施例，該圖案 化微結構凹設於該多孔層之立體示意 圖。 ^ ^ 圖·依據本發明之另一具體實施例，一種燃 料電池之膜電極組之剖面示意圖。 第 9 圖：依據本發明之另一較佳實施例，——種燃 料電池之膜電極組之剖面示意圖。 第10A至10C圖··依據本發明之一較佳實施例，一種燃料 電池之膜電極組之製作方法流程圖。 【主要元件符號說明】 10 習知燃料電池之膜電極組 U 陽極 12 質子交換膜13 陰極 14 擴散層 15 催化層 20 燃料電池之膜電極組 21 電解質層 21a第一表面 21b第二表面 第一電極結構221 擴散層 221a表面 22 200835035 222 反應層 223 224 催化層 225 225a 柱狀微結構 226 23 第二電極結構 多孔層 223a上表面 圖案化微結構 反應界面The stereostructure of the microstructure is recessed in a porous layer. Figure 7 is a perspective view of the patterned microstructure recessed in the porous layer in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. Figure 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. Figure 9 is a cross-sectional view showing a membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention. 10A to 10C are flow charts showing a method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. [Major component symbol description] 10 Conventional fuel cell membrane electrode group U Anode 12 Proton exchange membrane 13 Cathode 14 Diffusion layer 15 Catalytic layer 20 Fuel cell membrane electrode group 21 Electrolyte layer 21a First surface 21b Second surface First electrode Structure 221 diffusion layer 221a surface 22 200835035 222 reaction layer 223 224 catalytic layer 225 225a columnar microstructure 226 23 second electrode structure porous layer 223a upper surface patterned microstructure reaction interface

1212

Claims (1)

200835035 十、申請專利範圍： 、 1、一種燃料電池之膜電極組，其至少包含： 一電解質層，其係具有一第一表面及一第二表面；以 及 一第一電極結構，其係設置於該電解質層之該第一表 面’該第一電極結構係具有一圖案化微結構。 2、 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， • 其中該第一電極結構係具有一擴散層及一反應層，該 反應層係設於該擴散層與該電解質層之間。 3、 如申請專利範圍第2項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其中該圖案化微結構係形成於該反應層。 4、 如申請專利範圍第3項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其中該反應層係具有一多孔層（Gas Abundant Layer) 及一催化層（Catalyst Layer)。 5、 如申請專利範圍第4項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， •其中該多孔層係具有一上表面，該圖案化微結構係形 成於該多孔層之該上表面。 6、 如申請專利範圍第5項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其中該催化層係覆蓋該圖案化微結構及該多孔層之 該上表面。 7、 如申請專利範圍第5項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其中該多孔層與該圖案化微結構係為一體成型。 8 .、如申請專利範圍第4項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其中該多孔層與該催化層之間係具有一反應界面。 13 200835035 9、如申请專利範圍第4項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其中该多孔層之材質係可為碳粉、碳纖維、石墨粉、 石墨纖維或其它導電材料。 10、如申請專利範圍第4項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其中該催化層之厚度係不大於1〇〇微米。 11如申明專利範圍第3項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其中该反應層係具有一催化層，該圖案化微結構係形 成於該催化層上。200835035 X. Patent application scope: 1. A membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell, comprising at least: an electrolyte layer having a first surface and a second surface; and a first electrode structure disposed on The first surface of the electrolyte layer 'the first electrode structure has a patterned microstructure. 2. The membrane electrode assembly of the fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode structure has a diffusion layer and a reaction layer, and the reaction layer is disposed on the diffusion layer and the electrolyte layer between. 3. The membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to claim 2, wherein the patterned microstructure is formed in the reaction layer. 4. The membrane electrode assembly of the fuel cell according to claim 3, wherein the reaction layer has a Gas Abundant Layer and a Catalyst Layer. 5. The membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to claim 4, wherein the porous layer has an upper surface, and the patterned microstructure is formed on the upper surface of the porous layer. 6. The membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to claim 5, wherein the catalytic layer covers the patterned microstructure and the upper surface of the porous layer. 7. The membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to claim 5, wherein the porous layer is integrally formed with the patterned microstructure. 8. The membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to claim 4, wherein the porous layer and the catalytic layer have a reaction interface. The membrane electrode assembly of the fuel cell according to claim 4, wherein the porous layer is made of carbon powder, carbon fiber, graphite powder, graphite fiber or other conductive material. 10. The membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to claim 4, wherein the catalytic layer has a thickness of not more than 1 〇〇 micrometer. The membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to claim 3, wherein the reaction layer has a catalytic layer, and the patterned microstructure is formed on the catalytic layer. 12、 如申請專利範圍帛1項所述之燃㈣電池之膜電極組， 其中该圖案化微結構係由複數個柱狀微結構所構成。 13、 如申請專利範圍第12項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其中該些柱狀微結構係呈陣列分佈。 14、 如申請專利範圍第12項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其中忒些柱狀微結構係可為圓柱狀、長柱狀或圓錐 狀。 15、 如中請專利範圍第12項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組 其中該些柱狀化微結構之間距係可為相等或不相等 16、 如中請專利範圍第2項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組 其中該圖案化微結構係形成於該 17、如申請專利範圍第16項所述之燃 其中該擴散層係具有一表面，該 於該擴散層之該表面。 擴散層。 料電池之膜電極組， 圖案化微結構係形成 1 8、如申請專利範圍第 其中該反應層係覆蓋該擴散層 17項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 之該表面及該圖案化 14 200835035 微結構。 19、 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其中該第一電極結構係可作為陽極或陰極。 20、 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其另包含有一第二電極結構，該第二電極結構係設置 於該電解質層之該第二表面。 21、 如申請專利範圍第2〇項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其中該第二電極結構係相同於該第一電極結構。 22、 如申請專利範圍第2項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其中该擴散層之材質係可為碳布（Carb〇11 cl〇th)或碳 紙（Carbon Paper)。 23、 如申明專利範圍第i項所述之燃料電池之膜電極組， 其中该電解質層係為質子交換膜（Pr〇t〇n Exchange Membrane)或離子交換膜（Ion Exchange Membrane)。 24、 一種膜電極組之電極結構，其包含： 一擴散層，其係具有一表面；以及 反應層，其係形成於該擴散層之該表面，且該反應 層係具有一圖案化微結構。 25、 如申凊專利範圍第24項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， ，、中該反應層係具有一多孔層（Gas Abundant Layer) 及一催化層（Catalyst Layer)。 26、 如申明專利範圍第25項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中该多孔層係具有一上表面，該圖案化微結構係形 成於該多孔層之該上表面。 15 200835035 27、 如f請專利範圍第26項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 、 其中该催化層係覆蓋該圖案化微結構及該多孔層之 該上表面。 28、 如申明專利耗圍第26項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中該多孔層與該圖案化微結構係為一體成型。 29、 如中請專利範圍f 25㈣述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中該多孔層與該催化層之間係具有一反應界面。 3G、如中請專利範圍第25項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中该多孔層之材質係可為碳粉、碳纖維、石墨粉、 石墨纖維或其它導電材料。 31、 如申請專利範圍第25項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中該催化層之厚度係不大於1〇〇微米。 32、 如申凊專利範圍第24項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中該反應層係具有一催化層，該圖案化微結構係形 成於該催化層上。 _ 33、如申請專利範圍第24項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中该圖案化微結構係由複數個柱狀微結構所構成。 34、 如申請專利範圍第33項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中該些柱狀微結構係呈陣列分佈。 35、 如申請專利範圍第33項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中該些柱狀微結構係可為圓柱狀、長柱狀或圓錐 狀。 3 6、如申请專利範圍第3 3項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中該些柱狀微結構之間距係可為相等或不相等。 16 200835035 37如申明專利圍第24項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中该擴散層之材質係可為碳布（Carbon Cloth)或碳 紙（Carbon Paper) 〇 38、-種膜電極組之電極結構，其包含： 擴散層，其係具有一表面及一圖案化微結構，該圖 案化微結構係形成於該表面；以及 一反應層’其係覆蓋該擴散層之該表面及該圖案化微 結構。 39如申明專利圍第38項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中該擴散層係一體形成該圖案化微結構。 40如申明專利範圍第3 8項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中該反應層係由催化材料所構成。 41如申明專利範圍第3 8項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中違圖案化微結構係由複數個柱狀微結構所構成。 42如申明專利範圍第4丨項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， ’、中該些柱狀微結構係呈陣列分佈。 43如申明專利範圍第41項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中該些柱狀微結構係可為圓柱狀、長柱狀或圓錐 狀。 44、 如申請專利範圍第41項所述之膜電極組之電極結構， 其中該些柱狀微結構之間距係可為相等或不相等。 45、 一種電極結構之反應層，其包含·· 一多孔層，其係具有一上表面； 一圖案化微結構，其係形成於該多孔層之該上表面； 17 200835035 46、 47、 48、12. The membrane electrode assembly of a fuel (four) battery according to claim 1, wherein the patterned microstructure is composed of a plurality of columnar microstructures. 13. The membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to claim 12, wherein the columnar microstructures are arranged in an array. 14. The membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to claim 12, wherein the columnar microstructures are cylindrical, long columnar or conical. 15. The membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to claim 12, wherein the distance between the columnar microstructures may be equal or unequal, and the fuel according to item 2 of the patent scope is as claimed in claim 2 The membrane electrode assembly of the battery, wherein the patterned microstructure is formed in the fuel cell of claim 16, wherein the diffusion layer has a surface on the surface of the diffusion layer. Diffusion layer. a membrane electrode assembly of the battery, the patterned microstructure is formed, and the reaction layer covers the membrane electrode assembly of the fuel cell described in the diffusion layer 17, the surface and the pattern 14 200835035 Microstructure. 19. The membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode structure is an anode or a cathode. 20. The membrane electrode assembly of the fuel cell of claim 1, further comprising a second electrode structure disposed on the second surface of the electrolyte layer. 21. The membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to claim 2, wherein the second electrode structure is the same as the first electrode structure. The membrane electrode assembly of the fuel cell according to claim 2, wherein the material of the diffusion layer is carbon cloth (Carb〇11 cl〇th) or carbon paper (Carbon Paper). 23. The membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell according to claim i, wherein the electrolyte layer is a proton exchange membrane (Pr〇t〇n Exchange Membrane) or an ion exchange membrane (Ion Exchange Membrane). An electrode structure for a membrane electrode assembly, comprising: a diffusion layer having a surface; and a reaction layer formed on the surface of the diffusion layer, the reaction layer having a patterned microstructure. 25. The electrode structure of the membrane electrode assembly according to claim 24, wherein the reaction layer has a Gas Abundant Layer and a Catalyst Layer. The electrode structure of the membrane electrode assembly according to claim 25, wherein the porous layer has an upper surface, and the patterned microstructure is formed on the upper surface of the porous layer. The electrode structure of the membrane electrode assembly of claim 26, wherein the catalytic layer covers the patterned microstructure and the upper surface of the porous layer. 28. The electrode structure of the membrane electrode assembly according to claim 26, wherein the porous layer and the patterned microstructure are integrally formed. 29. The electrode structure of the membrane electrode assembly described in the patent range f 25 (d), wherein the porous layer and the catalytic layer have a reaction interface. 3G. The electrode structure of the membrane electrode assembly according to claim 25, wherein the porous layer is made of carbon powder, carbon fiber, graphite powder, graphite fiber or other conductive material. The electrode structure of the membrane electrode assembly according to claim 25, wherein the catalytic layer has a thickness of not more than 1 μm. The electrode structure of the membrane electrode assembly according to claim 24, wherein the reaction layer has a catalytic layer formed on the catalytic layer. The electrode structure of the membrane electrode assembly according to claim 24, wherein the patterned microstructure is composed of a plurality of columnar microstructures. 34. The electrode structure of a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein the columnar microstructures are distributed in an array. 35. The electrode structure of a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 33, wherein the columnar microstructures are cylindrical, long columnar or conical. 3. The electrode structure of the membrane electrode assembly according to claim 3, wherein the columnar microstructures may be equal or unequal. 16 200835035 37 The electrode structure of the membrane electrode assembly according to claim 24, wherein the material of the diffusion layer is Carbon Cloth or Carbon Paper 〇38, the seed electrode group An electrode structure comprising: a diffusion layer having a surface and a patterned microstructure, the patterned microstructure being formed on the surface; and a reactive layer covering the surface of the diffusion layer and the pattern Microstructure. 39. The electrode structure of a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 38, wherein the diffusion layer integrally forms the patterned microstructure. 40. The electrode structure of a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 3, wherein the reaction layer is composed of a catalytic material. 41. The electrode structure of a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 3, wherein the pattern-defending microstructure is composed of a plurality of columnar microstructures. 42. The electrode structure of the membrane electrode assembly according to the fourth aspect of the invention, wherein the columnar microstructures are distributed in an array. 43. The electrode structure of a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 41, wherein the columnar microstructures are cylindrical, long columnar or conical. 44. The electrode structure of a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 41, wherein the distance between the columnar microstructures is equal or unequal. 45. A reaction layer of an electrode structure comprising: a porous layer having an upper surface; a patterned microstructure formed on the upper surface of the porous layer; 17 200835035 46, 47, 48 , 49、 50、 51、49, 50, 51, 52 53 54 以及 一催化層，其係覆蓋該圖案化微結構及該多孔層之該 上表面。 如申請專利範圍第45項所述之電極結構之反應層， 其中该夕孔層與該圖案化微結構係為一體成型。 如申請專利範圍第45項所述之電極結構之反應層， 其中該多孔層與該催化層之間係具有一反應界面。 如申請專利範圍第45項所述之電極結構之反應層， 其中该多孔層之材質係可為破粉、碳纖維、石墨粉、 石墨纖維或其它導電材料。 如申請專利範圍第45項所述之電極結構之反應層， 其中該催化層之厚度係不大於100微米。 如申請專利範圍第44項所述之電極結構之反應層， 其中該圖案化微結構係由複數個柱狀微結構所構成。 如申請專利範圍第50項所述之電極結構之反應層， 其中該些柱狀微結構係呈陣列分佈。 .如申請專利範圍第50項所述之電極結構之反應層， 其中该些柱狀微結構係可為圓柱狀、長柱狀或圓錐 狀。 、如申請專利範圍第50項所述之電極結構之反應層， 其中該些柱狀微結構之間距係可為相等或不相等。 、一種電極結構之反應層，其包含： 一催化層；以及 一圖案化微結構’其係形成於該催化層上。 18 200835035 5 5、如申請專利範圍第5 4項所述之電極結構之反應層， 其中該催化層與該圖案化微結構係一體成型。 56、如申請專利範圍第54項所述之電極結構之反應層， 其中該圖案化微結構係由複數個柱狀微結構所構成。 5 7、如申請專利範圍第56項所述之電極結構之反應層， 其中該些柱狀微結構係呈陣列分佈。 58、 如申請專利範圍第56項所述之電極結構之反應層， 其中该些柱狀微結構係可為圓柱狀、長柱狀或圓錐 狀。 59、 如申請專利範圍第56項所述之電極結構之反應層， 其中該些柱狀微結構之間距係可為相等或不相等。 60、 一種燃料電池之膜電極組之製作方法，其包含： 提供一電解質層，該電解質層係具有一第一表面及一 第二表面；以及 設置一第一電極結構於該電解質層之該第一表面，該 第一電極結構係具有一圖案化微結構。 6卜如申請專利範圍第6〇項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該第一電極結構係具有一擴散層及一反應層，該 反應層係設於該擴散層與該電解質層之間。 62、 如申請專利範圍第61項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該圖案化微結構係形成於該反應層。 63、 如申請專利範圍第62項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該反應層係具有一多孔層（Gas Abundant Layer) 及一催化層（Catalyst Layer)。 19 200835035 64、 如申請專利範圍第63項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， , 其中該多孔層係具有一上表面，該圖案化微結構係形 成於該多孔層之該上表面。 L· 65、 如申請專利範圍第64項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中该催化層係覆蓋該圖案化微結構及該多孔層之 該上表面。 66、 如申凊專利範圍第64項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該多孔層與該圖案化微結構係為一體成型。 67、 如申請專利範圍第63項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該多孔層與該催化層之間係具有一反應界面。 68、 如申請專利範圍第63項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該多孔層之材質係可為碳粉、碳纖維、石墨粉、 石墨纖維或其它導電材料。 69、 如申請專利範圍第63項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該催化層之厚度係不大於1〇〇微米。 φ 70、如申請專利範圍第62項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該反應層係具有一催化層，該圖案化微結構係形 成於該催化層上。 7 1、如申請專利範圍第6〇項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該圖案化微結構係由複數個柱狀微結構所構成。 72、 如申请專利範圍第7〗項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該些柱狀微結構係呈陣列分佈。 73、 如申請專利範圍第71項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該些柱狀微結構係可為圓柱狀、長柱狀或圓錐 20 200835035 狀。 74、 如申請專利範圍第71項所述之膜電極組之製作方法 其中亥些柱狀微結構之間距係可為相等或不相等。 75、 如申請專利範圍第61項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該圖案化微結構係形成於該擴散層。 76、 如申請專利範圍第75項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中该擴散層係具有—表面，該圖案化微結構係形成 於該擴散層之該表面。 77、 如申請專科範圍第76項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該反應層係覆蓋該擴散層之該表面及該圖案化 微結構。 78、 如申請專利範圍第6〇項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該第一電極結構係可作為陽極或陰極。 79、 如申請專利範圍第6〇項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其另包合设置一第二電極結構於該電解質層之該第 二表面。 80、 如申凊專利範圍第79項所述之膜電極組之製作方·法， 其中該第二電極結構係相同於該第一電極結構。 8 1如申明專利範圍第6〇項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， /、中X電解處層係為質子交換膜（Proton Exchange embrane)或 _ 子父換膜（I。。Exehange Membrane)。 82如申明專利範圍第6〇項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中5亥圖案化微結構係可以濕蝕刻、乾蝕刻或微印刷 方式形成。 . 21 200835035 83、如申請專利範圍第63項所述之膜電極組之製作方法， 其中該催化層係可以沈積、電喷灑、轉印或塗佈方式 形成。52 53 54 and a catalytic layer covering the patterned microstructure and the upper surface of the porous layer. The reaction layer of the electrode structure according to claim 45, wherein the etching layer is integrally formed with the patterned microstructure. The reaction layer of the electrode structure according to claim 45, wherein the porous layer and the catalytic layer have a reaction interface. The reaction layer of the electrode structure according to claim 45, wherein the porous layer is made of powder, carbon fiber, graphite powder, graphite fiber or other conductive material. The reaction layer of the electrode structure according to claim 45, wherein the catalytic layer has a thickness of not more than 100 μm. The reaction layer of the electrode structure according to claim 44, wherein the patterned microstructure is composed of a plurality of columnar microstructures. The reaction layer of the electrode structure according to claim 50, wherein the columnar microstructures are distributed in an array. The reaction layer of the electrode structure according to claim 50, wherein the columnar microstructures may be cylindrical, long columnar or conical. The reaction layer of the electrode structure according to claim 50, wherein the distance between the columnar microstructures is equal or unequal. A reaction layer of an electrode structure comprising: a catalytic layer; and a patterned microstructure formed on the catalytic layer. The reaction layer of the electrode structure according to the invention of claim 5, wherein the catalytic layer is integrally formed with the patterned microstructure. 56. The reaction layer of an electrode structure according to claim 54, wherein the patterned microstructure is composed of a plurality of columnar microstructures. The reaction layer of the electrode structure according to claim 56, wherein the columnar microstructures are distributed in an array. 58. The reaction layer of the electrode structure of claim 56, wherein the columnar microstructures are cylindrical, long columnar or conical. 59. The reaction layer of the electrode structure according to claim 56, wherein the distance between the columnar microstructures is equal or unequal. 60. A method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell, comprising: providing an electrolyte layer having a first surface and a second surface; and disposing a first electrode structure on the electrolyte layer In a surface, the first electrode structure has a patterned microstructure. The method for fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 6 , wherein the first electrode structure has a diffusion layer and a reaction layer, and the reaction layer is disposed on the diffusion layer and the electrolyte layer between. 62. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 61, wherein the patterned microstructure is formed in the reaction layer. 63. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 62, wherein the reaction layer has a Gas Abundant Layer and a Catalyst Layer. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 63, wherein the porous layer has an upper surface, and the patterned microstructure is formed on the upper surface of the porous layer. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 64, wherein the catalytic layer covers the patterned microstructure and the upper surface of the porous layer. 66. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 64, wherein the porous layer and the patterned microstructure are integrally formed. 67. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 63, wherein the porous layer and the catalytic layer have a reaction interface. 68. The method for fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 63, wherein the porous layer is made of carbon powder, carbon fiber, graphite powder, graphite fiber or other conductive material. 69. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 63, wherein the catalytic layer has a thickness of not more than 1 micron. The method for producing a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 62, wherein the reaction layer has a catalytic layer, and the patterned microstructure is formed on the catalytic layer. The method for fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 6, wherein the patterned microstructure is composed of a plurality of columnar microstructures. 72. The method for fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 7, wherein the columnar microstructures are arranged in an array. The method for fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 71, wherein the columnar microstructures may be cylindrical, long column or cone 20 200835035. 74. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 71, wherein the distance between the columnar microstructures is equal or unequal. 75. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 61, wherein the patterned microstructure is formed on the diffusion layer. 76. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 75, wherein the diffusion layer has a surface, and the patterned microstructure is formed on the surface of the diffusion layer. 77. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to item 76, wherein the reaction layer covers the surface of the diffusion layer and the patterned microstructure. 78. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 6, wherein the first electrode structure can function as an anode or a cathode. 79. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 6 , further comprising a second electrode structure disposed on the second surface of the electrolyte layer. 80. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 79, wherein the second electrode structure is the same as the first electrode structure. 8 1 The method for fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to the sixth aspect of the invention, wherein the intermediate electrolysis layer is a Proton Exchange embrane or a sub-parent (I. Exehange Membrane) . 82. The method of fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 6, wherein the 5 HM patterned microstructure is formed by wet etching, dry etching or micro-printing. The method for fabricating a membrane electrode assembly according to claim 63, wherein the catalytic layer can be formed by deposition, electrospraying, transfer or coating. 22twenty two
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2023004909A1 (en) * 2021-07-30 2023-02-02 江苏大学 Defc membrane electrode with efficient hydrothermal management capability, and preparation method therefor
GB2614937A (en) * 2021-07-30 2023-07-26 Univ Jiangsu DEFC membrane electrode with efficient hydrothermal management capability, and preparation method therefor

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2023004909A1 (en) * 2021-07-30 2023-02-02 江苏大学 Defc membrane electrode with efficient hydrothermal management capability, and preparation method therefor
GB2614937A (en) * 2021-07-30 2023-07-26 Univ Jiangsu DEFC membrane electrode with efficient hydrothermal management capability, and preparation method therefor
US11862830B2 (en) 2021-07-30 2024-01-02 Jiangsu University Membrane electrode assembly with high-efficiency water and heat management for direct ethanol fuel cell, and fabrication method therefor
GB2614937B (en) * 2021-07-30 2024-02-21 Univ Jiangsu DEFC membrane electrode with efficient hydrothermal management capability, and preparation method therefor

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