TR2021020210A2 - NANOCOMPOSITE BASED INTELLIGENT SWING SYSTEMS USABLE IN AGROBIOTECHNOLOGY - Google Patents

Abstract

The amount of fertilizer used to meet the food needs of the growing population in agricultural production and to increase productivity is also increasing. However, most of these fertilizers are washed away by irrigation or rain water in the soil and cannot be taken up efficiently by plants. This causes both economic losses in terms of fertilizer cost and pollution in nature. Therefore, specially developed slow/controlled release fertilizers should be used. Slow/controlled release fertilizers provide many advantages over normal fertilizers. Since they are slow/controlled release, they are not lost in the soil with water, so they do not leave any residue in nature. They are also less costly than regular fertilizers as there is no need for continuous application.

Description

DESCRIPTION NANOCOMPOSITE BASED SMART OSCULATION SYSTEMS THAT CAN BE USED IN THE FIELD OF AGROBIOTECHNOLOGY Technical Field The invention is related to nanocomposite based smart release systems that can be used in places such as fields, vineyards, gardens, olive groves, greenhouses, lawns and landscape areas, which can be described as agricultural areas. The invention is nitrogen and phosphate developed for use in agricultural areas. Known State of the Technique With nanocomposite-based smart release systems that can be used in the field of agrobiotechnology, which will realize the controlled release of fertilizer contents such as potassium (fertilizer-specific microelements) As the human population in the world increases, the need for food increases. To meet this need, agricultural production needs to be increased. The limited available areas for agriculture require increasing the amount of product to be purchased per unit area. Many studies are carried out to ensure that fertilizers can be used effectively by plants after they are applied to the soil and thus increase productivity in agriculture. These are studies aimed at realizing the slow or controlled release of fertilizer content into the soil. While slow release is achieved through practices aimed at preventing nitrification, controlled release is achieved by developing coating or matrix systems. The following studies were found in the literature on the subject. Slow release of fertilizer was achieved using oxide films. In the application, slow-release fertilizer formulation and production technique using potassium nitrate (KNOs) were shared. While the salts used act as agents that enable the reduction of graphene oxide with temperature, the reduced graphene oxide provides a continuous coating around the fertilizer particle. has been carried out. The developed coating was specially developed for sweet oshmantus and was created in order to achieve controlled release of nitrogen by using it in the cultivation of sweet Oshmantus flowers, which have economic value in tiles. Although the mixing of fertilizer into the soil is slowed down by using coating material in the mentioned inventions, it has been seen that improvements in terms of material content are needed for a slower release. Due to the inadequacy of existing solutions on the subject, it was deemed necessary to make a development in the relevant technical field. Purpose of the Invention: Of the three macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) applied in agriculture, the element that plants need most is nitrogen, and the most used nitrogen source is urea due to its economical nature and high nitrogen content. Applied nitrogenous fertilizers cannot be taken up efficiently by plants, and most of the applied nitrogen is somehow converted into ammonia by soil microorganisms; In addition, since nitrogenous fertilizers are very mobile in the soil, they are washed with water and volatilize in gaseous form, increasing the greenhouse gas effect. Direct application of chemical fertilizers to plants has been shown to have low utilization efficiency as only 30-35% of the nutrients are absorbed. Urea, the most widely used nitrogen fertilizer, is reported to have nutrient utilization levels of only 50%, with 2-20% lost through evaporation and leaching. The nitrogen in urea is converted into ammonia through mineralization by urease enzymes in the soil, and then converted into nitrite and nitrate ions through the nitrification process. When soil cannot retain urea due to excess water from irrigation or heavy rainfall, nitrate ions will leach into ground and surface water bodies. As a result, nitrate ions concentrated in plants and drinking water can pose high risks to human health. In addition to water pollution, nitrogen is also lost through evaporation as N2 and N20 through complete and incomplete denitrification processes, respectively. Ammonium can also be lost as NHs through evaporation. Special fertilizer forms have begun to be developed to ensure more efficient use of fertilizers by plants and to reduce their impact on the environment. By applying these special fertilizers to the soil, the fertilizers are taken up by the plants as needed. In this way, productivity increases and the remaining fertilizer is not lost in the soil. Fertilizers developed so far; They are divided into three groups: stable fertilizers, slow-release fertilizers and controlled-release fertilizers. Stable fertilizers are fertilizers to which nitrification inhibitors (e.g. dimethylpyrazole phosphate) are added, allowing them to delay nitrification. Slow-release fertilizers are fertilizers formed by long-chain molecules obtained by chemically combining the nitrogen source with aldehyde, and the most well-known form is methylene urea. These long-chain molecules make it difficult to break down by nitrifying bacteria in the soil and provide delayed release of nitrogen. In slow-release fertilizers, the release rate cannot be controlled and varies according to the degradation rate of bacteria. Controlled-release fertilizers are fertilizers created by coating water-soluble nutrients with organic polymers or inorganic substances. These coatings prevent the immediate dissolution of fertilizers and allow them to be released in a certain amount at a certain time, and this time is determined by the properties of the coating. Such controlled-release smart fertilizers have many advantages over normal fertilizers. Since plants can get as much nutrients as they need on time, more efficient growth is achieved and nutrients are not lost in the soil. Since it can be applied more effectively, it will be less costly and the time spent on labor will be shorter. Nitrogenous fertilizers are the most commonly used nutrients in agriculture and are needed by plants to grow. The first inorganic material used for controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer was sulfur. Sulfur-coated urea was developed by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) about 40 years ago and was shown to be able to control the release of nitrogen into the soil; However, its performance was not found to be effective since it was observed that it immediately released one-third of the urea when combined with water. Since the sulfur is not flexible enough, the coating cannot be completed completely. Studies have been conducted with both organic polymers (starch, lignin, chitosan, etc.) and inorganic substances (sulphur, bentonite, zeonite, etc.) as coating materials for controlled release. It has been observed that ureas coated with organic polymers release 75% for up to 30 days, and even up to 70 days with some polymers (alginate, biobased polyurethane). However, it was observed that 75% of the urea coated with inorganic substances was released in a maximum of 10 days and it was not found to be an effective coating. Graphene is a form of carbon obtained from a single layer arrangement and has a honeycomb appearance. Graphene oxide, which is used as the coating material in the invention, is the most suitable material among graphene-based products due to its scalable and low-cost production. Graphene oxide is a derivative of graphene and is dispersed with water. Graphene oxide has an ideal structure for use in nutrient loading and slow/controlled release fertilizer production, as it has high surface areas and special 2-dimensional structures. In addition, graphene oxide produced by green methods is an environmentally friendly product and does not leave residue in nature as it is degraded by the peroxidase enzyme family (myeloperoxidases and Ignin peroxidase) that can be found in nature. Although the main subject of the invention is controlled release, it is possible to provide both plant nutrition and fungicide effectiveness thanks to the fungicide active ingredient added to the composite. The structural and characteristic features and all the advantages of the invention will be understood more clearly thanks to the figures given below and the detailed explanation written by making references to these figures. Detailed Description of the Invention In this detailed description, the preferred embodiments of the invention are explained only for a better understanding of the subject and in a way that does not create any limiting effect. In the invention, ammonium sulfate, ammonium molybdate, borax, boric acid, calcium silicate, calcium chloride, copper acetate containing one or more of the fertilizer components nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc. , copper nitrate, copper oxalate, copper oxide, copper sulfate, EDDHA-Fe, EDTA-Fe, sulfur, ferrous sulfate, ammonium iron phosphate, ammonium ferrous sulfate, ferrous sulfate, gypsum, humic acid, chelated iron, slaked lime, ammonium phosphate, ammonium chloride, ammonia, sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate, manganese sulfate, magnesium sulfate, manganese chloride, manganese oxide, mono ammonium phosphate, mono potassium phosphate, polyhalite, potassium bromide, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium polyphosphate, potassium nitrate, Using one of the plant nutrients such as ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate nitrate, superphosphate, sodium chloride, sodium metasilicate, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, zinc carbonate, zinc phosphate, chelated zinc, sodium molybdate, urea, urea formaldehyde and calcium cinnamide. The core structure will be created. Polyurethane, polyethylene, polyester, polyamide polyethylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polypropylene synthetic polymers and/or chitosan, starch, dextran, chitin, cellulose, albumin, pullulan, lignin, algin, pectin, hyaluronic acid, collagen are used as coating materials from organic molecules for controlled release. Natural polymers such as will be used. In the nanocomposite coating, material containing one of the triazole, carboxamide, benzimidazole, strobilurin groups as fungicides and graphene and graphene oxide as nanomaterials. reduced graphene. carbon nanotube or one of their modifications will be used. The nanocomposite coating is expected to constitute 10 - 90% by weight of the smart release system. The experimental design, which includes the coating process of the controlled release fertilizer that is the subject of the invention, using a nanocomposite containing chitosan as an organic molecule and graphene oxide as a nano material, is given below as an example. Chitosan is a form of chitin and is the most abundant natural and biodegradable polymer in nature. It also has biopesticide properties. Its biodegradable and biocompatible properties make chitosan an ideal coating material, and its potential application in controlled-release fertilizers has been studied. Studies have shown that chitosan has good water retention properties, but its high moisture permeability and mechanical problems have reduced the quality of controlled-release fertilizer. Therefore, combining chitosan with graphene oxide gives flexibility to chitosan graphene oxide for its controlled release feature, and graphene oxide increases the mechanical strength of chitosan. The simple dropping method, which involves soaking urea granules in CS-GO solution and then dipping them in NaOH/ethanol solution, forms CS-GO coating on urea. In addition, functional groups such as hydroxyl, epoxy and carboxyl groups in its planar structure not only form cross-links with CS, but can also increase the mechanical strength of the composites in which they are used. The smart bilayer coating solution is prepared according to the basic catalyzed sol-gel technique. First, for the preparation of chitosan-based sol solution, chitosan (~) is dissolved in formic acid or acetic acid solutions (separately) with continuous constant shaking. GO solutions are prepared by adding different amounts of GO in DI water or potassium phosphate buffer solution via ultrasound sonication. CS and GO solutions are mixed to obtain CS-GO composites with different loadings of 0.01-0.2% (30 wt%). Secondly, ammonia and distilled water will be added to CS-GO and mixed under magnetic stirring. Then TEOS is added to the mixture. (is added. Then, Tris (5% v/v in distilled water) is added as alkaline catalyst and the mixture will be subjected to sonication for hydrolysis. Under these conditions, the components will react according to the basic catalyzed sol-gel procedure. The sol is then heated at room temperature. to be mixed and the dispersion is supported with glycerol/sorbitol. Finally, sorbitol glycerol is added as plasticizer and the coating of the granular fertilizer is carried out by dipping it into the prepared sol-gel solution and then transferring it to 2 mol/L NaOH in ethanol. During this process, a layer (shell) is created in which the fertilizer granules are trapped. The CS-GO coated fertilizer is then removed and dried in a desiccator containing a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bromide. The process is repeated the next day for a second coating to completely cover the fertilizer particles with the CS-GO film. After the second air drying, 08-80 coated fertilizer grains are weighed. However, a third coating may be required to achieve the desired 25% release control during the first week. All developed films are characterized using mechanical strength, swelling and water solubility tests, FTIR and SEM techniques. The pH of the GO-chitosan solution prepared with acetic acid is increased to 5 by adding 1N NaOH. Tween 80 (0.5%) is added to the sol solution to prevent aggregation. Then, the proportions of the fungicide to be added to the composite are 267% Boscalid and/or 6%.? It is dissolved in pure water to form pyraclostrobin and added to the above GO-chitosan solution and mixed under ambient conditions. Then, sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) solution is slowly added to the GO-chitosan solution in the presence of continuous magnetic stirring. The GO-Chitosan-TPP solution is subjected to sonication. Then, the same drying process is performed and characterization tests are performed again. The smart release fertilizer to be created is planned to be in solid, liquid or semi-solid form. TR TR TR