SU50173A1 - Magnetron device - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a device for exciting, receiving, amplifying and multiplying high frequency oscillations by using a magnetron, in which the electron flow is controlled by means of a symmetrical circular magnetic field.

It is known to excite and receive high-frequency oscillations of magnetrons, in which a magnetic field is created by direct current. Similarly, it is known to use for amplifying relatively low-frequency vibrations, magnetrons, the magnetic field of which is created by an amplified alternating current (Hall magnetron). In both cases, the lines of force pass through the discharge section in a straight line and parallel to the axis of the anode system and, accordingly, the filament.

Further, it is known that in electronic tubes with a grid by means of a magnetic field created by the current flowing through the filament and annularly surrounding this thread, it is possible to affect the electron flow between the anode and cathode.

Through this circular symmetric magnetic field (relative to the cathode), the magnitude of the electron flux (the number of electrons transferred) can be changed. This type of vibration excitation (germ. Pat. No. 490286) from the physical point of view is one of the types of normal excitation via feedback. In this case, the magnetic field carries no control functions, since it is constant. An appropriate choice of the magnitude of the circular (relative to the cathode) magnetic field creates such a curvature of the path of electrons near the control electrode, which substantially changes the effective values of the parameters of the lamp S and D. High-frequency control of electrons is carried out, as usual, with the help of electrostatically acting electrodes. It is very important that the cathode is located either inside or around the oscillatory

contour. A magnetron device for exciting, receiving, amplifying and multiplying at particularly very high frequencies, which is the essence of the present invention, is characterized in that to obtain an effect on the electron flow (on the electron path), a circular symmetric magnetic field excited by a linear, not normally incandescent current-carrying conductor located inside the surface of the anode (symmetrically). .

Before describing the essence of the invention, it is necessary to briefly indicate the design of the lamps used. Particularly suitable are possibly more symmetrical lamps, with at least two anodes forming an approximately closed symmetrical surface of revolution. The current-carrying conductor, which serves to obtain a circular symmetric magnetic field, forms the axis of rotation of the anodes. Accurately or approximately at the electrical and geometrical point (points) of symmetry of the system formed from the anodes and the current-carrying wire, point or ring-shaped sources of electron emission are located in the immediate vicinity of the conductor.

The advantage of the device representing the essence of the present invention is primarily that it does not use an external magnet. The usually complicated and heavy magnetic systems and the high energy consumption of them are completely eliminated here. Replaces the circular symmetric magnetic field created by the current. To create this floor, either a small amount of energy is expended, or even its consumption is completely absent, which is the case, for example, when controlling a high-frequency current in a self-excited circuit.

The anodes (anode segments) form, in a first approximation, a symmetrical rotational surface. In this way, the bit section is freed from the effects of random external fields that may distort the process. The closed shape of the anode also ensures that the radiation resistance of the electrode system is reduced to a minimum (the effective antenna height approximately corresponds to the width of the gap). With short waves, most of the generated energy is lost by this parasitic radiation. This energy, however, can be removed from the generator as useful for other purposes.

To generate high-frequency oscillations, electrons are no longer affected by the path from the cathode to the anode, as was the case when it was the same. The high-frequency electric control field and the static electric accelerating field interacted with the discharge region. The electron flow is now controlled by the high-frequency field, first at one anode (or group of anodes) and then at the other anode (or group of anodes). The return of electrons to the cathode and the reverse-ignition caused by this return are completely eliminated in this case. This is due to the fact that the electrons, upon return, have a sufficient amount of kinetic energy. Since the travel time of an electron in an ultrashort wave is equal to the duration of a single oscillation, the electron travels the statically equivalent sections of the path under conditions that vary in time unevenly. This item is very significant, as it opens the way to oxide cathodes, which are characterized by high emissivity and do not have a pronounced saturation. These cathodes, with respect to their surface uniformity, are extremely valuable sources of electrons.

In almost all ultrashort wave tube generators, the ultimate load is determined not by the anode, but by the cathode.

The size of the cathode grows with the total emission. This circumstance is extremely unpleasant for ultrashort wave lamps, since the mass of the remaining electrodes grows along with the cathode, as a result of which the lamp becomes unsuitable for generating ultrashort wave oscillations, since the circuit formed by the electrodes and the connecting wires becomes too low . For this reason, it was proposed that for short-wave lamps, especially magnetrons, a vacuum spark gap, an arc or some other gas gap: ducks with a self-sustaining bit should be used as a source of electrons. This proposal gave new possibilities for applying even previously known schemes in order to generate the shortest waves. - The principle of operation of the device constituting the subject matter of the present invention is explained in FIG. I-14 of the attached drawing.

FIG. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a magnetron oscillator made in accordance with the present invention with independent magnetic excitation, i.e., so that the electrons in the lamp are controlled by a circular symmetric, high-frequency magnetic field excited by high-frequency current flowing through channel S In the case of the control case, the high-frequency control current is excited by means of a second, randomly configured oscillator of the oscillator. 2- The oscillatory circuit of the master oscillator R and control The corresponding circuit formed by the channel (conductor) 5 and the lamp capacitance C is connected by a corresponding connection, for example, the feeder line K. The amplified high-frequency energy can be appropriately removed from the contour formed by self-induction bn and the capacity of the andes AI n j.

The magnetron oscillator made in accordance with the present invention with independent magnetic excitation is an ultra short wave transmitter having a negligible inverse effect. With independent excitation by voltage, due to parasitic connections, it is never possible to eliminate the effects of a powerful cascade on the driver. In practice, it is very difficult (with small dimensions of the electrode system) to find neutral symmetrical surfaces or points of the system. The difficulty of amplifying ultrashort waves lies primarily

that the control ac voltages create a current in the output circuit through the lamp capacitances, while the amplified alternating voltages create a current in the input circuit. These parasitic induced currents even exceed the currents generated by electron emission.

This is where the magnetic control, which easily eliminates these disadvantages, turns out to be extremely useful. Since the electrons move perpendicularly to the high-frequency magnetic field, there is no flow of useful MomnoctH to them, i.e. there is no reverse effect on the control current circuit. The oscillatory process in the main circuit i, /. ", A is determined only by the alternating current flowing in the control circuit 5, Cst. In this and similar ycts, the high-frequency voltage between the anodes AI and 2 has no effect on the path of the electrons W. Wi and W are the paths of two electrons moving under the influence of an alternating magnetic field Afi and respectively / From (during two different half-periods ). The useful oscillatory current of a powerful generator RI flows through b „and does not affect the control of electrons. The phase shift between the current through S and the alternating voltage between A and A is indifferent, since the oscillating circuits are completely isolated from each other. Thus, such control, with known adjustments for inevitable losses, is not accompanied by power consumption.

FIG. Figure 1 presented a case in which a current-controlled magnetron worked as an amplifier, a case where the frequencies of the control current and the oscillating current in the output circuit were equal to each other.

FIG. 2–5 give basic diagrams of magnetron oscillators similar to those shown in FIG. 1, but working with frequency multiplication ;, namely, in these circuits, the frequency removed from the output circuit is greater than the frequency supplied to the control circuit 5, Cst. Frequency multiplication is achieved by the fact that symmetrical nosepXHOCtit rotations (anodic) are divided into a number of ring-shaped parts L, AI, AZ, interconnected through inductances that are in a certain relationship with the excited frequency. . The connection of these anode parts with the anode voltage source is carried out in such a way that higher-frequency oscillations excited at certain intervals of time of the main period (oscillations of the equalizing frequency) are added to each other in the consuming circuit or by direct radiation. .

In magnetrons designed to multiply the frequency, one source of electrons lying in the geometric center of the system from the current-carrying conductor (channel) and the anode parts Wf is normally provided as a symmetric surface of rotation of the diverging electron trajectories (electron fan) fi W / Tz, This The electronic fan is controlled by a high-frequency current of 5 and extends to the individual anode parts AI, AJ, AZ.

The residence time of this electronic fan Wf on each of the anode parts should be the same. The width of the annular anode parts should be chosen taking into account the instantaneous angular velocity of the electronic fan. The frequency transformation coefficient corresponds to the number of anode cuts.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram of a self-excited magnetron oscillator controlled by a circular symmetric high-frequency magnetic field. The oscillatory circuit of the oscillator is formed from the anodes AI and A and from the inductance of the current-carrying conductor (KaE1al) S. The oscillatory current controls the electron flow from the radiating source to the anodes AI and Aj. The effective magnetic field of the oscillating current is located symmetrically (circumferentially) with respect to S. The source creating electrons E is located at the neutral point of the entire symmetrical system located around S. The phase shift between the controlled electron current and the unreasonable anode voltage required to obtain self-excitation is created by values that affect the electron travel time. Since the current and voltage are generally shifted relative to each other by 90, a phase shifter is applied. The easiest way to adjust the phase is to select a constant anodic voltage at which, at the frequency specified by the oscillating circuit, the electron travel time would itself establish the required phase shift.

The incandescent current is supplied by a double twisted conductor passing in the plane of the anode section.

The anode voltage can be connected to the corresponding elongation points of the current-carrying wire 5 (channel).

In the case of a self-excited magnetron controlled by a high-frequency current, a large capacitance of the oscillating circuit, formed, for example, by cooling anodes devices, is even desirable, since the ratio in mind

the need for high current must be kept low. The removal of the excited high-frequency oscillations is carried out preferably by means of capacitive coupling, carried out with the aid of plates P located inside or outside the discharge tube.

FIG. 7 also shows a self-excited magnetron oscillator controlled by a high-frequency current. Inside the current-carrying conductor (channel) 5 on the insulators O there is a conductor used to modulate the excited high-frequency oscillations.

The use of a circular symmetric magnetic field to influence the electron flow is not limited to the case of high-frequency current control. It can be equally used with success in magnetron oscillators controlled by high-frequency voltage.

In case it is desirable to apply the push-pull circuit, the magnetron anode,

controlled by high-frequency voltage and operating in self-excitation mode, must be cut into at least three parts (Fig. 8). The oscillatory circuit is connected between A and A, respectively, of the required anode groups. The phase shift in this case is not necessary, since the highest frequency voltages control the electronic field. It has been established by calculation that in a magnetic field excited by a direct current, the electrons follow only in one direction. FIG. 8 the direction of the current is shown by arrows. The trajectory of electrons from i can be directed only to the left (A), if A is negative, and from E to the right, if A is negative. When the direction of the magnetizing current is shown, electrons cannot fly to the left.

By appropriate changes, a high-frequency controlled magnetron using a circular symmetric magnetic field can be adapted for high-frequency independent excitation.

FIG. Figure 9 shows a diagram of a magnetron with independent excitation controlled by a high-frequency voltage, performed in accordance with the present invention. An oscillating circuit is connected between the two included counter-tact parts A and A of the anode; between them is the system of the anode A, used for independent excitation.

In cases where there is a circular symmetric magnetic field, i.e., especially in the case of magnetically controlled oscillators, the electrons have a known deviation even in the absence of a control voltage. In the absence of a control voltage, the electrons fly directly in the direction of the anode section, the emission sources must be distributed in the direction of the current-carrying conductor (channel), taking into account the necessary correction factor. In the event that for purposes of magnetically | 1 modulation, the oscillator is supplied with a conductor L, a coaxial current-carrying conductor (channel), the oscillator must be

some asymmetry is observed. If the emission sources are located in the plane of the anode sections, if all parts of the anode are under the same voltage (constant), then the doubled modulating frequency may appear in the output high-frequency circuit due to the fact that the maximum of the high frequency corresponds to zero modulating current. The same takes place twice in a period.

Electrical asymmetry can be achieved by applying unequal high voltages to portions of the magnetron anode. Magnetic asymmetry can be achieved by using an auxiliary magnetic field of the appropriate direction and magnitude.

The high frequency is captured using an oscillating circuit, galvanically connected to the oscillating circuit of the magnetron. Communication methods with an oscillating circuit are in no way limited to those depicted in the accompanying figures, and any one may apply. Particularly suitable are the methods shown in FIG. 10 and 12, and combinations thereof.

FIG. 12 depicts a self-excited, controlled by a high-frequency current, magnetron, in which a spark or arc discharge gap is used as a source of electron emission. The high-frequency circuit is formed from the L and A parts of the anode and the current-carrying conductor 5. The current-carrying conductor at the ends of its elongations V, for example, outside the bulb, is provided with metal lugs to increase the capacitance required to adapt the radiation resistance of the dipole formed by the extensions to the apparent oscillator resistance. Both discharge electrodes F are fastened inside the current-carrying conductor on insulators O.

The discharge gap is powered by a conductor L connected to the corresponding points of the current carrying conductor (voltage nodes) and through a resistance connected to the current source. Electric midpoint emission source

artificially formed outside the oscillator. The oscillation modulation is applied magnetic; for this purpose, the current-carrying wire must be powered by both high frequency and modulation frequency. The anode voltage is supplied to the midpoint of the modulation transformer (its secondary winding) and through conductors Z is applied to the anode and the LD and AZ portions.

The current-carrying conductor, which in this case closes the discharge gap, is provided with openings T, necessary for the output of electrons. For the concentration of the electronic fan, auxiliary electrodes H, which are at an arbitrary required potential, are insulated from the current-carrying conductor.

FIG. 13 and 14 depict exemplary embodiments of receiving circuits with magnetrons according to the invention.

As a receiving dipole in FIG. 13, an elongated current-carrying wire is used. To enhance the directional effect, the entire device can be equipped with a reflector. E is the source of electrons, AI, A and Ld are parts of the anode. The device is designed in such a way that at the moments when there is no signal, the total electron flow is directed to the middle part of the anode Ld. The electronic fan Wf must therefore be such that it has, at the point of contact with the middle part of the anode, the width equal to the width of the ring-shaped segment of LD.

For demodulation purposes, a high frequency must act on the electron flux magnetically (Φ, ig-13) with the help of a current-carrying wire or electrically electrically used with auxiliary electrodes H.

so that this flow is reversed to the left and to the right, synchronously high frequency, or also || The magnitude of the deviation depends on the amplitude of the high frequency. The DC pulses / j and / h in the common wire going to the anode voltage source add up to a total pulse J. The modulation frequency can be cleared at point X (full-wave rectification).

The sensitivity of such a receiver can be increased: 1) by connecting the anode parts L, A with a high-frequency oscillatory circuit through an impedance, precisely or approximately tuned to the received frequency (heterodyne reception), 2) by regenerating the receiving system, close to self-excitation (appropriate choice of anode voltage), 3) excitation and quenching of a system with a frequency of some auxiliary em. d. (superregeneration).

It should be noted that the described types of demodulation do not necessarily require the presence of a circular symmetric magnetic field; in this case, they can be applied without it

The subject matter of the invention.

A magnetron device for exciting, receiving and multiplying, in particular, shortwave oscillations, characterized in that the lamp, having at least two anode sections separated from each other, is provided with a straight, perpendicular to the surface of the incision with a hardened, normally non-glowing conductor 5 through which the current passes, which serves to excite a circular symmetric magnetic field.

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