SU1818508A1 - Heat-cold-supplied energy-saving building construction - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to solar technology, to heating systems, combined with the design of energy-efficient buildings.

Area of use - low-rise residential development (individual residential 5 house, cottage), agricultural construction objects, public utilities.

Objectives of the invention: the use of an effective solar collector with a 10-cell mirror concentrator that automatically monitors the movement of the sun, the use of radiant floor heating with an underground recirculation air circuit, the use of a redundant heat source and forced ventilation.

In Fig. 1, a construction of a building with a heat and cold supply system is shown, side view in vertical section: in Fig. 2-20 hub design.

The novelty of the design is as follows: the basement of a well-insulated building, performs the function of a heat collector, and the floor is 25 heat accumulator and heater, the ceiling is additionally heated by solar radiation passing through the windows of the building. The recirculation system with radiant heating has a doubler in the form of a 30 air heater with a fan that is heated by a wind generator or a local power grid, heating is possible by burning solid, liquid or gaseous fuels. 35

The building structure (Fig. 1) consists of a brick or concrete wall 1 and powerful thermal insulation 2. on the outer or inner surface (polyurethane foam, foam vinyl chloride), the drawing shows the outside. Waterproofing 3 separated the base from the foundation; The window frames 4 are offset to the inner surface of the wall, and the slopes of the window openings 5 are painted with reflective paint and form a counterguard. Reinforced concrete floor 6 is made of standard multi-hollow panels and is separated from the horizontal surface of the walls 1 by a layer of rigid thermal insulation 8 (asbestos cardboard). Reinforced concrete floor panels are pinched by the load-bearing fence, on the south side, in an open way. Reinforced concrete base 7 of the southern facade, except for reinforcement. has metal shavings to increase thermal conductivity. The base is painted black or plastered with mortar with the addition of black pigment and coated on top with a thin layer of fiberglass

1.5-2 mm. For better absorption of solar radiation and to create turbulence during the passage of air along the base. The basement of the building of the southern facade and the flooring from the underground side, as well as the ceiling from the attic side, have a thermal insulation layer 2. In front of the basement 7 of the southern facade there is a solar collector, which has: a mirror cellular concentrator 10, with a reflector 11, light-transmitting coating 9 (glass), corrugated zigzag film 12 (Teflon) and blackened, fiberglass-coated thermal collector-cap of building 7.

A mirrored cellular concentrator consists of intersecting rectangular bands of a light transmitting dielectric that changes linearly when heated

1818508.

your refractive index. The light-transmitting dielectric (polymethylmethacrylate) is reinforced with a metal mesh of a material with good thermal conductivity (duralumin, stainless steel), the insulated end face of the mesh is blackened. Cellular concentrator made of metal mirrors (polished and varnished plates), dielectric mirrors, multilayer film coatings) and mixed; The design of a metal-dielectric mirror based on the phenomenon of refraction of a light wave is described above.

The mirror cell concentrator 10 along the perimeter has a counter-guard 11 (aluminum foil).

The viewing angle of a solar receiver with a mirror cellular concentrator of 160-170 degrees, i.e. the solar collector is an irrevocable solar trap ”, since solar radiation enters the cells of the structure and is completely reflected in the direction of the absorber - blackened base 7.

The cellular structure also has a second property - a quencher of convective flows, i.e. reduces convective heat loss to zero. ,

The solar collector has a transformable panel 13, which is made of bakelite plywood and thermal insulation material (polyurethane foam), coated on the inside with reflective material (aluminum foil), and painted white on the outside. In the closed position, the panel acts as a heat-insulating shutter, in the open - as an additional sun-reflecting screen. The solar collector glazing has wooden box frames 14, which divide it into sections. Box-shaped frames 14 with a mirror concentrator and glazing (see Fig. 1) are 15 cm from the base of the building and form an air channel 15. which flows into the air channels of the multi-hollow standard floor covering panel 6, covered with linoleum 18, passes into the air channels. the northern facade, covered with aluminum foil from the inside and go underground, forming a recirculating air circuit of radiant floor heating, which has valves 19, 20 that close the ducts. The air channels at the base of the heat collector 7, underground, are reduced to a common channel and a duplicating heat source is connected to it - air heater 16 and fan 17. working together or separately. The inner surface of the duct of the northern facade is covered with aluminum foil to reduce friction of the cooled air.

In heating mode, the design works as follows (see figure 1). The orientation of the building is south or southwest.

The heat insulating panel 13 is open, i.e. is in relation to the solar collector at an angle of 90 °. Solar radiation, shown by sharp arrows in the drawings, enters the mirror cell concentrator 10 and the reflective surface of the heat insulating panel 13, from which it also reflects and enters the cell structure. The total flux of solar radiation passes through the glazing 9, the zigzag film 12 and is absorbed by the reinforced concrete black base of the building 7, heating it. The air leaving the underground through an open valve 19 enters the air channel 15 of the solar collector, heats up, and enters the channels of the reinforced concrete floor, gives off the heat to the floor panel 6. Cooling, the air goes down through the air duct on the northern facade of the building, underground. Then the cycle continues, i.e. gravitational circulation occurs. Multi-hollow reinforced concrete floor slabs 6 accumulate heat from the coolant - air passing through the panel voids, and also the floor slab is heated by solar radiation passing through the glazing of windows (shown in Fig. 1 by sharp arrows). And since the ceiling is insulated from the underground by thermal insulation 2, and from c ¥ - by rigid thermal insulation 8, it can radiate heat only towards the internal living volume (shown in the drawing by short vertical arrows), forming a radiant floor heating. At sunrise or sunset, when the reception of solar radiation according to the temperature sensors is ineffective, and also at night, the heat-insulating panel 13 is closed, and the air circulation in the system continues. When peak loads occur, due to cooling or due to poor transparency of the atmosphere, the air heater 16 with fan 17 is turned on. The heat-insulating panel 13 and the valve of the air duct 19 are closed.

In the summer - non-heating period, the heat-insulating panel 13 is closed, the windows are covered with white cloth, the valves of the ducts 19, 20 are open and the cool air of the underground cools the reinforced concrete floor 6. If necessary, the circulation can be enhanced by turning on fan 1718508, but valve 19 when working with the fan need to close.

The cost-effectiveness of this design is shown by the following example, so a 2-room brick house with a total area of 54 m ² 5 with the use of reinforced concrete floor panels has daily heat losses

Osut, = 105 kWh according to the formula

Osut. = Σ to F (t _B - t _H ) π x 24, kW · h., 10 where F is the area of the fence, m ² ;

k is the heat transfer coefficient of the enclosure, kJ / (m ² · h · ° C), k =

Ko η — correction factor to the temperature difference 15;

ΐβ- Хн ~ temperature of internal and external air, С °.

If the building envelope (exterior walls, floor panels), 20 insulate the outside with a powerful layer of thermal insulation, for example polyurethane foam, expanded polystyrene. perlite-plastic concrete with a thickness of cm with a coefficient of thermal conductivity L = 0.04 - 0.06 W / m ² ° C, then the heat transfer resistance R _o will be: for external walls - 8.5 m ² · ° C / W, for overlap - 7.6 m ² ° C / W

1 according to the formula R ₀ = - + Σδ / λ + - в in (ln where Ov. Ots - heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the fence. KJ / m ² · h - ° C <5 - thickness of the layers of the material of the structure, m;

L is the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the layers of the material of the structure, W / m ² · ° C. Then the daily heat loss of an isolated building will be

Osut. = 33.6 kW · h. Building structures with external insulation can accumulate heat. So, for example, when heating the floor panels from 18 ° C to 25 ° C, you can get the amount of heat Q = 24.3 kW according to the formula

Q = st At, where t is the mass of structures, kg, s is the heat capacity of the material, kJ / kg ° C, Δί is the temperature difference, ° C.

In our example, 6 PC overlap panels

12.5-58.15 weighing 2480 kg. Szhb = "0.84 kJ / kg · ° C can accumulate heat:

_mp gu 0,84x6x2480x7 "" --3600-- ^{24 '3 kW} ·

Reinforced concrete base with an area of 9 m ² , a volume of 4.5 m ³ , the southern facade, can accumulate the amount of heat:

„0.84x7x 11250 _l

----- 3600-- ^{, 8} · ^4κΒτ ·

Overlap consisting of 6 PC panels

12.5-58.15 and a reinforced concrete base with an area of 9 m ² and a volume of 4.5 m ³ can store heat together:

Eosob - Qn + Ots, Osob - 24.3 + 18.4 - 42.7 kW. This figure exceeds by 9.1 kW the daily heat loss in our example. Conclusion: the accumulation of solar and wind energy in thermally insulated structures of a building is the cheapest way of accumulation and heating, since it does not require as it does not require additional costs for the battery and heating devices, therefore, the efficiency of such structures is maximal.

Claims (1)

The claims 25 The design of an energy-efficient building with a heat and cold supply system, containing south-facing window openings and an air solar collector, 30 located in the southern wall of the basement of the building and connected with the technical underground of the latter, characterized in that. In order to increase the efficiency of using solar energy, the collector has a honeycomb mirror concentrator consisting of intersecting rectangular strips of a dielectric with a double-sided reflective coating, a light-transmitting coating. a corrugated 40 zigzag film and a blackened basement covered with fiberglass, the overlap between the room and the technical underground is made in the form of a heating device having channels for circulating 45 air, each connected at one end to the solar collector, and the other on the north side of the basement to the technical underground, surface The southern walls of the basement floor, facing the technical underground, are thermally insulated, and the latter has a backup heat source and a fan.