SU1464199A1 - Astronomy and geography teaching appliance - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to astronomy and geography instrumentation and can be used to expand didactic capabilities by demonstrating the movement of the vernal equinox, the position of the true and average Sun relative to the observer located at any point on Earth. The training device contains a globe 3 with a grid connected with axis 27 with engine 39, three rings 30, 31, 32 with scales, mounted around the globe with gaps, two of which imitate the earth and celestial equators, and the third - the ecliptic and tilted to the two at an angle of 23 ,, 4, the layout of the middle Sun 5, mounted on the carrier 6, which is connected through the gearbox 7 to the engine 39, the layout of the true Sun 8, mounted on the movable carriage 12, with two pivots; connected levers 9 associated with water

Description

one

The invention relates to teaching aids for demonstration: tasks of astronomy and geography,

The purpose of the invention is the expansion

didactic possibilities by demonstrating the motion of the points: the vernal equinox, the complication of the true and average Sun relative to the observer, located at any point of the Earth, and removing the time equation during the year,

FIG. 1 shows a tchebny device, a general view; fig 2 is a model of the true Sun with a mechanism for moving it J in fig ,, 3 is a removable model of the celestial sphere | on. fkgo 4 is a mechanism for varying the rotational speed; in Fig. 5 a model of the earth's equator with a semicircular azimuth scale

Fig, 6 is a model of the celestial equator with a scale of reference of the hour angle of the Sun; in fig. 7 is a mockup of the eclipty plane | in fig. 8 - educational device control circuitry

The training device contains a stationary base 1, a rack 2 with a globe 3 fixed on it with a coordinate 4 and a mockup 5 of the middle Sun with carrier B connected to the drive reducer 7. The training device also has a model 8 of the true Sun with its movement mechanism j consisting of two articulated joints

chagov 9 svnnk with vstshtom 6 layout ..

5 average Sun, and merged with. with them and having a scale of 10, 1 time equals and a pointer 11 of the direction vector of the sunbeam: it, carriage 12 (figs, 1 and 2) 5 and with the layout of the celestial sphere. Removable sky layout

ABOUT .

five

The sphere (Fig 3) consists of a flat plate 13 with a means for mounting on the surface of the globe 3 and a semicircular scale of 14 azimuths, a swivel half-disk 15 imitating the plane of the celestial equator in the WE direction, the fixed scale 16 of the hour angle of the Sun, pointer 17 of the vector of the axis of the World, fixed at the center of the diameter of the half-disk 15 and perpendicular to it with a rotatable arc-shaped scale 18 of the Sun declination, and pointer 19 of the plumb line vector, fixed on the plate 13 in the center of the scale 14 azimuths and having a rotary arc-shaped scale 20 of the height of the sun. The removable layout of the celestial sphere also has a semi-annual scale. 21 zenith distance in the N - S direction,

The bodigso 6 layout 5 of the middle Sun is connected with a drive through a mechanism for varying the rotational speed (FIG. 4) 5 having an electromagnet 22, interacting with it and with a driven gear 23 of a reducer of a two-arm lever 24 and a cutout washer 25 installed on this gear, interacting with a pin 26 mounted on the axis of rotation 27 of the globe 3. The drive reducer comprises a spider 28, intermediate gear 29.

The training device also has three outer rings, fixed and with a gap between them, two of which 30 and 31 imitate the earth and celestial equators and are located in the same plane, and the third ring - 32 is the plane of the ecliptic and tilt10

but to the equator at an angle of 23.4 °. These kits & ca have scales of, respectively, longitude and hourly land of Earth 33, sidereal time and direct ascent 34, dates of the year and zodiac constellations 35 (Fig. 5-7).

The third ring 32 has a support rim 36 for holding the carriage 12 and guides 37 for rotating the layout 8 of the true Sun 8 (Figs. 7 and 2). Pointer 17 sector axis of the world has a latch.

The training device is controlled by an electric circuit, which contains a voltage converter 38, the output of which is electrically connected via the switch B1 and the light bulb L1 to the motor 39, and through the switch B2 to the electromagnet 22. Both switches B1 and B2 and light bulb L1 mounted on the front panel of the housing 40 of the drive. (Fig. 8 and 1).

Training device works as follows.

Before demonstrating the operation of the device using the B1 and B2 switches, the electric motor, body 39 and electromagnet 22 are supplied to position the Sun in the desired position relative to the observer located on the given Earth meridian, while the electromagnet 22 attracts one end of the lever 24, which rotates around its axis and with the other end lifts the output driven gear 23 along the axis 27 of the globe with the gear mounted on it.

25

thirty

35

35 Ludisk 15 is parallel to the plane of the ring 30 and again locks the pointer 17 of the vector of the axis of the world relative to the semi-arc distance scale 21. As a result

Coy with carrier 6 and spring-loaded this pointer 17 vector of the axis of the world battle 25 with cutouts. As a result, the gear wheel 23 is set parallel to the axis of the driven gear 23 out of engagement with the gearbox, and a pin 26 that rigidly connects the axis of the electric motor 39 to the carrier 6 gets into one of the notches of the washer 25. This allows you to increase the motion of the mockups of the Sun around the ecliptic of the terrestrial and celestial equators 1.365, 25 times. After placing the model 5 of the average Sun at a given angle on a scale of 34 sidereal time, depicted on ring 31, relative to the vernal equinox, switch B2 is turned on. The electromagnet 22 is de-energized and under the action of the spring, resting the upper end of the bearing, fortifying the Earth, and the pointer-19 of the vector 7 plumb line is perpendicular to the observer's horizon and 45 according to the position of the indicator 17 of the vector of the World axis on the scale 21 will be fixed zenith distance

Z 90 ° (f.

(2)

50

Where

65

If is the latitude of the location of the observer on the Earth's surface.

Then on the carriage 12 install the index 11 of the direction vector of the sun's rays with the direction indicator of the rays of the true Sun, the end of which must be placed on top of the center (o) of the plate 13 of the heavenly model

on axis 27, the washer 25 is separated from pin 26 and the output driven gear 23 connects to intermediate gears 29 of gearbox 7. With further rotation of the globe 3 on axis 27, layout 5 of the middle Sun on vrdil 6, and layout 8 of the true Sun on the carriage 12, the ecliptic lance with the help of levers 9 rotates the layout 8 of the true Sun relative to the divisions of the scale 10 of the time equation reference.

E

to top

(one)

where tfl is the hour angle of the layout of the true Sun;

tcf, is the hour angle of the layout of the average Sun,

is

20

those. deviation of the content of the layout of the true Sun from the average Sun. At the same time, all counts of the star, true, and average solar time are taken relative to the meridian

25 ana observation, previously set on the globe. Then by you-; Key switches B1 Layouts 5 and 8 Suns stop at the preselected date of the year.

30 After that, on globe 3, a removable layout of the celestial sphere is set to any point selected in advance. Latch the pointer 1 of the vector of the axis of the world, set 35 Ludisk 15 parallel to the plane of the ring 30 and again fix the pointer 17 of the vector of the axis of the World relative to the semi-arc scale 21 of distance. As a result

For this, the indicator 17 of the vector of the axis of the world is set parallel to the axis of the Earth's rotation, and the indicator-19 of the vector 7 of the plumb line is perpendicular to the plane of the observer’s horizon and 45 according to the position of the indicator 17 of the vector of the axis of the World on the scale 21 the zenith distance will be fixed

Z 90 ° (f.

(2)

50

Where

65

If is the latitude of the location of the observer on the Earth's surface.

Then, on the carriage 12, a pointer 11 of the direction vector of the sun’s rays is installed with a pointer of the direction of the rays of the true Sun, the end of which must be placed on top of the center (o) of the plate 13 of the heavenly model

spheres. After that, the rotational scales 20 and 18 are brought to contact with the pointer 11. the vector of the direction of the sun's rays and the readout on a scale 20 of the height of the Sun cР0, on a scale of 18 - the angular declination of the Sun "f ©, on a scale of 14 azimuths and the position of the scale 20 - value Azimuth of the Sun (A)

and on a scale of 16 with the help of semi-arc swivel booths 18 - hour angle

The intersection of scales 21, 18, and 20 forms a parallax triangle, connecting the h0 values to each other. A, cHe, t ig (or 90 - - Z) by the formulas

cos hosin A coscfesin t sin Z sin A | (3)

cos hocos .A -) cos4 + cosJb sin q-cos t sin Z cos A; (4) sin ho sind esinqi + coscfocos f cos t cos Z; (5) coscfesin cos cosin A sin Z sin A; (6)

cosifocos t sin hecos cc-cos hosin qi-cos A cos Z cosV + (7) b sin Z sinqi.cos A;

 a1l hasinif cos A cos Z Ksinv sin Z cosf. cos A | (8)

where i is the latitude of the place of observation; A is the azimuth measured from the south point S to the west of O

up to 360 °.

If it is 3 iecTb, what is the relationship between the clock angle of the Sun t, read out in the first equatorial coordinate system (on our scale of 16) 5, and the local sidereal time is determined by

S of04- t,

where - my admiration from the Sun, taken on a scale of 34 simulators of the celestial equator, it allows you to solve any problem of determining the observer's position relative to the position of the Sun i-shi, on the contrary, here are some angles from the set В ©, А t, q , Z, afo, S and L are removed from the instrument scales, and the remaining values from the set are determined by the formulas of the value from the set ho. A, t,., C, Z, 0 (0, ZIL prov; epat according to the corresponding scales of the training device,

Prior to the calculations, select the observer's point on the globe 3 by setting a removable layout of the celestial sphere and determine the level of time on the corresponding scale 10.

The educational device also allows you to demonstrate the annual and daily movement of the vernal equinox, the movement of the true

and the average Sun relative to the observer, located at any point of the globe 3 (Earth), measuring the height of the Sun at a known moment of average solar time,

Formula of invention

four

Educational device for astronomy and geography. Containing non-fixed base, stand with fixed on

 it has a globe and a model of an average sun with a carrier associated with a drive reducer, characterized in that, in order to expand didactic possibilities by demonstrating the movement of the vernal equinox, the position of the true and average Sun relative to the observer located at any point on Earth5 and these equations

time during the year, it has three fixedly set, covering the globe, rings, two of which simulate the terrestrial and celestial equators, are located in one

the third, imitating the ecliptic plane, is inclined to them at an angle of 23.4 °, and having, respectively, the scales of longitude and hourly land of the Earth, sidereal time and direct ascent, dates of the year and zodiac constellations displacements consisting of two hinged joints connected with the carrier of the mockup

middle sun, and connected to them and having a time equation scale and a sun direction vector pointer carriage mounted on the third ring, and a schematic model of the celestial sphere consisting of a flat plate with means for mounting on the surface of the globe and a semi-circular azimuth scale, associated with the plate, a swivel half-disk imitating the plane of the celestial equator with the reference scale of the hour angle of the Sun, the pointer of the vector of the axis of the World, imitating the scale of the declination of the Sun,

ten

fixed in the center of the diameter of the rib disk, and the pointer of the plumb line vector fixed on the plate in the center of the azimuth scale and having a rotary arc-shaped scale of the height of the Sun, while driving a model of the average Sun connected with a drive through a mechanism for varying the speed of rotation, having an electromagnet interacting with it and with the driven gear of the gearbox, a double-shouldered tongue and mounted on this gear SHAY7 bu with bosses, interacting with a pin fixed on the axis of rotation.

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FIG. 6

36

Claims (1)

The claims ι · A training device in astronomy and geography containing a fixed base, a stand with a globe fixed on 35> it and a model of the middle sun with a carrier connected to the drive gear, characterized in that, in order to expand the didactic possibilities by demonstrating the movement of the vernal equinox, position true and - the average Sun relative to an observer located anywhere on the Earth, and taking the reference of equation 45 of time during the year, it has three fixed, covering the globe, rings, two of which Orcs simulating the earth and celestial equators are located in one 59 plane, and the third, simulating the ecliptic plane, is inclined to them at an angle of 23.4 °, and having, respectively, the scale of longitudes and time zones of the Earth, stellar time and right ascension, dates of the year and constellations of the zodiac, a model of the true Sun with a mechanism for moving it, consisting of two pivotally connected levers connected to the carrier of the model of the middle Sun, and connected to them and having a scale of the equation of time and a pointer to the direction vector of the sun rays of the carriage, installed on the third ring, and a schematic layout of the celestial sphere, consisting of a flat plate with means for mounting on the surface of the globe and a semicircular azimuth scale, connected to a plate of a rotary half-disk simulating the plane of the celestial equator with the reference scale of the hourly angle of the Sun, a pointer to the axis of the World, having the scale of the declination of the Sun, fixed in the center of the diameter of the poludisk, and the vector index of the plumb line, mounted on the plate in the center of the azimuth scale and having a rotational arcuate height scale from the Sun, while the carrier of the model of the middle Sun is connected to the drive by means of a mechanism for changing the rotation speed, which has an electromagnet interacting with it and with the driven gear of the gear, a two-arm lever and a washer mounted on this gear with cutouts, interacting with a pin fixed to the axis rotation. FIG. 2 F / lg. k fut in