SK6082Y1 - Spacer - Google Patents

Abstract

Spacer are made from metal or plastic material, with mesh or openings, filled with filling mass (9), and it is longitudinal in direction of its longitudinal axis (5) with a given length and a given cross-section, perpendicular in section to the longitudinal axis (5) of spacer. Metallic or plastic material (3, 3a, 3b), allowing permanent deformation, with mesh openings, is wound around the longitudinal axis (5) into a spiral (2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) with at least one thread ends (4), whereby beginning of thread (4) is mainly located either directly in the longitudinal axis (5), or parallel to it, and it is equipped with a ridge (11) in the opposite direction, as further driven thread (4), and the end of the thread (4) or the last thread (4) of the spiral (2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) is situated mainly on the outer casing or creates partially or completely outside casing of spacer (1, 1b, 1c, 1d) from this material (3, 3a, 3b). This spiral (2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) is filled outside and inside with filling materials (9) having the ability to transfer the filling materials (9) between its threads (4) and mesh or openings of this material (3, 3a, 3b).

Description

The technical solution relates to a spacer made of metal or plastic, with eyes, holes or perforations over its entire surface, filled with filling material. The spacer is longitudinal with a given length and a given cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the spacer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Up to now, the construction materials have been joined or anchored using clips, plastic spacers and metal elements. They usually only hold the clips in solid substrates. Metal spacers are used for demanding connections and are usually screwed or other mechanical elements are used. The clips or plastic spacers with the head only hold on solid substrates and usually require additional mechanical or reinforcing elements or adhesives. Current types of fasteners and spacers can be released from the material to be adhered and, by their gradual release, impair the evenness of the walls.

For example, EP 1 3473 649 B1, Priority 2001 AT, describes a spacer for non-load-bearing cladding and a method of fastening it. A drill bit with a drill bit is used to drill a hole into which the mounting mandrel is inserted and a spacer is inserted onto it, which is injected into the insulating layer by means of the mounting tool. An anchor bolt is inserted through the central hole in the spacer, onto which the building member is attached and connected to the threaded extension of the anchor bolt by means of a nut. The spacer comprises a tube on the outer periphery of which a plurality of divided wing tips extending radially outwardly are arranged. The advantage of the spacer according to the invention is the clean penetration of the cladding during the installation of the cladding, and that the spacer can absorb high loads for the building elements to be fastened. The disadvantage is the obvious complexity of the spacer, including its assembly.

EP 7 18 507 A3, corresponding to the utility model DE 94 22 187, priority 1995 DE, describes a retaining element for fastening insulating material boards, which comprises a holding plate on which a hollow shaft is formed and a nail with an anchoring part whose shank area lies in the hollow shaft and the anchoring part of which extends beyond the front of the hollow shaft. The nail is axially fixed in the hollow shaft at least at its rear end and is received in a retaining plate. The wall thickness of the hollow shaft decreases towards its front end, and behind this tapered section is a hollow shaft formed by a deformable sealing section with a reduced wall thickness relative to the wall thickness in front of the tapered section. According to the invention, there is provided a retaining element for fastening the boards of insulating material, which allows fast and reliable assembly. It is mentioned in the text that the retaining element can be made by pressing the nail with the retaining plate and the shaft. It is also possible to manufacture the nail and the plastic part separately. In this case, the nail is formed with the nail head, which is clamped between the bearing surface formed by the shaft extension in the region of the retaining plate and the cover piece, with an attachable extension, for axial fixing. In this case, it is expedient to make the attachable cover piece from a shock-resistant plate.

The current state of the art of anchoring predominantly building elements uses the following principles:

- Mechanical anchoring with metal and plastic clips. Not suitable for soft and cohesive materials. It requires high stiffness of the parts to be joined in order to allow mechanical anchoring of the anchoring elements in materials such as concrete, solid masonry, wood, etc.

- Chemical anchors for perforated and partially hollow structures of rigid consistency, such as hollow bricks, aerated concrete, thermoblocks and the like. The principle is based on the embedding of the anchoring element with a two-component adhesive mass, which during the setting process secures the plastic or metal perforated tube against dripping.

- Spacers are designed for less cohesive materials such as soft insulators. Cohesiveness creates a metal roll, which expands the foamed plastic and fills all the space and unevenness that connects the shape of the roll. Due to its strength, it is sufficient for anchoring of the insulation layer and flexible fixation of the connected surfaces.

The spacer is described in CZ 290 305 B6, corresponding to DE 29 61 74 95 U, priority 1996 CZ. This spacer for construction purposes consists of at least one coil-shaped tubular element, with eyes or perforation, filled with a filling material inside and out of the tubular element. The filler material is preferably a foamed plastic. The tubular elements of different diameters can be arranged one in the other. The tubular member may be made of metal mesh or perforated plastic. The tubular member may have a retaining member inside one or both ends. If desired, a reinforcing element may be provided in the tubular spacer element.

The advantage of this spacer is that it allows anchoring, fixing and joining of all building materials in a relatively simple way. The spacing of the anchors over the entire perimeter of the opening passing between the materials to be joined, and then this anchoring is more efficient than the prior art anchoring with spacers with heads. These spacers, when used to suspend medium-heavy objects by means of an intermediate element, require the PE clip to be latched into the spacers to allow the screws to be screwed.

SK 6082 Υ1

All of these known methods require pre-drilled holes and can be used mostly for a given purpose. There is no universal use in any way. For example, dusty and incoherent substrates that do not allow the formation of an adhesive layer.

The essence of the technical solution

These disadvantages are eliminated or substantially reduced by the spacer according to the invention, which consists in that at least one spiral is formed from a predominantly flat, metallic or plastic flat material allowing permanent deformation, with eyes, openings or perforations all over the surface, spatially arranged in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and without touching the individual thread layers. The spiral has at least one terminated thread, in a plane substantially or substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the spacer. The coil threads are twisted from an internal thread facing the longitudinal axis, outward in a cross-section, in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the spacer. The beginning of the spiral, located within the spacer, is provided with a ridge in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the spacer. The filler has the ability to penetrate the spiral from outside and inside as well as between the turns of the spiral.

The main advantage of this technical solution is that anchoring, fastening and stable connection of various building materials such as concrete, wood, metal, brick, plaster, insulating material and the like are achieved in a relatively inexpensive and fast manner, at affordable prices, and this is not only between the same types of building materials, but also between different materials, without the use of adhesives or screws. The spacer according to this technical solution creates a new type of structural building element, anchoring along the entire length of the spacer and the entire perimeter of the opening, possibly passing through various building materials. In the case of a substantial difference in the materials to be joined, for example in terms of extensibility, humidity, temperature and external conditions, this spacer may also act as an expansion element, while the spacer will not disturb the treated surface. It can be assumed that the use of spacers in construction, especially in insulation techniques and rehabilitation of damaged homes, for example after floods and other natural disasters, can become available as an optimal and multifunctional anchoring building component.

The spiral material is easy to process and is commercially available. Its important feature is the ability to permanently maintain the shape. The spiral threads determine the stiffness of the final spacer. The number of turns increases the strength of the final spacer. The ridge reinforcement profile increases the strength and stiffness of the spiral and increases the contact area of the spiral with the filler mass. The filler must have the ability to penetrate between the helix threads, between the eyes, holes and perforations, both inside and out, to ensure contact with the bonded or repaired surface of the building material and to remediate the anchoring point created. In some cases of rehabilitation of contact insulated houses, the spiral spacer allows the implant to be implanted under the insulator, where it creates an adhesive target and restores the adhesive layer and adhesion function, and anchoring local and areal insulation damage. Compared to existing anchoring techniques, it is a highly efficient system with high added value and a favorable price / performance comparison. Overall, this is an inexpensive, affordable and highly efficient solution.

The metal material on the spiral may be a metal mesh or stainless steel mesh or with a corrosion-resistant finish, or a sheet metal with holes, perforations or plugs. Metallic materials are designed for demanding bonding and anchoring in various types of materials where a tensile strength of more than 600 N and a shear of more than 2000 N are required.

The plastic material on the spiral may be a tough plastic with openings, eyes or notches, or a mesh or netting thereof. The plastic is suitable for less demanding joints, where there is no overloading of the surfaces to be cut. It is used for anchoring light insulators.

The predominantly planar material of metal or plastic, with meshes, holes or perforations over the entire surface, preferably forms a reinforcing part between the spirals. The reinforcing part replaces separate fasteners, between the individual spirals, which would otherwise be necessary for the remediation and the connection of the individual spirals. The reinforcing part comprises at one or both of its ends a spiral or more spirals at given intervals. The reinforcing part can be formed directly in the production of the spirals, if necessary, by leaving the part of the spiral deployed, either by unilaterally deploying one spiral or for joining at least two spirals. Multiple spirals on the reinforcement portion can be obtained by using multiple formulations to form a single spiral.

The spiral is in a vertical cross-section, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the spacer, predominantly circular, oval, triangular, polygonal or other geometric shapes. The optimum shape of the spiral is circular because it is made of a structural arch profile which is considered to be the strongest structural construction profile. The triangular profile of the helix, preferably equilateral, is determined by three points that determine the area in the plane, and this profile transmits a uniform load to all sides. It is advantageous for the creation of reinforcement probes, both in vertical and horizontal building structures.

The helix, over its entire length against its longitudinal axis, has a predominantly identical cross-section or conical thread cross-section. Of course, the more common is the cross-section, since it is easy to manufacture, install and use. The conical helix is suitable for non-cohesive materials where it prevents it from being pulled out of the anchorage point because it has an extended base.

The filler may be a foamed plastic, preferably a foamed polyurethane foam or a partially expanded mineral, preferably expanded perlite. The expandable plastic is suitable for its rapid and efficient reaction, the ability to rapidly penetrate the voids in the hole and coils of the spiral, including holes, meshes or perforations. Its advantage is that it increases its volume several times during the expansion, up to 30 times, thus reliably filling the unevenness of the surface, possible cavities and free space. Polyurethane foam, which is commercially available and cost-effective, furthermore allows for increased strength due to additional expansion limitation and creates a rigid adhesive joint. There are not many expanded minerals, but suitable additives, i.e. blowing agents, can be used to help increase the volume and reduce the weight of the mineral materials. The mineral that partially expands itself is perlite.

The filler material may be formed from at least one material selected from the group consisting of gypsum, cement, sand, lime, adhesive, binder and suitable minerals or suitable liquid mortar mixtures. Said expanding filler materials may also be supplemented with solid particles to increase the strength or function of the filler. Where permitted by the construction of the building, conventional building materials such as mortar, liquid, powdered or paste mortar mixtures may also be used.

The filler material may form adhesive targets from outside the spiral, at given necessary gaps between the building elements. Such adhesive targets contribute to increasing the anchorage strength of the spacer at a given location.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The technical solution is described in detail in the attached schematic drawings, of which: FIG. 1 shows a detail view of a material in an embodiment of a metal mesh, FIG. 2 is a top view of a perforated material; FIG. 3 is a perpendicular section through a circular spiral of the spacer, FIG. 4 is an axonometric view of the circular spiral of FIG. 3, FIG. 5 is a perpendicular cross section of the triangular spiral of the spacer, FIG. 6 is an axonometric view of the triangular spiral of FIG. 5, FIG. 7 is a perpendicular cross-section of an oval spiral; FIG. 8 is a perpendicular section through a rectangular spiral; FIG. 9 is a perpendicular cross-section of a reinforcing part with one spiral, FIG. 10 is an axonometric view of a reinforcing portion with one circular spiral; FIG. 9, FIG. 11 is a perpendicular cross-section of a reinforcing section with two spirals at both ends thereof; FIG. 12 is an axonometric view of a reinforcing portion with two circular spirals; FIG. 10, FIG. 13 a perpendicular section through a conical spiral, FIG. 14 is an axonometric view of the conical spiral of FIG. 13, FIG. 15 shows the application of a spacer with a reinforcing part on damaged walls, FIG. 16 shows the application of a spacer with a reinforcing element, FIG. 17 shows the application of a spacer with a triangular spiral on the damaged masonry. FIG. 18 shows the application of a spacer to join the board insulating building materials, and FIG. 19 to apply a spacer to attach the anchoring element to a lightning conductor or gutter.

Examples of technical solution

For the spacer 1 or the production of its spiral with the spatially arranged threads 4 in a direction predominantly perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 5 of the spacer 1, and without touching the individual layers of the thread 4, a predominantly planar planar material 3 shown in FIG. 1, for example in a metal mesh 3a. or wire knitted fabric. The wire knit consists of a rectangular warp and a weft. The metal mesh 3a can be made of stainless steel or steel and with a corrosion-resistant finish. The wire used has a roughly circular cross-section, for example with a diameter of about 0.8 mm, and in the case of using multiple threads for the spiral 2, it may also have a smaller diameter of 0.6 mm.

In FIG. 2 another type of material 3 is made, namely a thin plate 3b of either metal sheet or tough plastic with holes. The thickness of the metal sheet is about 0.5 mm, for plastic about 1 mm. The total area of the openings, through holes or through plugs corresponds approximately to the area of open areas in the mesh.

The production of the spirals 2 from metallic materials is usually carried out cold. The production of the spirals 2 from plastic materials is carried out under heat.

SK 6082 Υ1

The mesh 3a is twisted into a spiral 2, the various shapes of which are shown in Figures 3 to 8. In these figures, the spirals 2 are shown in cross-section, mostly perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 5 of the spacer L

In this sense, FIG. 3 and 4, a circular spiral 2a is shown in cross-section in FIG. 3, and an axonometric view thereof is shown in FIG. 4th

In FIG. 5 and 6, a triangular helix 2b is shown in cross-section in FIG. 5, and in an axonometric view of FIG. 6th

In cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 5, FIG. 7 shows an oval spiral 2c and FIG. 8 rectangular spiral 2d.

The spirals 2 are formed of a predominantly flat planar material 3 by twisting into a thread 4 on a special fixture of the respective cross-sections. The threads 4 of the spiral 2 are twisted from an internal thread 4 facing the longitudinal axis 5 in the direction of the outer surface of the spiral 2. longitudinally and parallel to the longitudinal axis, respectively

5. The threads 4 allow the spiral 2 to be opened or clamped, in particular when applied. The opening or clamping of the threads 4 of the spiral 2 can be applied, for example, when it is necessary to change the diameter of the circular spiral 2a or the oval spiral 2c, or to increase the distance between the threads 4.

Before beginning to twist the mesh 3a or the thin plate 3b on the special device, a ridge 11 stiffening profile is formed at the inner edge facing the longitudinal axis 5. So, the beginning of each spiral 2 is provided with a ridge 11 which is formed by bending, bending, beveling For example, the ridge profile can be formed by bending the inner edge of the mesh 3a against the direction of the thread 4 of the spiral 2. This will strengthen the structure of the spiral 2 in the longitudinal direction of the spacer f.

In FIG. 9, a circular spiral 2 is shown, the outer end of which extends into a reinforcing portion 7, the length of which corresponds to the need for a reinforcing space. The reinforcing part 7 is made of a material 3 identical to the spirals 2. This circular spiral 2a with a one-sided reinforcing surface is shown in axonometric view in FIG. 10th

In FIG. 11 and 12, two circular spirals 2a are shown, connected by a reinforcing part 7. FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of the spirals 2a with the reinforcing portion 7 therebetween, FIG. 12 is an axonometric view of the same. These interconnected circular spirals 2a are suitable, for example, for spacers 1a, for damaged building structures, for example for the reinforcement of cracks and weathered parts of masonry 8, as shown and described below in FIG. 15th

All said spirals 2 are twisted from rectangular blanks of predominantly flat planar materials 3, parallel to the longitudinal axis 5. Thus, over their entire length against their longitudinal axis 5, they have a substantially identical cross-section of threads 4. In a side view of the circular spiral 2a, triangular spiral 2b. oval spiral 2c. rectangular spiral 2d. have these spirals 2a. 2b. 2c. 2d rectangle shape.

In FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a conical spiral 2e. In FIG. 14, this conical spiral 2e is shown in a side axonometric view. In a side view, the conical spiral 2e is trapezoidal in shape, with the base of the resulting truncated cone having a larger diameter when twisted. The conical helix blank 2e is trapezoidal, depending on the number of turns 4. The conical helix 2e is suitable for spacers 1 for anchoring in non-cohesive and otherwise problematic substrates such as weathered concrete, erosion-damaged concrete, damaged panels or minor loose parts building constructions. For horizontal constructions it is moreover suitable to use adhesive mixtures or concrete. The conical spiral 2e and the conical spacer 1 resulting therefrom are inserted by a wider base into the opening of the masonry 8 or of the building in order to increase the pull-out strength.

In FIG. 15 shows the use of two circular spirals 2a, each with two turns 4 and an inner ridge 11 roughly situated in the longitudinal axis 5 of both spirals 2a. Between the circular spirals 2a there is a reinforcing portion 7 for the application of the spiral spacer 1a. The wrong hole in the crack up to the depth of the pre-drilled holes is cleaned into suitably drilled holes in the damaged masonry 8, the depth of which corresponds to the length of the spacer. The free particles are then removed. Then the prepared sanitation site is moistened. Both circular spirals 2a are inserted into the holes thus prepared, the reinforcing part 7 is inserted into the crack, all below the level of the masonry face 8. This is filled with a filler 9, for example polyurethane foam, which is introduced first through the center of the circular spirals 2a and then reinforcing part 7 Within about one hour, the foam expands, filling all the free space around the circular spirals 2a and reinforcing portion 7, both externally and externally, between the threads 4, including openings, lugs, perforations or material jam 3 such as stainless steel mesh 3a. After maturation of the polyurethane foam, the treated area is drained and the wall of the masonry 8 is surface treated. In this way, a spacer 1a is formed as a structural anchoring element with high adhesion and remediation function. The anchoring is very stable because it fills in any irregularities and incoherent parts of masonry 8 at the site of remediation.

In FIG. 16 shows the masonry 8 at the top of which the article needs to be hung. A hole is drilled at the appropriate location, for example 14 mm in diameter, 80 mm deep. The hole is cleaned and then moistened. The circular spiral 2a of the thin plate 3b is inserted into the opening. for example, a thin perforated galvanized sheet, 0.5 mm thick. The spiral 2a has a diameter of 18 mm and is inserted into the bore by means of a 6 mm tee

SK 6082 Υ1. By rotating the spiral 2a into the opening, the diameter of the spiral 2a adapts to the opening. After withdrawal of the formulation, the spiral 2a is externally filled with a filler 9, such as an expansion adhesive. After the adhesive has matured, its flow rates are removed and the reinforcement element 10 is screwed into the spacer 1b or the reduced central opening filled with the filler mass 9 as a mechanical holder of the appropriate diameter for hanging an object, for example a screw.

In FIG. 17 shows a crack-damaged masonry 8 which is remedied by a triangular helix 2b which is inserted into a pre-drilled, cleaned and moistened / hole passing through the entire damaged wall. The hole is drilled obliquely, at an angle of, for example, 15 ° to the horizontal. The filler mass 9 is a mixture of cement, gypsum, perlite and dispersion adhesive. After the resulting hole has been cast, the inlet and outlet of the hole are covered to prevent the mixture from flowing out. Allow the mixture to solidify. After setting, the ends of the covers are removed to blind the ends of the holes and the surface treatment is continued.

In FIG. 18 shows a sandwich of insulating boards 12 interconnected by a circular coil with two threads 4, made of a plastic net 3a. Air gaps 14 are maintained between the individual insulating boards 12, and the entire sandwich is drilled through a 14 mm diameter through hole, into which, after wetting, the plastic circular spiral 1a is inserted. The sandwich thus prepared is foamed with polyurethane foam as a filler 9 from both sides of the opening. After the polyurethane foam has set, a spacer 1d is formed in the air gaps 14 between the insulating plates 12. Thus, the spacer 1d is formed of a circular spiral 1a and a polyurethane foam which, at the points of the air gaps 14, forms a polyurethane adhesive target 15 by overflow. The thus formed spacer 1d forms a structural component which performs the fixation, expansion and spacer functions.

In FIG. 19 shows the attachment of the anchoring element 13 to a lightning conductor or gutter using a circular spiral 2a of metal mesh 3a with a corrosion or corrosion treatment with three turns 4 of the spiral 2a. The spiral 2a passes through the insulating plate 12, the air gap 14 to the masonry 8. After screwing the anchoring element 13 into the polyurethane foam foamed spacer 1d, with the adhesive targets 15, a profile anchoring point is formed with the adhesive the target 15 in the air gap 14.

Industrial usability

Spiral spacers serve as connecting anchor or reinforcement element in building industry, for joining various materials including insulating, for repairing damaged parts of buildings, for thermal insulation or insulation systems, for interior modifications, for exterior facades and interior plasters, foundation foundations, for ceiling slabs in solid and damaged building materials.

Reference Spacers 1a Spacer 1a with two circular spirals 2a and reinforcing portion 7 between them 1b Spacer lb with circular spiral 2a lc Spacer lc obliquely oriented with triangular spiral 2b ld Spacer ld with circular spiral 2a and adhesive targets 15 Spiral

2a a circular spiral

2b triangular spiral

2c oval spiral

2d rectangular spiral

2e conical spiral material

3a mesh

3b plate thread longitudinal axis reinforcing part masonry filler reinforcing element ridge insulation boards anchoring element air gaps adhesive discs

Claims (7)

PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS 1. The spacer is made of a flat, predominantly planar material, metal or plastic, with meshes or holes, or perforations over the entire surface, filled with a filler mass (9) and is longitudinal in the direction of its longitudinal axis (5) of given length and given a cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (5) of the spacer, - the metal material (3, 3a, 3b) on the spiral (2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) is a metal mesh (3a) or stainless steel mesh or with a corrosion-resistant finish, or a thin plate (3b) with holes passing through perforations or plugs, the plastic material (3, 3a, 3b) on the spiral (2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) is a thin plate (3b) of tough plastic with openings or eyes, or mesh (3a) or netting of tough plastic, - the sheet of predominantly planar metal or plastic material (3, 3a, 3b) with eyes or holes is wound around the longitudinal axis (5) of the spacer with at least one finished thread (4), the end of the thread (4) or the last thread (4) ) is situated predominantly on the outer sheath or forms a partially or completely outer sheath of the spacer (1) of this material (3, 3a, 3b), characterized in that the predominantly planar metal or plastic material with eyes, holes or perforations over the entire surface and permitting permanent deformation, it is wound into at least one spatially arranged spiral (2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) with at least one terminated thread (4), wherein - the threads (4) of this spiral (2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) are spatially arranged in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (5) without touching the individual layers of threads (4), - the beginning of the spiral thread (4) is situated either directly in the longitudinal axis (5) or is parallel to it, is provided with a ridge (11) in the direction opposite to that of the further thread (4), and - the spiral (2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) is filled from outside and inside with a filler mass (9) having the capability of permeability of the filler mass (9) between its spatially arranged threads (4) and the eyes, holes or perforations thereof material (3, 3a, 3b). Spacer according to claim 1, characterized in that the spiral filler mass (9), both inside and outside the threads (4) and between them, is a foamed plastic, preferably a foamed polyurethane foam and / or at least one material from the group, comprising gypsum, cement, sand, lime, adhesive, binder and suitable minerals, optionally poppy liquid, powder and paste mixtures, with a suitable additive, i.e. a blowing agent, contributing to the volume increase and weight reduction of these mineral materials. Spacer according to claim 1, characterized in that the spiral (2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) at the outer end is unfolded into a reinforcing part (7) of metal or plastic material (3, 3a, 3b). Spacer according to claim 2, characterized in that the filler mass (9) forms adhesive targets (15) from outside the spiral (2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e). Spacer according to claim 1, characterized in that the spiral (2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) has threads (4) in vertical cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (5) of the spacer (1, 1b, 1c). 1d,), wherein the threads (4) are predominantly circular, oval, triangular, polygonal or of other geometric shapes. Spacer according to claim 1, 3 or 5, characterized in that the spatially arranged spiral (2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d) over its entire length, opposite the longitudinal axis (5), has a predominantly identical cross-section of the threads (4). . Spacer according to claim 1, 3 or 5, characterized in that the spiral (2e) disposed over its entire length, opposite the longitudinal axis (5), has a predominantly conical cross-section.