SI9210161A - Novel apertured non-woven fabric - Google Patents

Description

New perforated non-woven fabric

For years, attempts have been made to create a material that will have the strength and other characteristics of woven or knitted material without having to go through the many stages required to produce such material. In order to produce woven or knitted fabric, yarn must first be produced. The yarn is normally produced by opening and combing or combing the fibers and by making a fiber strip. A strip of fiber is compacted into a yarn strip, from which a slightly twisted yarn is obtained by winding and pulling the yarn strip. Thereafter, several such twists are twisted and pulled to form a yarn. In order to produce the finished material, it is woven on looms into woven fabric or knitted on a complex knitting machine. It is often necessary to dress the yarn with starch or other material before it can be processed on weaving machines or knitting.

Over the last 20 or 30 years, various processes have evolved and attempts have been made to produce textile material directly from the fiber web, excluding the major part, if not all, of the stages described above. Some of these procedures involve the use of plugs or needles that are arranged according to a particular scheme. The needles are inserted into the fiber web to create openings in the webbing and simulate the appearance of the woven fabric. The product obtained is poor and requires the addition of chemical binders in order to obtain the desired strength. Adding a binder essentially changes the feel of the touch, the flexibility, the ability to form a set, and other desired physical properties and makes it virtually impossible to reproduce the desired properties of a woven or knitted material. Other technologies included the use of fluid or fluid forces that were directed to a fiber strip in a predetermined arrangement to distribute the fibers so that the product had some of the properties of woven or knitted materials. In some of these known technologies, the fiber strip is placed on an element having a predetermined surface shape, topography, as long as it is treated with forces of some fluid to change the configuration of the fibers and produce a nonwoven material. Examples of the process for making nonwovens are illustrated and described in U.S. Patent 1,978,620; 2,862,251; 3,303,721; 3,081,515; 3,485,706 and 3,498,874, respectively.

Although the materials produced by one of the processes described above were commercially successful, the materials obtained still did not have all the desired characteristics of many woven and / or knitted materials. None of these technologies had the potential to either create the desired combination of physical properties in the fabric produced, or the desired appearance of woven or knitted material, or both. The known procedures had neither precise control of the fiber arrangement nor control of forces affecting the fiber web.

In general, the textile material must have a uniform structure and good strength. The material must have good clearance and openness, even when of relatively large thickness. The material should have little short fibers or absorb moisture. The desired combination of properties should be achieved without the addition of chemical binders. The process must be such that it can be controlled to allow the production of a material having the desired combination of physical properties.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a non-woven material which will have exceptional strength but without additional binder materials.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a material that has a balanced appearance and has uniform and controlled physical properties. It is also one of the object of the present invention to provide a material that will have excellent line clearance and open area.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, our new non-woven fabric contains a greater number of yarn-like fiber groups, these groups being practically dense and fine than the spinning thread. These groups are interconnected at the joints by means of fibers common to several groups. These groups form a predetermined opening pattern in the finished product. Each of the groups consists of several parallel and densely packed fiber segments. At least some of the groups comprise interconnected areas of fiber segments that are wrapped around a portion of the outer surface of parallel and densely compacted fiber segments as well as through fiber groups. In these embodiments of the material, there are interlaced regions in which the fiber bundles extend in opposite directions from the interlaced region.

In some embodiments of the new nonwoven fabric of the present invention, the parallel and densely packed fiber segments are wrapped. This wrapping extends either from one interconnected area to an adjacent interconnected area, or there are opposite directions of envelope, with one wrapping extending from one interconnected area to one wrapped involved area, while the opposite wrapping extends from this wrapped involved area to the adjacent interconnected area. In many embodiments of the present invention, many joints are highly interconnected regions comprising multiple fiber segments. Some of the fiber segments in the area are straight, while others are curved at 90 °. Some of the fiber segments in the joints have a diagonal direction when the segment passes through the joint. Some of the fibrous segments extend in the direction from within the intertwined region. The z direction is the thickness of the material as opposed to the length or width of the material.

In certain embodiments, the wrapped strands may be centered between two joints, while in other embodiments the wrapped strands may be moved off-center. In some other embodiments, there may be several wrapped, interconnected parts between adjacent interconnected joints.

The transparency or openness of the material of the present invention is remarkable, and the density of compacted groups of fibers and interconnected joints is also greater than that of known nonwovens. In certain cases, the density of the groups and / or joints may reach the density of the yarn in woven or knitted fabrics. In addition, in many of the materials of the present invention, the density in the fiber groups and interconnected joints is extremely uniform with respect to known nonwovens. The new processes according to the present invention arrange and interweave the fibers more precisely and more predictably than ever before, thus making the material of superior properties possible.

The materials of the present invention are made by directing controlled hydraulic forces to the surface of the fiber layer, the layer having its opposite surface resting on an element having a predetermined spatial shape or topography as well as a predetermined arrangement or pattern of open regions within these topographies. In the process that characterizes the production of our new nonwovens, the support element for leaning the fiber web is three-dimensional and comprises several pyramids arranged over the surface of the support element. The sides of the pyramid are inclined with respect to the horizontal surface of the support element at an angle greater than 55 °. It is desirable that the angle be 65 ° or greater, but the angle 75 ° gives the exceptional material of the present invention. The support element also comprises several openings, the openings being positioned in areas where the sides of the pyramids touch the support element. Devices are also provided to direct adjacent fluid streams simultaneously to the top and / or sides of the pyramid while the fiber layer is supported on the pyramids.

In the accompanying drawings, Figure 1 shows a schematic perspective view of the material of the present invention, Figure 2 schematically shows a cross-sectional view of a material preparation apparatus of the present invention, Figure 3 shows a perspective view of the fiber strips and topographic support element, Figure 4 shows a block diagram, illustrating the various steps of the process for producing a material of the present invention, Figure 5 schematically shows the appearance of one type of material preparation apparatus of the present invention, Figure 6 schematically shows the appearance of another type of material preparation apparatus of the present invention, Figure 7 schematically the method shows the appearance of a preferred type of material preparation apparatus of the present invention, Figure 8 shows an enlarged cross-section of a topographic support element, Figure 9 shows a horizontal projection of a topographic support element shown in Figure 8, Figure 10 shows an enlarged cross-section of a topographic support element , sli Figure 11 shows a horizontal projection of a topographic support element shown in Figure 10, Figure 12 shows an enlarged cross section of a topographic support element, Figure 13 shows a horizontal projection of a topographic support element shown in Figure 12, Figure 14 shows an enlarged cross section topographic support element, figure 15 shows a horizontal projection of a topographic support element shown in figure 14, figure 16 shows a partial horizontal projection of a topographic support element, figure 17 shows a cross-section along line 17-17 in figure 16, figure 18 shows a partial horizontal projection of a topographic of the support element, Figure 19 shows a partial horizontal projection of a further topographic support element, Figure 20 shows a micrograph of the material shown schematically in Figure 1, at a magnification of about 20 times, Figure 21 shows a micrograph of one of the areas of material with a looped bond from the image 20, but with do given at about 4x magnification, Fig. 22 shows a micrograph of the interconnected joint of the material of Fig. 20, but with an additional approximately 4x magnification, Fig. 23 shows a micrograph of a cross-section of the foam bond of the material of Fig. 20, but with an additional, about 4 times enlargement, Figure 24 shows a micrograph of a material of the present invention, but at about 25x magnification, Figure 25 shows a micrograph of one of the foam ties of the material of Figure 24, but with an additional 3x magnification, Figure 26 shows a micrograph of an interconnected material joint from Fig. 24, but with an additional 3x magnification, Fig. 27 shows a micrograph of the material of the present invention, but at about 25x magnification, Fig. 28 shows a micrograph of the foam bond of the material of the present invention, but with an additional, about 50x enlargement, Figure 29 shows a micrograph of the material of the present invention, but at about 20x magnification, Figure 3 Fig. 0 shows a micrograph of the foam bond of the material of Fig. 29, but with an additional 2.5x magnification, Fig. 31 shows a micrograph of another embodiment of the material of the present invention at a magnification of about 15 times whose fiber segments comprise a twist, Fig. 32 shows a micrograph of the material of Fig. 31 but further enlarged by about 2 times, Fig. 33 shows a micrograph of another embodiment of the material of the invention in magnification about 15 times, Fig. 34 shows a micrograph of a further embodiment of the material of the invention in magnification about 35 times, Fig. 35 shows a micrograph of a horizontal section of an interconnected joint of a material of the present invention in magnification of about 88 times, Fig. 36 shows a micrograph of a horizontal cross section of an interconnected joint of known material in a magnification of about 88 times, Figures 37A to 37F show micrographs of the investigated material in a series of stages of image analysis of the investigated material for to determine the transparency of openings in the material.

1 is a perspective view of the material 50 of the present invention. As can be seen from this figure, the material contains a large number of fiber bundles 51, which are shaped like yarn and extend between joints 52, where they are interconnected. These fiber bundles and joints form a scheme of openings 53 in which the openings have a substantially square shape. Each of the fiber bundles contains fibrous segments that are thickened and compacted. In these fiber bundles, many of the fiber segments are parallel to each other. As can be seen from the figure, approximately in the middle of the fiber bundle, between the adjacent joints, is the next interlaced region 54, in which the fibers tend to be circularly wrapped around the outer surface of the parallel fiber segments. As can be seen, the fiber bundle extends from opposite sides of the circularly intertwined area. This configuration is hereinafter referred to as a node or node region.

Figure 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a device for manufacturing a material according to the present invention. This device has a movable conveyor belt 55, and on this strip is mounted so that it moves simultaneously with the belt, a new shaped topographic support element 56. The support element has more pyramids as well as more openings arranged in this topographic element, which will be later explained in more detail. A fiber strip 57 is placed over this topographic support element. This may be a non-woven strip of combed, wrinkled fibers, compressed air coated fibers, rendered and blown coated fibers or the like. Above the fiber strip, there is a reservoir 58 for applying fluid 59, preferably water, to the fiber strip, while this fiber strip, supported by a topographic element, moves along the conveyor belt below the reservoir. Water can be discharged under different pressures. A vacuum reservoir 60 is installed under the conveyor belt to remove water from the area, while the ribbon and topographic support element travel past the reservoir with fluid. During the process, the fiber strip is placed on the topographic support element and the fiber strip and the topographic element is pulled under the fluid reservoir. The water is discharged onto the fibrous tape to allow the fibrous tape to soak and to ensure that the tape does not move or tear from its position on the topographic element during further processing. After that, the topographic support element and the tape repeatedly fall below the reservoir. During these transitions, the water pressure in the reservoir increases from an initial pressure of about 7 bar to a pressure of up to 50 bar or more. The reservoir itself has multiple openings from 1.6 to 39.4 openings per centimeter or even more. It is recommended that the number of openings in the reservoir be from 11.8 to 27.6 openings per centimeter. The openings have a diameter of approximately 0.18 mm. After the tape and the topographic support element come under the reservoir several times, the flow of water is interrupted and the vacuum is adjusted in order to contribute to the removal of water from the tape. The strip is then removed from the topographic element and dried to form the material as described in connection with Figure 1.

Figure 3 is a perspective view of the disconnected portion of the fiber web and the support element described in Figure 2. The web 57 mainly comprises arbitrarily loaded fibers 63. The length of the fibers may vary from 6.35 mm or less to 38 mm or more. It is recommended that short fibers be mixed with longer fibers when using short fibers (including wood pulp fibers). Fibers may be any fibers of known artificial, natural or synthetic fibers such as cotton, rayon, nylon, polyester or the like. The tape can be created by any of the procedures known in the art, such as creasing, pressurized air loading, wet loading, solution blowing, and the like.

A critical part of the preparation of the present invention is the topographic support element. One embodiment of a support element on which a strip is transformed into a single material according to the present invention is shown in Figure 3. As shown, element 56 comprises pyramid types 61. The tops of the 65 pyramids are arranged in two orthogonal directions. The sloping surfaces of the pyramids are hereinafter called the sides 66, and the spaces between the pyramids are hereinafter referred to as the recesses 67.

Several openings, which pass through the support element, are arranged on the support element according to a certain scheme. In this embodiment, one opening is placed in each recess at the center of the sides of adjacent pyramids and at each corner where four pyramids meet. The openings at the sides of the pyramids extend at least partially along the sides of the adjacent pyramids. The criticality of the topographic support element according to the present invention stems from the angle that the side of the pyramid embraces with the horizontal plane of the support element, from the layout and shape of the opening, as well as from the size and shape of the recess. When a fiber strip is placed over such a topographic element and intertwined with a fluid as described in connection with Figure 2, a material is obtained that has unexpectedly remarkable transparency and regularity in structure. When using the topographic support element described in conjunction with Figure 3, the resulting material further comprises nodes as previously described. The angle enclosed by the sides of the pyramids with the horizontal shall be at least 55 ° and preferably 65 ° or greater. It has been found that it is particularly advantageous to produce the material of the present invention when the angle is between 65 ° and 75 °. In order to create nodes or regions with circularly interwoven fibers, openings in the topographic support element are placed along the sides of the pyramids. Openings may also be erected in places other than the corners of the pyramids. The openings at the corners tend to improve the interlocking at the joints and the transparency of the fabricated material. This is especially true for thicker materials. The width of the recesses at their base will regulate the width or dimensions of the fiber bundles or the shape of the yarn between interconnected joints.

In the manufacture of the material described in connection with Figure 2, when the fluid strikes the fiber web, the fluid pushes the fibers to the bottom of the recesses and crams the fibers into the available space. There is a theory that the fluid also forms a 'vortex' or a circular motion while pushing the fibers towards the bottom of the recess. The combination of openings at the sides of the pyramids and fluid forces causes the fiber segments to be circularly wrapped around expensive fiber segments. During the process, virtually all the fibers are pushed down along the sides of the pyramids so that the area of material corresponding to the base of the pyramid remains virtually free of fibers.

Figure 4 is a block diagram showing the individual steps of the process of manufacturing a new material according to the present invention. The first stage in this process is to place the fiber strip on the topographic support element, block T. The fiber strip is pre-soaked or moistened as long as it is on that support element (block 2 ') to ensure that it remains on the support member until it is machined. Then, the support element containing the fiber strip is lowered under the high pressure liquid injection nozzles (block 3 '). The recommended fluid is water. Water is preferably removed from the support element using a vacuum (block 4 '). Water is removed from the fiber strip (block 5 '). The formed strip from which the water is removed is removed from the support element (block 6 '). The molded material is passed through a series of drying drums to allow the material to dry (block 7 '). The material may then be surface treated or otherwise processed (block 8 '). Figure 5 is a schematic representation of a type of device for carrying out a process or process and for producing a material according to the present invention. In this preparation, one porous conveyor belt 70 moves continuously around two spaced, rotating rollers 71 and 72. The belt has such a drive that it can move alternately either to the right or to the left. At some point above the strips, above the upper branch 73 strips, a reservoir 74 for spraying water is mounted above the strips. This collector has several openings of very small diameter, about 0.18 mm in size, with about 7.9 openings per centimeter long. Pressurized water is pushed through these openings. A topographic support element 75 is positioned on the upper side of the conveyor belt and a fibrous strip 76 to be formed over this topographic element. A suction or vacuum reservoir 77 is installed directly below the water tank or under the upper branch of the strap to assist in the removal of water and to prevent the fiber tape from becoming excessively wet. The water from the reservoir contacts the fibrous strip, passes through the topographic support element and is discharged by means of the suction reservoir. It is clear that the topographic support element on which the fiber strip is can be left below the reservoir as many times as desired in order to create the material of the present invention.

Figure 6 shows a device for the continuous fabrication of a material according to the present invention. This schematic representation of the apparatus comprises a conveyor belt 80 that actually serves as the topographic support element of the present invention. The tape moves continuously to the left around the elements, which are otherwise known. Above this strip is a fluid supply reservoir 79 that connects multiple lines or groups of 81 nozzles. Each group has one or more types of very small openings with 12 or more openings per centimeter. The reservoir is equipped with a pressure gauge 87 and controlled valves 88 to regulate the fluid pressure in each of the series or groups of nozzles. One element 82 is placed under each of the lines or groups of nozzles to suck in and remove excess water and to protect this area from excessive wetting. The fiber strip 83, which is to be molded into the material of the present invention, is fed to the conveyor belt, which is a topographic support element. The water is sprayed through the corresponding nozzles 84 onto the fibrous tape to pre-wet or moisten the tape and to help regulate the fibers as they pass from under the pressure tank. The suction slot 85 is placed under these water nozzles to remove excess water. The fiber strip passes under the reservoir for fluid delivery, with the advantage that the pressure in the reservoir is increasing. Thus, e.g. the first set of nozzles or nozzles gives a fluid force at 7 bar, while the next set of nozzles can generate a fluid force at a pressure of 21 bar and the last set of nozzles can create a fluid force at a pressure of 49 bar. Although 6 sets of nozzles for fluid delivery are shown, the number of strings or rows of nozzles is not critical and will depend on the mass of the strip, the speed, the pressure used, the number of rows of openings in each set, etc. After passing between the fluid intake manifold and the intake manifold, the generated material is guided through an additional intake manifold 86 to remove excess water from the strip. The topographic support element may be made of relatively hard material and may comprise several moldings. Each of the slats extends transversely to the width of the conveyor and has an outlet on one side and a nozzle on the opposite side, so that the outlet of one lath covers the lug of the adjacent lath to allow movement between adjacent laths and to allow the use of such relatively rigid elements in the configuration conveyors shown in Figure 6.

The preferred apparatus for fabricating the material of the present invention is shown schematically in Figure 7. In this preparation, the topographic support element is a rotating drum 90. The drum rotates to the left and comprises several curved plates 91 having the desired spatial or topographic configuration, but are arranged as follows to form the outer surface of the drum. A part 89 of the outer surface of the drum is assembled, which connects several strips 92 with nozzles for operation with water or other fluid to a fibrous strip 93, which is mounted on the outer surface of the curved plates. Each of the nozzle straps may have one or more types of very small openings with a diameter of about 0.127 mm to 0.254 mm. There can be as many as 20 or 24 openings per centimeter in length and more if desired. Water or other fluid is directed through a series of nozzles. The pressure in each of the groups of nozzles increases from the first group under which the fiber band is located towards the last group. The pressure is controlled by suitable control valves 97 and pressure gauges 98. The drum is connected to a reservoir 94 in which a vacuum can be created to help drain water and protect the entire area from excessive moisture. During operation, the fiber strip 93 is positioned on topographic support elements 91 in front of the water spout 89. The fiber strip passes under the nozzle strip and is molded into the material of the present invention. The generated material is then allowed to travel over a portion of the topographic support element and the drum 95, where there is no nozzle strip but still a vacuum. After the water has been removed, the material is removed from the drum and passed around a series of drying drums 96.

Figures 8 to 19 show cross-sections and horizontal projections of various topographic support elements that can be used according to the present invention. These figures show the various pyramid configurations and opening schemes that can be used with topographic elements.

Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view of the topographic support element shown in Figure 3, and Figure 9 is a horizontal projection. The support element shown in Figures 8 and 9 produces the material described in conjunction with Fig. 1. As shown in Fig. 9, the pyramids have a 61 square base. The pyramids are identical, with each of the sides 66 of the pyramids being an even triangle. Each of the pyramids ends at a single point or apex, and these peaks are arranged in two orthogonal directions. The lower edges of the pyramids practically rest on each other, so that there is a recess 67 of negligible width between the sides of the pyramids. The angle a formed by the side of the pyramid with the horizontal forms about 70 °. The topographic support element also comprises openings 68, which are arranged along the sides of the pyramid and at the corners of the pyramid, as shown. The openings at the sides of the pyramids extend along the sides of the pyramids, as shown in Figure 8.

Figures 10 and 11 show another topographic support element that can be used in the present invention. Figure 10 shows a cross section and Figure 11 shows a horizontal projection. The pyramids are generally of the same shape and arrangement as the pyramids described in Figures 8 and 9. However, the distance between the pyramids to create recesses 101 is much larger, so that the openings 102 on the topographic support element do not extend along the sides of the pyramids. The configuration shown in Figures 10 and 11 can be used for bands with thicker fibers because there are more places for the fibers to fold between the sides of the pyramids.

12 and 13 show a further embodiment of a topographic support element of the present invention. In this embodiment, the sides of the pyramids 104 have a composite tilt angle. The portion 105 of the side of the pyramid, which extends up to a recess of 106, encloses an angle of about 80 ° with the horizontal. The part 107 of the side of the pyramid, extending down from the top 108 of the pyramid, with a horizontal angle of about 55 °. The advantage of such a pyramid configuration is that the created material can be easily removed from the topographic support element. In this embodiment, openings 109 are arranged along the sides of the pyramids, and openings 110 are arranged at the corners where four pyramids meet. In this embodiment, the openings at the sides of the pyramids are slightly larger than the openings at the corners.

Figures 14 and 15 show a further embodiment of a topographic support element of the present invention. In this embodiment, the sides of the pyramids are not the same. The posterior edge 113 of each of the pyramids is substantially vertical, while the anterior edge 114 of each of the pyramids, with a horizontal angle, is about 70 °. The support element has openings 116 as shown. By adjusting the shape of the pyramids in this way, the fluid forces acting on the fibers can be regulated so as to produce greater eddy action in the recesses 115 between the pyramids.

Fig. 16 shows a horizontal projection of the topographic support element of the present invention, and Fig. 17 shows a cross-section along line 17-17 of Fig. 16. In this embodiment, the pyramids 120 have the same sides, each side having a horizontal angle of about 70 °. There are two openings along each side of the pyramid. By placing two openings on each side of the pyramid, several knots can be created between adjacent interconnected joints in the fabricated material.

18 and 19 are horizontal projections of preferred embodiments of the topographic elements of the present invention. In both figures, the pyramids are four-sided and regular in shape. In Fig. 18, one opening 126 is positioned or arranged along each side of the pyramid. In Fig. 19, the openings are 128 along the sides of the pyramids. There are also openings 129 at the corners, where four pyramids meet. The openings at the sides of the pyramids are slightly larger in diameter than the openings at the corners of the pyramids.

The topographic support elements of the present invention can be made of a wide variety of materials, such as plastics, metals, and the like. The materials used must not be significantly deformed under the influence of the liquid which strikes the surface. The surface of the support element must not contain sharp traces of machining or other defects, but must be a relatively smooth surface. It is advisable that the support element is not very smooth because it is believed that a surface having certain friction properties is desirable in the fabrication of the present invention. Machined surfaces have proven to be particularly suitable for the fabrication of the material of the invention.

In all cases, the topographic support element has several openings arranged according to a predetermined scheme, as well as more pyramids, four or three-sided, as desired, with pyramids with a horizontal angle of at least 55 ° and preferably between 60 ° and 75 °. . It is desirable that the openings in the plate extend along the sides of the pyramids, although this is not absolutely necessary but is assumed to make it easier to achieve the desired compaction of the interwoven fibers.

It should be noted that it is not necessary for all holes or openings in the support element to extend completely beyond the support element. At least some of the openings may extend only partially along the support member provided that they have sufficient depth to reduce or prevent unwanted fluid flow. If too much fluid is returned or the fluid returns with excessive force to the fiber trapping area, it may interfere with the desired fiber trailing.

20 to 23 are microphotographs of the material of the present invention. The material has a quality of 46.5 g / m ² and is made of rayon fibers, with fibers of 1.5 denier and a length of 32 mm. The material is created on a plate similar to the one shown in Figure 3, with openings at the sides of the pyramids with a slightly larger diameter than the openings at the corners of the pyramids. The board had four-sided pyramids, the sides of which were enclosed by a horizontal angle of about 75 °. Figure 20 shows a micrograph of a horizontal projection of the material at about 20 times magnification. As can be seen, the fibrous parts of the material are very dense and compact, while the open area is relatively free of fiber ends and is well defined and clear. The material contains a large number of groups of 200 fibers in a yarn-like shape. These groups are interconnected in joints 201 with fibers common to several groups to form a correct squared pattern of openings. Among the interconnected joints are areas 202 with knots ”.

Figure 21 is an enlargement of the material of Figure 20 at a magnification of 76 times and shows one of the fiber groups or the node region of the material. As can be seen, at about the center of this group of fibers are fiber segments that are wrapped at least around a portion of the outer surface of parallel and densely compacted fiber segments, forming this group of fibers that resemble a yarn, i.e. a knot. Fig. 22 is an enlargement of one of the joints of the material shown in Fig. 20. The joint comprises several fibrous segments, some of which appear to extend mainly straight through the joint, while other segments seem to form turns below 90 ° within the structure. and while some other segments follow some diagonal path when passing through the joint.

Figure 23 is a cross-section through the knot region of Figures 20 and 21. In the main, parallel fibrous fiber segments enter and in some cases pass through the knot region. There are also fiber segments in the knot region that are circularly wrapped around a group of yarn-like fibers.

The following are four specific examples of a process for manufacturing a material of the present invention.

Example 1

The material shown in Figure 2 is used for the fabrication of the material. A strip of uniformly scratched rayon fibers of 23 g / m ² , wherein the fibers are 1.5 denier, 32 mm long, created by the process described in U.S. Pat. . No. 4,475,271. The strap is placed over a molding board that is supported by a wire conveyor belt.

The conveyor belt is a 12 x 10 straight polyester single fiber ribbon manufactured by Appleton Wire Works, Appleton, Wisconsin, USA. The strap has a base and weft of 0.2 mm diameter and an open space of about 44% of the total surface area. The molding plate ina profile shown in Figure 12. The lower side 105 of the pyramid with a horizontal angle of 74 °, while the upper side 107 with a horizontal angle of 56 °. The vertically measured length of page 105 is 0.114 cm, and the vertical height from the bottom 106 of the recess to the top 108 of the pyramid is 0.229 cm. The bottom of the recess is 0.0076 cm in diameter. The pyramids are arranged in a 12 x 12 square pattern, as shown in Figure 13. The centers of the pyramids are 0.21 cm apart from each other. The openings at the sides of the pyramids are 0.08 cm in diameter, and the openings at the corners of the pyramids are 0.064 cm in diameter. The sump has 11.8 nozzles per centimeter in length, each nozzle having a diameter of 0.018 cm. The fibreboard on the board passes from the reservoir and is wetted with water and then placed on the molding element. Sequential passes are made at 7 bar, 42 bar and finally three passes at 70 bar. All transitions were performed at a speed of 9.1 m / min and a vacuum of 0.61 bar. Photomicrographs of the material obtained are shown in Figures 24, 25 and 26. Figure 24 is a photomicrograph of a horizontal projection at 25 times magnification of the fabricated material. The material contains a large number of groups or bundles of 205 yarn-like fibers. The bundles are interconnected in joints 206 with fibers common to several bundles to form a pattern in the main square openings 207. In the middle of each bundle there is one interwoven area (knot) 208 m from this interwoven area, the bundle extends into opposite directions. As is clear from the magnification of Fig. 25, which represents about 70 times the magnification of the water conduit of the material of Fig. 24, the interlaced region contains several fibrous segments that are twisted into a loop and intertwined and extend around a portion of the outer surface of the beam, to keep the fibers tightly packed. Figure 26 represents about 70x magnification of one of the interconnected joints of the material of this embodiment. Some of the fiber segments extend straight through the joint, while other fiber segments extend through the joint at an angle of 90 °, and some other parts of the fibers are rolled into small loops and are tightly interwoven within the joint.

The material obtained was tested for the calculated fiber density and the transparency index in the manner described later. The calculated fiber density of this material is 0.192 g / cm ³ , while the material transparency index is 1.119.

Example 2

A fabrication of the apparatus described in connection with Example 1 is made. All conditions and parameters are the same except for a tape having a mass of 124 g / m ² . During the process, after passing at 7 bar and passing at 42 bar, the strip is exposed to a series of 9 passes at 70 bar. The microphotography in the plane of the material obtained is shown in Figure 27. Although this material is more than 5 times heavier than the material shown in Figure 24, the material has an extremely translucent appearance, and the fiber parts are very dense and compact. The material contains groups of fiber segments in which the fiber segments are mainly parallel and densely compacted. In the middle of each of these groups there is an interwoven area with the bottom of the fibrous segments, which are circularly wrapped around a portion of the outer surface of the fibrous group, similar to that of yarns, that is, one knot area. These fiber groups are interconnected in fiber joints common to several groups in order to create a predetermined pattern in substantially square openings. It is a surprise to find that the clarity of the scheme does not diminish as much as the thickness of the material increases. This is in contrast to most procedures for making interlaced or non-woven fabrics, in which the clarity of the scheme decreases quite rapidly with increasing material thickness.

The material of this example is tested for the calculated fiber density and transparency index as described. The calculated fiber density is 0.256 g / cm ³ while the material transparency index is 0.462.

Figure 28 is a micrograph at about 50x magnification of another embodiment of a knot of material of the present invention. In this embodiment, the topographic support element used in the fabrication of the material is used, which is described in connection with Figure 16. There are two interlaced regions in the yarn-like fiber group, each of which comprises several fiber segments , which are circularly wrapped around a portion of the outer surface of parallel and densely stranded fiber segments within a group of yarn-like fibers

Figures 29 and 30 show another embodiment of the material of the present invention. Figure 29 presents a planar appearance at a magnification of 20 times of material created from a 42 g / m ² fiber strip, with rayon and 1.5 denier fibers and 32 mm in length. The fiber strip was machined according to the present invention using a topographic support element similar to that shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, except that the openings were in the form of relatively long, narrow slots rather than being flexible. The slits have a uniform width and are rounded at the ends. The slits are long enough to extend along the bottom of the recess from the center of the sides between the two pyramids, through the intersection to the center of the sides of the adjacent pyramids. In Figure 29, the material contains a large number of yarn-like fiber groups in which the fiber segments are relatively parallel and compacted. The groups in the joints are interconnected with fibers common to several groups in order to create a predetermined pattern of fringed quadrilateral openings. As more clearly shown in the micrograph of Figure 30, which represents a 50x magnification of one of the yarn-like groups, the yarn-like fiber group narrows as it passes from one interconnected joint to an adjacent interconnected joint. Generally, in the middle of such a group of yarn-like fibers, there is a very intertwined area comprising certain fiber segments that are circularly wrapped around a portion of the outer surface of the yarn-like fiber groups. As can be seen from this micrograph, in the narrowed areas of the narrowed yarn-like fiber groups, most of the fiber segments are substantially parallel to one or more adjacent fiber segments, while in the wider portion of the tapered portion, the outer surface of this tapered portion comprises parallelly arranged fibrous segments, while the inside of this surface is an intertwined area. The narrow and highly concentrated areas of the yarn-like fiber groups have a fine capillary structure and a high degree of absorption into the material. The wider and less condensed part gives the structure of larger capillaries and higher absorption capacity. In this way, the material's absorption property can be designed as desired.

As one might assume, one of the things that provide exceptional strength for woven or interlaced material is that the yarn is made from fiber yarn. This, of course, compresses the fibers in the yarn to some degree and puts them in close contact to increase the connection with the friction between the fibers. When this yarn is tightened or pulled, this friction connection increases the yarn strength. In some embodiments of the material of the present invention, twisting can be achieved in groups of fibers similar to yarns extending between joints. Figures 31 and 32 show a material of the present invention wherein the fiber segments are twisted between the interconnected joints. Figure 32 represents a magnified portion of the material of Figure 31. In both figures, the material is photographed while still on the molding board.

The following describes a specific example of a process for manufacturing a material of the present invention, wherein the fiber segments are twisted between interconnected joints.

Example 3

The process parameters, conditions and equipment used in this case are as in the preceding examples, except that the initial strip of mass 23 g / m ^{2 is} made of white cotton fibers of 4.8 microns thickness and fiber length of 23.8 mm and of strength 22 g per tex. The design element has a 12 x 12 pyramid scheme of square configuration. Each of the pyramids has a vertical height of 0.39 cm, which is measured from the bottom of the recess to the top of the pyramid. The sides of the pyramid with the horizontal form an angle of 75 °. The bottom of the recess has a width of 0.015 cm. The holes are at the corners of the pyramids and have a diameter of 0.1 cm. The process comprises a pass at 1.2 bar without vacuum, followed by a pass at 7 bar, a pass at 42 bar and three passes at 70 bar, all at a vacuum of 0.64 bar. Figure 33 is a planar micrograph of a material obtained at 15x magnification, which shows a twist during the crossings, similar to that of yarn. The material of this example is tested for the calculated fiber density and transparency index as described. The calculated fiber density of the material is Ο, Ρ? g / cm ³ and a transparency index of 1,080.

While all precursor materials are created with topographic panels using four-sided pyramids with a square base, Figure 34 shows a micrograph of a 15x magnification of material created using a topographic plate, in which the pyramids have a triangular instead of a square base . In this case, the material has three axes instead of the usual two. This gives the product very different and unusual three-way tensile properties. This configuration reduces the suitability of the material for tailoring. As can be seen in Figure 34, each of the joints has six groups of yarn-like fibers extending from the joints. Each of the yarn-like fiber groups has an interlocking region where at least some of the fiber segments are wrapped around a portion of the outer surface of the yarn-like fiber groups.

It is interesting to note that, in the joints of the material of the present invention, the fibers are extremely dense and uniformly dense. Some of the fiber segments pass directly through the joint, while other fiber segments form right angles when passing through the joint, while some other fiber segments pass through the Z plane of the joint, so that the joint tightens and forms a very intertwined area. 35 and 36 are cross-sectional micrographs at 88x magnification. Figure 35 is a micrograph of a joint of a material of the present invention. This material is made of fiber tape with a mass of 31 g / m ² , with fibers of rayon, 1.5 denier and 3.8 cm in length. The design panel has 12 x 12 square pyramids with 0.21 cm center spacing, with horizontal sides flipped at 75 °. The holes in the middle of the sides of the pyramid are 0.08 cm in diameter. The openings at the corners of the pyramids are 0.06 cm in diameter. The open conveyor belt and the rest are the same as described in connection with the preceding embodiments. The process consists of one pass at 7 bar, one pass at 42 bar and three passes at 70 bar, all at a vacuum of 0.64 bar. The micrograph shows parallel fiber segments extending through the joint, as well as fiber segments extending through the joint at a 90 ° angle. It also shows a large number of fiber segments that pass through the Z plane of the joint, all of which form a very intertwined joint. In contrast, Figure 36 shows a joint of a material that is inherent in the prior art. This material is manufactured as described in U.S. Pat. 3,485,706. The design element is a 12 x 12 square woven polyester fiber ribbon. The fiber strip is made of evenly ridged rayon fibers of 1.5 denier and 3.8 cm in length. The tape has a mass of 31 g / m ² . The first manifold operated at 7 bar, the second manifold at 42 bar, and the third, fourth and fifth manifold at 70 bar. A 0.64 bar vacuum is used under each tank. As can be seen, there is some intertwining in the joint as well as some fiber segments in parallel. However, the joint is not nearly so compacted and thickened, and there is significantly more freedom in the arrangement of fibers in this joint than in the joints of the material of the present invention.

As can be seen from the micrographs in Figures 20 to 34, the materials of the present invention have unique structural features. According to these characteristics, the fibrous areas of the material are very thick and compact, to a much greater degree than that of known nonwovens. The density and compactness in the fiber groups is uniform and similar to that occurring in spinning filaments of similar fibers of similar thickness. Another particular feature that occurs in all materials of the present invention is the degree of transparency of the open areas of the material. There are very few ends of fibers, small loops or segments that extend into the open area and which would reduce the transparency of the material. This fact causes the fabric to be made to resemble a woven fabric. Likewise, the interrelated areas of the material are not as enlarged as those of materials manufactured according to the present state of the art. This further contributes to the woven appearance of the material of the present invention. These structural features make it possible to create significantly improved physical properties in the fabricated material. The materials of the invention have good strength. Also, the materials of the invention may have controlled and good absorption properties, in particular capillary properties.

Example 4

The following describes another embodiment of the material of the present invention. Bleached cotton ribbon is made according to the process shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,475,271 (Lovgren et al.). The band has a mass of 40.7 g / m ² and contains bleached cotton fibers of 5.0 microns and a length of 2.54 cm. The initial strip is placed on a 103 x 88 (nominal 100 loops) design strip of polyester single straight fiber manufactured by Appleton Wire, Portland, Tennessee, USA. The molding strip has a cross section of 0.15 mm base wire and a weft wire cross section of 0.15 mm and an open area of 17.4% of the total surface area. The tape feeder reservoir comprises ten types of nozzles. Each nozzle has 11.8 nozzles per centimeter in length, each nozzle having a diameter of approximately 0.018 cm. The nozzle types are approximately 5.1 cm apart. The fiber strip is placed on the forming strip, moistened with water, and placed in position on the strip and lowered from below the fluid delivery reservoir at a rate of 91.4 m / min. Nozzles of the first type supply water at a pressure of 7 bar, nozzles of the next type supply water at a pressure of 28 bar, and nozzles in the last eight rows supply water at a pressure of 56 bar. The intake manifold is positioned under the molding strip and under the fluid intake manifold and maintained at a vacuum of 0.64 bar. The molded material is turned and treated on the other side, ie on the side of the strip which is in contact with the forming tape during the first stage of processing and is now subjected to a jet of water in the second stage of processing. In the second stage of machining, the material is placed on another surface for molding. The second design surface comprises a series of pyramids in which the vertices of the pyramids are aligned in two orthogonal directions. Each of the pyramids mainly has a square base. On the surface, there are 3.1 pyramids per centimeter in the machine direction and 7.8 pyramids in the transverse direction. The base of the pyramids is 3.18 mm in the machine direction and 1.27 mm in the transverse direction. The bottom of the recesses between the pyramids is rounded to a radius of 0.08 mm, and each of the pyramids has a height of 1.65 mm from the recess to the top. The openings are arranged along the design surface according to the correct scheme, ie in the recesses at the centers of the long sides of the adjacent pyramids and at the meeting point of the four pyramids. Each of the openings has a diameter of 0.84 mm. The fluid intake manifold connected to the second molding surface comprises nine types of nozzles. Each nozzle has 11.8 nozzles per centimeter in length, each nozzle having a diameter of about 0.018 cm. The already formed tape is moistened with water and passed under the liquid feeder at 91.4 m / min. The nozzles primarily supply 28 bar water while the other 8 types supply 112.5 bar. The intake manifold under the second molding surface is maintained at a vacuum of 0.64 bar. The fabricated material obtained has a mean calculated fiber density of 0.154 g / cm ³ and a transparency index of 0.66 when tested as described below.

Determination of the transparency index

An image analysis that is specified for determining the transparency index of perforated nonwoven fabric will be described. The transparency index is measured on perforated non-woven non-binder material. The transparency of the glued perforated material is a function of the arrangement of fibers in a material, with the transparency index increasing to the extent that most of the fibers are placed in specific areas of coverage with fibers surrounding the openings in the material.

Several areas of the surface are measured in order to determine the transparency of the non-glued perforated material. The FC (Fiber Cover) is the part of the surface that represents, e.g. nor woven gauze or individual fiber bundles of perforated nonwovens. Fiber in openings (FA - Fiber in Apertures) is a part of the surface that represents a fiber that is not in bundles of fibers but extends into open spaces, e.g. between strands of woven gauze or into openings of nonwovens. The CA Cleared Apertures represents the part of the material surface occupied by the openings in the material (sum of the Open Area (OA) and part of the FA surface). The Clarity Index of the perforated material is calculated as the ratio of clear openings (CA) to the sum of fibers in the openings (FA) and the fiber cover (FC) using the following formula:

CI = CA / (FA + FC).

The resulting transparency index increases with the transparency of the structure of the perforated material.

The transparency index of the perforated fabric can be measured by image analysis. The bottom line is that image analysis requires the use of a computer to obtain numerical information from images. The material is recorded through a microscope that is adjusted to such an magnification that some repeated schemes are displayed on the screen, while allowing the individual fibers in the material to be identified. The optical image of the material is generated by the lens on the cathode tube of the video camera and converted into an electronic signal suitable for analysis. The microscope uses a source of stabilized light to give the monitor an image of such contrasts that the areas covered with fibers have different shades from gray to black, while the open areas or areas without fibers are white. Each image line is divided into tcfte for sampling and / or sampling. pixels to take measurements.

The mean surface area of the openings can be determined by image analysis as the mean of the individual surfaces in mm ² , which represent openings surrounded by fiber covered surfaces and defined as fiber covered areas FC.

All these analyzes are performed using a Leica Quantimet Q520 image analyzer equipped with gray memory and software package 4.02, which is available from Leica Inc., Deerfield, Illinois, USA. An Olympus SZH microscope is used as a light microscope, with a 10x magnification; using a 0.5x lens and adjusting the scale to 20Χ. The microscope is equipped with a stabilized light source. The Choch 4812 video camera represents the connection between the microscope and the image analyzer.

Commercially available woven gauze of U.S.P. type VII is suitable as a reference when adjusting the image analyzer. A package of woven gauze is opened and a single pad is removed and developed to a thickness of one layer. A layer of woven gauze is placed between two clear glass panels on a microscope table and its image is sharpened on a video screen. The material scheme is positioned so that some of these schemes can be seen on the screen. See Figure 37A. The use of the Leica Quantimet Q520 imaging analyzer, supplemented with the Olympus SZH microscope with the magnification adjustment described previously, provides an analyzer calibration of 0.021 mm / pixel and allows surface analysis containing 14 to 24 whole repeats of U.S.P schemes. Type VII gauze in a single field. The brightness and contrast of the image are adjusted to encompass the full range of the gray level in the displayed image (displaying a histogram of gray levels contains all possible levels of gray in the scale). Such adaptation enables the detection of threads, surfaces of clean openings as well as fibers extending from the threads into the openings. The sample is then taken from a microscope and two clear glass tiles are used to correct the tint to eliminate any uneven illumination in the field of view. The sample is then returned to the table in the microscope.

In order to measure the transparency index, some recording operations are performed as follows:

1. First, the natural detection level of the black area is equal to only the fiber bundles and interconnected joints, without detecting individual fibers extending from the filaments to the openings. See Figure 37B. The value of gray levels for detecting black is recorded as a reference for later.

2. Using the correction function, the detected image in the detected plane 1 is stored in the plane 3 of the image for later measurement. This image in plane 3 of the image represents a fiber-coated surface (FC). See Figure 37C. Note: If necessary to fully detect the fiber-covered surface, the image in plane 1 is expanded several times until the holes in the fiber-covered area are removed. The image is then eroded by the same number of cycles, so that the edges with the fibers of the covered surface return to the original limits specified in the detection menu.

3. The white level of detection is then adjusted to be equal to the areas without fibers within each of the openings in the field of view. This detection plane in the image plane 1 represents the open area of the OA material. See Figure 37D.

4. Using the logic function, the images in plane 1 and plane 3 are combined according to the formula: Invert (Plane 1 XOR Plane 3). That is, an image is created of all pixels that are not in plane 1 or in plane 3. This operation generates an image in plane 4 of an image of fibers extending beyond the threads into material openings or fiber in openings (FA). See Figure 37E.

5. The following measurements of the image field shall be made and the particle size of the surfaces calculated for the transparency index to be recorded:

plane 1 OA slika 37D plane 3 FC Figure 37C plane 4 FA Figure 37E.

The area of clean CA openings is calculated as the sum of the open area O A and the fibers in the FA openings. The CI transparency index is calculated as the ratio of the area CA of the clear openings to the sum of two parts of the surface, that is, the FA fibers in the openings and the FC fiber cover:

CI = CA / (FA + FC).

The extra woven gauge fields are measured in the same way using the black and white detection levels selected in stages 1 and 3. Results from several representative material areas (at least ten fields for each material are analyzed) are averaged to obtain a mean the transparency index.

Image analyzes are also used to determine the aperture size as the mean aperture area in mm ² . For each of the fields tested in steps 1 to 5, the following steps are performed after recording the measurement of the field and before moving the fabric to the next field.

6. The logical function is reused, and images from Level 1 (OA) (Figure 37D) and Level 4 (FA) (Figure 37D) are combined via the Image Add Function (OR) to give a picture of a portion of the clear aperture surface (CA ) in plane 5. See Figure 37F. The image equation is:

plane 5 (CA) = plane 1 (OA) OR plane 4 (FA).

7. Parameters for measuring plane 5 (CA) are set in the feature measurement menu.

8. In the histogram menu, select an area parameter and mark it as a graphic selection. Then, Measure is selected to analyze the Level 5, CA image in the view of individual property areas.

9. Repeating steps 6 to 8 for each of the fields after analysis for the transparency index (stages 1 to 6) will generate a cumulative histogram of the CA areas with mean and standard deviation values (the histogram is not divided into individual areas of the same material sample).

10. At the end of a series of fields of woven gauze, the mean openings and the standard deviation given in mm ² are recorded.

The transparency index and the mean surface area of the openings for the materials of the present invention and for materials of known methods are analyzed in the same manner, using the detection levels determined in the analysis of woven gauze. Field transparency index measurements are stored and results are calculated e.g. on the Lotus 1-2-3 application form. The transparency index is given for each material as the mean transparency index.

After collecting data on the characteristics of each field, the mean and standard deviation are entered in the working form and are given as the mean surfaces of the aperture.

The materials of the present invention have an opacity index, which is measured in the manner described, equal to or greater than 0.5. The desired materials of the present invention have a transparency index of 0.6 or greater, while the recommended materials of the present invention have a transparency index of 0.75 or more.

Determination of the calculated fiber density

The calculated fiber density refers to the density of the fiber bundle in the non-glued perforated material. The calculated fiber density is determined from the part of the surface representing the fiber covered area of the scheme and the material density calculated using the mass of material in g / cm ² divided by the average thickness in cm of fiber bundles. The following describes a procedure for determining the calculated fiber density, expressed in g / cm ³ , for perforated nonwovens.

The analysis requires the determination of the mass of the WT material in g / cm ² , the measurement of the thickness of the Z fiber bundles in cm and the transparency index to obtain a portion of the surface FC representing the area covered by the fibers.

A standard test procedure, such as ASTM D-3776, is used to determine the mass of the material. The fiber bundle thickness can be determined using a Leica Quantimet Q520 imaging analyzer to measure the fiber bundle cross-section.

In order to prepare a specific material for imaging for specific fiber bundles, a typical material sample is poured with a transparent resin (e.g., with an Araldit ™ resin) and then fabricated cross sections of the material / resin block using a low speed saw, such as is a Buehler Isomet saw that comes with a diamond blade. A series of 0.027 mm thick sections are cut both in the direction of material movement in the machine and transversely to the material, and placed on glass microscope tiles using e.g. Norland Optical Adhesive 60 adhesives as fasteners. On the basis of microscopic examination of the series of sections that are compared with the piece of original material under analysis, cross sections representing the fiber bundles are indicated for measurement. The fiber bundle sections in the nonwoven fabric are selected such that the incision is made in a region approximately midway between the knot configuration and one interconnected joint or, in the absence of knot configuration, between two interconnected joints. The sections of fiber bundles for nonwovens are selected by the prior art in such a way that the incision is made approximately midway between the interconnected joints.

The thickness of each of the selected fiber bundles is denoted as the length of a line drawn through a cross-section from the boundary representing one surface of the material to the boundary representing the opposite surface. The lengths of the lines representing the thickness of each of the fiber bundles are measured and the mean thickness Z of fiber bundles in cm is recorded. Part of FC area, which is the area of the scheme covered by the fiber sample, is obtained from the transparency index analysis.

Then the calculated material density, expressed in grams per cubic cm (g / cm ³ ), is calculated using the following formula:

calculated material density = WT / (Z - FC).

Determination of material density

A process for determining the material density of perforated and nonwoven fabric will be described. Material density is the value calculated from the mass of the material per unit area and is in g / cm ² , the thickness of the material in cm and the part of the surface that represents the material covered part of the scheme on the material. Material density units are grams per cubic cm.

Standard test procedures (eg, ASTM D-1777 and D-3776) are used to measure mass per unit area and thickness. The density of the material is then calculated by dividing the mass per unit area by thickness, and is expressed in grams per cubic cm. The part of the surface that represents the surface area of the fiber covered scheme on the material is the value of the fiber cover (FC) obtained from the analysis to determine the transparency index. See above. The density of the material is then calculated by dividing the volume mass of the material by the fraction of surface area (FC).

The materials of the present invention have a calculated fiber density, measured in the manner described, of a minimum of 0.14 g / cm ³ . More desirable materials of the present invention have a calculated fiber density of 0.15 g / cm ³ , and the preferred materials of the present invention have a calculated fiber density of at least 0.17 g / cm ³ .

After the invention has been described by means of specific embodiments and provided with embodiments in a practicable manner, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that a number of variations, uses, modifications and extensions of the underlying principles can be made of which of speech without departing from its spirit or scope.

Claims (27)

PATENT APPLICATIONS 1. A nonwoven fabric comprising several groups of yarn-like fibers, characterized in that these groups are interconnected at the joints with fibers common to many of these groups to form a predetermined pattern of openings in the fabric, wherein these groups of yarn-like fibers comprise several parallel and densely compacted fiber segments, such that at least some of these yarn-like fiber groups comprise fibrous segments at least about a portion of the surface of said parallel and densely compacted fiber segments. Non-woven fabric according to claim 1, characterized in that the circularly wrapped parts comprise fibrous segments extending into and at least partially through groups of yarn-like fibers. Non-woven material according to claim 1, characterized in that the circularly wrapped part is positioned substantially in the middle of the fiber group between the interconnected joints. Non-woven material according to claim 1, characterized in that several parallel and compacted fiber segments have a curved path in some of the fiber groups. Non-woven material according to claim 1, characterized in that several circularly wrapped parts are arranged between interconnected joints. Non-woven fabric according to claim 1, characterized in that the joints contain several fibrous segments, some of which are fibrous segments straight, while others of these fibrous segments are curved at 90 ° and some other fibrous segments have a diagonal path inside the joint. Non-woven fabric according to claim 6, characterized in that the joints comprise fibrous segments extending in the Z direction of the material. 8. Non-woven fabric, characterized in that it comprises several rearranged fibers in order to form groups of yarn-like fibers, with the fiber segments within each group being compacted and substantially arranged in parallel, as well as several highly intertwined regions, at wherein some of the interlaced regions are interconnected by said yarn-like fiber groups, while the other of these interlaced regions are placed in a single yarn-like fiber group. 9. Non-woven fabric according to claim 8, characterized in that the interlaced region, which is placed in a group of yarn-like fibers, is substantially in the middle between adjacent interlaced regions interconnected by groups of yarn-like fibers. 10. Non-woven fabric comprising several groups of yarn-like fibers interconnected in joints by means of fibers common to several of these groups to form a predetermined opening pattern, characterized in that the groups of fibers resembling yarns containing multiple parallel and densely packed fiber segments, wherein the fiber segments in at least some of these yarn-like fiber groups are twisted so that the fiber segments follow a curved path when passing through said group of yarn-like fibers. 11. A non-woven fabricating machine having a predetermined opening pattern defined by groups of yarn-like fibers interconnected in joints from a layer of starting fibrous material whose individual fibrous elements can be displaced by force fluid, characterized in that it comprises a three-dimensional support element having a specific topographic configuration on which the fiber web rests, wherein this support element has several pyramids arranged in a scheme along one surface thereof, and each of the pyramids It has a top and a base, as well as several sides extending from the top to the base, the sides of the pyramid having a horizontal surface of the support element forming an angle greater than 55 °, so that this support element has more openings, with these openings spaced according to a predetermined scheme with respect to these pyramids, and having devices for directing adjacent jets of fluid at the top of said pyramids at the same time when a layer of fiber is placed on them. Machine according to claim 11, characterized in that the openings are arranged in the regions where the walls of the pyramids touch the said support element. Machine according to claim 12, characterized in that the openings extend along the wall of the pyramids. A machine according to claim 11, characterized in that each of the pyramids has four sides. Machine according to claim 14, characterized in that the vertices of the pyramids are aligned along and transversely along the support element. Machine according to claim 11, characterized in that it comprises openings at the sides of the pyramids and openings at the corners of the pyramids. Machine according to claim 11, characterized in that the openings are oval. Machine according to claim 11, characterized in that the sides of the pyramid extend at least at an angle of 70 ° with respect to the horizontal surface of the support element for some part of the pyramid side, and then enclose an angle of less than 70 ° with said horizontal surface of said part. to the top of the pyramid. Machine according to claim 11, characterized in that the sides of the pyramid are at an angle greater than 65 ° with respect to the horizontal surface of the support element. Machine according to claim 11, characterized in that the openings are round and have a cross-section substantially equal to the distance between the bases of adjacent pyramids. 22. A machine for making non-woven fabric from a layer of initial fibrous material whose individual fiber elements can be moved under the influence of the applied fluid forces, characterized in that it comprises a rotatable hollow drum having several pyramids extending from the outer surface of said drum , wherein these pyramids are arranged axially and in circumference of the drum, that each of the pyramids has a top and a base and several sides extending from the top to the base, with the sides of the pyramids being at an angle greater than 55 relative to the surface of the drum. ° that this surface of the drum has several openings arranged according to a predetermined scheme, then devices for mounting this layer of fibers on the tops of the pyramids via a portion of the outer surface of the drum, devices positioned outside the drum for directing adjacent fluid flows simultaneously to said layer fibers and then to the pyramids and then through the openings and into the drum, a device for turning that drum, while said fluid is drawn to said outer surface, a device arranged inside the drum for removing fluid from the surface of the drum and a device for removing redistributed material from the surface of the drum. 23. A process for making non-woven fabric comprising openings formed by groups of fiber segments and interconnected by friction with a layer of arbitrarily arranged and folded fibers, the fibers being able to move due to the action of fluid forces, that it comprises abutting the layer locally in the area where it will be machined to maintain its integrity, moving the fiber segments in that layer while the layer is so abraded, away from the regions of the layer spaced from one another transversely and longitudinally, closer and more parallel to adjacent fiber segments located between said spaced regions, simultaneous movement of fiber segments in a circular path around fiber segments moving in greater proximity and increased parallelism, acting from the approximate center of each of adjacent pairs of separate areas with forces having opposite mean translational force components acting parallel to the plane of the layer and simultaneously acting rotational components of the force, wherein one part of these rotating force components acts in the plane of the fiber layer and parallel to that plane, while other rotational forces act in the plane of that fiber layer and perpendicular to this plane. 24. Non-woven fabric comprising several groups of yarn-like fibers, these groups being interconnected in joints by means of fibers common to several such groups to create a predetermined pattern of openings in the material indicated by the material having a transparency index of at least 0.5 and a calculated material density of at least 0.14 g / cm ³ . 25. Non-woven material according to claim 24, characterized in that the transparency index is at least 0.6. 26. Non-woven fabric according to claim 25, characterized in that the calculated fiber density is at least 0.15 g / cm ³ . 27. Non-woven material according to claim 24, characterized in that the transparency index is at least 0.75. 28. Non-woven fabric according to claim 27, characterized in that the calculated fiber density is at least 0.17 g / cm ³ .