SI26322A - Switch for irreversible interruption of the electrical circuit - Google Patents
Switch for irreversible interruption of the electrical circuit Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Stikalo za ireverzibilno prekinitev električnega tokokroga obsega električno neprevodno ohišje (1), v katerem sta vgrajena z oslabljenim osrednjim odsekom (23) opremljen primarni električni vodnik (2) in z vrzeljo (30) opremljen sekundarni električni vodnik (3). Z namenom, da bi bilo s pomočjo tovrstnega stikala možno učinkovito in v najkrajšem možnem času prekiniti električni tokokrog in obenem tudi odpraviti gorenje obloka, kadar se ta pojavi, sta v ohišju (1) na voljo primarna gasilna komora (12') insekundama gasilna komora (12"), ki sta na primeren način med seboj in z omenjenima električnima vodnikoma (2, 3) ter uporovno električno varovalko (4) s talilnim elementom (40) električno povezljivi na dva različna načina, namreč bodisi v prvem stanju stikala med regularnim delovanjem električnega tokokroga, ko se omenjen oslabljeni odsek (23) še nahaja v območju primarnega električnega vodnika (2), ali pa v drugem stanju stikala, ko je zaradi detekcije prekoračitve enega izmed parametrov velektričnem tokokrogu oslabljeni odsek (23) s pomočjo pirotehničnega aktivacijskega sredstva (111) in bata (110) premaknjen v območje vrzeli (30) v sekundarnem električnem vodniku (3).The switch for irreversible interruption of the electric circuit comprises an electrically non-conductive housing (1) in which a primary electric conductor (2) equipped with a weakened central section (23) and a secondary electric conductor (3) equipped with a gap (30) are embedded. In order to be able to effectively and in the shortest possible time interrupt the electric circuit with the help of this type of switch and at the same time eliminate the burning of the arc when it occurs, two primary extinguishing chambers (12') and secondary extinguishing chambers are available in the housing (1) (12"), which are electrically connectable to each other and to the mentioned electric conductors (2, 3) and the resistive electric fuse (4) with the fusing element (40) in two different ways, namely either in the first state of the switch between regular by the operation of the electric circuit, when the said weakened section (23) is still located in the area of the primary electrical conductor (2), or in another state of the switch, when due to the detection of exceeding one of the parameters, the electric circuit is weakened by the section (23) with the help of a pyrotechnic activation agent (111) and the piston (110) moved to the area of the gap (30) in the secondary electrical conductor (3).
Description
Stikalo za ireverzibilno prekinitev električnega tokokrogaSwitch for irreversible interruption of the electric circuit
Izum se nanaša na stikalo za ireverzibilno prekinitev enosmernega (DC) električnega tokokroga. Tovrstna stikala so predvidena zlasti za vgradnjo v električne tokokroge z visokimi nazivnimi tokovi, ki se na področju enosmernega napajanja pojavljajo za potrebe polnjenja in uporabe električnih vozil, v fotovoltaičnih sklopih, v nekaterih industrijski procesih ali pa pri uporabi naprav za hrambo električne energije. Tovrstni izumi so po mednarodni klasifikaciji patentov uvrščeni v razred H 01 H 9/30.The invention relates to a switch for irreversible interruption of a direct current (DC) electric circuit. This type of switches are designed especially for installation in electric circuits with high nominal currents, which occur in the field of direct current for the charging and use of electric vehicles, in photovoltaic assemblies, in certain industrial processes or when using devices for storing electricity. According to the international classification of patents, such inventions are classified in class H 01 H 9/30.
Pri tem je izum osnovan na problemu, kako zasnovati stikalo, ki bo vgradljivo v električni tokokrog prej omenjene vrste in s pomočjo katerega bo v trenutku, kadar bo to potrebno, zahvaljujoč njegovi visoki izklopni zmogljivosti električni tokokrog v najkrajšem možnem času, ki je znatno krajši od ene sekunde, učinkovito prekiniti, po aktiviranju stikala in s tem prekinitvi omenjenega tokokroga pa tudi zagotoviti in tudi trajno ohraniti čim večjo izolacijsko upornost.Here, the invention is based on the problem of how to design a switch that can be installed in an electric circuit of the aforementioned type and with the help of which, at the moment when it is necessary, thanks to its high switching capacity, the electric circuit will be switched off in the shortest possible time, which is significantly shorter from one second, to effectively interrupt, and after activating the switch and thus interrupting the mentioned circuit, also ensure and permanently maintain the highest possible insulation resistance.
V praksi to pomeni, da je tovrstno stikalo predvideno za prisilno prekinitev visokoenergijskega električnega tokokroga v primeru, kadar se med delovanjem tovrstnega tokokroga bodisi zaradi preobremenitve, okvare ali pa iz drugega razloga v tokokrogu vzpostavijo razmere, v katerih vsaj en vnaprej določen parameter preseže vnaprej določeno vrednost, ki terja prekinitev električnega tokokroga v najkrajšem možnem času, in sicer z učinkovitim in tudi ireverzibilnim t.j. trajnim ločevanjem vsakokratnega vira električne napetosti od porabnikov ali morebitnih še drugih virov električne napetosti ter pri tem med njimi zagotoviti tudi zadostno električno upornost. V številnih primerih v praksi tovrstna trenutna prekinitev električnega tokokroga ni preprosta, saj v te namene zlasti pri enosmernih električnih tokokrogih za prevajanje električnega toka zelo visoke jakosti, npr. več kot nekaj kA, zgolj mehanska prekinitev tokokroga ne zadostuje, ker se v območju mehanske prekinitve tokokroga takoj formira električni oblok, ki poleg drugih nevarnih stranskih učinkov še naprej vzdržuje električni tokokrog pod določeno napetostjo.In practice, this means that this type of switch is intended for the forced interruption of a high-energy electrical circuit in the event that during the operation of this type of circuit, either due to overload, malfunction or for some other reason, conditions are established in the circuit in which at least one predetermined parameter exceeds the predetermined a value that requires interruption of the electrical circuit in the shortest possible time, namely with an effective and also irreversible, i.e. by permanently separating the current source of electrical voltage from the consumers or any other sources of electrical voltage, and at the same time ensuring sufficient electrical resistance between them. In many cases, in practice, this kind of momentary interruption of the electric circuit is not simple, because for these purposes, especially in direct electric circuits for the conduction of an electric current of very high intensity, e.g. more than a few kA, mere mechanical interruption of the circuit is not sufficient, because in the area of mechanical interruption of the circuit an electric arc is immediately formed, which, in addition to other dangerous side effects, continues to maintain the electric circuit under a certain voltage.
S tem v zvezi je v WO 2017/136221 Al predlagano stikalo, ki je vgrajeno v zaprtem ohišju iz električno izolativnega materiala, skozi katero poteka električni vodnik, ki gaje pri vnaprej določenih pogojih potrebno prekiniti. Električni vodnik v obliki kovinskega traku obsega oslabljen dolžinski odsek, ki je na obeh koncih opremljen z oslabitvama. Pri tem je prva oslabitev tako prirejena, da se ob aktiviranju stikala material v območju prve oslabitve popolnoma prekine, druga oslabitev pa omogoča zgolj upogibanje oz. krivljenje materiala vodnika v območju le-te. Neposredno ob omenjenem oslabljenem dolžinskem odseku je v ohišju stikala predvidena zgorevalna komora, v kateri je vgrajeno pirotehnično potisno sredstvo s polnilom, ki vključuje ustrezne kemične reagente, ki sprožijo dovolj burno eksplozivno kemično reakcijo, da povišan pritisk v omenjeni komori povzroči prekinitev električnega vodnika v območju omenjenega oslabljenega dolžinskega odseka, pri čemer pa se slednji prestriže in s tem prekine samo na enem koncu, preostanek odtlej konzolno vpetega odseka pa v območju vpetja na preostalem koncu ukrivi vstran od samega električnega vodnika. V ta namen je v ohišju predviden primeren naslon, tako da ukrivljen oslabljen dolžinski odsek po aktiviranju stikala in prekinitvi omenjenega vodnika ostane ukrivljen v vnaprej določenem položaju. Kemično reakcijo v omenjenem pirotehničnem potisnem sredstvu sproži aktivacijska enota, ki se aktivira na podlagi signala iz tipala, ki je prirejeno za spremljanje vsaj ene fizikalne veličine v električnem tokokrogu, npr. električnega toka, tako da v trenutku, ko spremljana veličina preseže vnaprej določeno vrednost in tipalo to zazna, aktivacija sekundarnega polnila v aktivacijski enoti povzroči aktiviranje omenjenega primarnega polnila samega pirotehničnega potisnega sredstva. Po aktiviranju slednjega, ko se oslabljen odsek vodnika na enem koncu prekine in ukrivi v vnaprej določen položaj, se zlasti v primeru energijsko zelo obremenjenih električnih tokokrogov med konico ukrivljenega odseka vodnika in samim vodnikom lahko formira oblok. V tem kontekstu pa je v WO 2017/136221 Al nadalje predlagano, daje v notranjosti omenjene komore, in sicer v območju neposredno ob ukrivljenem odseku pred tem mehansko že prekinjenega električnega vodnika, na voljo sklop med seboj mehansko povezanih, na ustreznih medsebojnih razdaljah razporejenih ter med seboj električno izoliranih kovinskih ločilnih plošč, med katerimi je formirana množica gasilnih komor, tako da se z električnega vodnika vanje preusmerjen električni oblok tam potem razdeli na množico delnih oblokov, katerih učinki naj bi bili potem lažje obvladljivi in jih je v tako ločeni in oslabljeni obliki potem lažje odpraviti. Tak pristop razcepitve glavnega obloka na delne obloke je bi v stroki tudi že sicer znan, njegov namen pa je doseči, da se prvotni oblok v omenjenih komorah med lamelami razdeli na manjše obloke, tako da vsota katodnih in anodnih padcev napetosti v vsakem delnem obloku ustreza napetosti prvotnega obloka. Vendar pa je tovrsten pristop lahko učinkovit kvečjemu do določenega nivoja nazivne napetosti, potem pa ne več. V vsakem primeru pa mora biti v ohišju tovrstnega stikala predvidena tudi odprtina za izpust zgorevalnih plinov kot posledice aktiviranja omenjenih kemičnih reagentov in tudi gorenja obloka oz. oblokov, ker bi sicer zaradi dokaj nepredvidljivih razmer v notranjosti ohišja prišlo tudi do poškodbe oz. eksplozije samega ohišja stikala. Omenjena neobvladljivost razmer v notranjosti tovrstnega stikala, ki pravzaprav temelji zgolj na mehanski prekinitvi električnega obloka ob zavedanju, da bo v večini primerov do formacije obloka najbrž vendarle prišlo, kar pa potem rešujejo zgolj z neke vrste disipacijo razmeroma velike količine energije, v kombinaciji z nekontroliranim iztekanjem zgorevalnih plinov v dokaj nepredvidljivem časovnem obdobju, predstavlja resno pomanjkljivost v pogledu učinkovitosti prekinitve samega tokokroga, obenem pa tudi resno nevarnost za vse preostale komponente in tudi ves drug inventar v okolici tovrstnega stikala. Med drugim npr. plini, ki izstopajo iz ohišja tovrstnega stikala, lahko potem še deloma zgorevajoči in vroči pridejo v stik celo z vnetljivimi plini, ki nastajajo med polnjenjem baterij, ki se nahajajo v okolici stikala.In this regard, in WO 2017/136221 Al, a switch is proposed, which is installed in a closed housing made of electrically insulating material, through which an electrical conductor passes, which must be interrupted under predetermined conditions. The electrical conductor in the form of a metal strip comprises a weakened longitudinal section, which is equipped with attenuators at both ends. Here, the first weakening is arranged in such a way that when the switch is activated, the material in the area of the first weakening is completely broken, while the second weakening only enables bending or bending of the conductor material in its area. Directly next to the aforementioned weakened longitudinal section, a combustion chamber is provided in the switch housing, in which a pyrotechnic propellant is installed with a filler that includes appropriate chemical reagents that initiate a sufficiently violent explosive chemical reaction so that the increased pressure in the aforementioned chamber causes the interruption of the electrical conductor in the area of the aforementioned weakened longitudinal section, whereby the latter is cut and thus interrupted only at one end, and the remainder of the cantilever clamped section is then bent away from the electrical conductor itself in the clamping area at the remaining end. For this purpose, a suitable support is provided in the housing, so that the curved weakened length section remains curved in a predetermined position after the switch is activated and the said conductor is interrupted. The chemical reaction in the mentioned pyrotechnic propellant is initiated by the activation unit, which is activated on the basis of a signal from a sensor adapted to monitor at least one physical quantity in an electrical circuit, e.g. of electric current, so that at the moment when the monitored quantity exceeds a predetermined value and the sensor detects this, the activation of the secondary filler in the activation unit causes the activation of the mentioned primary filler of the pyrotechnic propellant itself. After the activation of the latter, when the weakened section of the conductor at one end is interrupted and bent into a predetermined position, an arc can form between the tip of the curved section of the conductor and the conductor itself, especially in the case of high-energy electrical circuits. In this context, it is further proposed in WO 2017/136221 Al that inside the mentioned chamber, namely in the area directly next to the curved section of the previously mechanically interrupted electrical conductor, a set of mechanically connected to each other, arranged at appropriate mutual distances and of mutually electrically insulated metal separating plates, between which a multitude of extinguishing chambers is formed, so that the electric arc diverted from the electric conductor to them is then divided into a multitude of partial arcs, the effects of which should then be easier to control and are thus separated and weakened the shape is then easier to eliminate. Such an approach of splitting the main arc into partial arcs is already known in the profession, and its purpose is to achieve that the original arc in the mentioned chambers between the lamellae is divided into smaller arcs, so that the sum of the cathodic and anodic voltage drops in each partial arc corresponds to voltages of the original arc. However, this kind of approach can only be effective up to a certain level of nominal voltage, but not beyond that. In any case, the housing of this type of switch must also have an opening for the release of combustion gases as a consequence of the activation of the mentioned chemical reagents and also the burning of the arc or arcs, because otherwise, due to the rather unpredictable conditions inside the case, there would also be damage or explosions of the switch housing itself. The mentioned uncontrollability of the conditions inside this type of switch, which is actually based only on the mechanical interruption of the electric arc, knowing that in most cases the formation of an arc will probably still occur, which is then solved only by a kind of dissipation of a relatively large amount of energy, in combination with an uncontrolled leakage of combustion gases in a fairly unpredictable period of time, represents a serious drawback in terms of the effectiveness of breaking the circuit itself, but also a serious danger for all remaining components and also all other inventory in the vicinity of this type of switch. Among other things, e.g. the gases coming out of the housing of this type of switch, still partially burning and hot, can even come into contact with the flammable gases that are produced during the charging of the batteries located in the vicinity of the switch.
Po drugi strani je v WO 2020/260382 Al opisana rešitev stikala za prekinitev električnega tokokroga, ki se ukvarja z dokaj podobno problematiko. Tudi v tem primeru gre za stikalo z ohišjem iz električno izolativnega materiala, skozi katero poteka električni vodnik, ki predstavlja del električnega tokokroga, v katerega je vgradljivo stikalo in ki gaje potrebno v določenih okoliščinah hitro in učinkovito prekiniti. Omenjen električni vodnik je v osrednjem območju v notranjosti ohišja oslabljen, tako daje njegov osrednji odsek na obeh koncih opremljen s primernima mehanskima oslabitvama. Nad oslabljenim električnim vodnikom je v notranjosti ohišja na voljo zgorevalna komora, v kateri je vstavljen v smeri proti njegovemu oslabljenemu osrednjemu območju premakljiv bat. Premik omenjenega bata se podobno kot pri predhodno opisani rešitvi iz WO 2017/136221 Al doseže z aktiviranjem eksplozivne kemične reakcije polnila pirotehničnega stikala na podlagi signala s tipala za zaznavanje vsaj enega parametra v električnem tokokrogu. Na nasprotni strani električnega vodnika je v notranjosti ohišja na voljo gasilna komora za gašenje obloka, ki se pojavi ob prekinitvi električnega vodnika po aktiviranju pirotehničnega stikala. V enem izmed primerov izvedbe je predvideno, da po aktiviranju pirotehničnega stikala bat med premikanjem prekine električni vodnik zgolj na enem koncu in ga zakrivi vstran, tako da po tistem vodnik postane sicer mehansko prekinjen in kot tak električno neprevoden, vendar pa med preostankom vodnika in zakrivljenim osrednjim območjem v gasilni komori lahko še vedno lahko zagori oblok, ki pa naj bi postopoma vendarle ugasnil. V primeru razmeroma nizkega toka se to dejansko tudi zgodi, pri močnejšem električnem toku pa oblok gori še naprej, kar v praksi pomeni, daje se ob prekinjenem glavnem vodniku skozi gasilno komoro vzpostavi paralelne električno prevodna pot in da je tokokrog navzlic aktiviranju stikala in prekinitvi glavnega električnega vodnika tokokrog dejansko še vedno pod napetostjo. Med gorenjem obloka se ob povišani temperaturi sproščajo tudi plini, zato se v notranjosti ohišja tlak povečuje. Zahvaljujoč temu fenomenu je potem v zgorevalni komori v bližini gorenja obloka vgrajeno stikalo, kije hkrati v funkciji tipala, ki se pri dovolj visokem tlaku in/ali temperaturi v zgorevalni komori poruši in s tem v električni tokokrog zaporedno poveže tudi uporovno varovalko, skozi katero potem lahko teče preostali tok, dokler se talilni element varovalke ne pretali. Če odpove tudi to, bi oblok lahko načeloma gorel še naprej. Že sama vgradnja elementa, ki je kombinacija tipala in stikala, v območje gasilne komore v neposredni bližini bodisi komajda ali pa silovito gorečega obloka lahko privede do številnih vprašanj in pomislekov glede zanesljivosti odzivanja tovrstnega stikala v zares kritičnih razmerah in vsekakor tudi po določenem času, ki preteče od vgradnje stikala v tokokrog. Nenazadnje, celo od stikala v električnem vozilu, kije npr. med desetletno uporabo vozila vseskozi izpostavljeno tresljajem, temperaturnim spremembam in spreminjajoči se zračni vlagi, uporabnik upravičeno pričakuje, da bo v primeru okvare ali trka zmožno brezpogojno in učinkovito prekiniti električni tokokrog. V nadaljnjem primeru izvedbe po WO 2020/260382 Al pa je predvideno, da bat iz električnega vodnika izbije celoten osrednji del in s tem v vodniku ustvari vrzel. Tako odstranjen osrednji del električnega vodnika se premakne v zgorevalno komoro. Po tovrstni prekinitvi električnega vodnika oblok začne goreti na obeh koncih preostanka električnega vodnika vzdolž bata v smeri proti notranjosti gasilne komore, na tej njegovi poti pa ga prestrežejo z električnima vodnikoma, ki vodita do električne uporovne varovalke s talilnim elementom, ki je po vzpostavitvi električnega tokokroga zaporedno vezana s preostankom prekinjenega električnega vodnika skozi stikalo. Za taljenje talilnega elementa varovalke naj bi porabili toliko energije, da bi zaradi tega medtem ugasnil oblok. Včasih je to sicer res, v primeru izdatnejšega napajanja električnega tokokroga pa lahko tudi ne, zato je v WO 2020/260382 Al predvidena tudi možnost, daje omenjena varovalka na voljo kot kombinacija dveh ali več med seboj vzporedno vezanih uporovnih varovalk, kar terja dodaten prostor in znatno poveča volumski obseg stikala, obenem pa tudi znatno podaljša čas, ki je potreben za učinkovito prekinitev tokokroga.On the other hand, WO 2020/260382 A1 describes a circuit breaker solution that deals with a fairly similar issue. In this case, too, it is a switch with a housing made of electrically insulating material, through which an electric conductor passes, which represents part of the electric circuit, into which the switch is built-in and which must be quickly and effectively interrupted in certain circumstances. Said electrical conductor is weakened in the central area inside the housing, so that its central section is equipped with suitable mechanical weakenings at both ends. Above the weakened electrical conductor, a combustion chamber is provided inside the housing, in which a movable piston is inserted in the direction towards its weakened central region. The movement of the mentioned piston, similar to the previously described solution from WO 2017/136221 Al, is achieved by activating the explosive chemical reaction of the pyrotechnic switch filler based on the signal from the sensor for detecting at least one parameter in the electrical circuit. On the opposite side of the electrical conductor, there is an extinguishing chamber inside the housing for extinguishing the arc that occurs when the electrical conductor is interrupted after the pyrotechnic switch is activated. In one of the implementation examples, it is envisaged that after the activation of the pyrotechnic switch, the piston breaks the electrical conductor at one end only and bends it to the side during movement, so that after that the conductor becomes mechanically interrupted and as such electrically non-conductive, but between the rest of the conductor and the curved the central areas in the fire chamber may still be able to ignite an arc, but it should gradually go out. In the case of a relatively low current, this actually happens, but with a stronger electric current, the arc continues to burn, which in practice means that when the main conductor is interrupted, a parallel electrical conduction path is established through the extinguishing chamber and that the circuit is close to activating the switch and interrupting the main of the electrical conductor the circuit is actually still live. During the burning of the arc, gases are also released due to the increased temperature, which is why the pressure inside the housing increases. Thanks to this phenomenon, a switch is then installed in the combustion chamber near the burning of the arc, which at the same time functions as a sensor, which collapses when the pressure and/or temperature in the combustion chamber is sufficiently high, thereby connecting the resistance fuse in series to the electrical circuit, through which then residual current can flow until the fuse fuse melts. If this also fails, the arc could in principle continue to burn. The very installation of an element, which is a combination of a sensor and a switch, in the area of the fire chamber in the immediate vicinity of either barely or violently burning arc can lead to many questions and concerns regarding the reliability of the response of this type of switch in really critical conditions and certainly also after a certain time, which elapses from the installation of the switch in the circuit. Last but not least, even from a switch in an electric vehicle, which e.g. during the ten-year use of the vehicle, constantly exposed to vibrations, temperature changes and changing air humidity, the user rightly expects that in the event of a breakdown or collision, it will be able to unconditionally and effectively break the electrical circuit. In a further example of the embodiment according to WO 2020/260382 Al, it is envisaged that the piston knocks out the entire central part from the electrical conductor and thereby creates a gap in the conductor. The central part of the electrical conductor thus removed is moved into the combustion chamber. After such interruption of the electric conductor, the arc begins to burn at both ends of the remaining electric conductor along the piston in the direction towards the interior of the extinguishing chamber, and on this path it is intercepted by the electric conductors leading to the electric resistance fuse with the melting element, which after the establishment of the electric circuit connected in series with the remainder of the broken electrical conductor through the switch. To melt the fusible element of the fuse, so much energy should be used that the arc would be extinguished in the meantime. Sometimes this is true, but in the case of a more abundant power supply of the electric circuit, it may not be, which is why WO 2020/260382 Al also provides for the possibility of making the mentioned fuse available as a combination of two or more resistance fuses connected in parallel with each other, which requires additional space and significantly increases the volume range of the circuit breaker, while also significantly increasing the time required to effectively break the circuit.
Pričujoči izum se nanaša na stikalo za ireverzibilno prekinitev električnega tokokroga, pri čemer tovrstno stikalo v splošnem obsega ohišje iz električno neprevodnega materiala, skozi katero poteka primarni električni vodnik z vsaksebi ven iz ohišja štrlečima priključnima koncema kot tudi z oslabljenim, v notranjosti ohišja razporejenim odsekom. V notranjosti omenjenega ohišja, in sicer v območju nad omenjenim oslabljenim odsekom primarnega električnega vodnika, je na voljo zgorevalna komora, v kateri je vstavljen v smeri proti omenjenemu oslabljenemu odseku primarnega električnega vodnika premakljiv bat, poleg katerega je v omenjeni zgorevalni komori predvideno pirotehnično aktivacijsko sredstvo, ki vključuje za povzročitev dovolj burne kemične reakcije v obliki eksplozije primerne kemične reagente in ki ga je možno aktivirati na osnovi električnega signala, prejetega iz primerne senzorske enote za spremljanje in ovrednotenje vsaj enega fizikalnega parametra v električnem tokokrogu, v katerega je tovrstno stikalo vključeno, tako da eksplozija omenjenih kemičnih reagentov zadostuje za premik omenjenega bata v smeri proti oslabljenemu odseku primarnega električnega vodnika in tudi za ustvarjanje zadostne sile v smeri proti slednjemu. Razen tega je v notranjosti omenjenega ohišja pod primarnim električnim vodnikom na voljo gasilna komora, ki sestoji iz množice med seboj vsaj približno vzporedno razmaknjenih električno prevodnih, vendar med seboj električno izoliranih plošč, ki so razporejene v območju med primarnim električnim vodnikom in dnom gasilne komore. Slednja je preko sekundarnega električnega vodnika električno povezana z uporovno varovalko s talilnim elementom, ki je po drugi strani električno povezana s primarnim električnim vodnikom, tako da se po vključitvi stikala v električni tokokrog ob aktiviranju pirotehničnega aktivacijskega sredstva in trku bata v oslabljen odsek primarnega električnega vodnika primarni električni vodnik na mestu oslabljenega odseka zahvaljujoč odstranitvi slednjega prekine in kot tak postane električno nepreveden, v primeru pojava električnega obloka pa je slednji usmerjen vzdolž omenjenih plošč gasilne komore, v območju katerih se oblok postopoma razdeli na delne obloke, obenem pa je po izbiri pri vnaprej določenih pogojih vzpostavljiva tudi električna povezava obloka s sekundarnim električnim vodnikom in preko slednjega tudi z omenjeno električno uporovno varovalko, povezano s primarnim električnim vodnikom.The present invention relates to a switch for irreversible interruption of an electrical circuit, whereby this type of switch generally comprises a housing made of electrically non-conductive material, through which passes a primary electrical conductor with connecting ends protruding from each other out of the housing, as well as a weakened section arranged inside the housing. Inside the said housing, namely in the area above the said weakened section of the primary electrical conductor, there is a combustion chamber in which a movable piston is inserted in the direction towards the said weakened section of the primary electrical conductor, next to which a pyrotechnic activation agent is provided in the said combustion chamber , which includes chemical reagents suitable for causing a sufficiently violent chemical reaction in the form of an explosion and which can be activated based on an electrical signal received from a suitable sensor unit for monitoring and evaluating at least one physical parameter in the electrical circuit in which this type of switch is included, so that the explosion of said chemical reagents is sufficient to move said piston in the direction towards the weakened section of the primary electrical conductor and also to generate a sufficient force in the direction towards the latter. Apart from that, an extinguishing chamber is available inside the mentioned housing under the primary electrical conductor, which consists of a set of electrically conductive plates, spaced at least approximately parallel to each other, but electrically isolated from each other, which are arranged in the area between the primary electrical conductor and the bottom of the extinguishing chamber. The latter is electrically connected via a secondary electrical conductor to a resistance fuse with a fusible element, which, on the other hand, is electrically connected to the primary electrical conductor, so that after the switch is included in the electrical circuit, upon activation of the pyrotechnic activation agent and impact, the plunger is pushed into the weakened section of the primary electrical conductor the primary electric conductor at the place of the weakened section breaks thanks to the removal of the latter and as such becomes electrically non-conductive, and in the event of an electric arc, the latter is directed along the aforementioned plates of the extinguishing chamber, in the area of which the arc is gradually divided into partial arcs, and at the same time, optionally at under predetermined conditions, the electrical connection of the arc with the secondary electrical conductor and, via the latter, also with the mentioned electric resistance fuse connected to the primary electrical conductor can also be established.
Po izumu pa je v kontekstu rešitve uvodoma zastavljenega tehničnega problema predvideno, da tovrstno stikalo vključuje še nadaljnje značilnosti, namrečAccording to the invention, in the context of the solution to the technical problem posed in the introduction, it is envisaged that this type of switch includes further features, namely
- da je omenjen električno prevoden in mehansko oslabljen odsek ob aktiviranju pirotehničnega sredstva ter premiku bata in trku obenj na obeh svojih koncih in kot tak v celoti odstranljiv iz vsakršnega stika s primarnim električnim vodnikom, namreč da je kot tak in v celoti premakljiv v smeri proti dnu gasilne komore, pri tem pa je omenjen oslabljeni odsek na svoji proti dnu gasilne komore obrnjeni spodnji strani na vsakem koncu opremljen s po enim v smeri poševno proti dnu gasilne komore usmerjenim usmerjevalnim krilcem, tako da krilci na obeh koncih na spodnji strani odseka štrlita vsaksebi in navzdol proti dnu gasilne komore;- that the mentioned electrically conductive and mechanically weakened section upon activation of the pyrotechnic device and movement of the piston and collision with it at both ends and as such is completely removable from any contact with the primary electrical conductor, namely that it is as such and fully movable in the direction against at the bottom of the fire chamber, and in this case, the said weakened section on its lower side facing the bottom of the fire chamber is equipped at each end with one guide vane directed obliquely towards the bottom of the fire chamber, so that the wings at both ends on the lower side of the section protrude from each other and down towards the bottom of the fire chamber;
- da je nadalje sekundami električni vodnik v notranjosti gasilne komore v ohišju razporejen v območju dna gasilne komore in sestoji iz električno prevodnega materiala, vendar je sam kot tak električno neprevoden, ker je med regularnim delovanjem v električni tokokrog vključenega stikala prekinjen z vrzeljo, eden izmed njegovih električno prevodnih odsekov pa je električno povezan z električno uporovno varovalko s talilnim elementom,- that, furthermore, for seconds, the electrical conductor inside the fire chamber in the housing is arranged in the area of the bottom of the fire chamber and consists of an electrically conductive material, but as such is electrically non-conductive, because during regular operation of the switch included in the electrical circuit, it is interrupted by a gap, one of of its electrically conductive sections is electrically connected to an electrical resistance fuse with a fusing element,
- da gasilna komora sestoji iz primarne gasilne komore, ki je razporejena v notranjosti ohišja na eni strani oslabljenega odseka primarnega električnega vodnika med primarnim električnim vodnikom in prvim odsekom sekundarnega električnega vodnika v območju dna ter je električno povezana s prvim odsekom sekundarnega električnega vodnika, kot tudi iz sekundarne gasilne komore, ki je razporejena v notranjosti ohišja na nasprotni strani oslabljenega odseka primarnega električnega vodnika med slednjim in drugim odsekom sekundarnega električnega vodnika v območju dna ter je električno povezana z drugim odsekom sekundarnega električnega vodnika, s katerim je električno povezana električna uporovna varovalka, ki je po drugi strani električno povezana s primarnim električnim vodnikom; kot tudi,- that the extinguishing chamber consists of a primary extinguishing chamber, which is arranged inside the housing on one side of the weakened section of the primary electrical conductor between the primary electrical conductor and the first section of the secondary electrical conductor in the area of the bottom and is electrically connected to the first section of the secondary electrical conductor, as well as from the secondary extinguishing chamber, which is arranged inside the housing on the opposite side of the weakened section of the primary electrical conductor between the latter and the second section of the secondary electrical conductor in the area of the bottom and is electrically connected to the second section of the secondary electrical conductor, to which the electric resistance fuse is electrically connected, which in turn is electrically connected to the primary electrical conductor; as well as,
- da je omenjen oslabljeni odsek primarnega električnega vodnika na proti dnu gasilne komore obrnjeni strani v območju med omenjenima krilcema opremljen s konusno izbočitvijo, ki je z zadostno silo z zagozdenjem vstavljiva v vrzel sekundarnega električnega vodnika in po tistem iz vrzeli neodstranljiva.- that the mentioned weakened section of the primary electrical conductor on the side facing the bottom of the fire chamber in the area between the mentioned two wings is equipped with a conical protrusion, which can be inserted into the gap of the secondary electrical conductor by jamming with sufficient force and cannot be removed from the gap after that.
V enem od možnih primerov izvedbe izuma je predvideno, da vsaj tisti električno prevoden odsek izmed obeh med seboj z vrzeljo prekinjenih električno prevodnih odsekov sekundarnega električnega vodnik, ki je v notranjosti ohišja električno povezan s sekundarno gasilno komoro , obenem pa tudi z uporovno varovalko, štrli ven iz ohišja.In one of the possible examples of implementation of the invention, it is envisaged that at least that electrically conductive section of the two electrically conductive sections of the secondary electrical conductor interrupted by a gap, which is electrically connected inside the housing to the secondary extinguishing chamber and at the same time to the resistance fuse, protrudes out of the case.
Možna je tudi izvedba stikale po izumu, pri kateri oba v notranjosti ohišja med seboj z vrzeljo prekinjena električno prevodna odseka sekundarnega električnega vodnika štrlita ven iz ohišja in vsaksebi.It is also possible to implement the switch according to the invention, in which both electrically conductive sections of the secondary electrical conductor, interrupted by a gap inside the housing, protrude out of the housing and towards each other.
Pri prednostni izvedbi izuma je električna uporovna varovalka razporejena izven ohišja in je pri tem električno povezana po eni strani z izven ohišja štrlečim drugim odsekom sekundarnega električnega vodnika, ki je v notranjosti ohišja električno povezan s sekundarno gasilno komoro, in po drugi strani z izven ohišja štrlečim in na strani sekundarne gasilne komore razporejenim drugim koncem primarnega vodnika.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the electric resistance fuse is arranged outside the housing and is electrically connected on the one hand to the second section of the secondary electrical conductor protruding from the outside of the housing, which is electrically connected to the secondary fire chamber inside the housing, and on the other hand to the protruding outside of the housing and on the side of the secondary fire chamber to the second end of the primary conductor arranged.
Se nadalje je za stikalo po izumu značilno, da sta v stanju, kadar oslabljen odsek predstavlja integralni del primarnega električnega vodnika, primarna gasilna komora in sekundarna gasilna komora med seboj električno povezani zaporedno, električna povezava do električne uporovne varovalke pa je v takem stanju v območju vrzeli prekinjena, po drugi strani pa sta v drugem stanju po ločitvi oslabljenega odseka od primarnega vodnika in premiku omenjenega oslabljenega dela v vrzel odtlej električno prevodnega sekundarnega vodnika med seboj zaporedno električno povezana primarna gasilna komora in električna varovalka, ki je obenem električno povezana s primarnim električnim vodnikom, medtem ko je povezava do sekundarne gasilne komore prekinjena v območju po odstranitvi oslabljenega odseka nastale vrzeli v primarnem električnem vodniku. Pri eno od izvedb izuma so vrzeli med ploščami vsaj ene izmed omenjenih gasilnih komor zapolnjene s kremenčevim peskom v granulaciji, primerni za gašenje obloka.Furthermore, the switch according to the invention is characterized in that, in the state when the weakened section represents an integral part of the primary electrical conductor, the primary extinguishing chamber and the secondary extinguishing chamber are electrically connected to each other in series, and the electrical connection to the electric resistance fuse in such a state is in the range the gaps are interrupted, and on the other hand, in the second state, after the separation of the weakened section from the primary conductor and the movement of the said weakened part into the gap of the electrically conductive secondary conductor from there, the primary extinguishing chamber and the electrical fuse are electrically connected to each other in series, which is also electrically connected to the primary electrical conductor, while the connection to the secondary fire chamber is interrupted in the area after the removal of the weakened section of the resulting gap in the primary electric conductor. In one of the embodiments of the invention, the gaps between the plates of at least one of the mentioned extinguishing chambers are filled with quartz sand in granulation, suitable for extinguishing the arc.
Izum bo v nadaljevanju podrobneje obrazložen s primerom izvedbe, ki je ponazorjen na priloženi skici, kjer kažeIn the following, the invention will be explained in more detail with an example of implementation, which is illustrated in the attached sketch, where it shows
Sl. 1 shematično ponazorjeno stikalo po izumu v stanju vgradnje v električni tokokrog in med regularnim delovanjem električnega tokokroga;fig. 1 schematically illustrated switch according to the invention in the state of installation in the electrical circuit and during regular operation of the electrical circuit;
Sl. 2 stikalo po Sl. 1 neposredno po aktiviranju pirotehničnega sredstva in prekinitvi primarnega električnega vodnika;fig. 2 switch according to Fig. 1 directly after the activation of the pyrotechnic device and interruption of the primary electrical conductor;
Sl. 3 stikalo po Sl. 1 po aktiviranju pirotehničnega sredstva in neposredno pred vstopom oslabljenega odseka primarnega električnega vodnika v vrzel v sekundarnem električnem vodniku;fig. 3 switch according to Fig. 1 after the activation of the pyrotechnic device and immediately before the weakened section of the primary electrical conductor enters the gap in the secondary electrical conductor;
Sl. 4 stikalo po Sl. 1 po aktiviranju pirotehničnega sredstva in neposredno po zagozdenju oslabljenega odseka primarnega električnega vodnika v vrzel v sekundarnem električnem vodniku;fig. 4 switch according to Fig. 1 after the activation of the pyrotechnic device and directly after the jamming of the weakened section of the primary electrical conductor in the gap in the secondary electrical conductor;
Sl. 5 stikalo po Sl. 1 po aktiviranju pirotehničnega sredstva in po zagozdenju oslabljenega odseka primarnega električnega vodnika v vrzel v sekundarnem električnem vodniku in po prekinitvi električnega tokokroga v območju talilne varovalke;fig. 5 switch according to Fig. 1 after activating the pyrotechnic device and after jamming the weakened section of the primary electrical conductor into the gap in the secondary electrical conductor and after interrupting the electrical circuit in the area of the fuse;
Sl. 6 pa shematično ponazorjeno električno povezavo primarne in sekundarne gasilne komore ter uporovne električne varovalke v stanju po aktivaciji stikala.fig. 6 schematically illustrates the electrical connection of the primary and secondary extinguishing chamber and the resistance electric fuse in the state after the switch has been activated.
Stikalo za ireverzibilno prekinitev električnega tokokroga, ki je shematično in v različnih stanjih med delovanjem prikazano na Sl. 1 - 5, obsega ohišje 1, ki sestoji iz električno neprevodnega materiala. Skozi ohišje 1 poteka primarni električni vodnik 2 z vsaksebi ven iz ohišja 1 štrlečima priključnima koncema 21, 22, v območju katerih je stikalo vgradljivo v vsakokraten električni tokokrog, kot tudi z oslabljenim, v notranjosti ohišja 1 razporejenim odsekom 23 omenjenega primarnega električnega vodnika 2.The switch for irreversible interruption of the electric circuit, which is shown schematically and in different states during operation in Fig. 1 - 5, comprises a housing 1, which consists of an electrically non-conductive material. The primary electrical conductor 2 passes through the housing 1 with connecting ends 21, 22 protruding from each other out of the housing 1, in the area of which the switch can be installed in each electrical circuit, as well as with a weakened section 23 of said primary electrical conductor 2 arranged inside the housing 1.
Nadalje je v notranjosti omenjenega ohišja 1, in sicer v območju nad omenjenim oslabljenim odsekom 23 primarnega električnega vodnika 2, na voljo zgorevalna komora 11, v kateri je vstavljen v smeri proti omenjenemu oslabljenemu odseku 23 primarnega električnega vodnika 2 premakljiv bat 110, poleg katerega je v omenjeni zgorevalni komori 11 predvideno pirotehnično aktivacijsko sredstvo 111, ki vključuje za povzročitev dovolj burne kemične reakcije v obliki eksplozije primerne kemične reagente in ki ga je možno aktivirati na osnovi električnega signala, prejetega iz primerne senzorske enote za spremljanje in ovrednotenje vsaj enega fizikalnega parametra v električnem tokokrogu, v katerega je tovrstno stikalo vključeno, tako da eksplozija omenjenih kemičnih reagentov zadostuje za premik omenjenega bata 110 v smeri proti oslabljenemu odseku 23 primarnega električnega vodnika 2 in ustvarjanje zadostne sile v smeri proti oslabljenemu odseku 23. V osnovi gre za pirotehnično stikalo, ki se ga lahko aktivira npr. v primeru, kadar tipalo v električnem tokokrogu skozi primarni vodnik 2 stikala zazna vrednost električnega toka, ki preseže vnaprej določeno mejno vrednost, lahko pa tudi pri drugačnih vnaprej določenih pogojih. Kemični reagenti so lahko enaki ali podobni kot pri ostalih pirotehničnih sredstvih v stikalih, znanih iz stanja tehnike. Eksplozija ob reakciji kemičnih reagentov mora v omenjeni zgorevalni komori 11 ustvariti vsaj tolikšen pritisk, da po eksploziji bat 110 med premikanjem zadene ob oslabljeno območje 23 primarnega električnega vodnika 2 s tolikšno vnaprej predvideno silo, da iz primarnega električnega vodnika 2 izbije oslabljen odsek, tako da po tistem v primarnem vodniku 2 nastane vrzel in zato kot tak postane električno neprevoden.Furthermore, inside said housing 1, namely in the area above said weakened section 23 of the primary electrical conductor 2, there is a combustion chamber 11, in which a movable piston 110 is inserted in the direction towards said weakened section 23 of the primary electrical conductor 2, next to which in the aforementioned combustion chamber 11, a pyrotechnic activation means 111 is provided, which includes suitable chemical reagents to cause a sufficiently violent chemical reaction in the form of an explosion and which can be activated on the basis of an electrical signal received from a suitable sensor unit for monitoring and evaluating at least one physical parameter in electric circuit in which this type of switch is included, so that the explosion of the mentioned chemical reagents is sufficient to move the mentioned piston 110 in the direction towards the weakened section 23 of the primary electric conductor 2 and create a sufficient force in the direction towards the weakened section 23. It is basically a pyrotechnic switch, which can be activated e.g. in the case when the sensor in the electric circuit through the primary conductor 2 of the switch detects the value of the electric current, which exceeds the predetermined limit value, but it can also be under different predetermined conditions. The chemical reagents may be the same or similar to those of other pyrotechnic means in switches known from the state of the art. The explosion during the reaction of the chemical reagents must create at least such a pressure in the mentioned combustion chamber 11 that, after the explosion, the piston 110 hits the weakened area 23 of the primary electrical conductor 2 during movement with such a predetermined force that the weakened section is knocked out of the primary electrical conductor 2, so that after that, a gap is formed in the primary conductor 2 and therefore becomes electrically non-conductive as such.
Se nadalje je v notranjosti omenjenega ohišja 1 pod primarnim električnim vodnikom 2 na voljo gasilna komora 12, ki sestoji iz množice med seboj vsaj približno vzporedno razmaknjenih električno prevodnih, vendar med seboj električno izoliranih plošč 120', 120, 120', ki so razporejene v območju med primarnim električnim vodnikom 2 in dnom 125 gasilne komore 12. Plošče so lahko npr. jeklene, v splošnem pa lahko sestojijo tudi iz drugega dovolj trdnega in tudi pri povišani temperaturi obstojnega kovinskega materiala. Gasilna komora 12 je v splošnem preko sekundarnega električnega vodnika 3 električno povezana z uporovno varovalko 4 s talilnim elementom 40, ki je po drugi strani električno povezana s primarnim električnim vodnikom 2, tako da se po vključitvi stikala v električni tokokrog in ob aktiviranju pirotehničnega aktivacijskega sredstva 111 ter temu sledečem trku bata 110 v oslabljen odsek 23 primarnega električnega vodnika 2 kot rečeno primarni električni vodnik 2 na mestu oslabljenega odseka 23 zahvaljujoč odstranitvi slednjega prekine in kot tak postane električno neprevoden. Kadar po izbijanju oslabljenega odseka 23 iz primarnega vodnika 2 zagori oblok, ta potem sledi izbitemu oslabljenemu odseku 23 in se usmeri vzdolž omenjenih plošč 120', 120, 120' gasilne komore 12, v območju katerih pa se oblok potem postopoma razdeli na delne obloke. Pri tovrstnem stikalu je v splošnem tudi predvideno, daje po izbiri, zlasti pri vnaprej določenih pogojih, vzpostavljiva tudi električna povezava obloka s sekundarnim električnim vodnikom 3 in preko slednjega tudi z omenjeno električno uporovno varovalko 4, povezano s primarnim električnim vodnikom 2.Furthermore, inside said housing 1, below the primary electrical conductor 2, there is an extinguishing chamber 12, which consists of a plurality of electrically conductive plates 120', 120, 120', which are at least approximately parallel to each other and are electrically insulated from each other, which are arranged in the area between the primary electrical conductor 2 and the bottom 125 of the extinguishing chamber 12. The panels can be e.g. steel, but in general they can also consist of another metal material that is strong enough and stable even at elevated temperatures. The extinguishing chamber 12 is generally electrically connected via the secondary electrical conductor 3 to the resistance fuse 4 with the melting element 40, which, on the other hand, is electrically connected to the primary electrical conductor 2, so that after switching on the switch in the electrical circuit and upon activation of the pyrotechnic activation means 111 and the subsequent impact of the piston 110 into the weakened section 23 of the primary electrical conductor 2 as said primary electrical conductor 2 at the site of the weakened section 23 breaks thanks to the removal of the latter and as such becomes electrically non-conductive. When, after the weakened section 23 is knocked out of the primary conductor 2, an arc ignites, it then follows the knocked out weakened section 23 and is directed along the mentioned plates 120', 120, 120' of the extinguishing chamber 12, in the area of which the arc is then gradually divided into partial arcs. In this type of switch, it is generally also provided, and optionally, especially under predetermined conditions, the electrical connection of the arc to the secondary electrical conductor 3 and via the latter also to the aforementioned electric resistance fuse 4 connected to the primary electrical conductor 2 can be established.
V kontekstu rešitve uvodoma zastavljenega problema je pri stikalu po Sl. 1 - 5 predvideno da je omenjen električno prevoden in mehansko oslabljen odsek 23 ob aktiviranju pirotehničnega sredstva 111 ter temu ustreznemu premiku bata 110 in potem trku obenj na obeh svojih koncih 231, 232 in kot tak v celoti odstranljiv iz vsakršnega stika s primarnim električnim vodnikom 2. To pomeni, da odstranljiv oslabljeni odsek 23 ni zgolj prekinjen na enem koncu 231, 232 in potem zakrivljen, temveč je prekinjen na obeh koncih 231, 232 in kot tak v celoti odstranjen iz območja primarnega električnega vodnika 2, v katerem je odtlej prisotna ustrezna vrzel. Oslabljeni odsek 23 je torej po trku bata 110 obenj kot tak in v celoti ločljiv od primarnega električnega vodnika 2 in premakljiv v smeri proti dnu 125 gasilne komore 12.In the context of solving the problem posed in the introduction, the switch according to Fig. 1 - 5 it is provided that the mentioned electrically conductive and mechanically weakened section 23 upon activation of the pyrotechnic means 111 and this corresponding movement of the piston 110 and then the collision with it at both ends 231, 232 and as such is completely removable from any contact with the primary electrical conductor 2 This means that the removable weakened section 23 is not simply interrupted at one end 231, 232 and then bent, but is interrupted at both ends 231, 232 and as such is completely removed from the area of the primary electrical conductor 2, in which the corresponding gap. The weakened section 23 is therefore, after the impact of the piston 110, both as such and completely separable from the primary electrical conductor 2 and movable in the direction towards the bottom 125 of the fire chamber 12.
Razen tega je po izumu tudi predvideno, da je omenjen oslabljeni odsek 23 na svoji proti dnu 125 gasilne komore 12 obrnjeni spodnji strani 230 na vsakem koncu 231, 232 opremljen s po enim v smeri poševno proti dnu 125 gasilne komore 12 usmerjenim usmerjevalnim krilcem 23Γ, 232', tako da krilci 23Γ, 232' na obeh koncih 231, 232 na spodnji strani odseka 23 štrlita vsaksebi in navzdol proti dnu 125 gasilne komore 12. Pomen in učinek omenjenih 23 Γ, 232' krilc v kontekstu obravnavanega izuma bosta pojasnjena v nadaljevanju.Apart from that, according to the invention, it is also provided that the mentioned weakened section 23 on its lower side 230 facing the bottom 125 of the fire chamber 12 is equipped at each end 231, 232 with one guide vane 23Γ directed obliquely towards the bottom 125 of the fire chamber 12, 232', so that the winglets 23Γ, 232' at both ends 231, 232 on the lower side of the section 23 protrude towards each other and downward towards the bottom 125 of the fire chamber 12. The meaning and effect of the mentioned winglets 23Γ, 232' in the context of the present invention will be explained below .
Se nadalje je za stikalo po izumu značilno, da je sekundami električni vodnik 3 v notranjosti gasilne komore 12; 12', 12 v ohišju 1 razporejen v območju dna 125 gasilne komore 12; 12', 12 in sestoji iz električno prevodnega materiala, vendar pa je sam kot tak električno neprevoden, ker je med regularnim delovanjem v električni tokokrog vključenega stikala prekinjen z vrzeljo 30, eden izmed njegovih električno prevodnih odsekov 31, 32 pa je električno povezan z električno uporovno varovalko 4 s talilnim elementom 40.Furthermore, the switch according to the invention is characterized by the fact that the electrical conductor 3 is inside the extinguishing chamber 12; 12', 12 in the housing 1 arranged in the area of the bottom 125 of the fire chamber 12; 12', 12 and consists of an electrically conductive material, but as such is electrically non-conductive, because during regular operation of the switch included in the electrical circuit it is interrupted by a gap 30, and one of its electrically conductive sections 31, 32 is electrically connected to the electrical resistance fuse 4 with fuse 40.
Nadalje je za stikalo po izumu značilna tudi zasnova gasilne komore 12, ki sestoji iz primarne gasilne komore 12', kije razporejena v notranjosti ohišja 1 na eni strani oslabljenega odseka 23 primarnega električnega vodnika 2 v območju med primarnim električnim vodnikom 2 in prvim odsekom 31 sekundarnega električnega vodnika 3 v območju dna 125 ter je električno povezana s prvim odsekom 31 sekundarnega električnega vodnika 3, kot tudi iz sekundarne gasilne komore 12, ki je razporejena v notranjosti ohišja 1 na nasprotni strani oslabljenega odseka 23 primarnega električnega vodnika 2 med slednjim in drugim odsekom 32 sekundarnega električnega vodnika 3 v območju dna 125 ter je električno povezana z drugim odsekom 32 sekundarnega električnega vodnika 3, s katerim je električno povezana električna uporovna varovalka 4, ki je po drugi strani električno povezana s primarnim električnim vodnikom 2. Pri eni od izvedb izuma je nadalje predvideno, da so vrzeli med ploščami 120', 120, 120' vsaj ene izmed omenjenih gasilnih komor 12; 12', 12 zapolnjene s kremenčevim peskom.Furthermore, the switch according to the invention is also characterized by the design of the extinguishing chamber 12, which consists of a primary extinguishing chamber 12', which is arranged inside the housing 1 on one side of the weakened section 23 of the primary electrical conductor 2 in the area between the primary electrical conductor 2 and the first section 31 of the secondary of the electrical conductor 3 in the area of the bottom 125 and is electrically connected to the first section 31 of the secondary electrical conductor 3, as well as from the secondary extinguishing chamber 12, which is arranged inside the housing 1 on the opposite side of the weakened section 23 of the primary electrical conductor 2 between the latter and the second section 32 of the secondary electrical conductor 3 in the area of the bottom 125 and is electrically connected to another section 32 of the secondary electrical conductor 3, to which the electrical resistance fuse 4 is electrically connected, which is, on the other hand, electrically connected to the primary electrical conductor 2. In one embodiment of the invention it is further provided that there are gaps between the plates 120', 120, 120' of at least one of the aforementioned extinguishing chambers 12; 12', 12 filled with quartz sand.
Razen tega je omenjen oslabljeni odsek 23 primarnega električnega vodnika 2 na proti dnu 125 gasilne komore 12; 12', 12 obrnjeni strani 230 v območju med omenjenima krilcema 23 Γ, 232' opremljen s konusno izbočitvijo 235, ki je z zadostno silo z zagozdenjem vstavljiva v vrzel 30 sekundarnega električnega vodnika 3 in po tistem iz vrzeli 30 neodstranljiva.Apart from that, the weakened section 23 of the primary electrical conductor 2 is mentioned towards the bottom 125 of the extinguishing chamber 12; 12', 12 facing side 230 in the area between the mentioned wings 23 Γ, 232' is equipped with a conical protrusion 235, which can be inserted into the gap 30 of the secondary electrical conductor 3 with sufficient force by wedging and cannot be removed from the gap 30 after that.
Zahvaljujoč navedenim značilnostim stikala po izumu se med regularnem delovanjem tokokroga, v katerega je vgrajeno stikalo, električni tok prevaja skozi električno prevoden primarni vodnik 2, v katerem je prisoten tudi oslabljen odsek 23. V primeru napake v tokokroga se po aktiviranju pirotehničnega sredstva 111 bat 110 premakne v smeri proti oslabljenemu odseku 23 in slednjega izbije v smeri proti dnu 125 gasilne komore 12 v ohišju 1, kjer v območju vrzeli 30 zadene ob sekundarni vodnik 3, pri čemer se zahvaljujoč omenjeni konusni izbočitvi 235 v omenjeno vrzel 30 zagozdi in jo premosti, tako da pred tem prekinjen in električno neprevoden sekundami električni vodnik 3 postane električno prevoden. Če ob odstranitvi oslabljenega dela 23 iz primarnega vodnika 2 zagori oblok, se ta usmeri za proti dnu 125 premikajočim se oslabljenim delom 23, pri čemer ga krilci 23 Γ, 232' na obeh koncih 231, 232 odseka usmerjata tako proti primarni gasilni komoriThanks to the mentioned characteristics of the switch according to the invention, during the regular operation of the circuit in which the switch is installed, the electric current is transmitted through the electrically conductive primary conductor 2, in which the weakened section 23 is also present. moves in the direction towards the weakened section 23 and knocks the latter out in the direction towards the bottom 125 of the fire chamber 12 in the housing 1, where it hits the secondary conductor 3 in the area of the gap 30, whereby thanks to the mentioned conical protrusion 235 it wedges into the mentioned gap 30 and bridges it, so that the previously interrupted and electrically non-conductive conductor 3 becomes electrically conductive for seconds. If an arc catches fire when the weakened part 23 is removed from the primary conductor 2, it is directed behind the weakened part 23 moving towards the bottom 125, whereby the wings 23 Γ, 232' at both ends 231, 232 of the section direct it towards the primary extinguishing chamber
12' kot tudi proti sekundami gasilni komori 12. Oblok se med v času premikanja oslabljenega dela 23 med primarnim električnim vodnikom 2 in sekundarnim električnim vodnikom 3, kar v praksi traja približno 100 ps, v omenjenih komorah porazdeli na delne obloke, kar tudi pri razmeroma obremenjenih električnih tokokrogih, v katerih kratkostični tok znaša do nekaj kA, običajno zadostuje, da oblok popolnoma ugasne, s čimer je električni tokokrog skozi primarni električni vodnik 2 potem učinkovito popolnoma prekinjen. Kadar pa pa pri izjemno obremenjenih tokokrogih z višjimi in zelo visokimi kratkostičnimi tokovi oblok po zagozdenju oslabljenega dela 23 v vrzel 30 sekundarnega vodnika 3 še vedno ne ugasne, zaradi nastale vrzeli v primarnem električnem vodniku 2 lahko oblok gori zgolj vzdolž primarne gasilne komore 12', v območju katere se lahko še vedno porazdeli na delne obloke, obenem pa je primarna gasilna komore električno povezana v serijo z električno uporovno varovalko 4 s talilnim elementom 40, kije po drugi strani električno povezana s primarnim električnim vodnikom 2. Talilni element 40 varovalke se zaradi upornosti segreva in se postopoma, običajno v približno 500 ps, stali. Po tistem je tokokrog prekinjen, v ta namen pa je porabljena tudi energija, kije pred tem vzdrževala gorenje obloka.12' as well as against the seconds of the extinguishing chamber 12. During the movement of the weakened part 23 between the primary electric conductor 2 and the secondary electric conductor 3, which in practice lasts about 100 ps, the arc is distributed into partial arcs in the mentioned chambers, which is also relatively loaded electrical circuits, in which the short-circuit current is up to a few kA, it is usually sufficient to extinguish the arc completely, whereby the electrical circuit through the primary electrical conductor 2 is then effectively completely interrupted. However, when, in extremely loaded circuits with higher and very high short-circuit currents, the arc still does not go out after the weakened part 23 is wedged into the gap 30 of the secondary conductor 3, due to the resulting gap in the primary electrical conductor 2, the arc can only burn along the primary extinguishing chamber 12', in the area of which it can still be distributed into partial arcs, while at the same time the primary extinguishing chamber is electrically connected in series with the electric resistance fuse 4 with the fuse element 40, which, on the other hand, is electrically connected to the primary electric conductor 2. The fuse fuse element 40 is due to resistors heat up and gradually, usually in about 500 ps, melt. After that, the circuit is broken, and for this purpose, the energy that previously kept the arc burning is also consumed.
Prisotnost omenjenih krilc 23 Γ, 232' na oslabljenem delu 23 primarnega vodnika poleg usmerjanja obloka med premikanjem dela 23 v smeri priti dnu 125 zagotavlja še nadaljnji učinek, ker se krilci 23 Γ, 232' ob naletu na sekundami vodnik deformirata, kar spet pomeni pretvorbo oz. porabo določene količine energije, ki bi šla sicer drugam, razen tega pa ob smotrnem oblikovanju lahko tudi izboljšata zagozdenje oslabljenega dela 23 v vrzel 30 sekundarnega vodnika in pripomoreta k zagotavljanju neodstranljivosti dela 23 iz omenjene vrzeli 30.The presence of said wings 23 Γ, 232' on the weakened part 23 of the primary conductor, in addition to directing the arc during the movement of the part 23 in the direction of reaching the bottom 125, provides a further effect, because the wings 23 Γ, 232' are deformed upon impact with the second conductor, which again means conversion or the consumption of a certain amount of energy, which would otherwise go elsewhere, and apart from that, with an expedient design, they can also improve the wedging of the weakened part 23 in the gap 30 of the secondary conductor and help to ensure that the part 23 cannot be removed from the said gap 30.
Pri eni od izvedb stikala po izumu je predvideno, da vsaj tisti električno prevoden odsek 31 izmed obeh med seboj z vrzeljo 30 prekinjenih električno prevodnih odsekov 31, 32 sekundarnega električnega vodnika 3, ki je v notranjosti ohišja 1 električno povezan s sekundarno gasilno komoro 12, obenem pa tudi z uporovno varovalko 4, štrli ven iz ohišja 1.In one of the embodiments of the switch according to the invention, it is provided that at least the electrically conductive section 31 of the two electrically conductive sections 31, 32 of the secondary electrical conductor 3, which is electrically connected to the secondary fire chamber 12 inside the housing 1, separated from each other by a gap 30, and at the same time with the resistance fuse 4, it protrudes from the housing 1.
Pri nadaljnji izvedbi stikala po izumu lahko oba v notranjosti ohišja 1 med seboj z vrzeljo 30 prekinjena električno prevodna odseka 31, 32 sekundarnega električnega vodnika 3 štrlita ven iz ohišja 1 in vsaksebi. Pri prednostni izvedbi stikala po izumu je električna uporovna varovalka 4 razporejena izven ohišja 1 in je pri tem električno povezana po eni strani z izven ohišja 1 štrlečim drugim odsekom 32 sekundarnega električnega vodnika 3, ki je v notranjosti ohišja 1 električno povezan s sekundarno gasilno komoro 12, in po drugi strani z izven ohišja 1 štrlečim in na strani sekundarne gasilne komore 12 razporejenim drugim koncem 22 primarnega vodnika 2.In a further embodiment of the switch according to the invention, the two electrically conductive sections 31, 32 of the secondary electrical conductor 3 interrupted by a gap 30 inside the housing 1 can protrude out of the housing 1 and towards each other. In the preferred embodiment of the switch according to the invention, the electric resistance fuse 4 is arranged outside the housing 1 and is electrically connected on the one hand to the second section 32 of the secondary electrical conductor 3 projecting outside the housing 1, which is electrically connected to the secondary extinguishing chamber 12 inside the housing 1 , and on the other hand with the other end 22 of the primary conductor 2 protruding from outside the housing 1 and arranged on the side of the secondary fire chamber 12.
Kot je shematično ponazorjeno na Sl. 6, sta v stanju stikala po aktiviranju primarna gasilna komora 12' in sekundama gasilna komora 12 med seboj električno povezani zaporedno, električna povezava do električne uporovne varovalke 4 pa je v takem stanju v območju vrzeli 30 prekinjena. Po ločitvi oslabljenega odseka 23 od primarnega vodnika 2 in premiku omenjenega oslabljenega dela 23 v vrzel 30 odtlej električno prevodnega sekundarnega vodnika 3 sta med seboj zaporedno električno povezani primarna gasilna komora 12' in električna varovalka 4, ki je obenem električno povezana s primarnim električnim vodnikom 2, medtem ko je povezava do sekundarne gasilne komore 12 prekinjena v območju po odstranitvi oslabljenega odseka 23 nastale vrzeli v primarnem električnem vodniku 2.As schematically illustrated in FIG. 6, in the state of the switch after activation, the primary extinguishing chamber 12' and the secondary extinguishing chamber 12 are electrically connected to each other in series, and the electrical connection to the electric resistance fuse 4 is interrupted in such a state in the area of the gap 30. After the separation of the weakened section 23 from the primary conductor 2 and the movement of the said weakened part 23 into the gap 30 of the electrically conductive secondary conductor 3, the primary extinguishing chamber 12' and the electrical fuse 4, which is also electrically connected to the primary electrical conductor 2, are electrically connected to each other in series , while the connection to the secondary extinguishing chamber 12 is interrupted in the area after the removal of the weakened section 23 of the resulting gap in the primary electrical conductor 2.
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SI202200013A SI26322A (en) | 2022-02-11 | 2022-02-11 | Switch for irreversible interruption of the electrical circuit |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| SI202200013A SI26322A (en) | 2022-02-11 | 2022-02-11 | Switch for irreversible interruption of the electrical circuit |
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| SI26322A true SI26322A (en) | 2023-08-31 |
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