SG11201601691RA - Bandwidth extension method and apparatus - Google Patents
Bandwidth extension method and apparatusInfo
- Publication number
- SG11201601691RA SG11201601691RA SG11201601691RA SG11201601691RA SG11201601691RA SG 11201601691R A SG11201601691R A SG 11201601691RA SG 11201601691R A SG11201601691R A SG 11201601691RA SG 11201601691R A SG11201601691R A SG 11201601691RA SG 11201601691R A SG11201601691R A SG 11201601691RA
- Authority
- SG
- Singapore
- Prior art keywords
- bandwidth extension
- extension method
- bandwidth
- extension
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
- G10L19/04—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
- G10L19/08—Determination or coding of the excitation function; Determination or coding of the long-term prediction parameters
- G10L19/087—Determination or coding of the excitation function; Determination or coding of the long-term prediction parameters using mixed excitation models, e.g. MELP, MBE, split band LPC or HVXC
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
- G10L19/005—Correction of errors induced by the transmission channel, if related to the coding algorithm
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
- G10L19/04—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
- G10L19/04—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
- G10L19/06—Determination or coding of the spectral characteristics, e.g. of the short-term prediction coefficients
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
- G10L19/04—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using predictive techniques
- G10L19/08—Determination or coding of the excitation function; Determination or coding of the long-term prediction parameters
- G10L19/12—Determination or coding of the excitation function; Determination or coding of the long-term prediction parameters the excitation function being a code excitation, e.g. in code excited linear prediction [CELP] vocoders
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L21/00—Processing of the speech or voice signal to produce another audible or non-audible signal, e.g. visual or tactile, in order to modify its quality or its intelligibility
- G10L21/02—Speech enhancement, e.g. noise reduction or echo cancellation
- G10L21/038—Speech enhancement, e.g. noise reduction or echo cancellation using band spreading techniques
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L21/00—Processing of the speech or voice signal to produce another audible or non-audible signal, e.g. visual or tactile, in order to modify its quality or its intelligibility
- G10L21/02—Speech enhancement, e.g. noise reduction or echo cancellation
- G10L21/038—Speech enhancement, e.g. noise reduction or echo cancellation using band spreading techniques
- G10L21/0388—Details of processing therefor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L25/00—Speech or voice analysis techniques not restricted to a single one of groups G10L15/00 - G10L21/00
- G10L25/90—Pitch determination of speech signals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
- G10L2019/0001—Codebooks
- G10L2019/0002—Codebook adaptations
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- G10L25/00—Speech or voice analysis techniques not restricted to a single one of groups G10L15/00 - G10L21/00
- G10L25/90—Pitch determination of speech signals
- G10L2025/906—Pitch tracking
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201310444398.3A CN104517610B (en) | 2013-09-26 | 2013-09-26 | The method and device of bandspreading |
| PCT/CN2014/075420 WO2015043161A1 (en) | 2013-09-26 | 2014-04-15 | Method and device for bandwidth extension |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| SG11201601691RA true SG11201601691RA (en) | 2016-04-28 |
Family
ID=52741937
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| SG11201601691RA SG11201601691RA (en) | 2013-09-26 | 2014-04-15 | Bandwidth extension method and apparatus |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US9666201B2 (en) |
| EP (2) | EP3611729B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP6423420B2 (en) |
| KR (2) | KR101893454B1 (en) |
| CN (2) | CN104517610B (en) |
| BR (1) | BR112016005850B1 (en) |
| ES (2) | ES2745289T3 (en) |
| HK (1) | HK1206140A1 (en) |
| PL (1) | PL3611729T3 (en) |
| SG (1) | SG11201601691RA (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2015043161A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103426441B (en) | 2012-05-18 | 2016-03-02 | 华为技术有限公司 | Detect the method and apparatus of the correctness of pitch period |
| CN103928029B (en) * | 2013-01-11 | 2017-02-08 | 华为技术有限公司 | Audio signal coding method, audio signal decoding method, audio signal coding apparatus, and audio signal decoding apparatus |
| CN104217727B (en) | 2013-05-31 | 2017-07-21 | 华为技术有限公司 | Signal decoding method and equipment |
| FR3008533A1 (en) | 2013-07-12 | 2015-01-16 | Orange | OPTIMIZED SCALE FACTOR FOR FREQUENCY BAND EXTENSION IN AUDIO FREQUENCY SIGNAL DECODER |
| CN104517611B (en) * | 2013-09-26 | 2016-05-25 | 华为技术有限公司 | A kind of high-frequency excitation signal Forecasting Methodology and device |
| CN104517610B (en) * | 2013-09-26 | 2018-03-06 | 华为技术有限公司 | The method and device of bandspreading |
| EP2980794A1 (en) | 2014-07-28 | 2016-02-03 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Audio encoder and decoder using a frequency domain processor and a time domain processor |
| EP2980795A1 (en) | 2014-07-28 | 2016-02-03 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Audio encoding and decoding using a frequency domain processor, a time domain processor and a cross processor for initialization of the time domain processor |
| US10847170B2 (en) | 2015-06-18 | 2020-11-24 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Device and method for generating a high-band signal from non-linearly processed sub-ranges |
| US9837089B2 (en) * | 2015-06-18 | 2017-12-05 | Qualcomm Incorporated | High-band signal generation |
| CN107925388B (en) * | 2016-02-17 | 2021-11-30 | 弗劳恩霍夫应用研究促进协会 | Post processor, pre processor, audio codec and related method |
| CN105869653B (en) | 2016-05-31 | 2019-07-12 | 华为技术有限公司 | Voice signal processing method and relevant apparatus and system |
| CN105959974B (en) * | 2016-06-14 | 2019-11-29 | 深圳市海思半导体有限公司 | A kind of method and apparatus for predicting bandwidth of air-interface |
| US10475457B2 (en) | 2017-07-03 | 2019-11-12 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Time-domain inter-channel prediction |
| CN108630212B (en) * | 2018-04-03 | 2021-05-07 | 湖南商学院 | Perception reconstruction method and device for high-frequency excitation signal in non-blind bandwidth extension |
| CN112005300B (en) * | 2018-05-11 | 2024-04-09 | 华为技术有限公司 | Voice signal processing method and mobile device |
| CN110660402B (en) | 2018-06-29 | 2022-03-29 | 华为技术有限公司 | Method and device for determining weighting coefficients in a stereo signal encoding process |
| CN109150399B (en) * | 2018-08-14 | 2021-04-13 | Oppo广东移动通信有限公司 | Data transmission method and device, electronic equipment and computer readable medium |
| CN113421584B (en) * | 2021-07-05 | 2023-06-23 | 平安科技（深圳）有限公司 | Audio noise reduction method, device, computer equipment and storage medium |
Family Cites Families (49)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5455888A (en) * | 1992-12-04 | 1995-10-03 | Northern Telecom Limited | Speech bandwidth extension method and apparatus |
| EP0878790A1 (en) * | 1997-05-15 | 1998-11-18 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Voice coding system and method |
| US6199040B1 (en) * | 1998-07-27 | 2001-03-06 | Motorola, Inc. | System and method for communicating a perceptually encoded speech spectrum signal |
| US6704711B2 (en) * | 2000-01-28 | 2004-03-09 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | System and method for modifying speech signals |
| US7003454B2 (en) * | 2001-05-16 | 2006-02-21 | Nokia Corporation | Method and system for line spectral frequency vector quantization in speech codec |
| US6895375B2 (en) * | 2001-10-04 | 2005-05-17 | At&T Corp. | System for bandwidth extension of Narrow-band speech |
| DE60202881T2 (en) * | 2001-11-29 | 2006-01-19 | Coding Technologies Ab | RECONSTRUCTION OF HIGH-FREQUENCY COMPONENTS |
| DE60303689T2 (en) * | 2002-09-19 | 2006-10-19 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., Kadoma | AUDIO DECODING DEVICE AND METHOD |
| US20050004793A1 (en) * | 2003-07-03 | 2005-01-06 | Pasi Ojala | Signal adaptation for higher band coding in a codec utilizing band split coding |
| ATE378677T1 (en) * | 2004-03-12 | 2007-11-15 | Nokia Corp | SYNTHESIS OF A MONO AUDIO SIGNAL FROM A MULTI-CHANNEL AUDIO SIGNAL |
| US7848921B2 (en) * | 2004-08-31 | 2010-12-07 | Panasonic Corporation | Low-frequency-band component and high-frequency-band audio encoding/decoding apparatus, and communication apparatus thereof |
| KR100707174B1 (en) * | 2004-12-31 | 2007-04-13 | 삼성전자주식회사 | High band Speech coding and decoding apparatus in the wide-band speech coding/decoding system, and method thereof |
| BRPI0608269B8 (en) * | 2005-04-01 | 2019-09-03 | Qualcomm Inc | Method and apparatus for vector quantization of a spectral envelope representation |
| CN101199004B (en) | 2005-04-22 | 2011-11-09 | 高通股份有限公司 | Systems, methods, and apparatus for gain factor smoothing |
| US7734462B2 (en) * | 2005-09-02 | 2010-06-08 | Nortel Networks Limited | Method and apparatus for extending the bandwidth of a speech signal |
| US20080300866A1 (en) * | 2006-05-31 | 2008-12-04 | Motorola, Inc. | Method and system for creation and use of a wideband vocoder database for bandwidth extension of voice |
| KR101565919B1 (en) * | 2006-11-17 | 2015-11-05 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Method and apparatus for encoding and decoding high frequency signal |
| CN101304261B (en) * | 2007-05-12 | 2011-11-09 | 华为技术有限公司 | Method and apparatus for spreading frequency band |
| KR101413967B1 (en) * | 2008-01-29 | 2014-07-01 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Encoding method and decoding method of audio signal, and recording medium thereof, encoding apparatus and decoding apparatus of audio signal |
| KR101413968B1 (en) * | 2008-01-29 | 2014-07-01 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Method and apparatus for encoding audio signal, and method and apparatus for decoding audio signal |
| CN101620854B (en) * | 2008-06-30 | 2012-04-04 | 华为技术有限公司 | Method, system and device for frequency band expansion |
| ES2372014T3 (en) * | 2008-07-11 | 2012-01-13 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CALCULATING BANDWIDTH EXTENSION DATA USING A FRAME CONTROLLED BY SPECTRAL SLOPE. |
| ES2396927T3 (en) * | 2008-07-11 | 2013-03-01 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Apparatus and procedure for decoding an encoded audio signal |
| JP4932917B2 (en) * | 2009-04-03 | 2012-05-16 | 株式会社エヌ・ティ・ティ・ドコモ | Speech decoding apparatus, speech decoding method, and speech decoding program |
| CN102044250B (en) | 2009-10-23 | 2012-06-27 | 华为技术有限公司 | Band spreading method and apparatus |
| US8484020B2 (en) * | 2009-10-23 | 2013-07-09 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Determining an upperband signal from a narrowband signal |
| WO2011062536A1 (en) * | 2009-11-19 | 2011-05-26 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Improved excitation signal bandwidth extension |
| JP5619177B2 (en) * | 2009-11-19 | 2014-11-05 | テレフオンアクチーボラゲット エル エムエリクソン（パブル） | Band extension of low-frequency audio signals |
| JP5651980B2 (en) * | 2010-03-31 | 2015-01-14 | ソニー株式会社 | Decoding device, decoding method, and program |
| US8600737B2 (en) | 2010-06-01 | 2013-12-03 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Systems, methods, apparatus, and computer program products for wideband speech coding |
| CN102947881A (en) * | 2010-06-21 | 2013-02-27 | 松下电器产业株式会社 | Decoding device, encoding device, and methods for same |
| CN102339607A (en) * | 2010-07-16 | 2012-02-01 | 华为技术有限公司 | Method and device for spreading frequency bands |
| KR101826331B1 (en) * | 2010-09-15 | 2018-03-22 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Apparatus and method for encoding and decoding for high frequency bandwidth extension |
| US8924200B2 (en) | 2010-10-15 | 2014-12-30 | Motorola Mobility Llc | Audio signal bandwidth extension in CELP-based speech coder |
| JP5743137B2 (en) * | 2011-01-14 | 2015-07-01 | ソニー株式会社 | Signal processing apparatus and method, and program |
| EP2674942B1 (en) * | 2011-02-08 | 2017-10-25 | LG Electronics Inc. | Method and device for audio bandwidth extension |
| CN102800317B (en) * | 2011-05-25 | 2014-09-17 | 华为技术有限公司 | Signal classification method and equipment, and encoding and decoding methods and equipment |
| PL3040988T3 (en) * | 2011-11-02 | 2018-03-30 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Audio decoding based on an efficient representation of auto-regressive coefficients |
| CN104221081B (en) * | 2011-11-02 | 2017-03-15 | 瑞典爱立信有限公司 | The generation of the high frequency band extension of bandwidth extended audio signal |
| EP2774148B1 (en) * | 2011-11-03 | 2014-12-24 | Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (PUBL) | Bandwidth extension of audio signals |
| US8666753B2 (en) * | 2011-12-12 | 2014-03-04 | Motorola Mobility Llc | Apparatus and method for audio encoding |
| CN105469805B (en) * | 2012-03-01 | 2018-01-12 | 华为技术有限公司 | A kind of voice frequency signal treating method and apparatus |
| CN105551497B (en) * | 2013-01-15 | 2019-03-19 | 华为技术有限公司 | Coding method, coding/decoding method, encoding apparatus and decoding apparatus |
| US9601125B2 (en) * | 2013-02-08 | 2017-03-21 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Systems and methods of performing noise modulation and gain adjustment |
| US9319510B2 (en) * | 2013-02-15 | 2016-04-19 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Personalized bandwidth extension |
| US9666202B2 (en) * | 2013-09-10 | 2017-05-30 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Adaptive bandwidth extension and apparatus for the same |
| CN104517610B (en) * | 2013-09-26 | 2018-03-06 | 华为技术有限公司 | The method and device of bandspreading |
| CN104517611B (en) * | 2013-09-26 | 2016-05-25 | 华为技术有限公司 | A kind of high-frequency excitation signal Forecasting Methodology and device |
| US9595269B2 (en) * | 2015-01-19 | 2017-03-14 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Scaling for gain shape circuitry |
-
2013
- 2013-09-26 CN CN201310444398.3A patent/CN104517610B/en active Active
- 2013-09-26 CN CN201810119215.3A patent/CN108172239B/en active Active
-
2014
- 2014-04-15 BR BR112016005850-0A patent/BR112016005850B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2014-04-15 WO PCT/CN2014/075420 patent/WO2015043161A1/en active Application Filing
- 2014-04-15 EP EP19168007.3A patent/EP3611729B1/en active Active
- 2014-04-15 EP EP14848724.2A patent/EP3038105B1/en active Active
- 2014-04-15 SG SG11201601691RA patent/SG11201601691RA/en unknown
- 2014-04-15 ES ES14848724T patent/ES2745289T3/en active Active
- 2014-04-15 KR KR1020177029371A patent/KR101893454B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2014-04-15 ES ES19168007T patent/ES2924905T3/en active Active
- 2014-04-15 PL PL19168007.3T patent/PL3611729T3/en unknown
- 2014-04-15 KR KR1020167007139A patent/KR101787711B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2014-04-15 JP JP2016517362A patent/JP6423420B2/en active Active
-
2015
- 2015-07-15 HK HK15106740.3A patent/HK1206140A1/en unknown
-
2016
- 2016-03-14 US US15/068,908 patent/US9666201B2/en active Active
-
2017
- 2017-04-06 US US15/481,306 patent/US10186272B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN104517610A (en) | 2015-04-15 |
| ES2924905T3 (en) | 2022-10-11 |
| EP3611729B1 (en) | 2022-06-08 |
| US10186272B2 (en) | 2019-01-22 |
| EP3038105B1 (en) | 2019-06-26 |
| HK1206140A1 (en) | 2015-12-31 |
| CN108172239B (en) | 2021-01-12 |
| KR20170117621A (en) | 2017-10-23 |
| BR112016005850B1 (en) | 2020-12-08 |
| JP6423420B2 (en) | 2018-11-14 |
| US20160196829A1 (en) | 2016-07-07 |
| US20170213564A1 (en) | 2017-07-27 |
| JP2016537662A (en) | 2016-12-01 |
| EP3611729A1 (en) | 2020-02-19 |
| CN104517610B (en) | 2018-03-06 |
| KR101787711B1 (en) | 2017-11-15 |
| EP3038105A4 (en) | 2016-08-31 |
| PL3611729T3 (en) | 2022-09-12 |
| KR101893454B1 (en) | 2018-08-30 |
| ES2745289T3 (en) | 2020-02-28 |
| US9666201B2 (en) | 2017-05-30 |
| EP3038105A1 (en) | 2016-06-29 |
| WO2015043161A1 (en) | 2015-04-02 |
| CN108172239A (en) | 2018-06-15 |
| KR20160044025A (en) | 2016-04-22 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| SG11201601691RA (en) | Bandwidth extension method and apparatus | |
| GB201302787D0 (en) | Method and apparatus | |
| GB201311264D0 (en) | Apparatus and method | |
| GB2521258B (en) | Apparatus and method | |
| GB201306083D0 (en) | Method and apparatus | |
| GB201319319D0 (en) | Apparatus and method | |
| GB2514790B (en) | Stall-start method and apparatus | |
| GB201306495D0 (en) | Apparatus and method | |
| GB201311150D0 (en) | Apparatus and method | |
| GB201309689D0 (en) | Method and apparatus | |
| GB2518509B (en) | Apparatus and method | |
| GB201320657D0 (en) | Apparatus and method | |
| GB201416607D0 (en) | Method and apparatus | |
| GB201321397D0 (en) | Method and apparatus | |
| EP2999251A4 (en) | Communication method and apparatus thereof | |
| GB201305942D0 (en) | Apparatus and method | |
| GB201315763D0 (en) | Method and apparatus | |
| GB201315003D0 (en) | Apparatus and method | |
| GB201319453D0 (en) | Apparatus and method | |
| GB201317037D0 (en) | Apparatus and method | |
| GB201316037D0 (en) | Apparatus and method | |
| GB201509878D0 (en) | Method and apparatus | |
| GB201314077D0 (en) | Method and apparatus | |
| GB201308460D0 (en) | Apparatus and method | |
| GB201304829D0 (en) | Method and apparatus |