SE126674C1 - - Google Patents
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- SE126674C1 SE126674C1 SE126674DA SE126674C1 SE 126674 C1 SE126674 C1 SE 126674C1 SE 126674D A SE126674D A SE 126674DA SE 126674 C1 SE126674 C1 SE 126674C1
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Uppfinnare: F. Ljungstrom.
I patenten 121 737 och 123 136 har det 16- reslagits, att medelst i kanaler i ett skifferberg nedstuckna elektriska varmeelement, uppvarma detsamma, sâ att pyrolys framkallas. De darvid bildade oljegaserna avensom andra gaser uttagas genom sarskilda avloppskanaler i berget i och for uppsamling och nyttiggOrande genom kondensation och andra processer. Uppfinningen avser bl. a. att genornfOra denna uppvarmningsprocess, sa att den for densamma erforderliga energien erhalles till lagre kostnad an hittills och sa att alltsâ framstallningsmetoden fOr oljan nedbringas. Ett annat andamal ãr att a.stadkomma en uppvarmningsprocess, i vilket skifferberget tjanstg5r sa att saga som en ackumulator for billig ,elektrisk energi, soin alltst tillvaratages i form av varme och ,darmed kommer en vid senare tillfalle genomfortl pyrolys tillgodo. Ytterligare ett andamal är att astadkomma en forpreparering av skifferberget, sh att lackage av de yid pyrolysen utvunna produkterna verksamt f8rhindras.
Dessa aven som andra andamal och i ovrigt uppfinningen kannetecknande egenskaper skola nannare beskrivas i det foljande, varvid a bilagda ritning schematiskt askadliggjorts ett utforingsexempel av uppfinningen. Harvid visa: Fig. 1 en vertikalsektion genom ett skifferberg och fig. 2 och 3 tvenne diagram. A ritningen betecknar 10 ett olj eforande skiff erlager, a vilket kan vara Overlagrat ett kalkbergsskikt 12 och eventuellt ett jordskikt 14. I vertikalt borrade kanaler aro nedstuckna ett start antal elektriska varmeelement 16, anordnade att avgiva sitt varme till skifferlagret 10. For en narmare beskrivning av dessa varmeelements avensom avloppskanalernas utformning och anbringande hanvisas till ovannamnda patent. Varmeelementen 16 sta medelst grenledningar 18 i forbindelse med ett elektriskt kraftledningssystem 20, varigenom lagspand strom inmatas i varmeelementen. &Isom avenledes framgar av dessa patent genomfores uppvarmningen av skifferberget ph sa salt, att en horisontellt vandrande varmefront skapas, vars riktning i fig. 1 betecknas med 22. I enlighet med uppfinningen delas uppvarmningen av skifferberget i Iva steg, en forvarmning och en efterfoljande uppvarmning till slut-hg temperatur, nedan benamnd pyrolysuppvarmningen. Vid uppvarmning av skiff ern intraffar en oljebildande pyrolys vid en temperatur, som overstiger 250° C, och Hirst i n.arheten av 300° b5rja oljegaserna och andra kolvategaser att i namnvard grad bildas. Mellan t. ex. 300° och 400° pa& den livligaste pyrolysen, d. v. s. mom detta omrade bildas i huvudsak all den olje- och gasmangd, som under den elektrotermiska olj eframstallningen frambringas. FOrvarmningen bedrives nu vid det Li ritningen askadliggjorda utforingsexemplet mom ett omrade av skifferberget begransat av de streckprickade linjerna 24, 26, varvid de mom detta omrade befintliga varmeelementen aro kopplade till kraftledningen 20. Temperaturen stiger darvid gradvis genom successiv inkoppling av nya rader av varmeelement 16, enligt kurvan 30 i fig. 2, vars abskissa angiver skifferfaltets enligt fig. 1 ytutstrackning i varmefrontens riktning, medan dess ordinata angiver temperaturen i skifferberget. Under forvarmningen upphettas skifferberget till en temperatur svarande mot linjen 32 i fig. 2, dar nagon vasentlig pyrolys dnnu ej uppkommit, t. ex. 240° a 280°. Pyrolysuppvarmningen bedrives mom ett parti av berget begransat av linjern.a 34, 36, vilket parti ãr skilt Iran forvarmningspartiet. Under pyrolysuppvarmningen stegras bergets temperatur stegvis enligt kurvan 38 till den slutliga temperaturemi enligt linjen 40, som kan uppga. till 360° a 420°. Efter en viss tids fOrlopp ken forvarmningen have natt fram till kurvan 30° och pyrolysuppvarmnin.gen till kurvan 38°. I skifferberget finnas alltsa tva skilda uppvarmningszoner, som. -vandra framat i samma riktning.
Under forvarmningen tillf5res vid ovansthende exempel omkring tvd tredjedelar av den erforderliga varmemangden till skiffer- 2— — berget och under pyrolysuppvarmningen endast omkring en tredjedel darav. Medan forvarmningen kan bedrivas periodiskt, sker pyrolysuppvarmningen mojligast kontinuerligt, vilket har en fordelaktig inverkan pa produktionen. Som exempel ma antagas det fallet, att forvarmningen endast ager rum under hal-va aret. Det ma antagas, att samma energimangd alltid tillfores, ett varmeelement per tidsenhet. Eftersom tva tredjedelar .av den totala varmemangden tillf0- res under forvarmningen, skall tydligen tinder denna fyra ganger sa manga varmeelement som under pyrolysuppvarmningen vara inkopplade, vilket innebar, att dubbla Tarmemangden 'Mores pa halva tiden. Vandringshastigheten hos den av linjerna 24, '26, begransade forvarmningsfronten blir samtidigt dubbelt sa stor som vandringshastigheten for pyrolysfronten mellan linjerna 34, 36. Det inses hara-v, att mellan de hada uppvarmningsfronterna kommer att forefinnas ett parti av skifferberget av varierande langd. Detta parti har nâtt temperaturnivan enligt linjen 32, d. v. s. bringats upp till den ternperatur, vid vilken pyrolysen kan paborj as. Da forvarmningen är avbruten minskas avstandet mellan linjerna 26 och 34; nar aterigen forvarmningen igangsattes Ras detta avstand.
Detta avbrott i varmetillforseln till ,skifferberget, sedan detsamma natt temperaturnivan 32, medfor ett flertal mycket betydelsefulla fOrdelar. Under det att varme tillfores ett varmeelement 16 far skifferberget omkring detsamma aka temperatur, i det att denna faller i riktning fran elemenet enligt kurvan 42 i fig. 3. I denna figur är den mot kurvan 42 svarande abskissan betecknad med 44. Sedan den elektriska energien frankopplats, utj amnas temperaturen enligt kurvan 46. Skiff erberget kommer alltsâ pa grund air intervallet Indian de bada uppvarmningsperioderna att uppvisa en mera fullbordad utjamning av temperaturen inom det uppvirmda bergpartiet. Ett .skifferberg har en yarmeutvidgningskoefficient air omkring 0,c000l. Pa de distanser om 2-3 in, som forekomma mellan de olika varmeelementen 16, bliva darvid med de ternperaturskillnader, som framga av kurvan 42 i fig, 3 (t. ex. 2000) de av uppvarmningen framkallade utvidgningarna av olika partier hiigst variabla mom skifferberget, varvid mycket ojamna varmespanningar framkallas inom desamma. I allmanhet forefinnes emellertid en tendens till varmeansvallning i horisontell riktning, framkallad av bergets generella uppvarmning. Denna varineansvallning tenderar till att sammanpressa alla vertikalsprickor, som finnas mom skifferberget, och verkar därfOr tatande pa dessa sprickor. Emellertid uppstd under forvarmningsperioden a ena sidan mom berget partiella zoner, som vilja sammantrycka de ovannamnda sprickorna och a andra sidan andra zoner dar en sadan sammantryckning forhindras. Vid utjamningen av temperaturen under intervallet mellan de bada uppvarmningsperiodema blir sammantryckningen air forekommande sprickor mera generell och darigenom mera effektiv. Genom avbrott i varmetillforseln motverkas salunda i mycket langtgaende grad, att de vid pyrolysuppvarmningen alstrade gaserna taga lake onskade vagar. Vidare medfor uppfinningen f8rdelar i det ekonomiska slutresultatet vid elektrotermisk utvinning a-v olj a. Forvarmningsperioden kan med fordel verkstallas under sadana ti-der, da billig vattenkraft i relativt overfl8d finnes tillganglig. Uppfinningen erbjuder darvid ett formanligt alternativ till de elektriska angpannor, dar som bekant elektrisk energi anvandes for angframstallning Pyrolysuppvarmningen verkstalles under relativt jamn tillforsel air elektrisk energi. Den harlot' erforderliga varmetillforseln kan lampligen ut0- b Ora en mindre del av hela den tillforda varmemangden enligt ovanstaende.
Vid elektrotermisk skifferolj eframstallning alstras dels oljebildande gaser, vilka genom kondensation tillvaratagas i flytande form, och dels Liven andra gasformiga kolvaten jamte vatgas, som endast med star svarighet under laga temperaturer kunna kondenseras och som darfor ham nedan kallas icke kondenserbara gaser. Dessa gaser utgora i allmanhet balm a mangden av samtliga utvunna kolvaten och hava ungefar samma effektiva forbranningsvarde, som de flytande kolvatena. For varje liter producerad olja erhalles salunda samtidigt omkring 1 in' gas. Denna gas dr ett utmarkt bransle och har, anvant pa ratt satt, ett stort kommersiellt varde, likvardigt med oljans, men densamma ãr med hansyn till distributionen och ftirsaljningsmojligheterna lake lika latthanterlig som oljan. Eli omfattande gasledningsnat och stora anlaggningskostnader komma saledes att folja en distribution av gasen, och skulle all gas distribueras fran ett stalle ddr t. ex. 200000 In' olja arligen framstalles, uppsta betydande svarigheter. I den man som i gasen befintliga bestandsdelar icke pa platsen kunna tillvaratagas (svavel m. m.) anvandes densamma i stallet lampligen sasom bransle i en kraftcentral som alstrar elektrisk energi, vii-ken enligt uppfinningen eventuellt alternativt med annan t. ex. Iran vattenkraft tillford energi appliceras f Or pyrolysuppvarnmingen av skifferberget. Uppvarmes nu skifferberget enligt uppfinningen pa ovan beskrivna satt, erhalles a ena sidan en periodisk forvarmning ay skifferberget, under det att a andra sidan en jamnt eller nara jamnt fortskridande pyrolysuppvarmning genom tillforande air elektrisk energi kan ordnas fran den gaseldade kraftcentralen. Pyrolysuppvarmningen kan alltsa genom lampligt avvagande av den — —3 temperatur, till vilken berget under fOruppvarmningen upphettas, bedrivas utan yttre energitillskott i form av vattenkraft. Pyrolysuppvarmningen fortgar darunder kontinuerligt oberoende av forvarmningen, som kan periodiskt ordnas, anpassad t. ex. efter tillgangen pa overflodeskraft fran vattenkrafteentralerna. Angcentralen far tydligen pa detta satt en kontinuerlig och darest sa onskas jamn belastning och vad som är av sarskild vikt, pyrolysen pagar i ett jamnt och ()start forlopp, oberoende av vattenkraftens konjunkturforhallanden. Emellertid kan pyrolysuppvarmningen bedrivas med olika intensitet under olika perioder resp. arstider, genom att olika antal -varmeelement aro samtidigt inkopplade i stromnatet. I land, t. ex. av Sveriges storlek och naturforhallanden mojliggar uppfinningen, alt under alla forhallanden overskottsenergi eller sa kallad sekundarkraft fran vattenkraftverken kan ekonomiskt formanligt finna anvandning for framstallning av flytande bransle. Skiff erberget utgor ddrvid genom farvarmningen en ackumulator, som i form ay varme tar vara pa vattenkraftsenergi, som sedan vid, om sa onskas, en langt senare tidpunkt kan utnyttjas for den slutliga. oljeutvinningen.
Enligt uppfinningen kan angkraftcentralen eldas antingen enbart med gas frail pyrolysprocessen eller kan densamma eldas med andra brdnslen, beroende pa konjunkturforhallandena vid vane .sarskilt tillfalle. Salunda kan gasen under vissa perioder Tara kilt att avyttra, som t. ex. under vin-tern for stadernas fOrseende med gag. Under sommaren, da dylik gaskonsumtion är mindre, kan angcentralen eldas enbart riled gasen .eller med lamMig kombination av gas °eh andra branslen. Enligt uppfinningen kan saledes aven den icke kondenserbara gasen nyttiggoras pa sarskilt gynnsaint satt, varvid kombinationen av d ena sidan .ett periodvis uppvarmt skifferberg, dar forvarmningen pagar, ackumulerar och utnyttjar tillganglig billig vattenfallsenergi, samtidigt som a andra sidan pyrolysuppvarnmingen kan verkstallas enbart med den genom pyrolysen framkommande icke kondenserbara gasen, varvid denna anvandning av gasen avenledes kan ske periodiskt i vaxelverkan med gasens anvandning far andra andamal. liven i dylikt fall an det tankbart att variera pyrolysuppvarmningens intensitet genom andring av antalet .strOmforande varmeelement 16 f8r att avpassa den per tidsenhet framstallda olje- resp. gasmangden och at*igen av elenergi efter prisforhallandena. En periodisk drift av foryarmningen kan i allmanhet tankas genomf8rd synkront med arstiderna. Pa sommaren finnes t. ex. i re-gel overskott av elektrisk energi tillganglig samtidigt som under denna arstid t. ex. gaskonsumtionen i staderna nedgar till mindre an halften mot under vintertiden. Genom den under sommaren uppackumulerade forvarmningsenergien kan darfOr enligt uppfinningen angkraftverken pa vintern bidraga till den elektriska energiforsorjningen genom eldning med andra branslen an gasen, samtidigt som den under samma tid tillverkade pyrolysgasen anvandes i stadernas gasdistribution och dar betingar ett hogre varde an i form av angpannebransle. Enligt uppfinningen majliggores en framstallning av t. ex. skifferraolja pa elektrotermisk vag ur de relativt oljefattiga svenska skiffrarna med sa god ekonom!, att denna olja kan i kostnadsayseende konkurrera med utifran importerade oljor.
Den gaseldade kraftcentralen kan givetvis vara forsedd med angturbiner eller gasturbiner eller andra moderna varmekraftmotorer.
Storleken has Sveriges skifferforekomster tillata att enligt uppfinningen mycket stora varmekraftcentraler (100 MW och mera) komma till anvandning. Enligt uppfinningen kun.na dessa krafteentraler samtidigt las disponibla sasom reserv fOr vattenkraften inorn landet saint for upptagandet av spetsbelastningar a statens kraftnat. Under spetsbelastningarna kan en krafteentral saledes alternativt anvandas, antingen for skiff eroljeframstallning eller som statens reservkraftverk under torra dr, da oljeframstallningen eventuellt kan avstallas.
Claims (5)
1. Satt att framstalla skifferolja genom elektrotermisk pyrolys dtrekt i ett skiff en-berg, kannetecknat darav, att tva uppvarmningszoner skapas i skifferberget, i en av vilka detta foruppyarmes, medan redan farvarmt skifferberg underkastas pyrolysuppvarmning i den andra zonen, och att till bada tillfores elvarme dock under skilda betingelser i avseende pa tiden pa sa salt, att melIan foruppyarnmingszonen och pyrolysuppvarmningszonen befinner sig ett foruppvarmt bergparti av i horisontell led varierande bredd.
2. Satt enligt patentanspraket 1, kannetecknat darav, att en zon av skifferberget forst forvarmes medelst diskontinuerligt tillfort elvarme, under det att en annan zon av skifferberget, som yid en tidigare tidpunkt blivit forvarmd, uppyarmes till hogre temperatur, -vid vilken pyrolys ager ruin, av tillfort elvarme aven under perioder, da tillforseln av elvarme till den forstnamnda zonen av skifferberget är avbruten.
3. Satt enligt patentanspraket 1 eller 2,, kannetecknat darav, att det for pyrolysuppvarmningen av skifferberget erforderliga elvarmet tages fran ett kraftverk, eldat atminstone delvis med pyrolysgaser, framkomna genom pyrolysprocessen i berget. — —
4. Satt enligt nagot av de foregaende patentanspraken, kanneteeknat darav, att skifferberget uppvarmes under forvarmningen over ett storre temperaturintervall an under pyrolysuppvarmningen.
5. Solt enligt nagot av de foregaende patentanspraken, kanneteeknat darav, att Mrvarmningen bedrives under tillforsel av storre elmangder per tidsenhet an pyrolysuppvarmningen. Stockholm 1949. Kungl. Boktr. P. A. Norsteclt & Miner 190039
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