RU77420U1 - UNIVERSAL FIBER OPTICAL MODULAR TELEMETRIC COMPLEX, RECORDING MODULE, SENSOR HEAD AND OPTICAL CHANNEL EXTENSION MODULE - Google Patents

Abstract

The complex belongs to the field of telemetry of physical quantities. Namely, it can be used to carry out multipoint, quasi-distributed or point-wise simultaneous measurements of any set of the following physical quantities: pressure, including hydrostatic; temperature; mechanical deformation of longitudinal tension / compression; torsion; bending shift; contact pressure; moving force; acceleration; vibration; seismic effects. The complex includes a set of agreed unified modules: a unified recording module (1), unified sensor heads (5), a unified module for expanding the number of optical channels (4), and a unified module for switching optical channels (3) connected to each other via optical (2) and electrical interfaces (6). The complex provides accurate measurement of a number of physical parameters at a variety of controlled points. An important feature of the utility model is the modularity of the complex construction, which allows you to quickly carry out both installation of telemetry systems and their repair by replacing unified modules. Also a feature of the invention is the large range of standardized sensor heads, in particular, among the claimed variants of standardized sensor heads are sensor heads sensitive to movement and acceleration, vibration and torsion, bending and shear deformations.

Description

The inventive utility model relates to the field of telemetry of physical quantities. Namely, it can be used to carry out multipoint, quasi-distributed or point-wise simultaneous measurements of any set of the following physical quantities: pressure, including hydrostatic; temperature; mechanical deformation of longitudinal tension / compression; torsion; bending shift; contact pressure; moving force; acceleration; vibration; seismic effects.

When solving a number of technical problems related to the complex telemetry of units, assemblies and structural elements in conditions of increased explosion or fire hazard, in aggressive conditions (chemical production, oil refineries, gas facilities) in areas of increased background radiation (nuclear power plants, reactor compartments of nuclear powered vessels, storage facilities radioactive waste, etc.) or under the influence of high electromagnetic interference (energy, aviation, space) the most promising of all existing systems are I'm fiber optic.

Fiber optic telemetry systems have several key advantages over all other systems. First of all, they are distinguished by insensitivity to electromagnetic interference with high measurement accuracy, electrical and explosion / fire safety, good weight and size parameters, the ability to transmit telemetric information with low energy consumption over significant distances without additional amplification and intermediate processing.

Because of this, the fields of application of the claimed utility model are wide and include such industries as aviation and astronautics, land, water and underwater transport, energy, including nuclear and thermonuclear, metallurgy and chemical industry, oil and gas production, pipeline transport , construction, etc.

As a rule, when telemetry of such objects, it is necessary to monitor and process not one parameter, but a combination of various physical quantities, such as pressure, temperature, vibration, mechanical deformation, displacement, and measurements must be carried out at a number of critical points in the structure.

This problem can be solved both with the help of the required number of highly specialized sensor systems, and with the help of one universal telemetric complex, which is much more convenient.

Currently, there is a wide variety of specialized fiber-optic sensor systems that measure various physical parameters (as the most common, let's call temperature and mechanical deformations), however, there are currently no universal measurement complexes on a fiber-optic basis in the Russian Federation.

Currently, a significant number of different fiber-optic sensor systems are known, technical solutions of this kind are described in US patents 4, 806, 012 G01B 11/16 and 4, 761, 073 G01B 11/16, as well as in Russian patents RU 2141102 C1 G01D 5/353 and in applications RU 2005133274 A H01S 3/30; RU 2001118835 A G01L 1/00 and RU 2006106171 A ЕВВ 36/00.

The main drawback of such sensor telemetry systems is the low degree of versatility associated with the lack of uniformity of the used sensitive elements, the limited range of them, both in the operating ranges of the measured parameters and in operating conditions and types of measured values, fuzzy principles of unification and construction of the complex as a whole. This leads to significant difficulties in the implementation of such systems at the stage of design development and design, as well as in operation, maintenance and repair.

Thus, the system presented in patent RU 2141102 allows only two parameters to be measured, namely, pressure and temperature drops, as claimed in RU 2001118835 - only pressure, and as claimed in RU 2005133274 - strain and temperature. Moreover, all systems are different in terms of construction principles and operating parameters of recording devices, which does not allow the use of sensor elements of a system of one type together with a recording device of a system of another type, thus forcing the consumer to use several sensor systems to ensure completeness of information in case one system unable to measure all required physical quantities.

Closest to the claimed utility model is the system proposed in patent RU 2141102. This is a diagnostic system with optical sensors, designed to detect mechanical deformations, temperature extremes.

The system includes a tunable narrow-band light source that generates variable-wavelength light, directing it to

light guide fiber. Reflective sensors, such as Bragg gratings, are located along the length of the fiber. The sensors transmit light radiation with a wavelength corresponding to the transmission minimums of these sensors and changing under the influence of the disturbance acting on them. The wavelength tuning loop controls the tunable light source, providing a scan of the generated light radiation in a predetermined wavelength region in order to individually illuminate each sensor with light with a wavelength corresponding to its transmission minimum. The power of this light transmitted by the sensors is converted by the detector into an electrical signal, which is processed by the signal processing circuit. The signal processing circuit reveals the gaps in the power profile of the light radiation received by the detector, and produces output signals that carry information about the parameters of the disturbance acting on each sensor.

The main disadvantages of the prototype are the small number of measured parameters, the lack of a complete range of sensitive elements to cover significant measurement ranges of physical quantities, the complexity of manufacturing a sensor with the necessary parameters in the event of failure of one of the elements.

The use of such systems currently requires the developer considerable specialized knowledge in the field of fiber optics, a long search and careful consideration of the compatibility of elements, and in most cases leads either to the involvement of third-party organizations that adapt the systems to specific tasks, which entails significant costs, or to abandon the use of fiber-optic systems in favor of traditional electronic ones, sometimes to the detriment of reliability or with a loss in completeness of information. This, taking into account the ratio of the qualitative parameters of promising and traditional systems, brings significant economic damage, and in some applications even creates the threat of technological disasters.

Thus, as far as the applicant knows, at the moment, a significant obstacle to the widespread adoption of advanced fiber-optic telemetry systems in these branches of science, technology and the national economy of the Russian Federation is the lack of universal fiber-optic modular telemetry systems that satisfy the requirements of convenience in design, operation and maintenance.

The existence of such a universal modular fiber-optic telemetric complex, combining the previously mentioned main advantages of fiber-optic sensor systems, the completeness of the nomenclature

the measured parameters and the simplicity of development, application and maintenance, would allow developers and consumers to independently decide on the composition, method of application and number of sensor heads, recording units, and other elements of the complex, the construction of which, in this case, would be reduced to the acquisition of the necessary unified modules , in accordance with the task and the correct connection with each other using standardized interfaces in accordance with the instructions. This will give a serious impetus to the widespread use of advanced fiber optic telemetry systems.

The effect of the use of such a complex is the convenience of constructing a system on the basis of standardized unified modules, which facilitates the application and use of the system both at the development stage and in the process of industrial production, assembly and installation at facilities, as well as further maintenance or expansion into operation process. Such a system is more versatile and more flexible than the use of individual fiber-optic measuring instruments for measuring each type of parameter.

The development and creation of such a universal modular fiber-optic telemetry complex is solved by this utility model.

The utility model is a universal modular fiber-optic telemetry complex (Fig. 1), including at least one unified recording module (1) and at least one of the unified sensor heads (5), as well as in any combinations and quantities unified modules for expanding the number of channels (4), unified modules for switching optical channels (3) connected by an optical interface (2) to each other and an electronic interface (6) with a control computer, while in the inventive variant Ante standard version, all modules that are in standard conditions are standard version, in particular, they can be made of components that are specified for operation under standard conditions, in particular, fiber optic fibers used as communication lines of the optical interface (2) are standard connected optical fibers of the SMF-28 type (manufactured by Fujikura), in particular, optical fibers used for the manufacture of sensitive elements based on fiber Bragg gratings (hereinafter - FBG) (13) (Figs. 10-15) of unified sensor heads (5), are standard connected fiber optic fibers of the SMF-28 type (manufactured by Fujikura); One of the versions of the universal modular fiber-optic telemetric complex (heat-resistant version) is all unified modules,

located in the high temperature zone are performed in a heat-resistant design, in particular, they can be made of components designed to operate at elevated temperatures, in particular, they can be equipped with unified sensor heads (5), specified for operation at elevated temperatures in particular, they can be equipped with unified sensor heads (5), sensitive elements based on FBG (13) which are specially prepared for preservation their operating characteristics at elevated temperatures, in particular, communication lines of the optical interface (2) located in the zone of elevated temperature can be made on the basis of fiber optical fibers designed to operate at elevated temperatures, in particular, they can be made of optical fibers with a heat-resistant coating, in particular, they can be made of optical fibers with a heat-resistant coating of metal, in particular, they can be made of optical fibers with a heat-resistant coating of copper alloy wa;

Another embodiment of the universal modular fiber-optic telemetric complex (radiation-resistant design), all unified modules located in the area of increased radiation are performed in a radiation-resistant design, in particular, they can be made of components designed to work in conditions increased radiation, in particular, they can be equipped with unified sensor heads (5), specified for operation in conditions of increased radiation, in particular Moreover, they can be equipped with unified sensor heads (5), FBG-sensitive sensors (13) of which are made on the basis of fiber optical fibers with increased radiation resistance, in particular, on the basis of fiber optical fibers whose radiation resistance is increased due to saturation of the silica glass grid molecular gases, in particular, whose radiation resistance is increased due to saturation of the quartz glass network with hydrogen and / or deuterium, in particular, sensitive elements (13) of standardized sensors heads (5) can be specially processed to ensure that they maintain their performance under high radiation conditions, in particular, communication lines of the optical interface (2) located in the zone of increased radiation can be made on the basis of fiber optical fibers intended for work in conditions of increased radiation, in particular, they can be made of optical fibers with a radiation-resistant coating, in particular, they can be made of optical fibers

with a radiation-resistant coating of metal, in particular, they can be made of optical fibers with a radiation-resistant coating of aluminum alloy, in particular, optical fibers of communication lines of the optical interface can be made radiation-resistant, in particular, the increased radiation resistance of optical fibers can be achieved by saturation of the silica glass grid with molecular gases, in particular, radiation resistance can be achieved by saturation of the silica glass grid with hydrogen and / or terium;

A unified recording module (Figs. 3-6), containing a light source (7), an optical light distribution system (8), a dispersing element (9), a photosensitive sensor (10), made in accordance with these principles of unification, moreover, in one of the options (Fig. 3), the light source (7) provides a wide range of optical radiation, and the dispersing element (9), located between the optical light distribution system (8) and the photodetector (10), acts as a tunable optical filter, passing on the photodetector a window (10) the radiation of various spectral ranges, in particular, a light source (7) with a wide spectrum of optical radiation can be made in the form of a superluminescent diode, in particular, it can be made in the form of a fiber superluminescent light source, in particular, it can be made in the form of an LED, in particular, it can be made in the form of an incandescent lamp, in particular, it can be made in the form of a discharge lamp; in another claimed embodiment (FIG. 4), the light source (7) also has a wide range of output optical radiation, however, the dispersing element (9) installed between the light source (7) and the optical light distribution system (8) acts as a tunable filter, passing through an optical light distribution system (8) radiation with a different wavelength; in the third claimed embodiment (FIG. 5), the light source (7) containing the dispersing element (9) in its design emits an optical signal with a narrow spectrum, the wavelength of which is tuned in accordance with the control signal transmitted via the electronic interface (6) from a computer; in the fourth claimed embodiment (FIG. 6), the optical receiver (10) contains an integrated dispersing element (9) as an element of its design, thus being an integral spectrometer.

A unified sensor head (Fig. 10-15) containing at least one sensor element based on FBG (13), a device for fixing the sensor element (15), a physical quantity converter (14), a housing (16), an optical

interface (2), made in accordance with the specified principles of unification, while:

- in the claimed embodiment of the thermosensitive sensor head (Fig. 10), the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in such a way as to provide good thermal contact of the sensing element on the FBG (13) with an object whose temperature is controlled, in particular, it can be made in the form heat conduit, in particular, it can be made in the form of a heat conduit from metal with high thermal conductivity, in particular, it can be made of copper, in particular, it can be made of aluminum, in particular, it can be made of d and the electric material, in particular, it can be made of ceramic, in particular, it can be made of quartz glass, in particular, it can be made in the form of a protective coating of the fiber region with the recorded FBG sensitive element (13), in particular it can be made in the form of a protective coating of metal, in particular, it can be made in the form of a protective coating of steel, in particular, it can be made in the form of a protective coating of nickel, in particular, it can be made in the form of a protective coating of copper alloy, in particular, it can be made in the form of a protective coating of aluminum alloy, in particular, it can be made in the form of a protective coating of polymeric material, in particular, it can be made in the form of a protective coating of PMMA, in particular, it can be made in the form of a protective coating of polyethylene, in particular, it can be made in the form of a protective coating of polystyrene, in particular, it can be made in the form of a protective coating of silicone, in particular, it can be made in the form protectively a coating of a fluoroplastic, in particular, it may be formed as a protective coating of a composite material, in particular, it may be formed as a protective coating of carbon, in particular, it may be formed as a protective coating of fiberglass;

- in the inventive embodiment, the pressure sensitive sensor head (Fig. 11) contains at least two sensing elements based on FBG (13), and at least one of them is made in such a way that the measured effect is not transmitted to it but at the same time it would be in thermal contact with the second element, and the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in such a way as to convert the measured pressure in the controlled space into the longitudinal mechanical deformation of the second sensitive element (13), per hour In particular, the transducer of physical quantity (14) can be made in the form of an elastic membrane bounding on one side the volume in which the pressure is measured, in

in particular, the physical quantity transducer (14) can be made in the form of an elastic membrane delimiting two volumes, the pressure difference in which is measured, in particular, the physical quantity transducer can be made in the form of an elastic membrane of metal, and the sensitive element (13) is attached to one end of this membrane, in particular, a physical quantity transducer (14) can be made in the form of an elastic metal membrane, and a sensitive element (13) is attached to this membrane over the entire surface, in particular, The span of the physical quantity (14) can be made in the form of a membrane made of composite material, and the sensitive element (13) is placed inside this material, in particular, the transducer of the physical quantity (14) can be made in the form of a segment of the pipeline, in particular, the transducer of the physical quantity (14) can be made in the form of a segment of a pipeline of metal, and the sensitive element (13) is mounted on the outer cylindrical surface perpendicular to the cylinder generatrix, in particular, a physical quantity transducer (14) can can be made in the form of a segment of a pipeline made of metal, one end of which is plugged, and a sensing element (13) is attached to the external or internal cylindrical surface of the pipeline in the direction parallel to the cylinder generatrix, in particular, the physical quantity transducer (14) can be made in the form of a bellows and the sensing element (13) is attached to the blanked end of the bellows at one end;

- in the inventive version of the sensor head sensitive to hydrostatic pressure (Fig. 12) contains at least one sensor on the FBG (13), moreover, the fiber optic fiber of the sensor has significant birefringence, while the physical quantity converter (14) is made Thus, in order to ensure anisotropic transmission of external hydrostatic pressure to the surface of the fiber of the sensing element on the FBG (13), in particular, the physical quantity converter (14) can be made in in the form of a monolithic block, moreover, the sensitive element (13) is placed inside this block, in particular, the physical quantity converter (14) can be made in the form of a monolithic block of composite material, in particular, the physical quantity converter (14) can be made in the form of a monolithic carbon fiber block, in particular, the physical quantity converter (14) can be made in the form of a monolithic fiberglass block, in particular, the physical quantity converter (14) can be made in the form of a monolithic block of polymeric material, in particular, the physical quantity transducer (14) may be formed as a solid block of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), in particular, a physical transducer

value (14) can be made in the form of a monolithic block of rubber, in particular, the converter of physical quantity (14) can be made in the form of a monolithic block of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), in particular, the converter of physical value (14) can be made in the form monolithic block of polystyrene, in particular, the physical quantity converter (14) can be made in the form of a monolithic block of epoxy compound, in particular, the physical quantity converter (14) can be made in the form of a monolithic block of silicone, in h In particular, anisotropic transmission of external pressure can be achieved due to the structural form of the physical quantity transducer (14), in particular, anisotropic transmission of external pressure can be provided due to the elliptical cross-sectional shape of the physical quantity transducer (14), moreover, the sensitive element (13) located inside the transducer of a physical quantity along the longitudinal axis, the optical axes of birefringence of the sensing element (13) being oriented inside relative to the axes of eccentric eta elliptical cross section of the transducer of a physical quantity (14) in such a way that an external action leads to a decrease in birefringence in the sensitive element (13), in particular, anisotropic transmission of external pressure can be achieved due to the shape of the transducer of a physical quantity elliptical in cross section (14), moreover, the sensitive element (13) is located inside the transducer of the physical quantity (14), along the longitudinal axis, and the optical axis of the birefringence of the sensitive element is oriented within about the axes of eccentricity of the elliptical cross section of a physical quantity transducer (14) so that the external action resulting in an increase in the birefringence in the sensor (13);

- in the claimed embodiment, the sensor head sensitive to mechanical strains of longitudinal tension / compression (Fig. 13) contains at least two sensing elements on the FBG (13), moreover, one of them is placed so that it is not transmitted measurable mechanical strain of longitudinal tension / compression from the controlled object, but at the same time, it would be in thermal contact with the second element, moreover, the physical quantity transducer (14) is designed in such a way that ensures the transmission of mechanical deformation of longitudinal tension / compression from the controlled object to the second sensitive element (13), transforming it into mechanical deformation of longitudinal tension / compression of the sensitive element on FBG (13), in particular, the physical quantity transducer (14) is designed in such a way that provides transmission

the measured mechanical deformation of longitudinal tension / compression from the controlled object with a different shape of its surface, in particular, when the surface of the controlled object is flat, this is achieved by the flat shape of the transducer part of the physical quantity (14) attached to the surface of the controlled object, in particular, with a cylindrical shape the surface of the controlled object, this is achieved by the cylindrical shape of the part of the transducer of physical quantity (14) attached to the surface of the controlled object In particular, the transducer of physical quantity (14) is designed in such a way that provides the transmission of the measured mechanical strain of longitudinal tension / compression from the controlled object to the second sensitive element (13), transforming it into mechanical strain of longitudinal tension / compression of the sensitive element on FBG ( 13) with the necessary quantity conversion, in particular, the physical quantity converter (14) provides the transmission of the measured mechanical strain of longitudinal tension / compression from of the controlled object to the second sensitive element (13), transforming it into mechanical deformation of longitudinal tension / compression of the sensitive element by FBG (13) with multiplying its value by the gain Ku, in particular, the gain Ku provided by the design of the converter lies in the range 0-1 (attenuation), in particular, the gain factor Ku provided by the design of the converter is more than 1 (gain), in particular, the physical quantity converter (14) can be a constructive part of the fixation properties of the sensitive element (15), which makes a mechanical connection between the surface of the controlled object and the second sensitive element on the FBG (13), in this case, if the longitudinal dimension of the measured mechanical deformation is between the attachment points of the sensitive element (13) to the fixation device of the sensitive element (15) ) is larger than the longitudinal dimension of the measured mechanical deformation between the attachment points of the physical quantity transducer (14) to the surface of the controlled object, there is a weakening and the gain Ku, determined by the ratio of these sizes, lies in the range 0-1 if the longitudinal dimension of the measured mechanical deformation between the points of attachment of the sensor (14) to the fixation device of the sensor (15) is less than the longitudinal one of the measured mechanical deformation the size between the attachment points of the transducer of physical quantity (14) to the surface of the controlled object, there is a gain, and the gain coefficient Ku, determined by the ratio of these sizes, exceeds 1, in particular , device for fixing the sensitive element (15),

the physical quantity converter (14) and the housing (16) can be structurally made in the form of a monolithic block of structural material, moreover, the sensitive element (13) is placed inside this block, in particular, they can be made of composite material, in particular, they can be made of carbon fiber, in particular they can be made of fiberglass, in particular, they can be made of a polymeric material, in particular they can be made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), in particular, they can be made of polyethylene, in particular, they can be made of rubber, in particular, they can be made of silicone, in particular, they can be made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), in particular, they can be made of epoxy compound, in particular , they can be made of an epoxy compound with a filler;

- in the claimed embodiment, a unified sensor head designed for simultaneous measurement of bending, torsion, shear and contact pressure deformations (Fig. 9) contains at least nine sensing elements (13), four of which are located along four vertical ribs a physical quantity transducer (14) made in the form of a parallelepiped, the other four sensing elements (13) are located along the diagonals of the side faces of the parallelepiped, and one sensing element (13) is placed so that He was in thermal contact with other sensitive elements, but did not experience any mechanical deformations, in particular, a physical quantity transducer (14) made in the form of a parallelepiped can be made of an elastically deformable material and can be a single structure combining the functions of the physical quantity transducer (14), the fixation device of the sensitive element (15) and the housing (16), while all the sensitive elements (13) are combined by the optical interface (2) into a single meter optical branch, and processing and analysis of signals from all sensitive elements (13) allows us to conclude about the nature, type and strain of a unified sensor head (5), in particular, a physical quantity converter (14) made in the form of a parallelepiped can be made made of metal, in particular, a physical quantity transducer (14) made in the form of a parallelepiped can be made of steel, in particular, a physical quantity transducer (14) made in the form of a parallelepiped can be made and Aluminum alloy, in particular, the physical quantity transducer (14) arranged in the form of a parallelepiped can be made of titanium alloy, in particular physical transducer

values (14), made in the form of a parallelepiped can be made of a polymeric material, in particular, it can be made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), in particular, it can be made of composite material, in particular, it can be made of fiberglass, in particular, it can be made of carbon fiber, in particular, the physical quantity transducer (14) can be made in the form of a monolithic parallelepiped, in particular, the physical quantity transducer (14) can be made in the form of a hollow parallelepiped food;

- in the claimed version of the accelerometer and vibration-sensitive head (Fig) contains at least two sensing elements on the FBG (13), moreover, one of them is placed so that it is not affected by the force transmitted by the physical quantity converter (14) to the second sensitive element, but at the same time it would be in the same thermal conditions with it, while the physical quantity converter (14) is made in the form of a movable massive inertial element on guides that limit it to the baud by moving along the selected axis of the measurement, so that under the action of the measured acceleration the inertial element moves relative to the fixation device of the sensing element (15), which leads to the longitudinal deformation of the second sensing element (13), one end attached to a fixed fixing device ( 15), and to others, to the transducer of physical quantity (14), in particular, the value of the free run of the inertial element can be limited, in particular, the value is free the inertial element travel can be limited by a special limiter to the extent that the fiber of the sensing element is not broken off on the FBG (13), in particular, the free movement of the inertia element can be limited by the elasticity of the fiber of the sensing element on the FBG (13), in particular the amount of free play can be limited by an elastically deformable structural element of the fixation device (15), in which the sensitive element is completely fixed on the FBG (13), in particular, the elastic the secured structural element can be made in the form of a spring, in particular, the elastically deformable element can be made in the form of a flat plate, and the sensitive element (13) can be attached to the surface along the axis of this plate so that the effective acceleration leads to bending plate, and stretching / compression of the sensitive element on the FBG (13), in particular, the elastically deformable element can be made in the form of a flat plate, and the sensitive element (13) can be attached along the axis of this plate so that Actual acceleration would lead to tension / compression

plate, and stretching / compression of the sensitive element on the FBG (13), in particular, the elastically deformable element can be made in the form of a hollow cylindrical rod, and the sensitive element (13) is placed along the axis of this rod inside;

- in the claimed embodiment, a unified sensor head, sensitive to force or displacement (dynamometer head) (Fig. 15) contains at least two sensing elements (13), one of which is fixed in the fixing device (15) so that it does not to experience no mechanical deformations, but to be in the same temperature conditions as the second one, and the measured displacement is transformed with the help of a physical quantity transducer (14) into longitudinal deformation (tension / compression) of the second sensitive element 13), in particular, a physical quantity transducer (14) can carry out such a transformation by means of a spring, one end of which is fixed on an elastically deformable structural element of the device for fixing (15) of the sensing element on the FBG (13), and the second is attached to a movable rod so that the movement of the rod within the measured value leads to spring tension, which, in turn, provides longitudinal deformation of the elastically deformable element of the fixation device (15) with the attached With a FBM element (13), in particular, the device for fixing the sensitive element (15) can be structurally combined with the casing (16), and the movable rod can form a coaxial telescopic pair with the casing, inside of which the spring and sensitive elements are placed along the axis, in particular, a physical quantity transducer (14) can carry out such a conversion by means of a spring, one end of which is fixed to an elastically deformable structural element of the device for fixing (15) of the sensing element on FBG (13), and in the latter is attached to the movable rod, so that the movement of the rod within the measured value leads to the tension of the spring, which, in turn, provides bending deformation of the elastically deformable element of the fixing device (15) with the sensitive element attached to it on the FBG (13), the elastically deformable element is made in the form of a plate of structural material, in particular, it can be made of metal, and the sensitive element (13) is attached to its surface, in particular, it can be made and h of the composite material, and the sensitive element (13) is placed inside this material, in particular, it can be made of fiberglass, in particular it can be made of carbon fiber, in particular, the physical quantity transducer (14) can carry out such a conversion by transmitting the recorded moving directly to

an elastically deformable element, causing its bending deformation, which leads to tension / compression of the sensing element attached to it on the FBG (13);

A unified module for expanding the number of optical channels (Fig. 4.), Containing at least one optical beam splitter system (11), an optical interface (2), made in accordance with the indicated principles of unification, moreover, optical radiation from a common channel through optical the beam splitting system (11) is distributed in equal parts to at least two branched optical channels, and the radiation coming from these channels is combined and sent back to the common channel, while the beam splitting optical which system (11) can be performed, in particular, on the basis of alloyed fiber couplers, in particular, it can also be performed on the basis of integrated optical couplers, in particular, it can be performed on the basis of bulk optical elements;

A unified module for switching optical channels (Fig. 5), containing a switching optical system (12), an optical interface (2), an electronic control interface (6), made in accordance with the indicated principles of unification, and the optical radiation entering the common optical channel by means of a switching optical system (12), switched in accordance with the electronic control signal received via the electronic interface (6), is directed to one of the switched channels, and the radiation from this channel is sampled clearly into the common optical channel, in particular, the switching optical system (12) can be built on the basis of electro-optical deflectors, in particular, the switching optical system (12) can be built on the basis of electromechanical optical deflectors, in particular, the switching optical system (12) can be built on the basis of technology of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS).

All of the claimed modules are connected by a common creative concept and together provide the implementation of the objectives of the invention - the construction of a universal modular fiber-optic telemetry complex.

As can be seen in the block diagram shown in figure 1, the main structural element of the complex is a unified recording module (1). It is designed to record the spectral shift of the wavelength of the resonant reflection of the sensitive element (13) of the unified sensor head (5), the principle of which will be discussed below. Options for its construction are presented in figures 3-6. In embodiment A (FIG. 3), optical radiation from a light source (7) having a wide spectrum of output radiation, such as, for example, SLD-1550 manufactured by AO

Nolatech, via the optical interface (2), enters the optical light distribution system (8), made, for example, on the basis of the optical circulator OCPI-30-2-1-1-1-3-1-1, manufactured by Agiltron, which directs this radiation to the external optical interface (2), connecting the recording module (1) with other unified modules of the complex, and, conversely, the radiation entering the recording module (1) from the external optical interface (2) by the optical light distribution system (8) is directed along optical inter ysu (2) into the dispersing element (9), which separates the incoming radiation into spectral components and transmits them in accordance with the control signal supplied via the electronic interface (6), and is thus a tunable filter, such as, for example, FOTF-01 -5, Agiltron. After it, the selected spectral components are sent to a photosensitive sensor (10), for example, of the FDM-14-2K type, manufactured by Nolatech JSC, which converts optical radiation into an electrical signal sent to an electronic interface (6) for further processing. In embodiment B (FIG. 4), the dispersing element (9), controlled by the electronic interface (6), as in variant A (FIG. 3), is a tunable filter that passes certain signals in accordance with the control signal from the electronic interface (6) spectral components of the radiation from the light source (7) to the optical light distribution system (8), which, in turn, directs this radiation to the external optical interface (2), and the radiation coming from it directs it through the internal optical interface (2) to the photosensitive uk (10). In option B (Fig. 5), the dispersing element (9) is included as a structural element (part of the laser cavity) in a light source (7), which, therefore, is a tunable wavelength light source, such as, for example, the ECL5000D, presented in the Thorlabs catalog. Otherwise, option B (Fig. 5) of the registration module (1) works in the same way as option B (Fig. 4), however, it has a higher optical radiation power than the previous versions, which allows creating it is based on more extensive systems, with a large number of unified blocks, in particular, sensor heads, but it is also worth noting its higher cost. In embodiment D (FIG. 6), the dispersing element (9) is included as a component in the photosensitive sensor (10), which is thus an integrated spectrometer, such as, for example, the I-MON spectrometer manufactured by IBSEN. Otherwise, this option works similarly to option A (figure 3), however, this option has an increased compared

with other options, speed. Such a variety of options allows the developer to create the most optimal systems, providing flexibility and the necessary set of ranges of key parameters.

As can be seen in the block diagram of the complex (Fig. 1), the radiation from the unified recording unit (1) can be switched to one of several optical channels by the optical channel switching module (3) (Fig. 5), which contains an optical switching system (12), which can be built on the basis of electro-optical deflectors, for example, NSSW-12-5 from Agiltron, or based on MEMS technology, such as, for example, LBSW-18-5-1, from the same manufacturer.

Further, the radiation can be divided into several measuring branches by means of a channel number expansion module (4) (Fig. 7), the beam splitting system (11) of which can be constructed, for example, on the basis of an FC-4- type 1 × 4 alloy fiber-optic coupler 5-1, dividing the input radiation equally into four channels.

Each measuring branch may contain one or more standardized sensor heads (5), which, in turn, contain at least one sensor element on the FBG (13), a physical quantity transducer (14), and a fixation device (15) for the sensor element ( 13), housing (16), and optical interface (2).

The principle of operation of the sensor head is based on the property of the sensitive element on the FBG (13) to change the wavelength of the resonant reflection depending on the temperature or mechanical deformation applied to the sensitive element (13). The physical basis of the operation of such a sensitive element is described below.

The possibility of implementing unified sensor heads on FBG:

As already mentioned, the sensing element of the sensor head is based on FBG.

The shift in the spectral position of the resonant wavelength of the FBG λ _Br depends on the change in the ambient temperature ΔT and on the relative strain ε applied to the fiber with the FBG. The dependence of the shift λ _Br on these parameters is described by the following equation:

where P _{i, j} are the Pockels coefficients of the elastic-optical tensor, ν is the Poisson number, α is the coefficient of thermal expansion of quartz glass. The following numerical values of the given values are usually used:

P ₁₁ = 0.121, P ₁₂ = 0.270, ν = 0.164, dn / dT≈10 ^-5 K ^-1 , α≈10 ^-6 K ^-1

Relation (0.1) gives typical values of the shear λ _Br depending on the temperature ~ 0.01 nm / ° C and on the relative elongation of the fiber ~ 10 ^-3 nm / με (με is the relative elongation expressed in units of 10 ^-6 ).

Note that, despite the not very significant absolute values of the indicated shifts, their values, referred to the spectral width of the FBG, are quite large, which makes it possible to use such FBGs as sensitive elements in measuring temperature and mechanical strains. Thus, modern spectral registration systems allow measuring the spectral shift of the resonant wavelength of FBG with an accuracy of ~ 10 ^-3 nm, providing an accuracy of measuring temperature of ~ 0.1 ° C and relative strain of ~ 1 με.

Description of the principle of operation of the variants of the claimed heads:

The principle of operation of the heat-sensitive head (figure 10) is as follows:

heat from the controlled object is supplied through a heat-conducting transducer of a physical quantity (14) to a sensitive element on the FBG (13) fixed in the housing (16), the resonance reflection wavelength of which is shifted according to relation (0.1) with a proportionality coefficient of approximately ~ 0.01 nm / ° C. This shift is recorded by the unified recording module (1) through the optical interface (2). The housing (16) can be made of either a material whose linear thermal expansion coefficient is close to the quartz glass of which the fiber optic fiber of the sensing element (13) is made, or any other material with predetermined thermal properties, which allows the sensitivity of the unified sensor head to be modified. and should be considered when calibrating.

The principle of operation of the pressure-sensitive sensor head (Fig. 11) is as follows: the measured pressure is supplied to the sealed area of the housing (16), limited on one side by a physical quantity transducer (14) made in the form of a deformable membrane, a movable piston, or a bellows. This pressure creates a force that deforms it, proportional to the surface area of the transducer of a physical quantity (14), and also a sensitive element on the FBG (13), which is in tight mechanical connection with it. In this case, a longitudinal deformation of the sensitive element on the FBG (13) occurs, proportional to the measured pressure, which leads to a shift in the wavelength of the resonant reflection of the sensitive element on the FBG (13), which, in turn, is recorded by a unified recording module (1), through the optical interface ( 2). At the same

time, the total thermal effect of the environment, which is a parasitic effect, with respect to the measured pressure, is measured both by this sensitive element and, regardless of pressure, by the second sensitive element on the FBG (13), which allows, after differential registration of signals from both elements , separate them during processing and compensate for the parasitic effects of temperature.

The principle of operation of the sensor head, sensitive to hydrostatic pressure (Fig. 12), is as follows: the sensitive element on the FBG (13) is made on a fiber with strong birefringence, as a result of which two FBGs are formed in it, several spaced apart by wavelength resonant reflection. In this case, a parasitic temperature effect leads to a synchronous shift of the wavelengths of both FBGs, at the same time, external influences on the fiber of the sensing element on the FBG (13), leading to a change in the birefringence in the fiber, will cause a change in the relative position of these wavelengths, which will be recorded unified registration module (1) through the optical interface (2) and interpreted as measured hydrostatic pressure. The physical quantity transducer (14), in this case, must ensure the conversion of uniform hydrostatic compression into anisotropic transverse deformation of the birefringent fiber optical fiber of the sensing element on the FBG (13), which is realized by introducing rigid structural elements into the homogeneous isotropic sheath of the sensitive element on the FBG (13) that violate the axial symmetry of the transducer of a physical quantity (14), or by imparting a special anisotropic shape to the entire structure, is oriented nd relative to the axes of the birefringence fiber to the FBG sensor element (13).

The principle of operation of a unified sensor head sensitive to mechanical strains of longitudinal tension / compression (Fig. 13) is as follows: through a physical quantity transducer (14) made in the form of a rigid bracket, linear mechanical deformation of the controlled surface of the object is transmitted to the first sensitive element on the FBG (13), moreover, if the distance between the attachment points of the bracket of the transducer of the physical quantity (14) to the controlled object is greater than the distance between the fix points sensing element (13) (as shown in Fig. 13), then the transmission occurs with a gain of Ku> 1, and if the distance between the attachment points of the bracket of the transducer of the physical quantity (14) to the controlled

object is less than the distance between the fixation points of the sensing element (13), then the transmission occurs with a gain of Ku <1. The linear deformation of the first sensitive element on the FBG (13) leads to a shift in the wavelength of its resonant reflection, which is detected by the unified recording module (1), while the spurious thermal effect simultaneously affects the first and second sensitive elements on the FBG (13), wherein the second sensing element (13) is fixed in the fixation device of the sensitive element (15) so as not to experience any mechanical stress, but to be in the same temperature conditions with the first. Thus, when registering and processing signals from both sensitive elements, the parasitic thermal effect is taken into account. The principle of operation of a unified sensor head designed for simultaneous measurement of bending, torsion, shear and contact pressure deformations (Fig. 9) will be considered as an example of calculation: let the parallelepiped of a physical quantity transducer be made in the form of a monolithic parallelepiped with a size of the upper and lower sides 130 × 155 mm , of steel.

To assess the sensitivity to the force applied to the upper surface of the parallelepiped, of the sensitive elements located on the edges of the parallelepiped, we take the steel Young's modulus ~ 200 GPa in terms of the applied loads. With a sensitivity of FBG to a relative strain of ~ 10 ^-6, it will be possible to measure a pressure of ~ 200 kPa. With a side surface area of S = 130 × 155 mm = 0.02 m ^{2, a} load of 1 t creates a pressure of 500 kPa, that is, the sensitivity of the considered sensor to the applied pressure can be at the level of 0.4 t. Maximum loads of 200 t create a relative deformation of 10 ^-3 and the shift of the resonant wavelength of the FBG is ~ 1.5 nm (that is, you can use the option of using gratings without amplification, or with an amplifier 2-4 times). The principle of operation of the accelerometer and vibration-sensitive sensor head (Fig. 14) is as follows: a physical quantity transducer (14), which is a massive inertial element mounted on guides that limit its freedom of movement along the selected measurement axis, under the action of the projected measured acceleration on the displacement axis shifts along the guides, which leads to the occurrence of longitudinal deformation of the first sensitive element mechanically connected to it on the FBG (13). Fixation of the second sensitive element (13) by the fixing device (15) excludes its deformation, but ensures equal temperatures of the first and second sensitive elements on the FBG (13). The spectral shifts of the wavelengths of the resonance reflection of both sensitive elements on the FBG (13) are recorded through

optical interface (2) with a unified recording module (1), signal processing allows you to take into account spurious thermal effects. The vibration amplitude with a frequency exceeding the response speed of the unified registering module (1) is recorded using this sensor head by processing information about the effective width of the resonance reflection spectrum of the sensitive element on the FBG (13).

The principle of operation of the sensor head, sensitive to movement and dynamometric sensor head (Fig) is as follows:

the recorded movement or the recorded force is applied through the fastening elements to the physical quantity transducer (14), made in the form of an elastically deformable element, for example, in the form of a spring, which leads to the appearance of a force proportional to these effects applied to the first sensitive element on the FBG (13), causing its longitudinal deformation, which, in turn, leads to a spectral shift of the wavelength of its resonant reflection. The second sensitive element on the FBG (13) is fixed in the fixing device (15) in such a way that its deformation was eliminated, but it would be in the same temperature conditions with the first. The spectral shift of the wavelengths of the resonant reflection of both sensitive elements on the FBG (13) is recorded through the optical interface (2) by a unified recording module (1).

Thus, in all versions of the unified sensor head (5), optical radiation reflected from the FBG sensor element (13) of the sensor head (5) in the form of a spectral shift of the maximum reflection wavelength contains information about the measured value. After reflection from all the sensor heads located simultaneously in the circuit, both placed sequentially on one measuring branch and placed on several branches connected by an extension module for the number of optical channels (4), the optical radiation is sent back through the previously passed optical path to a unified recording module (1), where this radiation is recorded and processed, until a digital electronic code is received, after which the channel is switched by the switching module o optical channels (3) to another set of sensor heads (5), combined in a similar way.

According to the principles of unification, given earlier, and combined with other claimed points by a single creative concept, the wavelengths of the unified sensor heads must be coordinated in order to provide the opportunity

their parallel-serial connection taking into account the ranges of changes in their spectral position.

We show the possibility of realizing wavelength matching of unified sensor heads using a specific example:

let, for example, an IBSEN I-MON spectrometer (wavelength range 1510-1590 nm) is used as a spectrometer in variant G (Fig. 6) of a unified recording module, and unified sensor heads sensitive to longitudinal deformation correspond to the variant without gain (Ku = 1). The sensitivity of the measurement of surface deformation will be provided at a level of ~ 1 μm / m with an integration time of ~ 1 sec.

Let it be required to ensure measurement of relative strains caused by two factors - electromagnetic and thermal loads, in the range from -0.002 to +0.002 at an operating temperature of 300-350 ° С. In accordance with formula (0.1) and taking into account the indicated maximum strains, the maximum shift of the FBG wavelength will be from -2.5 nm to +2.5 nm. At an operating temperature of 300-350 ° C, the temperature shift of the FBG wavelength will be 3-3.5 nm. According to these estimates, the wavelength range of the VBR1 lattice, which experiences both mechanical deformation and temperature, will be 0- + 6 nm, while for the VBR2 lattice, which senses only temperature, this value will be 3-3.5 nm.

Thus, for carrying out measurements for each sensor head, it is necessary to separate (with a margin of 1.5 nm) a spectral range of ~ 10 nm, and therefore, in the spectral range of the I-MON spectrum analyzer (1510-1590 nm) used in the unified recording module of the system, place 8 sensor heads of this type.

In the figure (figure 2) to illustrate the approximate positions of the wavelengths of the FBG of the two sensor heads in the initial state and when performing measurements. Dashed lines with arrows indicate the regions of change in the wavelength of the FBG fixed on the surface of the controlled object under surface deformation and constant temperature.

Thus, according to the described principles, sets of unified sensor heads of each type with different sensitivities, and accordingly, different measurement ranges, are formed.

The problem is solved by the fact that in the fiber-optic telemetry systems under development, when selecting or manufacturing components, special unification principles are applied:

- the unity of the metrological basis of measurements: the metrological basis of the complex is based on the principle of spectral recording of changes in the wavelength of the resonance reflection of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) caused by the influence of the measured physical quantity, which, due to the design features of the heads, leads to longitudinal deformation of the FBG.

- unity and consistency of the working wavelengths of all fiber-optic components of the complex: the working wavelengths are chosen near 1.3 and 1.5 μm - in areas traditionally used for fiber-optic communication, this is determined by the presence of a significant number of fiber-optic components for these ranges. The unity of the working wavelengths of the elements is that for all components of the system, the central wavelength of the working range is the selected wavelength of 1.3 or 1.5 μm. This is marked with a unified code on the outer surface of the element structures and is reflected in the accompanying technical documentation. The consistency of the working wavelengths of the elements is that for all unified recording modules the spectral range is determined near 1.3 or 1.5 μm, the width of which is determined by the spectral sensitivity range of the photosensitive sensor, the dispersion value and the free dispersion region of the dispersing element and the spectral characteristics of the light source, this information is marked a unified code on the external surface of the module and is reflected in the technical documentation. At the same time, at the stage of manufacturing the sensor heads, they are formed taking into account that, for the entire range of the measured signals, the wavelength of the resonant reflection of the FBG does not go beyond the specified range. Since for FBG-based sensor heads, the range of the spectral shift of the resonant reflection wavelength is related to the range of measured values, it becomes necessary to use a set of sensor heads with different sensitivities to cover a wide range of measured values, with the spectral range of each sensor head being marked with a unified code on the surface of the head and is reflected in the accompanying technical documentation. Since when conducting multipoint (quasi-distributed) measurements of any one physical quantity with a predetermined sensitivity, each of the sensor heads sequentially included in the measuring chain will occupy the working spectral

the window of the unified recording module a certain spectral interval, given its sensitivity and the range of variation of the measured value, it becomes necessary to use a set of sensor heads of the same purpose, with the same sensitivity, but spaced apart spectrally so that their spectral regions do not overlap in the entire range of possible changes in the measured values in all measurement points, while the spectral range of each sensor head is marked unified to house on the surface of the head and is reflected in the accompanying technical documentation. Thus, a complete set of sensor heads includes sets of heads of various types measuring various physical quantities from the specified list, each of which includes a series of heads of different sensitivity to a measured physical quantity, and each series contains a number of heads spaced apart spectrally for organization chains. In this case, the spectral ranges of the heads are reduced to multiples of the smallest of them, which allows us to use the spectral range of the unified recording module to the fullest extent possible. All spectral ranges of all heads of a complete set are marked with a unified code, which allows the developer to easily select elements matched by the working wavelengths.

- unity of fiber-optic interfaces: involves the use of the same type of optical connectors in all elements, as well as the use of the same type of fiber-optic communication lines (patch cords) used in the spectral range near 1.3 or 1.5 μm, respectively, according to the working wavelength complex. The type of patch cord is characterized by the cut-off wavelength of a single-mode fiber, which should be shorter than the selected operating wavelength, and the type of fiber-optic connector at the ends of the fiber, for example FC / APC.

- unity of electronic interfaces: involves equipping all devices controlled by electronic signals with a standard electronic interface, such as USB, with the corresponding electronic and microprocessor elements.

- development of special software: to ensure the functionality of the universal fiber-optic modular telemetry complex, it is necessary to use special software that takes into account the presence of a standard electronic interface and other principles of unification, including a unified marking code.

The application of these principles makes it easy to pair elements with each other in accordance with the required measurement parameters.

The problem is also solved by the fact that the developed fiber-optic telemetry systems are equipped with a certain, most complete set of sensor heads, expanding the range of measured physical quantities.

The problem is also solved by the fact that, in accordance with the principles of unification, new and modern recording devices for fiber-optic telemetry systems are developed and modernized, as a result of which a set of unified recording modules is formed.

The problem is also solved by the fact that, in accordance with the principles of unification, new sensor heads are developed and existing ones are modernized, as a result of which a set of unified sensor heads is formed.

- The problem is also solved by the fact that on the basis of standard fiber-optic elements, in accordance with the principles of unification, unified modules for expanding the number of channels and unified modules for switching optical channels are created.

Thus, a universal modular fiber-optic telemetry complex is created that meets the requirements of flexibility, completeness of measurements, convenience and simplicity in the development, installation, operation and maintenance.

Claims (155)

1. A universal modular fiber-optic telemetry complex, including at least one unified recording module (1) and at least one of the unified sensor heads (5), as well as in any combinations and quantities of unified expansion modules the number of channels (4), unified modules for switching optical channels (3), connected by an optical interface (2) to each other and an electronic interface (6) with a control computer. 2. The complex according to claim 1, characterized in that all the modules that are in standard conditions are performed as standard from components specified for work in standard conditions. 3. The complex according to claim 2, characterized in that the optical fibers used as communication lines of the optical interface (2) are standard connected optical fibers of the SMF-28 type (manufactured by Fujikura). 4. The complex according to claim 2, characterized in that the optical fibers used for the manufacture of sensitive elements based on fiber Bragg gratings (13) of unified sensor heads (5) are standard connected fiber optic fibers of the SMF-28 type (manufactured by Fujikura). 5. The complex according to claim 1, characterized in that all the elements that are under operating conditions in the zone of increased temperature are made in a heat-resistant version of the components intended for operation at elevated temperatures. 6. The complex according to claim 5, characterized in that the communication lines of the optical interface (2) located in the zone of increased temperature are made on the basis of fiber optical fibers designed to operate at elevated temperatures. 7. The complex according to claim 6, characterized in that the communication lines of the optical interface (2) located in the high temperature zone are made on the basis of fiber optical fibers with a heat-resistant metal coating. 8. The complex according to claim 7, characterized in that the communication lines of the optical interface (2) located in the high temperature zone are made on the basis of fiber optical fibers with a heat-resistant coating of copper alloy. 9. The complex according to claim 7, characterized in that the communication lines of the optical interface (2) located in the high temperature zone are made on the basis of fiber optical fibers with a heat-resistant coating of nickel alloy. 10. The complex according to claim 7, characterized in that the communication lines of the optical interface (2) located in the high temperature zone are made on the basis of fiber optical fibers with a heat-resistant coating of aluminum alloy. 11. The complex according to claim 5, characterized in that the complex is equipped with unified sensor heads (5), specified for operation at elevated temperatures. 12. The complex according to claim 11, characterized in that it is equipped with unified sensor heads (5), sensitive elements based on FBG (13) of which are made of a fiber with a quartz glass core with an admixture of nitrogen. 13. The complex according to claim 11, characterized in that it is equipped with unified sensor heads (5), sensitive elements based on FBG (13) of which are specially prepared to maintain their performance at elevated temperatures. 14. The complex according to claim 1, characterized in that all the elements located under the operating conditions in the area of increased radiation are made in a radiation-resistant design. 15. The complex according to 14, characterized in that it is equipped with unified sensor heads (5), sensitive elements based on FBG (13) which are made on the basis of fiber optical fibers with high radiation resistance. 16. The complex according to claim 15, characterized in that the radiation resistance of the fiber optical fibers of the sensitive elements on the FBG (13) of the unified sensor heads (5) is increased due to the saturation of the glass grid with molecular hydrogen. 17. The complex according to claim 15, characterized in that the radiation resistance of the fiber optical fibers of the sensitive elements on the FBG (13) of the unified sensor heads (5) is increased due to the saturation of the glass grid with molecular deuterium. 18. The complex according to claim 15, characterized in that the radiation resistance of the optical fibers of the sensing elements on the FBG (13) of the unified sensor heads (5) is increased due to the saturation of the glass grid with molecular hydrogen and / or deuterium, followed by special processing. 19. The complex according to claim 14, characterized in that the communication lines of the optical interface (2) located in the area of increased radiation are made on the basis of fiber optical fibers designed to operate in conditions of increased radiation. 20. The complex according to claim 19, characterized in that the radiation resistance of the optical fibers of the communication lines of the optical interface (2) is increased due to the saturation of the glass grid with molecular hydrogen. 21. The complex according to claim 19, characterized in that the radiation resistance of the optical fibers of the communication lines of the optical interface (2) is increased due to the saturation of the glass grid with molecular deuterium. 22. The complex according to claim 19, characterized in that the radiation resistance of the optical fibers of the communication lines of the optical interface (2) is increased due to the saturation of the glass grid with molecular hydrogen and / or deuterium, followed by pre-irradiation with UV or gamma radiation. 23. A unified recording module (1), made in accordance with the indicated principles of unification, included as a constituent element in a universal modular fiber-optic telemetry complex containing a light source (7), an optical light distribution system (8), a dispersing element (9), photosensitive sensor (10). 24. The recording module according to claim 23, characterized in that the light source (7) provides a wide range of optical radiation, and the dispersing element (9) located between the optical light distribution system (8) and the photodetector (10) acts as a tunable optical filter passing radiation of various spectral intervals to the photodetector (10). 25. The recording module according to paragraph 24, wherein the light source (7) is a superluminescent diode. 26. The recording module according to paragraph 24, wherein the light source (7) is a superluminescent fiber light source. 27. The recording module according to paragraph 24, wherein the light source (7) is an LED. 28. The recording module according to paragraph 24, wherein the light source (7) is an incandescent lamp. 29. The recording module according to paragraph 24, wherein the light source (7) is a discharge lamp. 30. The recording module according to item 23, wherein the light source (7) has a wide range of output optical radiation, and the dispersing element (9) installed between the light source (7) and the optical light distribution system (8), acts as a tunable filter, passing radiation with different wavelengths through the optical light distribution system (8) in accordance with the control signal received via the electronic interface (6). 31. The recording module according to claim 30, wherein the light source (7) is a superluminescent diode. 32. The recording module according to claim 30, characterized in that the light source (7) is a superluminescent fiber light source. 33. The recording module according to claim 30, wherein the light source (7) is an LED. 34. The recording module according to claim 30, wherein the light source (7) is an incandescent lamp. 35. The recording module according to claim 30, wherein the light source (7) is a discharge lamp. 36. The recording module according to claim 23, characterized in that the light source (7) containing the dispersing element (9) in its design emits an optical signal with a narrow spectrum, the wavelength of which is tuned in accordance with the control signal transmitted via the electronic interface (6) from the computer. 37. The recording module according to clause 36, wherein the wavelength tunable light source (7) is made in the form of a tunable semiconductor laser. 38. The recording module according to clause 36, wherein the wavelength-tunable light source (7) is made in the form of a tunable organic dye laser. 39. The recording module according to clause 36, wherein the wavelength tunable light source (7) is made in the form of a tunable fiber laser. 40. The recording module according to claim 23, wherein the optical receiver (10) comprises an integrated dispersing element (9) as an element of its structure, thus being an integral spectrometer. 41. The recording module according to claim 40, characterized in that the light source (7) is a superluminescent diode. 42. The recording module according to claim 40, characterized in that the light source (7) is a superluminescent fiber light source. 43. The recording module according to claim 40, wherein the light source (7) is an LED. 44. The recording module according to claim 40, wherein the light source (7) is an incandescent lamp. 45. The recording module according to claim 40, wherein the light source (7) is a discharge lamp. 46. The unified sensor head (5), made in accordance with the aforementioned principles of unification, included as a constituent element in a universal modular fiber-optic telemetric complex containing at least one sensitive element based on FBG (13), a device for fixing the sensitive element ( 15), a physical quantity converter (14), a housing (16), an optical interface (6). 47. The sensor head according to claim 46, wherein the FBG of the sensing element (13) and the optical interface (2) are made on the basis of fiber optical fibers designed to operate at elevated temperatures. 48. The sensor head according to claim 47, wherein the FBG of the sensing element (13) and the optical interface (2) are made on the basis of fiber optical fibers with a heat-resistant metal coating. 49. The sensor head according to claim 48, characterized in that the FBG of the sensing element (13) and the optical interface (2) are made on the basis of fiber optical fibers with a heat-resistant coating of copper alloy. 50. The sensor head according to claim 48, wherein the FBG of the sensing element (13) and the optical interface (2) are made on the basis of fiber optical fibers with a heat-resistant coating of nickel alloy. 51. The sensor head according to claim 48, wherein the FBG of the sensing element (13) and the optical interface (2) are made on the basis of fiber optical fibers with a heat-resistant coating of aluminum alloy. 52. The sensor head according to claims 47-51, characterized in that the FBG of the sensing element (13) is specially prepared to maintain its performance under elevated temperature conditions. 53. The sensor head according to claims 47-51, characterized in that its sensitive elements based on FBG (13) are made of a fiber with a quartz glass core with an admixture of nitrogen. 54. The sensor head according to claims 47-51, characterized in that the FBG of the sensing element (13) and the optical interface (2) are made on the basis of fiber optical fibers intended for operation in conditions of increased radiation. 55. The sensor head according to claim 54, characterized in that the increased radiation resistance of the fiber optical fibers of the sensing element based on the FBG (13) and the optical interface (2) is achieved due to the saturation of the glass grid with molecular hydrogen. 56. The sensor head according to claim 54, characterized in that the increased radiation resistance of the optical fibers of the sensor based on the FBG (13) and the optical interface (2) is achieved by saturation of the glass network with molecular deuterium. 57. The sensor head according to claims 55 and 56, characterized in that the sensitive elements based on FBG (13) and the optical interface (2) are made on the basis of optical fibers with a radiation-resistant coating of aluminum alloy. 58. The sensor head according to claims 47-57, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in such a way as to provide good thermal contact between the FBG of the sensing element (13) and the object whose temperature is controlled. 59. The sensor head according to claim 58, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of the fiber zone with a sensing element on the FBG (13). 60. The sensor head according to claim 59, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a sapphire protective coating. 61. The sensor head according to § 59, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of metal. 62. The sensor head according to Claim 61, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of steel. 63. The sensor head according to Claim 61, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of nickel. 64. The sensor head according to Claim 61, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of a copper alloy. 65. The sensor head according to § 59, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of aluminum alloy. 66. The sensor head according to claim 59, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of a polymeric material. 67. The sensor head according to claim 59, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of polymethyl methacrylate. 68. The sensor head according to claim 59, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of polyethylene. 69. The sensor head according to claim 59, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of polyamide material. 70. The sensor head according to claim 59, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of silicone. 71. The sensor head according to claim 59, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of polystyrene. 72. The sensor head according to claim 59, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of composite material. 73. The sensor head according to claim 59, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of carbon fiber. 74. The sensor head according to claim 59, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of fiberglass. 75. The sensor head according to claim 59, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a protective coating of an epoxy compound with / without filler. 76. The sensor head according to claim 58, characterized in that the physical quantity converter (14) is made in the form of a heat conduit providing heat transfer from the controlled zone to the sensitive element to the FBG (13). 77. The sensor head according to claim 76, characterized in that the physical quantity converter (14), which provides heat transfer from the controlled zone to the sensing element on the FBG (13), is made in the form of a heat conduit made of metal with high thermal conductivity. 78. The sensor head according to claim 76, characterized in that the physical quantity converter (14), which provides heat transfer from the controlled area to the sensing element on the FBG (13), is made in the form of a copper heat conduit. 79. The sensor head according to claim 76, characterized in that the physical quantity converter (14), which provides heat transfer from the controlled area to the sensing element on the FBG (13), is made in the form of an aluminum alloy heat conduit. 80. The sensor head according to claim 76, characterized in that the physical quantity converter (14), which provides heat transfer from the controlled area to the sensing element to the FBG (13), is made in the form of a ceramic heat pipe. 81. The sensor head according to claim 76, characterized in that the physical quantity converter (14), which provides heat transfer from the controlled area to the sensing element to the FBG (13), is made in the form of a quartz glass heat conduit. 82. The sensor head according to claims 47-57, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in such a way as to convert the measured pressure in the controlled space into longitudinal mechanical deformation of one of the at least two sensitive elements on the FBG (13), and the second sensitive element on the FBG (13) is in thermal contact with the first, but does not perceive the measured pressure. 83. The sensor head according to claim 82, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of an elastic membrane bounding the volume with the measured pressure on one side, and the sensor element on the FBG (13) is fixed so that the membrane deformation under the influence measured pressure led to its longitudinal deformation. 84. The sensor head according to claim 82, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of an elastic membrane delimiting two volumes, the pressure difference of which is measured, and the sensor element on the FBG (13) is fixed so that the membrane under the influence of the measured pressure difference led to its longitudinal deformation. 85. The sensor head according to claim 83 or 84, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of an elastic membrane, and the sensitive element on the FBG (13) is attached to this membrane at one end, while its second end is fixed in a fixed locking device (15). 86. The sensor head according to claim 83 or 84, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of an elastic membrane, and the sensitive element on the FBG (13) is attached to this membrane along its entire length. 87. The sensor head according to Claim 85 or 86, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a flat elastic membrane. 88. The sensor head according to Claim 85 or 86, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a corrugated elastic membrane. 89. The sensor head according to claim 85 or 86, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a bellows, one of the ends of which is plugged. 90. The sensor head according to claim 85 or 86, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a tube, one end of which is plugged. 91. The sensor head according to claims 87-90, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made of metal, and the sensitive element on the FBG (13) is attached to its surface. 92. The sensor head according to claim 91, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made of a polymeric material, and the sensitive element on the FBG (13) is attached to its surface or placed inside this material. 93. The sensor head according to Claim 91, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made of composite material, and the sensor element on the FBG (13) is placed inside this material. 94. The sensor head according to claims 47-57, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in such a way as to convert the measured hydrostatic pressure in the controlled space into a change in the degree of birefringence of the anisotropic fiber optical fiber of the sensing element on the FBG (13). 95. The sensor head according to claim 94, wherein the physical quantity transducer provides anisotropic transmission of external hydrostatic pressure to the surface of the fiber of the sensing element on the FBG (13). 96. The sensor head according to claim 95, characterized in that the anisotropy of the hydrostatic pressure transmission is achieved due to the special shape of the physical quantity transducer (14), made in the form of a monolithic block around the sensitive element on the FBG (13). 97. The sensor head according to claim 96, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a monolithic block of elliptical cross-sectional shape, and the sensor element on the FBG (13) is placed inside this block along its axis, and the fiber birefringence axis the fiber of the sensing element on the FBG (13) are oriented relative to the eccentricity axes of the elliptical section of the physical quantity transducer in such a way that the external hydrostatic effect leads to a decrease / increase in the actual birefringence of an optical fiber sensor in the FBG (13). 98. The sensor head according to claim 96, characterized in that the anisotropic transmission of hydrostatic pressure is achieved due to the special anisotropic internal reinforcing structure of the physical quantity transducer (14), made in the form of a block around the sensitive element on the FBG (13). 99. The sensor head according to claims 96-98, characterized in that the physical quantity converter (14) is made in the form of a monolithic block of carbon fiber. 100. The sensor head according to claim 99, characterized in that the physical quantity converter (14) is made in the form of a monolithic block of fiberglass. 101. The sensor head according to claim 99, wherein the physical quantity converter (14) is made in the form of a monolithic block of polystyrene. 102. The sensor head according to claim 99, wherein the physical quantity converter (14) is made in the form of a monolithic block of PMMA. 103. The sensor head according to claim 99, wherein the physical quantity converter (14) is made in the form of a monolithic block of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 104. The sensor head according to claim 99, wherein the physical quantity converter (14) is made in the form of a monolithic block of rubber. 105. The sensor head according to claim 99, wherein the physical quantity converter (14) is made in the form of a monolithic block of epoxy compound. 106. The sensor head according to claim 99, wherein the physical quantity converter (14) is made in the form of a monolithic block of silicone. 107. The sensor head according to claims 47-57, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in such a way as to convert the measured longitudinal mechanical tensile / compression deformation of the controlled surface into the longitudinal deformation of one of at least two sensitive elements on the FBG ( 13), while the second sensitive element is at the same temperature as the first. 108. The sensor head according to claim 107, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is configured in such a way that provides transmission of the measured mechanical strain of longitudinal tension / compression from the controlled object with a different shape of its surface. 109. The sensor head according to claim 108, wherein the physical quantity transducer (14) is made with a flat surface attached to the flat surface of the object being monitored. 110. The sensor head according to claim 108, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made with a cylindrical surface attached to the cylindrical surface of the controlled object. 111. The sensor head according to claim 108, 109 or 110, characterized in that the distance between the attachment points of the physical quantity transducer (14) to the surface of the controlled object is greater than or equal to the distance between the attachment points of the sensing element on the FBG (13) to the physical quantity transducer (14), which ensures the transfer of strain with a gain of Ku equal to or greater than unity. 112. The sensor head according to claim 108, 109 or 110, characterized in that the distance between the attachment points of the physical quantity transducer (14) to the surface of the controlled object is less than the distance between the attachment points of the sensing element on the FBG (13) to the physical quantity transducer (14) , which ensures the transfer of strain with a gain of Ku less than unity. 113. The sensor head according to p. 111 or 112, characterized in that the device for fixing the sensitive element (15), the physical quantity transducer (14) and the housing (16) are made in the form of a monolithic block of structural material, and the sensitive element is on the FBG (13 ) is located inside this block. 114. The sensor head according to p. 113, characterized in that the device for fixing the sensitive element (15), the physical quantity transducer (14) and the housing (16) are made in the form of a monolithic block of carbon fiber. 115. The sensor head according to p. 113, characterized in that the device for fixing the sensitive element (15), the physical quantity transducer (14) and the housing (16) are made in the form of a monolithic fiberglass block. 116. The sensor head according to p. 113, characterized in that the device for fixing the sensitive element (15), the physical quantity transducer (14) and the housing (16) are made in the form of a monolithic block of PMMA. 117. The sensor head according to claim 113, characterized in that the device for fixing the sensitive element (15), the physical quantity transducer (14) and the housing (16) are made in the form of a monolithic block of polyethylene. 118. The sensor head according to claim 113, characterized in that the device for fixing the sensitive element (15), the physical quantity transducer (14) and the housing (16) are made in the form of a monolithic block of polystyrene. 119. The sensor head according to claim 113, characterized in that the device for fixing the sensitive element (15), the physical quantity transducer (14) and the housing (16) are made in the form of a monolithic block of rubber. 120. The sensor head according to claim 113, characterized in that the device for fixing the sensitive element (15), the physical quantity transducer (14) and the housing (16) are made in the form of a monolithic block of silicone. 121. The sensor head according to claim 113, characterized in that the device for fixing the sensitive element (15), the physical quantity transducer (14) and the housing (16) are made in the form of a monolithic PVC block. 122. The sensor head according to p. 113, characterized in that the device for fixing the sensitive element (15), the physical quantity transducer (14) and the housing (16) are made in the form of a monolithic block of an epoxy compound with / without filler. 123. The sensor head according to claims 47-57, characterized in that it contains at least nine sensing elements on the FBG (13), four of which are located along four vertical edges of the physical quantity transducer (14), made in the form parallelepiped made of structural material, the other four sensing elements (13) are located along the diagonals of the side faces of the parallelepiped, and one sensing element (13) is placed so that it is in thermal contact with other sensitive elements, but not experienced no mechanical deformations, and all the sensitive elements on the FBG (13) are connected in series or parallel with the optical interface (2) into one measuring branch and provide information about the nature, type and magnitude of the deformation of the unified sensor head (5), allowing separate recording of deformations bending, torsion, shear and contact pressure applied to the contact surface of the physical quantity transducer (14). 124. The sensor head according to p. 123, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a monolithic block of elastically deformable material and is a single structure combining the functions of a physical quantity transducer (14), a device for fixing a sensitive element ( 15) and the housing (16). 125. The sensor head according to p. 124, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in the form of a hollow parallelepiped. 126. The sensor head according to p. 124 or 125, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made of steel. 127. The sensor head according to p. 124 or 125, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made of aluminum alloy. 128. The sensor head according to p. 124 or 125, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made of a titanium alloy. 129. The sensor head according to p. 124 or 125, characterized in that the physical quantity converter (14) is made of PMMA. 130. The sensor head according to p. 124 or 125, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made of an epoxy compound with / without filler. 131. The sensor head according to p. 124 or 125, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made of carbon fiber. 132. The sensor head according to p. 124 or 125, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made of fiberglass. 133. The sensor head according to claims 47-57, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) is made in such a way as to convert the measured acceleration or vibration into a longitudinal tensile / compression strain of one of the at least two sensitive elements on the FBG ( 13), and the second sensitive element on the FBG (13) is at the same temperature as the first, but the fixation device (15) eliminates the influence of a measured quantity on it, and the physical quantity converter is made in the form of a moving massive inertia th element on the guides, limiting its freedom of movement along the selected measurement axis. 134. The sensor head according to claim 133, characterized in that the free-wheeling of the inertial element is limited by the elastic deformation of the fiber of the sensing element on the FBG (13). 135. The sensor head according to Claim 133, characterized in that the free-wheeling of the inertial element is limited by a special limiter to the extent that the fiber optic fiber of the sensing element is not cut off on the FBG (13). 136. The sensor head according to claim 135, characterized in that the free-wheeling of the inertial element is limited by an elastically deformable structural element of the fixation device (15), in which the sensitive element is completely fixed to the FBG (13). 137. The sensor head according to claim 135, wherein the resiliently deformable structural element of the fixation device (15) is made in the form of a spring. 138. The sensor head according to claim 135, characterized in that the elastically deformable structural element of the fixation device (15) is made in the form of a flat plate of structural material, and the sensitive element (13) is attached to the surface along the axis of this plate so that the acting acceleration led to plate bending and extension / compression of the sensing element on the FBG (13). 139. The sensor head according to p. 135, characterized in that the elastically deformable structural element of the fixation device (15) is made in the form of a flat plate of structural material, and the sensitive element (13) is attached along the axis of this plate so that the effective acceleration leads to longitudinal extension / compression of this plate and extension / compression of the sensing element on the FBG (13). 140. The sensor head according to claim 135, characterized in that the elastically deformable structural element of the fixation device (15) is made in the form of a hollow cylindrical rod, and the sensitive element (13) is placed along the axis of this rod inside. 141. The sensor head according to claims 47-57, characterized in that the measured displacement or force is converted by a physical quantity transducer (14) into a longitudinal tensile / compression strain of the first of at least two sensing elements on the FBG (13), the second being sensitive the element is fixed in the fixation device (15) in such a way as not to experience any mechanical deformations, but to have a temperature equal to the first. 142. The sensor head according to p. 141, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) converts the measured displacement or force by means of a spring, one end of which is mounted on an elastically deformable structural element of the fixation device (15) of the sensing element on FBG (13) and the second is attached to the movable rod in such a way that the movement of the rod within the measured value leads to spring tension, which, in turn, provides longitudinal deformation of the elastically deformable element fixing properties (15) with a sensitive element attached to it on the FBG (13). 143. The sensor head according to p. 142, characterized in that the device for fixing the sensing element (15) is structurally integrated with the housing (16), and the movable rod forms a coaxial telescopic pair with the housing, inside of which the spring and the sensing elements are placed along the axis 144. The sensor head according to p. 141, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) converts the measured displacement or force by means of a spring, one end of which is mounted on an elastically deformable structural element of the fixing device (15) of the sensing element on the FBG (13) and the second is attached to the movable rod in such a way that moving the rod within the measured value leads to spring tension, which, in turn, provides bending deformation of the elastically deformable element fixation with a sensitive element attached to it on the FBG (13), while the elastically deformable element is made in the form of a plate of structural material. 145. The sensor head according to claim 144, wherein the resiliently deformable structural element of the fixation device (15) is made of metal, and the sensitive element (13) is attached to its surface. 146. The sensor head according to p. 144, characterized in that the elastically deformable structural element of the fixation device (15) is made of carbon fiber or fiberglass, and the sensitive element (13) is placed inside it. 147. The sensor head according to p. 141, characterized in that the physical quantity transducer (14) converts by transferring the recorded movement directly to the elastically deformable element, causing its bending deformation, which leads to tension / compression of the sensing element attached to it on the FBG (13). 148. A unified module for expanding the number of optical channels, made in accordance with the indicated principles of unification, included as a constituent element in a universal modular fiber-optic telemetry complex containing at least one optical beam splitting system (11), an optical interface (2). 149. The unified module for expanding the number of optical channels by 148, characterized in that the beam splitting optical system (11) is made on the basis of alloy fiber couplers. 150. The unified module for expanding the number of optical channels by 148, characterized in that the beam splitting optical system (11) is based on integrated optical couplers. 151. The unified module for expanding the number of optical channels by 148, characterized in that the beam splitting optical system (11) is made on the basis of bulk optical elements. 152. A unified optical channel switching module, implemented in accordance with the aforementioned principles, is included as a constituent element in a universal modular fiber-optic telemetry complex containing a switching optical system (12), an optical interface (2), and an electronic control interface (6). 153. The unified optical channel switching module according to claim 152, characterized in that the switching optical system (12) is based on electro-optical deflectors. 154. The unified optical channel switching module according to claim 152, characterized in that the switching optical system (12) is based on electromechanical optical deflectors. 155. The unified optical channel switching module according to Claim 152, characterized in that the switching optical system (12) is based on MEMS technology.