RU67142U1 - CERAMIC FACING AND SEISMIC-RESISTANT AMPLIFYING STRUCTURE WITH ITS USE (OPTIONS) - Google Patents

Abstract

A task

The development of ceramic cladding and earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure with its use, which would have increased moisture permeability in the direction from the inside out, as well as increased fire resistance and resistance to decay, while ensuring high seismic resistance and high yield strength without the use of diagonal ties.

Solutions

On a frame containing two racks 7, located opposite one another to the left and right, and the upper 1 and lower 2 crossbars connected to them, at specified intervals fix the ceramic cladding 9 of a given size with nails or screws, and thus increase the earthquake resistance of the structure. On the front surface of the cladding 9, local first coated regions 11 and second uncoated regions 12 are preliminarily formed, and thus the moisture permeability of the structure is increased.

Figure 2

Description

Technical field

This invention relates to ceramic cladding and an earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure (especially for wooden buildings and structures), in which such a cladding is used to improve the moisture permeability

State of the art

Among the currently used methods of constructing wooden buildings and structures, one can distinguish the frame-rod and frame-wall methods (the English name of the latter is Platform wood frame building construction method). In Japan, the most common frame-rod method. During construction by this method, diagonal ties and panels are mounted on the frame, consisting of uprights, beams, lower trim, etc., thereby increasing horizontal stiffness and horizontal yield strength of the whole structure and increasing its seismic resistance. In Japan, the most widely used panels are 8 × 3 "shaku" (2424 × 909 mm) in size ("shaku" is a Japanese measure of length equal to 30.3 cm - translator's note) and 12 mm or 9 mm thick. These panels are nailed at intervals of 150 mm around the perimeter and in places of application to the intermediate racks of the frame, thereby forming an earthquake-resistant structure.

On the other hand, in the USA and Canada the most widespread frame-wall method. During construction by this method, the lower supporting beam of the strapping is fixed on the foundation, and then the wall frame is fixed through the floor frame, clamping it. To form a wall frame using racks, lower trim, upper trim, etc., as well as panel elements. Thus increase the horizontal

rigidity and horizontal yield strength of the whole structure as a whole and, as a result, increase its seismic resistance. As the panel elements, the so-called OSB boards (oriented particle board) are most widely used. The standard sizes for these elements are as follows: 7/16 inch thick (approximately 11.1 mm), height and width 8 feet (approximately 2428.4 mm) and 4 feet (approximately 1219.2 mm), respectively. The panel elements are nailed at intervals of 150 ~ 300 mm around the perimeter and at the points of contact with the intermediate vertical frame elements, thereby forming an earthquake-resistant structure.

However, there may be cases when the structure, having good seismic resistance indicators, is not sufficiently resistant to wind pressure and does not withstand such natural phenomena as typhoons, tornadoes, etc. This is especially true for the frame-rod method of construction, since in this case, under the influence of factors such as the size and number of openings, there may be a violation of the balance of the location of the diagonal ties and, in addition, it may be impossible to secure the diagonal ties on racks, beams, lower harnesses and other frame elements using connecting parts, which leads to a decrease in the strength of the whole structure as a whole.

In addition, the design, resistant to single earthquakes, may not be strong enough in a zone of high seismicity with frequent earthquakes; it can withstand a certain number of earthquakes, but will eventually collapse. As experience shows, the criteria for earthquake resistance have to be tightened with every new strong earthquake, and yet even these stringent criteria may not be sufficient in the next strong earthquake.

In Japan, with its extremely high seismicity and frequent typhoons, construction standards (types and sizes of wall panels, types and sizes of nails and other fasteners used, gaps

between nails, etc.) are regulated by the Building Standard Low Law and regulations of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Government of Japan in order to guarantee an adequate level of earthquake resistance buildings and structures.

As for the seismic resistance of wall structures, for the construction of which new methods and materials are used that have not been applied before, the decree of the Minister of Lands, Infrastructure and Transport established the need for separate functional tests at a special training ground. Based on the results of these tests, the Minister is considering the possibility of approving this method of construction and the building materials used.

Modern technologies to increase wind and seismic resistance are relevant not only in Japan, but also in all regions of the world where there is increased seismic activity, and climatic conditions contribute to the frequent occurrence of such natural disasters as typhoons, tornadoes, hurricanes, etc.

An example of a known wall structure is shown in Fig. 14. The supporting wall 6 is fixed on the frame with 5 nails 4. The famous ceramic facing panels 3 are used in the wall 6, the size of which allows each panel to have one edge on the upper crossbar 1, and the other on the lower crossbar 2.

The entire front surface of the panels 3 is coated (coated region 10).

However, the coated ceramic cladding used in this load-bearing wall structure is less permeable to internal water vapor than, for example, gypsum board panels, i.e. It has the worst performance for moisture permeability from the inside out. One of the main causes of fogging of the internal wall surfaces is insufficient ventilation of the room. With a lack of forced (using a fan) and natural (using windows,

doors) ventilation, a rapid accumulation of water vapor in the room and inside wall structures. This problem is especially aggravated in the winter, as moisture condenses easily on the inner surface of walls cooled by external air, which causes rotting of structural elements such as racks and beams. If the wall structure is not bearing, the water vapor generated in the room is led out through gypsum boards, internal thermal insulation and external one-way waterproofing (the latter does not allow moisture to pass from the outside to the room and at the same time passes water vapor from the room to the outside). However, in the case of a load-bearing wall structure, the situation changes significantly: wall panels with low moisture permeability block the water vapor exit paths, because of which the latter accumulate in the room, and moisture condensation occurs on the inner surface of the wall structure.

Thus, a significant drawback of the known load-bearing wall structures is that their structural elements deteriorate relatively quickly under the influence of water vapor generated in the room and accumulate on the inside of the structure.

As a way to solve this problem, Application 10-280580 (Tokkai Koho Non-Accepted Application Bulletin) proposed a vapor-permeable bearing wall facing material. This application describes a moisture-permeable cladding in which the outlet of water vapor from the inside of the external wall structure to the outside is provided by drainage holes, thereby preventing damage to the walls (bibliography link 1). In addition, in the application 3417400 (Tokke Koho acceptance bulletin), a ventilating exterior wall was proposed, and in application 8-120799 (Tokkai Koho) a ventilating layer panel was proposed (bibliographic references 2, 3, respectively). Common to all these applications is that the improvement in moisture permeability is ensured by means of specially formed

openings (drainage or ventilation). However, this way of solving the problem has a significant drawback, consisting in the fact that the need to form multiple holes at the stage of manufacture of the facing material significantly increases the manufacturing time and complicates the production process.

Another way to improve moisture permeability is to use a facing material that does not have a coating on the entire front surface. However, there is also a significant drawback in that a partial lack of coating threatens to reduce the long-term strength of the facing material and the long-term yield strength of the bearing wall. A particularly noticeable deterioration in the quality of the facing material occurs near the fixation points of the lining with nails or screws. This is such a serious problem that, taking into account this deterioration, even lowering coefficients are set when calculating the seismic resistance of the bearing walls based on the results of control tests at the test site in accordance with the above-mentioned directive of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.

Bibliography link 1: Tokkai Koho, 10-280580

Bibliography link 2: “Tokke Koho”, 3417400

Bibliography link 3: Tokkai Koho, 8-120799

The purpose of the invention

The present invention is directed to solving the above problems. The aim of the invention is the development of ceramic cladding with improved moisture permeability, as well as the development of reinforcing earthquake-resistant construction of a building or structure using this cladding.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 The proposed ceramic cladding in practical example 1 (front view)

Figure 2 Earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure using the proposed ceramic cladding in practical example 1 (front view)

Figure 3 Earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure using the proposed ceramic cladding in practical example 1 (plan view)

Figure 4 The proposed ceramic cladding in practical example 2 (front view)

Figure 5 The proposed ceramic cladding in practical example 3 (front view)

6 The proposed ceramic cladding in practical example 4 (front view)

7 The proposed ceramic cladding in practical example 5 (front view)

Fig.8 The proposed ceramic cladding in practical example 6 (front view)

Fig.9 The proposed ceramic cladding in practical examples 7, 8 (front view)

Figure 10 The proposed ceramic cladding in practical example 9 (cross section)

11 The proposed ceramic cladding in practical example 10 (cross section)

12 The proposed ceramic cladding in practical example 11 (cross section)

Fig.13 The proposed ceramic cladding in practical example 12 (cross section)

Fig. 14 Bearing wall in a comparative example (front view)

Designations in the drawings

0065

1 Upper crossbar

2 Lower crossbar

3 Panel (ceramic cladding)

4 nails

5 Wireframe

6 load-bearing wall

7 Side racks

8 Intermediate racks

9 Panels (ceramic cladding)

91 Left edge of panel 9

92 Right edge of panel 9

93 Upper edge of the panel 9

94 Bottom edge of the panel 9

95 nails

10 Coated Areas

11 Local areas coated

12 Uncoated areas

13 First coated areas (higher coverage density)

14 Second coated areas (lower coating density)

20 Depths

21 protrusions

22 bottom

23 Side inclined surfaces

Ways to solve problems

The purpose of the invention is realized by means of ceramic cladding for walls of buildings and structures, characterized in that on its front surface local areas with a coating and areas without a coating are formed, and the coated areas include at least some areas with centers at the fixation points of the cladding with nails or screws .

The purpose of the invention is even more effectively implemented using ceramic cladding for walls of buildings and structures, characterized on the front surface of which are formed local first areas with a coating having a higher coating density, and second areas with a coating having a lower coating density, while the first areas include at least some areas with centers in the fixation of the lining with nails or screws.

The purpose of the invention is even more effectively achieved with the help of ceramic cladding, in the front surface of which the recesses are formed, at the bottom of which these uncoated areas are formed.

The purpose of the invention is even more effectively achieved by means of a ceramic cladding, in the front surface of which are formed recesses, at the bottom of which these second coated regions are formed.

The purpose of the invention is even more effectively achieved with the help of ceramic cladding, in the front surface of which local protrusions and indentations are formed, on the lateral surfaces of which these uncoated areas are formed.

The purpose of the invention is even more effectively achieved using ceramic cladding, in the front surface of which are formed

local protrusions and indentations, on the lateral surfaces of which these second coated regions are formed.

The purpose of the invention is even more effectively achieved using ceramic lining, in which the resistance to moisture leakage in these areas with a coating is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g

The purpose of the invention is even more effectively achieved by using a ceramic lining, in which the resistance to moisture leakage in these first coated areas is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g, and in said second coated areas is less than first.

The purpose of the invention is even more effectively achieved by using a ceramic cladding, characterized in that its vertical size is (2400 ~ 3100) mm, and horizontal - 910 ~ 2000 mm.

The purpose of the invention is even more effectively achieved by using a reinforcing earthquake-resistant structure of a building or structure in which the proposed ceramic cladding is applied to the front surface of the frame, containing the left and right support pillars, located one opposite the other, and connected to them by the upper and lower crossbars the surface of which formed local areas with a coating and areas without coating, and the coated areas include at least some areas with centers in the places of fixation of the faces and nails or screws, and wherein said lining in places overlay frame is fixed on the front surface of the crossbars and uprights by screws or nails at intervals equal to 30 ÷ 200 mm.

The purpose of the invention is even more effectively achieved by using a reinforcing earthquake-resistant structure of a building or structure, characterized in that in the frame containing two support posts located one opposite the other on the left and right, and connected to them upper and lower crossbars, the junction of the upper or lower crossbar from

supporting posts or the supporting posts themselves are interconnected by means of connecting or reinforcing elements, which are either located in places that exclude the possibility of contact with the ceramic cladding, or, to exclude the possibility of their contact with the cladding, are embedded in bent areas formed in the upper or lower crossbar and in each of the support posts and corresponding in thickness and configuration to the connecting or reinforcing elements, and fixed in these areas, and the proposed ceramic cladding is superimposed on the specified frame and fixed in places of contact with it on the front surface of the upper and lower crossbars and each of the support posts with nails or screws at intervals equal to 30 ~ 200 mm.

The effect of the application of the invention

The ceramic cladding and the reinforcing seismic-resistant construction using it according to the invention are characterized by improved moisture permeability achieved without the use of through ventilation and drainage holes, and at the same time provide high characteristics of load-bearing walls for strength and earthquake resistance. In addition, ceramic panels are non-combustible or practically non-combustible, which increases the fire resistance of the entire frame as a whole. Ceramic cladding, unlike wood, is practically not rotten and therefore has a significantly higher durability.

Thus, ceramic cladding and reinforcing earthquake-resistant construction with its use have the following advantages:

1) High moisture permeability (thereby eliminating the risk of moisture accumulation inside the wall structure);

2) High seismic resistance;

3) High fire resistance;

4) High durability (resistance to decay) All this allows us to conclude that the invention is extremely useful.

The best options for the practical implementation of the invention

Below using FIGS. 1 ~ 14, the best practices for practicing the invention are described. Figure 1 and figure 4 ~ 13 shows a ceramic cladding according to the invention, and figure 2, 3 - reinforcing external wall design with this cladding.

Fig. 14 shows a known construction of a load-bearing wall (comparative example).

Practical example 1 of the invention (hereinafter referred to as a practical example)

As shown in figure 1, in practical example 1, the ceramic cladding 9 has a coating locally applied to its front surface. Fixing the cladding with nails 4 (see below) is carried out only in some places 95 fixation, located in local areas 11 with the coating. Outside areas 11, uncoated areas 12 are formed on the face of the cladding.

As shown in FIGS. 2, 3, in Example 1 according to the invention, the cladding 9 is superimposed on the frame 5 containing the upper 1 and lower 2 crossbars, side racks 7 and intermediate racks 8. The horizontal size of the cladding 9 is set in accordance with the gaps between the racks 7 such so that the left 91 and right 92 edges of the cladding are in contact with the front surface of the respective struts 7. The vertical size of the cladding 9 is set in accordance with the distance between the upper 1 and lower 2 crossbars so that the upper 93 and lower 94 edges of the cladding are in contact and a front surface of the respective crossbars of 1, 2.

0025

When fixing the lining, its lower edge 94 is applied to the front surface of the lower crossbar 2 and nailed 4 along the lower (short) side at intervals of 100 mm. Further, at the contact points of the left 91 and right 92 edges of the cladding 9 with the side posts 7, the cladding is nailed with nails 4 along the left and right (long) sides at intervals of 100 mm. Further, at the points of contact of the cladding with the intermediate posts 8, the cladding is nailed with nails 4 along

long sides at intervals of 200 mm. Then, at the contact point of the upper edge 93 of the cladding 9 with the upper crossbar 1, the cladding is nailed with nails 4 along the upper (short) side at intervals of 100 mm.

The coated areas 11 are located only at the contact points of the cladding 9 with the upper 1 and lower 2 crossbars and the side 7 and intermediate 9 struts of the frame 5, as well as around these contact points. The lining 9 is nailed with nails 4 at predetermined intervals only at predetermined fixation positions 95 located in the coated areas 11.

Case Study 2

As shown in FIG. 4, in Example 2, local first coated regions 13 having a higher coating density and second coated regions 14 having a lower coating density are formed on the front surface of the cladding 9. Nails 4 are driven only in areas 13.

The nails 4 used in the comparative example, as well as in practical examples 1, 2, illustrating the best option for the practical implementation of the invention, are made smooth and have a diameter of 2.75 mm and a length of 50 mm In each of the practical examples, the gaps between the nails 4 when fixing the cladding 9 on the upper 1 and lower 2 crossbars and side racks are selected equal to 100 mm, based on the fact that if the gaps between the nails are less than 30 mm, this will lead to cracks in the lining, and if these gaps are more than 200 mm, this will lead to a decrease in the strength and yield strength of the structure. Thus, the gap between the nails is optimal, close to the middle of the range 30 ~ 200 mm. For the same reasons, the gaps between the nails 4 when fixing the cladding 9 on the intermediate posts 8 are chosen equal to 200 mm (gaps of less than 30 mm lead to the formation of cracks in the cladding, and gaps of more than 200 mm lead to curvature of the cladding, its bending out and, as a result, to reduce the yield strength of the structure).

The lower crossbar in the region of the first tier of the frame is in contact with the lower harness, and in the region of the second and subsequent tiers it is in contact with the crate, beams and beams. The upper crossbar in the area of the second and subsequent tiers of the frame is in contact with the crate, beams and beams.

Case Study 3

As shown in FIG. 5, in the practical example 3, in the places 95 of driving the nails, local circular coated regions 11 are formed. On the rest of the front surface, uncoated areas 12 are formed.

In this example, the nailing sites 4 (not shown in FIG. 5) are the same as in practical examples 1, 2, however, the total area of the coated areas is smaller than in example 1, and therefore this lining will have lower leakage resistance moisture (i.e. increased moisture permeability). It goes without saying that in Example 3, the resistance to moisture leakage will be significantly less (i.e., the moisture permeability is much greater) than in the comparative example.

Case Study 4

As shown in FIG. 6, in practical example 4, round first coated regions 13 having a higher coating density are locally formed at the nail clogging locations 95, and second coated regions 14 having a lower coating density are formed on the rest of the facing surface of the cladding. . In Example 4, regions 14 are formed at the same places where, in Example 3, uncoated regions 13 are formed, and regions 13, at the same places where coated regions 11 are formed in Example 3.

In this example, the nailing sites 4 (not shown in FIG. 6) are the same as in practical examples 1, 2, however, the total area of the regions 13 is less than the area of the regions 11 in Example 2, and therefore this cladding will have a lower resistance to moisture seepage (i.e. increased moisture permeability). Moreover, it goes without saying that in

Example 4, the resistance to moisture leakage will be significantly less (i.e., the moisture permeability is much greater) than in the comparative example.

Case Study 5

As shown in Fig. 7 (a) ~ (c), in the practical example 5, the area of the local areas 11 with the coating is larger, and the area of the areas 12 without the coating is smaller than in the practical example 1. Therefore, in the example 5, the resistance to moisture leakage will be somewhat more than in the example

1. but in general, the effect of the application of the invention will be approximately the same as in example 1.

Case Study 6

As shown in Fig. 8 (a) ~ (c), in the practical example 6, the area of the first coated regions 13 is larger, and the area of the second coated regions 14 is smaller than in Example 2. Therefore, in Example 6, the moisture leakage resistance will be somewhat more than in example 3, but in general, the effect of the application of the invention will be approximately the same as in example 2.

Practical examples 7, 8

As shown in Figs. 9 (a), (b), in practical examples 7, 8, respectively, the coated regions 11 and the first coated regions 13 are enlarged in the longitudinal direction of the cladding 9 in the region of its upper edge 93 (to a greater extent) and in areas of its lower edge 94 (to a lesser extent). This is done taking into account the fact that during construction and installation works it is often necessary to trim the upper and lower edges of the cladding to fit it to the gap between the upper and lower crossbars. The increased area of the coated areas leaves it possible to fix the cladding with nails even when its edge is cut off by a significant amount, and this greatly simplifies construction and installation works. In examples 7, 8, the moisture permeability of the lining is almost the same as in example 2,

however, an increase in the area of the coated edge regions allows the cladding edges to be cut more freely in accordance with the specific dimensions and technological needs and eliminates the risk that if the cladding edges are cut too far, the entire coated area will be removed and the nails will have to be driven into an area that does not have a coating , which can further accelerate the damage to the cladding (see above).

Case Study 9

In practical example 9 (FIG. 10 (a) ~ (d)), a plurality of recesses 20 are formed in the face of the cladding; also on this surface are formed local regions 11 with a coating, and on the bottom 22 and lateral inclined 23 surfaces of the recesses 20, regions 12 are formed without coating. The method of fastening the cladding in example 9 is the same as in example 1 (not shown in FIG. 10). By forming the recesses 20, the total area of the uncoated areas 12 is increased (due to the addition of the side surfaces 13 of the recesses), and thereby the moisture permeability of the lining is increased.

Case Study 10

In practical example 10 (FIG. 11 (a) ~ (d)), a plurality of depressions are formed in the front surface of the cladding as in Example 9. In addition, first coated regions 13 having a higher coating density are formed on the front surface of the cladding, and at the bottom 20 and the lateral (inclined) surfaces of the recesses, second coated regions 14 are formed having a lower coating density. The method of fastening the cladding in example 10 is the same as in example 2 (shown in FIG. 11). By forming the recesses 20, the total area of the regions 14 with less coating is increased (due to the addition of the side surfaces 23 of the recesses), and thereby the moisture permeability of the lining is increased.

Case Study 11

In practical example 11 (FIG. 12 (a) ~ (d)), a plurality of protrusions 21 are formed on the front surface of the cladding, and local areas 11 are formed on the upper surface of the protrusions, and uncoated areas 12 on the rest of the surface of the cladding. The method of fixing the lining in example 11 is the same as in example 1 (not shown in FIG. 12). By forming the protrusions 21, the area of the uncoated area 12 is increased (due to the addition of the side inclined surfaces 23 of the protrusions 21), and thereby the moisture permeability of the lining is increased.

In practical example 12 (FIG. 13 (a) ~ (d)), a plurality of protrusions 21 are formed on the front surface of the cladding, and first coated regions 13 having a higher coating density are formed on the upper surface of these protrusions, and on the rest of the front surface second coated regions 14 having a lower coating density are formed. The method of fixing the lining in example 12 is the same as in example 2 (not shown in FIG. 13). By forming the protrusions 21, the total area of the regions 14 is increased (due to the addition of the side surfaces 23), and thereby the moisture permeability of the lining is increased.

The frame can be formed using connecting or reinforcing metal elements (not shown in FIG. 13), but to such a frame all the above examples 1-12 are fully applicable.

If the connecting or reinforcing elements fulfill the function of earthquake-resistant elements, and the frame acts as a bearing wall structure, the lining in examples 1 ~ 12 allows the formation of a combined load-bearing wall.

To confirm the effectiveness of this invention, comparative tests were carried out, the objects of which were, on the one hand, ceramic cladding in practical examples according to

invention and reinforcing earthquake-resistant structure in which it is used (practical examples 1, 2), and on the other hand, the known cladding and reinforcing earthquake-resistant structure in which it is used (comparative example). The test results are given in table 1 ~ 5.

Test method for moisture permeability

The moisture permeability tests were carried out by the "cup" method described in the section "Method of measuring the moisture permeability of building materials of Industrial Standard of Japan JIS A 1324. The test was not carried out on the entire wall structure, but only its individual elements.

Basic test

Table 1 Conditions and results of basic moisture permeability tests Basic test sample 1 Basic test sample 2 Basic test sample 3, (comparative example, prior art) The approximate configuration of the test sample in plan Test sample Ceramic cladding Sizes of the test sample, mm 290 × 290

Sample Thickness, mm 9 Moisture area Inside the square 250 × 250 mm Type of coating Acrylic Emulsion Density of coating, g / m ² ➀: No ➁: 75 ➂: 130 Moisture permeation resistance, m ² · h · kPa / g (m ² · h · mm · mercury) 0.56 (4.2) 1.49 (11.2) 3.31 (24.8) Result Fine Good - Note: the lower the resistance to leakage, the better the moisture permeability.

Comparative test

table 2 Moisture permeability test conditions Example 1 according to the invention Example 2 according to the invention Comparative example (prior art) The approximate configuration of the test sample in plan Test sample Ceramic cladding Sizes of the test sample, mm 290 × 290 Thickness

test sample, mm 9 Moisture area Inside the square 250 × 250 mm ➀: Uncoated area ➁: Second coated area (less high Coating characteristics ➂: Local area coated coating density)
➂: First coated area (higher coating density) ➂: Solid coated area Relative area ➀: 50 ➁: 50 ➂: 100 surface with ➂: 50 ➁: 50 coating% Note The characteristics of the coating ➁-➂ are the same as in table 1

The results of comparative tests for moisture permeability

Table 3 The results of comparative tests for moisture permeability Example 1 according to the invention Example 2 according to the invention Comparative example (prior art) Seepage resistance 0.85 1.93 3.31

moisture, m ² · h · kPa / g (m ² · h · mm · mercury) (6.4) (14.5) (24.8) results Fine Good - Note: the lower the resistance to leakage, the better the moisture permeability.

Testing procedure for fluidity of load-bearing walls

Tests for the fluidity of the bearing walls were carried out in accordance with the following regulatory documents:

1) Paragraph 56 of Article 77 of the Law on Building Standards and an order of the Ministry issued on the basis of this Law relating to the Qualification and Verification Commission and others;

2) Column 8 of table 1 of paragraph 4 of Article 46 of the Order on the enactment of the Law on Building Standards ((the order is published in the bulletin “Methodology for Testing and Evaluation of Wooden Bearing Walls” published by the Organization for Assessing the Functional Characteristics of Industrial and Infrastructure Facilities on the Basis of Paragraph 2 of Article 71 of the Law on Building Standards: This test procedure generally complies with the regulatory documents below:

1. Japanese Industrial Standard. (1994). JIS A 1414 Methods of Performance Test of Panels for Building Construction (Japanese Industrial Standards. (1994). JIS A 1414 Methods of Functional Testing of Panels and Building Structures). (6.14)

2. ASTM E564-95. (1995). Standard Method of Static Load Test for Shear Resistance of Framed Walls for Buildings, American Society for Testing and Materials (American Society for Testing and Materials).

3. ASTM E72-02. (2002). Standard Methods of Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for Building Construction, American Society for Testing and Materials (Standard Test Methods for Panel and Building Structures; American Society for Testing and Materials).

Test conditions

Table 4 Test conditions Example 1 according to the invention Example 2 according to the invention Comparative example (currently used technique) Dimensions of the frame-rod module, mm, length, height 1820 × 2730 Frame-rod module materials Upper crossbar: American pine; Lower crossbar, side and intermediate racks: cryptomeria Dimensions of the elements of the frame-rod module, mm Upper crossbar: 180 × 105 Lower bolt: 105 × 105 Side racks: 105 × 105 Intermediate racks: 105 × 45 9 mm ceramic cladding 910 mm (short side) × 2730 mm (long side) Acrylic Emulsion Coating

Coating Characteristics: Coating Characteristics: Coating Characteristics: Panel Elements - Local coated areas: moisture permeation resistance 3.31 m ² · h · kPa / g
- Uncoated areas: Moisture resistance 0.56 m ² · h · kPa / g - First coated areas (higher coating density): moisture permeation resistance 3.31 m ² · h · kPa / g
- Second coated areas (lower coating density): Moisture permeation resistance 1.49 m ² · h · kPa / g Covering the entire front surface: moisture permeation resistance 3.31 m ² · h · kPa / g Gaps The left and right edges of the cladding, fixing on the side Between racks: 100 nails The central part of the lining, fixing on the intermediate mm racks: 200 Lining lower edge, fixing on the lower crossbar: 100 Upper edge of cladding, fixation on upper crossbar: 100 Type of nails Smooth 2.75 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length

Shear strength test results of load-bearing walls (yield strength)

Table 5 The relationship between the angle of deformation and the load in examples 1, 2 according to the invention and comparative example Shear resistance (yield strength), kN Deformation angle, glad Example 1 according to the invention Example 2 according to the invention Comparative example (prior art) 1/450 7.25 8.35 7.80 1/300 9.15 10.75 9.80 1/200 11.85 13.80 12.75 1/150 13.70 15.60 14.55 1/100 16.95 19.30 17.80 1/75 19.05 21.25 19.75 1/50 22.35 24.05 23.45

Test results

As follows from the results of comparative tests, the moisture permeability of the cladding in examples 1, 2 is higher than in the comparative example. On the other hand, the test results of the bearing walls for shear resistance show that for this indicator, examples 1, 2 and the comparative example are practically the same. The presence of areas without coating, as in example 1, and areas with a low density of coating, as in example 2, does not have any negative effect on shear resistance.

Even in the case when the coating is applied only to some local areas of the front surface of the cladding, as a result of which the total coating area is reduced (Example 1), the cladding and the earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure using it retain high seismic resistance with good moisture permeability.

Even in the case when the first coated regions having a higher coating density and the second coated regions having a lower coating density are formed on the front surface of the coating (Example 2), the cladding and the earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure using it retain high seismic resistance with good moisture permeability.

The above description relates mainly to the frame-rod method of forming the frame, however, the ceramic cladding and the earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure using it according to the invention are also applicable to other methods of forming the frame, in particular for the frame-wall and frame-log methods.

In the frame of the earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure, “inch” modules, “metric” modules and “shaku” modules can be used as standard modules. In “inch” modules, the distance between the side and intermediate racks is 16 inches (approximately 406.4 mm) and 24 inches (approximately 609.6 mm). In the “metric” modules, the indicated distance is 500 mm, and in the “shaku” modules - 1.5 “shaku” (approximately 455 mm). When installing ceramic cladding vertically on such frames, in the case of “shaku” modules, the horizontal size of the cladding should be 910 ~ 1820 mm, and in the case of “metric” modules, 1000 ~ 2000 mm

For example, in the case of “syaku” modules, when installing the cladding 910 mm horizontally and 3030 mm vertically on a frame-rod frame measuring 1820 mm horizontally and 2727 mm vertically, two cladding panels should be used, trimmed to a height of 2727 mm.

Similarly, in the case of "metric" modules, when installing a cladding with a size of 1000 mm horizontally and 3030 mm vertically on a frame-rod frame measuring 2000 mm horizontally and 3000 mm vertically, a facing panel trimmed to a height of 3000 mm should be used.

It is desirable that the thickness of the lining be at least 9 mm, but depending on the specific technological needs and requirements for the yield strength, a smaller thickness is also possible.

In the frame of the earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure, “inch” modules, “metric” modules and “shaku” modules can be used as standard modules. In “inch” modules, the distance between the side and intermediate posts is 16 inches (approximately 406.4 mm) and 20 inches (approximately 508.0 mm). In the “metric” modules, the indicated distance is 500 mm, and in the “shaku” modules - 1.5 “shaku” (approximately 455 mm). For the vertical installation of ceramic cladding on such frames in the case of “inch” modules, the horizontal size of the cladding should be from 1219.2 mm (4 feet, or 48 inches) to 1828.8 mm (6 feet, or 72 inches), in the case of “metric "Modules -1000 ~ 2000 mm, and in the case of modules" syaku "- 910 ~ 1820 mm.

For example, in the case of “inch” modules, when installing a cladding measuring 1219.2 mm (4 feet or 48 inches) horizontally and 3048 mm (10 feet or 120 inches) vertically on a frame measuring 1219.2 mm (4 feet) , or 48 inches) horizontally and 2438 mm (8 feet, or 96 inches) vertically, cladding panels should be used, trimmed to a height of 2438.4 mm.

Similarly, in the case of “metric” modules, when installing a cladding of 1000 mm horizontal and 3030 mm vertically on a frame of 2000 mm horizontal and 3000 mm vertically, cladding panels trimmed to a height of 3000 mm should be used, and in the case of modules “ syaku ”, when installing the cladding 910 mm (3“ syaku ”) horizontally and 3030 mm (10“ syaku ”) vertically on a frame of 1820 mm (6“ syaku ”) horizontally and 2727 mm (9“ syaku) vertically, two facing panels should be used, trimmed to a height of up to 2727 mm (9 “syaku”.

It is desirable that the thickness of the lining be at least 9 mm, but depending on the specific technological needs and requirements for the yield strength, a smaller thickness is also possible.

For ceramic cladding, you can use a variety of types of facial coatings, for example acrylurethane, acrylic, acrylosilicone, fluoropolymer and other organic as well as inorganic coatings. These coatings can be used both individually and in combination. In addition, in combination with the specified coatings or instead of them, you can use sealers of various types. Coatings can be applied in one or several layers.

Preferably, the resistance to moisture leakage in the specified local areas of the coating, as well as in the first areas with the coating having a higher density of the coating than in the second areas with the coating, was equal to 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g, but it is permissible that the resistance exceed 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g. In this case, the reduction in the long-term strength of the cladding and the long-term yield strength of the bearing walls will be reduced. If the high long-term characteristics of the bearing walls are not initially planned, then it is permissible that the leakage resistance in the indicated local and first regions is less than 2.67 m ² · h · kPa / g.

In order to further increase the moisture permeability, it is preferable that the leakage resistance in said second coated regions is significantly less than in the first regions.

It is also preferable that said local and first coated regions occupy at least circular sections with a radius of 30 mm with centers at the fixation points of the lining with nails or screws.

A circle with a radius of 30 mm defines a zone in which the most significant stresses occur due to the impact on the lining of the fastener, in particular a nail or a screw. If the local and first areas with a coating are smaller than circles with a radius of 30 mm, there will be a tendency to lower the yield strength at the fixation points of the lining with nails or screws. Based on this, it is preferable that the local and first coated areas are circles with a radius of at least 30 mm with centers at the indicated fixation points. If you want to increase the yield strength of the bearing walls, you should increase the radius of these circles. Conversely, if a high yield strength is not initially planned, the radius of the circles can be reduced.

The protrusions and indentations in Examples 9 ~ 11 may be rounded. The cross-sectional shape of the protrusions and recesses is arbitrary: they can be either rectilinear or curved. Preferably, the depth of the recesses (the height of the protrusions) is at least 0.5 mm. In terms of the shape of the recesses and protrusions is also arbitrary: they can have a straight, curved, round, oval, triangular and any other necessary shape, as well as the appearance of a geometric pattern, pictograms, letters, numbers, etc. Protrusions (depressions) of the same shape or a combination of protrusions (depressions) of various shapes may be formed. The size in terms of recesses and protrusions should be at least 1 mm. Moreover, on the front surface of the cladding, as well as on the bottom and side surfaces of the recesses, a smaller relief or grooves may be formed. An example is a panel, on the front surface of which protrusions are formed in the form of a brickwork pattern, small grooves are formed in these protrusions, and a small relief with the texture of a hardened mortar is formed in the recesses between the “bricks” of the brickwork pattern.

In the absence of recesses and protrusions on the front surface of the cladding, the shape in terms of these uncoated areas and the second coated areas is arbitrary: they can have a straight, curved, round, oval, triangular and any other convenient shape, as well as a geometric pattern, pictograms, letters, numbers, etc. Regions of any one shape or a combination of regions of various shapes may be formed. The size in terms of areas without coverage and second areas should be at least 1 mm.

For coating the cladding, you can use a roller that allows you to apply the coating in solid stripes, lines or spots. In addition, you can use spray, inkjet, electrostatic and other similar methods of application, allowing the application of fine dots.

In said second coated regions having a lower coating density than in the first regions, for example, small areas without coating can be formed by sandblasting the front surface after conventional coating. Thus, in the second regions, the same level of moisture permeability is achieved as in the first regions.

To ensure sufficient moisture permeability of the cladding, regardless of the presence or absence of recesses and protrusions, it is preferable to form on the front surface of the cladding as many of these areas without coating and second areas with reduced coating density as possible; the number and total area of these areas should be determined on the basis of specific requirements for moisture permeability and appearance of the structure.

Ceramic cladding can be used as both internal and external cladding. To further increase the durability of the supporting wall structure, it is useful to finish the front surface of the cladding panels on the external wall. The edges of the cladding panels should be countersinked. Adjacent cladding panels can be bonded end-to-end, lapped or with tongue and groove joints. These types of compounds can be used either individually or in combination. In the case of internal cladding, installation can be done, for example, by joining adjacent cladding panels end-to-end with countersink ends, followed by filling the joints between the panels with putty or other aggregate to form a smooth, seamless surface.

In the case of mounting the cladding on the external wall on the front surface of the cladding panel, it is useful to pre-stick a waterproofing sheet that is impermeable to external moisture (rain, snow, etc.) and at the same time permeable to internal water vapor generated in the room. This sheet should have a standard shape and dimensions corresponding to the shape and dimensions of the cladding panel. As an example, waterproofing sheets "Tybek" manufactured by DuPont. Preferably, in the joint areas of adjacent facing panels both horizontally and vertically, the waterproofing sheets slightly protrude one side outward from the respective edges of the joined panels so that they overlap each other. This allows you to increase the productivity of construction and installation works by reducing the number of operations for gluing waterproofing sheets directly at the place of work.

It is also preferable that in the upper, lower, left and right edge regions of the facing panels, the distance from the fixation points with nails or screws to the edge of the panel is at least 15 mm. This is because cracks can form in the panel at a shorter distance. As nails, it is preferable to use smooth stainless steel nails according to JIS A 5508, with a diameter of at least 2.75 mm and a length of at least 50 mm. At the same time, as in the case of the thickness of the cladding panels, depending on the specific technological needs and requirements for the seismic resistance of the structure, other types of nails can be used, for example, ordinary malleable cast iron nails, nails for gypsum plasterboards, etc. You can also use nails of a different diameter, different length or shape, but all nails used must comply with the specified standard.

When fixing the lining with screws, it is preferable to use self-tapping screws with a countersunk head for a cross screwdriver (cross recessed countersunk head tapping screws) with a diameter of at least 3 mm and a length of at least 30 mm according to JIS B 1122, or coarse thread screws. At the same time, as in the above cases, depending on the specific technological needs and requirements for the earthquake resistance of the structure, other types of screws can be used, in particular, screws for gypsum plasterboard panels, self-tapping screws for suspended ceilings, etc. It is also possible use screws of a different diameter, length and shape, while all screws used must comply with the specified standard. When fixing the lining with screws, in order to avoid cracks in the edge area of the facing panel, you should first make basting holes in it with a diameter equal to or slightly smaller than the diameter of the screws, and only then screw the screws through these holes with an electric screwdriver.

Claims (36)

1. Ceramic cladding for walls of buildings or structures, characterized in that on its front surface local first areas with a coating and areas without coating are formed, while the coated areas include at least some areas with centers at the fixation points of the lining with nails or screws. 2. The ceramic cladding according to claim 1, characterized in that in its front surface are formed recesses, at the bottom of which these areas without coating are formed. 3. The ceramic cladding according to claim 1, characterized in that local protrusions and indentations are formed in its front surface, on the lateral surfaces of which said uncoated areas are formed. 4. The ceramic cladding according to claim 1, characterized in that the resistance to moisture percolation in these areas with a coating is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g. 5. The ceramic cladding according to claim 1, characterized in that in its front surface are formed recesses at the bottom of which these uncoated areas are formed, while the resistance to moisture leakage in these coated areas is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² h · kPa / g 6. The ceramic cladding according to claim 1, characterized in that in its front surface local protrusions and indentations are formed, on the lateral surfaces of which these uncoated areas are formed, while the resistance to moisture leakage in these coated areas is 2.67 ~ 6, 67 m ² · h · kPa / g. 7. Ceramic cladding for walls of buildings or structures, characterized in that on its front surface local first coated areas having a higher coating density are formed, and second coated areas having a lower coating density, wherein the first areas include at least at least some areas with centers in the places of fixing the cladding with nails or screws. 8. The ceramic cladding according to claim 7, characterized in that in its front surface are formed recesses, at the bottom of which these second coated regions are formed. 9. The ceramic cladding according to claim 7, characterized in that local protrusions and indentations are formed in its front surface, on the lateral surfaces of which the indicated second coated regions are formed. 10. The ceramic cladding according to claim 7, characterized in that the resistance to moisture leakage in these first coated areas is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g, and in said second coated areas is less than first areas. 11. The ceramic cladding according to claim 7, characterized in that recesses are formed in its front surface, at the bottom of which said second uncoated areas are formed, while the moisture permeation resistance in said first coated areas is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g, and in the indicated second areas with coating less than in the first areas. 12. The ceramic cladding according to claim 7, characterized in that local protrusions and depressions are formed in its front surface, on the lateral surfaces of which the indicated second coated regions are formed, while the moisture leakage resistance in said first coated regions is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g, and in these second areas with a coating less than in the first areas. 13. Ceramic cladding for walls of buildings and structures, characterized in that in its front surface there are formed local areas with a coating and areas without a coating, while the coated areas include at least some areas with centers in the places where the cladding is fixed with nails or screws, and The size of the cladding is 2400 ~ 3100 mm vertically and 910 ~ 2000 mm horizontally. 14. The ceramic cladding according to item 13, wherein the recesses are formed in its front surface, at the bottom of which said uncoated areas are formed. 15. The ceramic cladding according to claim 13, characterized in that local projections and indentations are formed in its front surface, on the lateral surfaces of which said uncoated areas are formed. 16. The ceramic cladding according to item 13, wherein the resistance to moisture percolation in these areas with a coating is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g 17. The ceramic cladding according to item 13, wherein the recesses are formed on its front surface, at the bottom of which the indicated uncoated areas are formed, while the moisture permeation resistance in these coated areas is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² h · kPa / g 18. The ceramic cladding according to claim 13, characterized in that local protrusions and depressions are formed in its front surface, on the lateral surfaces of which these uncoated areas are formed, while the resistance to moisture leakage in these coated areas is 2.67 ~ 6, 67 m ² · h · kPa / g. 19. The ceramic cladding according to item 13, wherein the moisture permeation resistance in said first coated areas is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g, and the moisture percolation resistance in said second coated areas is less than in the first areas. 20. Ceramic cladding for walls of buildings and structures, characterized in that on its front surface local first coated areas having a higher coating density are formed, and second coated areas having a lower coating density, wherein the first areas include at least at least some areas with centers in the places of fixing the lining with nails or screws, and the size of the lining is 2400-3100 mm vertically and 910 ~ 2000 mm horizontally. 21. The ceramic cladding according to claim 20, characterized in that recesses are formed in its front surface, at the bottom of which said second coated regions are formed. 22. The ceramic cladding according to claim 20, characterized in that local protrusions and indentations are formed in its front surface, on the lateral surfaces of which said second coated regions are formed. 23. The ceramic cladding according to claim 20, characterized in that in its front surface are formed recesses, at the bottom of which these second coated regions are formed, while the resistance to moisture leakage in these first regions is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · H · kPa / g, and in the second areas less than in the first. 24. The ceramic cladding according to claim 20, characterized in that local protrusions and depressions are formed in its front surface, on the lateral surfaces of which the specified second coated regions are formed, while the moisture leakage resistance in said first coated regions is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g, and in the indicated second areas with coating less than in the first areas. 25. An earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure of a building or structure, characterized in that on the front surface of the frame containing the left and right support posts, located opposite one another, and the upper and lower crossbars connected to them, the proposed ceramic cladding is applied, on the front surface of which local coated areas and uncoated areas, the coated areas include at least some areas with centers at the fixation points of the cladding with nails or screws, and said cladding in places of application to the frame, it is fixed on the front surface of the crossbars and racks with screws or nails at intervals equal to 30 ~ 200 mm. 26. The earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure according to claim 25, wherein the moisture permeation resistance in said coated areas is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g. 27. The earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure according to claim 25, wherein the resistance to moisture leakage in said first coated areas is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g, and in said second coated areas, this resistance is less than in the first areas. 28. The earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure according to claim 25, wherein the ceramic cladding has dimensions 2400 ~ 3100 mm vertically and 910 ~ 2000 mm horizontally. 29. An earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure of a building or structure, characterized in that on the front surface of the frame containing two support posts located opposite each other on the left and right, and the upper and lower crossbars connected to them, the proposed ceramic cladding is applied, on the front surface of which are formed local first coated regions having a higher coating density and second coated regions having a lower coating density, the first coated regions comprising at least th least some areas with centers in areas facing fixing nails or screws and said cladding in places overlay on the frame is fixed to the front surface of the crossbars and uprights with screws or nails at intervals equal to 30 ~ 200 mm. 30. The earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure according to claim 26, characterized in that the ceramic cladding has a size of 2727 ~ 3030 2400 ~ 3100 mm vertically and 910 ~ 2000 mm horizontally. 31. An earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure, characterized in that in the frame containing two support legs located to the left and right of one opposite the other, and the upper and lower crossbars connected to them, the junction of the upper or lower crossbar with the support posts or the support posts themselves are connected between by means of connecting or reinforcing elements, which are either located in places that exclude the possibility of contact with the ceramic cladding, or, to exclude the possibility of their contact with the cladding, are embedded in bent regions The parts formed in the upper or lower crossbar and in each of the support posts and corresponding in thickness and configuration to the connecting or reinforcing elements are fixed in these areas, moreover, the proposed ceramic cladding, on the front surface of which are formed local areas with a coating, including at least some areas with centers in the places of fixing the lining with nails or screws, and areas without coating, are superimposed on the specified frame and fixed in places of contact with it on the front surface of the of the lower and lower crossbars and each of the supporting posts with nails or screws at intervals of 30-200 mm. 32. The earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure according to p. 31, characterized in that the resistance to moisture leakage in these areas with a coating is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g. 33. The earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure according to p. 31, characterized in that the ceramic cladding has a size of 2400 ~ 3100 mm vertically and 910 ~ 2000 mm horizontally. 34. An earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure, characterized in that in the frame containing two support legs located to the left and right opposite one another and the upper and lower crossbars connected to them, the junction of the upper or lower crossbar with the support posts or the support posts themselves are connected between themselves by means of connecting or reinforcing elements, which are either located in places that exclude the possibility of contact with the ceramic cladding, or to exclude the possibility of their contact with the cladding, embedded in areas formed in the upper or lower crossbar and in each of the support legs and corresponding in thickness and configuration to the connecting or reinforcing elements, and are fixed in these areas, moreover, the proposed ceramic cladding, on the front surface of which are formed local first areas with a coating having a higher the density of the coating and including at least some areas with centers in the places of fixing the cladding with nails or screws, and second coated areas having a lower coating density Life, superimposed on the specified frame and fixed in places of contact with it on the front surface of the upper and lower crossbars and each of the support posts with nails or screws at intervals of 30-200 mm. 35. The earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure according to clause 34, wherein the moisture permeation resistance in said first coated areas is 2.67 ~ 6.67 m ² · h · kPa / g, and in said second coated areas is less than in the first place. 36. The earthquake-resistant reinforcing structure according to claim 34, wherein the ceramic cladding has a size of 2400 ~ 3100 mm vertically and 910 ~ 2000 mm horizontally.