RU55163U1 - PHASE POWER REGULATOR - Google Patents

Abstract

The technical solution relates to electrical engineering and can be used, for example, to smoothly start the electric motor with limiting the starting current and the ability to adjust the rotation speed, to regulate and stabilize the brightness of incandescent lamps or room lighting, to stabilize the set temperature in electric furnaces, water heating or heating systems, or with stabilization of the temperature of the heated room, for adjusting and stabilizing the electric average - power, current or voltage tions active or inductive load, virtually any capacity, designed for connection to one or more mains phases. The technical problem to be solved of the proposed phase power regulator with the functions of a smooth rise in time of the released electric power in the (active or inductive) load, when it is turned on (while maintaining this function, when the mains power is turned on again after a short shutdown), and the possibility of its adjustment consists in the possibility connecting additional units, regulators and elements to it in order to connect the load to several phases of the mains supply (if it is designed for this) and expand nktsionalnyh opportunities proposed phase power controller with additional functions:

- electronic shutdown of the load with the possibility of preliminary smooth in time (up to several seconds) reduction of electric power,

- stabilization of the average current or voltage in the load (manually set), or the limitation of these parameters while maintaining manual power control,

- stabilization of the given illumination of the room (manually set) or the heating temperature, when connecting an incandescent lamp or a heating element as a load (respectively).

The technical problem to be solved is in a phase power regulator containing a key element, connected in series with the load, a triac, the terminals of which are outputs for connecting to a mains power source, a pulse generator containing a phase-shifting circuit consisting of a capacitor and a resistor, the output of which is the first the input output of the pulse generator, a control unit, the output stage of which contains a timing circuit consisting of a capacitor and a first resistor, and a first adjustable rotation, the output terminal of which is the output terminal of the control unit, and the connection point of the output of the capacitor of the timing circuit and the input terminal of the first adjustable resistance is the positive terminal of the power supply of the control unit, and connected to the positive terminal of the power supply of the pulse generator is achieved by introducing a variable resistor which is a power regulator, the conclusions of which are connected to the output terminal of the control unit and the first input terminal of the pulse generator, respectively, the output terminals of which It is connected with the control terminals of the regulating key element - the triac, and also contains a power supply with input terminals connected respectively to the terminals for connection to the mains power supply and output terminals - the first negative rectified voltage connected to the first input terminal of the control unit and the second input terminal pulse generator, the second negative terminal of the stabilized voltage and the overall positive terminal,

connected to the minus and plus terminals of the power supply, respectively, of the control unit and the pulse generator, the pulse generator further comprises a discharge stage of the capacitor of the phase-shifting circuit, consisting of series-connected first and second resistors, the terminal of the first of which is connected to the positive terminal of the power supply, and the terminal of the second is the second the input terminal of the pulse generator, the first diode and the first controlled key element, the output terminal of which is connected to the terminal of the capacitor phase shift the main circuit, which is the minus terminal of the pulse generator power supply, and the input terminal is connected to the connection point of the capacitor and phase-shifting resistor, moreover, the cathode of the first diode is connected to the control terminal of the first controlled key element, and the anode is connected to the connection point of the terminals of the first and second resistors, the control unit is supplemented by a third resistor, the first terminal of which is connected to the output terminal of the first adjustable resistance, and the second terminal is the negative terminal of the power supply of the unit two, with the first and second cascades of controlling the discharge of the capacitor of the timing circuit, and the timing circuit is supplemented by two series-connected second and third resistors of the timing circuit, from which the output of the third resistor of the timing circuit is connected to the negative output terminal of the control unit, and the output of the second resistor of the timing circuit to the connection point of the output of the first resistor of the timing circuit and the control output of the first adjustable resistance, the connection point of the terminals of the second and tego resistors of timing circuit is a second input terminal of the control unit for connecting the output terminal of the temperature controller, wherein the second control stage comprises fourth, fifth and sixth resistors and the second variable impedance, the input terminal of which is connected to the +

the power supply terminal of the control unit, the control terminal is connected to the connection point of the first terminals of the fourth and fifth resistors, and the first terminal of the sixth resistor is connected to the connection terminal of the terminals of the capacitor and the first resistor of the timing circuit, and the connection point of the second terminal of the sixth resistor and the output terminal of the second adjustable resistance is the third input terminal of the control unit for connecting the output of the switch, and the second output of the fifth resistor is the fourth input terminal of the control unit for connecting the output terminal of the current sensor, the first control stage consists of a second controlled key element, the input terminal of which is connected to the second terminal of the fourth resistor, and the output terminal is connected to the negative terminal of the power supply of the control unit, an additional capacitor, the second diode and a circuit with a serial connection of the third diode, the cathode of which is the first input terminal of the control unit, and two of the seventh and eighth resistors, with the output of the latter connected to the plus terminal of the power supply unit board, to the connection point of the terminals of the seventh and eighth resistors are connected the first terminal of the additional capacitor and the anode of the second diode, the second terminal of the additional capacitor is connected to the negative terminal of the power supply of the control unit, the cathode of the second diode is connected to the control terminal of the second key element.

Description

The technical solution relates to electrical engineering and can be used, for example, to smoothly start the electric motor with limiting the starting current and the ability to adjust the rotation speed, to regulate and stabilize the brightness of incandescent lamps or room lighting, to stabilize the set temperature in electric furnaces, water heating or heating systems, or with stabilization of the temperature of the heated room, for adjusting and stabilizing the electric average - power, current or voltage tions active or inductive load, virtually any capacity, designed for connection to one or more mains phases.

The well-known “Power controller on the triac” described by V. Tikhonov from Krasnoyarsk in the journal “RADIO” No. 9, in 1981, page 41, contains a triac connected in series between the power supply and the load, to the control terminals of which two pulse generators are connected containing phase shifting RC circuit. The generators are assembled on transistors connected according to the circuit of an analog of single-junction transistors. One generator opens the triac, with a positive half-wave of the mains voltage, and the other with a negative.

The well-known “KR1182PM1 microcircuit is a phase power regulator” described by A. Nemich from Bryansk in the journal “RADIO” No. 7 in 1999, pages 44-46, where the microcircuit consists of two trinistors, each assembled according to the transistor analog circuit of a trinistor and included counter-parallel and control unit. Node output

control associated with the control terminals of the trinistors diodes. One trinistor passes a positive half-wave of the mains voltage, and the other negative.

Identical elements or circuit assemblies have a spread of parameters, which causes a phase imbalance. Therefore, as described above, the analogs of the regulator have the following disadvantage,

- the inability to use inductive loads with high electrical power consumption. When connecting the primary winding of a power transformer (for example, a welding machine) and setting the electrical power consumption close to minimum, a large (there will be a change in load resistance) pulse current with a phase frequency of one polarity (which is equivalent to a short circuit) will flow through the winding, causing it to heat up ( or overheating).

The well-known "AC voltage regulator" or power, selected as a prototype for the proposed technical solution, application RU No. 94025926 A1, bull. No. 21, 27. 07. 1996, containing a control key element connected in series between the power source and the load, made in the form of a thyristor, included in the diagonal of the rectifier bridge’s direct current, a triac, anode and control electrode of which are connected to the diagonal of the rectifier bridge’s alternating current , a relaxation pulse generator, the power leads of which are connected to the diagonal of the direct current of the rectifier bridge, a control cascade having adjustable resistance with input and output terminals, remyazayuschaya chain, including a series-connected capacitor and resistor, and a rectifier, and the first and second output terminals of the adjustable resistance are connected in series in the phase-shifting circuit of the relaxation generator, the first input terminal of the adjustable resistance, the first output

the capacitor of the timing circuit and the positive terminal of the rectifier are connected to the positive terminal of the power supply of the relaxation generator, the second terminal of the capacitor of the timing chain is connected to the negative terminal of the rectifier, while the current source is connected to the terminal circuit, the input terminal of which is connected to the negative terminal of the rectifier, and the output terminal is connected to the resistor moreover, the common point of the resistor and the output terminal of the current source is connected to the second input terminal of the adjustable resistance.

The prototype described above - an AC voltage or power regulator has the following disadvantages:

- if there is a function of a smooth increase in time of the power consumption in the load (when turned on), there is no additional function of the electronic disconnection of the load, with the possibility of a smooth decrease in time of the released electric power in it,

- with a short-term disconnection of the mains supply, a quick discharge of the time-supply capacitor is not provided, in order to maintain the function of a smooth increase in the power consumption in the load when it is turned on again,

- it is not possible to connect additional control units, for example, a temperature controller (s) with functions to limit or stabilize the heating temperature,

- if there is a function for adjusting the electric power released in the load, there is no possibility of using additional functions - stabilization of the average electric power, current or voltage allocated in the load.

The technical problem to be solved of the proposed phase power regulator with functions of a smooth rise in time of the released electric power in the (active or inductive) load, when turned on (while maintaining this function, when turned on again

power supply after a short shutdown), and the possibility of its adjustment consists in the possibility of connecting additional units, regulators and elements to it in order to connect the load to several phases of the power supply (if it is designed for this) and expand the functionality of the proposed phase power regulator with additional features:

- electronic shutdown of the load with the possibility of preliminary smooth in time (up to several seconds) reduction of electric power,

- stabilization of the average current or voltage in the load (manually set), or the limitation of these parameters while maintaining manual power control,

- stabilization of a given illumination of the room (manually set) or heating temperature, when connecting an incandescent lamp or heating element as a load (respectively).

The technical problem to be solved is in a phase power regulator containing a key element, connected in series with the load, a triac, the terminals of which are outputs for connecting to a mains power source, a pulse generator containing a phase-shifting circuit consisting of a capacitor and a resistor, the output of which is the first the input output of the pulse generator, a control unit, the output stage of which contains a timing circuit consisting of a capacitor and a first resistor, and a first adjustable rotation, the output terminal of which is the output terminal of the control unit, and the connection point of the output of the capacitor of the timing circuit and the input terminal of the first adjustable resistance is the positive terminal of the power supply of the control unit, and connected to the positive terminal of the power supply of the pulse generator is achieved by introducing a variable resistor which is a power regulator, the conclusions of which are connected to the output

the output of the control unit and the first input terminal of the pulse generator, respectively, the output terminals of which are connected to the control terminals of the regulating key element - a triac, and also contains a power supply with input terminals connected respectively to the terminals for connecting to a power source and output terminals - the first negative rectified voltage connected to the first input terminal of the control unit and the second input terminal of the pulse generator, the second negative terminal of the stabilized voltage and a common plus terminal connected to the minus and plus terminals of the power supply, respectively, of the control unit and the pulse generator, the pulse generator further comprises a discharge cascade of the phase-shifting capacitor, consisting of series-connected first and second resistors, the first of which is connected to the positive power terminal and the output of the second is the second input terminal of the pulse generator, the first diode and the first controlled key element, the output terminal of which is connected inen to the terminal of the phase-shifting circuit capacitor, which is the minus terminal of the pulse generator power supply, and the input terminal is connected to the connection point of the capacitor and the phase-shifting resistor, moreover, the cathode of the first diode is connected to the control terminal of the first controlled key element, and the anode is connected to the connection point of the terminals of the first and the second resistors, the control unit is supplemented by a third resistor, the first terminal of which is connected to the output terminal of the first adjustable resistance, and the second terminal is mine with a power supply terminal of the control unit, two - the first and second cascades of discharge control of the capacitor of the timing circuit, and the timing circuit is supplemented by two series-connected second and third resistors of the timing circuit, of which the output of the third resistor of the timing circuit is connected to the negative

the power supply terminal of the control unit, and the output of the second resistor of the timing circuit to the connection point of the output of the first resistor of the timing circuit and the control terminal of the first adjustable resistance, the connection point of the terminals of the second and third resistors of the timing circuit is the second input terminal of the control unit for connecting the output terminal of the temperature controller, this, the second control stage consists of the fourth, fifth and sixth, resistors and a second adjustable resistance, the input terminal of which is connected to the positive terminal of the power supply of the control unit, the control terminal is connected to the connection point of the first terminals of the fourth and fifth resistors, and the first terminal of the sixth resistor is connected to the connection point of the terminals of the capacitor and the first resistor of the timing circuit, and the connection point of the second terminal of the sixth resistor and the output terminal of the second adjustable resistance is the third input terminal of the control unit for connecting the output of the switch, and the second output of the fifth resistor is the fourth input terminal b control box for connecting the output terminal of the current sensor, the first control stage consists of a second controlled key element, the input terminal of which is connected to the second terminal of the fourth resistor, and the output terminal is connected to the negative terminal of the power supply of the control unit, an additional capacitor, the second diode and a circuit with serial connection the third diode, the cathode of which is the first input terminal of the control unit, and two of the seventh and eighth resistors, with the terminal connected to the positive terminal at the power supply terminal of the control unit, the first terminal of the additional capacitor and the anode of the second diode are connected to the connection point of the terminals of the seventh and eighth resistors, the second terminal of the additional capacitor is connected to the negative terminal of the power supply of the control unit, the cathode of the second diode is connected to the control terminal of the second key element.

Figure 1 shows a functional diagram of a phase power regulator connected to the output terminals of a switch with an indicator, the input terminals of which are respectively connected to a power source. Additional circuit elements are also shown: a temperature controller with a temperature sensor, which is used as a thermistor, a switch, a current sensor and a load indicator.

Figure 2 shows a circuit diagram of a phase power controller, with connected additional circuit elements of figure 1 and a connected additional unit - a thermometer with a digital indicator, and shows the location of the load indicator. Also shown is the connection of the load calculated for connecting to two phases of the mains supply using additional elements: a triac, a rectified voltage source and a pulse generator.

The phase power regulator (figure 1), contains connected in series with the load 1, the regulating key element 2 is a triac, for example, an optocoupler, the conclusions of which are conclusions for connecting to a power source; pulse generator 3, which also contains a single-junction transistor 4, the first base of which is the first output terminal of the pulse generator 3, and the second base is connected to the plus terminal of the power supply of the pulse generator 3, phase-shifting circuit consisting of a capacitor 5 and a resistor 6, the output of which is the first input terminal pulse generator 3; control unit 7, the output stage, which contains a timing circuit consisting of a polar capacitor 8 and the first 9 resistor, and the first adjustable resistance 10, which uses a pnp type composite transistor, the output pin is the collector, which is the output pin the control unit 7, and the connection point of the output of the capacitor 8 of the timing circuit and the input terminal is the emitter

the first adjustable resistance 10 of the transistor, is the positive output of the power supply of the control unit 7, and is connected to the positive output of the power of the pulse generator 3. The phase power controller also contains a variable resistor 11 which is a power controller 12, the conclusions of which are connected to the output terminal of the control unit 7 and the first the input output of the pulse generator 3, respectively, the output conclusions of which: the first is the first base of the single-junction transistor 4 and the second is the negative output of the power supply of the pulse generator 3, in accordance with polarity are connected with the control terminals of the regulating key element 2 - triac. And also contains a power supply 13 with input terminals connected respectively to the terminals for connecting to a power source and output terminals - the first negative rectified voltage connected to the first input terminal of the control unit 7 and the second input terminal of the pulse generator 3, the second negative terminal of the stabilized voltage and a common positive terminal connected to the negative and positive terminals of the power supply, respectively, of the control unit 7 and the pulse generator 3. Pulse generator 3 optional о contains a cascade 14 of the discharge of the phase-shifting capacitor 5, consisting of the first 15 and second 16 resistors connected in series, the output of the first 15 resistors, of which is connected to the positive power output, and the output of the second 16 resistor is the second input terminal of the pulse generator 3, the first diode 17 and the first controlled key element 18, which uses an n-pn type transistor, the output terminal is an emitter, which is connected to the terminal of the phase-shifting capacitor 5, which is the negative terminal of the power supply Nia pulse generator 3, and an input terminal - the collector - to the connection point of the emitter of unijunction transistor 4 and the capacitor leads 5 and the resistor 6-shifting circuit. Moreover, the cathode of the first diode 17 is connected to

the control terminal is the base of the first controlled key element 18 is a transistor, and the anode is connected to the connection point of the first 15 and second 16 resistors. The control unit 7 is supplemented by a third 19 resistor, the first output of which is connected to the output terminal, the collector of the first adjustable resistance 10, of the transistor, and the second terminal is the negative power supply terminal of the control unit 7, two, the first 20 and second 21 stages of the discharge circuit control capacitor 8 . And the timing circuit is supplemented by two series-connected - second 22 and third 23 timing circuit resistors, of which the output of the third 23 timing circuit resistor is connected to the negative power supply terminal of the control unit 7, and the output of the second 22 timing circuit resistor - to the connection point of the output of the first 9 timing circuit resistor circuit and control output - the base of the first adjustable resistance 10 - transistor. The connection point of the terminals of the second 22 and third 23 resistors of the timing circuit is the second input terminal of the control unit 7 for connecting the output terminal of the temperature controller 24. The second control stage 21, consists of the fourth 25, fifth 26, sixth 27 resistors and the second adjustable resistance 28, as which uses a pnp type transistor. The input terminal - the emitter of which is connected to the positive terminal of the power supply of the control unit 7, the control terminal - base - to the connection point of the first terminals of the fourth 25 and fifth 26 resistors. Moreover, the first terminal of the sixth 27 resistor is connected to the connection point of the terminals of the capacitor 8 and the first 9 of the resistor of the timing circuit. The connection point of the second terminal of the sixth resistor 27 and the output terminal of the second adjustable resistance 28 of the transistor is the third input terminal of the control unit 7 for connecting the output of the switch 29. The second terminal of the fifth resistor 26 is the fourth input terminal of the control unit 7 for connecting

the output terminal of the current sensor 30. The first control stage 20 consists of a second controlled key element 31, which uses an n-pn type transistor, the input terminal is a collector that is connected to the second terminal of the fourth resistor 25, and the output terminal is an emitter connected to the negative terminal of the power supply of the control unit 7; additional capacitor 32, the second diode 33 and a circuit with a serial connection of the third diode 34, the cathode of which is the first input terminal of the control unit 7, and two of the seventh 35 and eighth 36 resistors, with the connection of the latter to the positive terminal of the power supply of the control unit 7. To the point connecting the terminals of the seventh 35 and eighth 36 resistors, the first terminal of the additional capacitor 32 and the anode of the second diode 33 are connected. The second terminal of the additional capacitor 32 is connected to the negative power terminal of the control unit 7 , the cathode of the second diode 33 is connected to the control terminal - the base of the second key element 31 - the transistor.

Figure 1 shows a functional diagram of a phase power regulator connected to the output terminals of the switch 37 with an indicator 38, the input terminals of which are respectively connected to a power source. Additional circuit elements are also shown: a temperature controller 24 with a temperature sensor 39, which is used as a thermistor 40, a switch 29, a current sensor 30 and a load indicator 38, the terminals of which are connected respectively to the terminals of the load 1. The temperature controller 24 contains an operational amplifier 41 and a variable resistor 42 is a temperature controller, the output of the slider of which is connected to the first input terminal of the operational amplifier 41. The power terminals of the temperature controller 24 are connected with the correct polarity us to the output terminals of the constant voltage power supply 13. The first terminal of the thermistor 40 is connected to the positive voltage terminal

the temperature controller 24, and the second is connected to the second input terminal of the operational amplifier 41, the output terminal of which is the output terminal of the temperature controller 24. The first terminal of the switch 29 is connected to the positive power terminal, and the second terminal, through the trimmer resistor 43, is connected to the third input terminal of the control unit 7. The current sensor 30 includes a current transformer 44, a rectifier bridge 45, and a current regulator 46, which is used as a variable resistor. The terminals of the primary winding of the current transformer 44 are connected, into the open of the mains supply wire, sequentially with the regulating key element 2 - the triac and load 1. The terminals of the secondary winding are connected to the diagonal of the AC rectifier bridge 45, and the terminals of the current regulator 46 - of the variable resistor are connected to the diagonal of a constant current. The connection point of the output of the current regulator 46 - a variable resistor and the positive terminal of the rectifier bridge 45 is connected to the positive power terminal, and the output of the slider of the current regulator 46 - a variable resistor, which is the output terminal of the current sensor 30, is connected to the fourth input terminal of the control unit 7.

Figure 2 shows a circuit diagram, where the connection of the proposed phase power regulator to the main power source of the first phase occurs through a two-phase switch 37, with connected additional circuit elements of figure 1 and connected additional unit - thermometer 47, with a digital indicator 48 and shown the location of the load indicator 38. The power terminals of the thermometer 47 are connected to the output terminals of the stabilized voltage of the power supply 13, and the input terminals to the terminals of the thermistor 40, with Luden polarity. Also shown is the connection of load 1, designed to connect to two phases of the mains supply, using additional elements: triac 2 of the second phase, rectified voltage source 49 and generator 3

pulses of the second phase. As a possible practical example of the use and its connection, the triac 2 of the second phase is not shown optocoupler (in practice it is better to use the same triac 2). Load 1 has two terminals for connecting to the first and second phase of the mains supply (the numbering is conditional in this case) and one common terminal that is grounded. The rectified voltage source 49 has input and output terminals. One of the input terminals of the rectified voltage source 49 is grounded, and the other is connected to the connection point of the input terminal of the triac 2 of the second phase and the output terminal of the switch 37 of the second phase. The output of load 1 for connecting to the first phase of the mains supply is connected to the output terminal of the regulating key element 2 - the triac of the first phase, and the output for connecting to the second phase of mains supply is connected to the output of the triac of the second phase, control terminals which are connected to the 3 pulse generator second phase. The power terminals of the generator 3 pulses of the second phase in compliance with the polarity are connected to the output terminals of the stabilized voltage of the power supply 13, the common positive output of which is grounded. The power controller 12 contains a dual variable resistor 11 (the sliders of the variable resistors 11 have one common handle), the conclusions of the second, of which are connected to the output terminal of the control unit 7 and the first input terminal of the pulse generator 3 of the second phase, respectively. The positive output terminal of the rectified voltage source 49 is grounded, and the negative terminal is connected to the second input terminal of the second phase pulse generator 3.

Consider the operation of the phase power controller according to the functional diagram shown in Fig. 1 with a sequential consideration of additionally performed functions using examples of a specific implementation.

Assume that the slider of the variable resistor 11 - power regulator 12 is in the extreme right position. The slider of the current controller 46 - variable resistor is in the lowest position. The slider of the tuning resistor 43 of the switch 29 is in its lowest position. In the initial state, the additional capacitor 32 of the first stage 20 of the discharge control, the capacitor 8 of the timing circuit of the control unit 7 and the capacitor 5 of the phase-shifting circuit of the pulse generator 3 are discharged. When you turn on the switch 37 "On", the phase voltage of the mains power is supplied to the indicator 38 of the switch 37, causing it to glow, the power supply 13 and the regulating key element 2 is a triac, which currently remains closed. When voltage arises at the output terminals of the power supply 13, through the third diode 34, seventh 35, eighth 36 resistors and an additional capacitor 32, a current begins to flow, causing a quick charge of the latter and the formation of a negative potential on the anode of the second diode 33. Due to the absence of a positive potential at the control terminal - the base of the second controlled key element 31 - transistor, it remains closed, and in the absence of negative potential at the control terminal - the base of the second adjustable resistance 28 - transistor ra, its resistance remains high. When current flows through the first 15 and second 16 resistors of the pulse generator 3, a negative potential is formed on the anode of the first diode 17 - it is closed. In the absence of a positive potential at the control terminal - the base of the first controlled key element 18 - transistor, it also remains closed. When voltage arises at the power terminals of the control unit 7, and the discharged capacitor 8 of the timing circuit, a negative potential appears on the control terminal, the base of the first adjustable resistance 10 of the transistor, close to the lower threshold value that opens it. By timing chain

current begins to flow. The potential value increases, according to a linear law, with an increase in the charge of the capacitor 8 of the timing circuit. An increase in the negative potential at the control terminal, the base of the first adjustable resistance 10 of the transistor, leads to a decrease in its resistance. This leads to a time-smooth increase in the current passing through the third 19 resistor and capacitor 5 of the phase-shifting circuit, charging the latter and increasing the voltage applied to the emitter junction of the single-junction transistor 4 of the pulse generator 3. When a certain critical value is determined by the characteristic of the transistor, the single-junction transistor 4 opens and the phase-shifting capacitor 5 is discharged through the emitter junction of the single-junction transistor 4 and the control junction of the control key element 2 - triac (LED triac 2). Changing the voltage at the control terminals of the regulating key element 2 - a triac, which as an input signal in the form of a leading edge of the pulse (causes the LED to glow) opens the regulating key element 2 - a triac. Pulse generator 3 starts to work. The open regulating key element 2, the triac, passes current 1 through the load until the end of the current half-cycle of the phase voltage. At the time of the passage of the zero point (point "zero" of the phase voltage of the mains supply), there is no negative potential at the second input terminal of the pulse generator 3 (terminal of the second 16 resistor). At this moment, through the first 15 resistor (limiting current), the first diode 17 and the control terminal (base-emitter junction) of the first controlled key element 18 - transistor, a positive pulse passes, opening the first controlled key element 18 - transistor, through which the capacitor discharge 5 phase shifting circuit. Thus, the operation of the pulse generator 3 is linked to the zero points of the phase transition in each half-cycle. Thanks

smoothing storage capacitors of the power supply 13, when passing the zero point, the stabilized voltage at its terminals remains. In the absence of current, the regulating key element 2 - the triac closes. During the passage of the zero point, the additional capacitor 32 of the control unit 7 does not have time to recharge, so the second controlled key element 31 - the transistor remains closed. After passing the zero point of the phase transition, the countdown of the formation of the next first (relative to the zero point) opening pulse resumes. After the passage of the first opening pulse, the subsequent ones - formed in the given half-cycle (by the pulse generator 3), do not affect the control key element 2 - the triac, since it is already open. When the charge current of the phase-shifting capacitor 5 increases, the time of formation of the first opening pulse decreases and the electric power allocated to load 1 increases with each half-wave phase. If the charge time of the capacitor 8 is of the timing circuit, from the moment the phase mains is turned on and the opening starts (allocation minimum electric power in the load 1) of the regulatory key element 2 - triac until it is fully opened (maximum power allocation) is extended in time up to three s kund, then during this time up to 300 half-waves of the phase voltage of the mains supply pass through the regulating key element 2 - the triac with increasing power released in load 1. The time of a smooth rise in power is determined by the capacitance of capacitor 8 and the sum of the values of the first 9, second 22, third 23, resistors timing chain. The voltage rating of the capacitor 8 of the timing circuit must correspond to the stabilized voltage of the power supply 13. The lower threshold value of the negative potential at the control terminal - the base of the first adjustable resistance 10 - of the transistor is determined

(by the value of the first 9 resistors of the timing circuit) - the beginning of the opening of the adjustable key element 2 - the triac. The full opening of the regulating key element 2 - triac is determined by the maximum charge current of the capacitor 5 (resistor 6) of the phase-shifting circuit, upon exceeding which the operation of the pulse generator 3 fails. Therefore, the current passing through the first adjustable resistance 10 - transistor changes linearly. When passing the upper threshold value of the negative potential at the control terminal - the base of the first adjustable resistance 10 of the transistor and its further growth, with an increase in voltage at the terminals of the capacitor 8 of the timing circuit, the current passing through the first adjustable resistance of 10 transistor does not occur. The upper threshold value of the negative potential is determined by the full opening of the regulatory key element 2 - the triac. If necessary, a further increase in voltage at the terminals of the capacitor 8 of the timing circuit can be limited, for example, by a constant resistance (not shown). By changing the position of the slider of the variable resistor 11 - power regulator 12, it is possible to set the necessary electric power released in load 1. When the mains power is turned off, a time-delayed discharge of smoothing storage capacitors of the power supply unit 13 occurs. Due to the presence of voltage on the power terminals of the control unit 7, through the eighth 36 resistor and an additional capacitor 32 pass current causing a quick recharge of the latter. With the appearance of a positive potential at the anode of the second diode 33, it opens, and the second controlled key element 31, a transistor, opens. When you open the second controlled key element 31 - the transistor at the control terminal - the base of the second adjustable resistance 28 - of the transistor, a negative potential appears, causing a decrease in its resistance,

which leads to a fast discharge of the capacitor 8 of the timing circuit. Therefore, when you quickly turn on the mains again, the function of smooth switching on the load 1 remains. The third diode 34 eliminates the influence of the capacitance of the additional capacitor 32 on the operation of the pulse generator 3. The first diode 17 protects the first controlled key element 18 - the transistor, the second diode 33, protects the second controlled key element 31 - the transistor from being fed to the control terminals - the base of negative polarity current. The sixth 27 resistor limits the discharge current of the capacitor 8 of the timing circuit when the phase power controller is turned off (turned off).

When you turn off the phase regulator with a load of 1 large power consumption, and especially with the inductive component, a phase voltage difference in the power supply network and the formation of an arc discharge at the contacts of the switch 37 can occur. To prevent this, the proposed phase power regulator has an additional function - electronic load disconnection 1, using the switch 29. When the contacts of the switch 29 are closed, the polar capacitor 8 of the timing circuit is discharged and load 1 is disconnected, with the possibility the ability to select the shutdown time, adjusting the tuning resistor 43. The time for a smooth disconnection of the load can be several seconds. The conclusions of the control unit 7 for connecting the switch 29, can also be used as in the phase power regulator (chip KR1182PM1) analogue. For example, to connect the terminals of a mercury contact thermometer or a bimetallic contact temperature sensor, with the function of temperature stabilization, in the key mode of disconnecting load 1 (heating element), or connecting a photodetector to stabilize the glow of an incandescent lamp or illumination in a room (as an incandescent lamp load) , with the difference that the positive terminal can be grounded.

When using, for example, an electrode heater of water as load 1, with the connection of the current sensor 30, the function of stabilizing the average current in load 1 can be used. The slider of the current regulator 46 — an alternating resistor, is in the middle position. Due to the function of a smooth increase in power in load 1 (when turned on), in the mains conductor, which is the primary winding of the current transformer 44, each half-cycle increases the current pulse, which leads to an increase in the rectified signal from the current sensor 30, which through the fifth 26 resistor (limiting current) is supplied to the control terminal - the base of the second adjustable resistance 28 - transistor of the control unit 7. When the signal exceeds a threshold value, the second adjustable resistance 28 - transistor starts change, in proportion to the magnitude of the signal, its resistance through which a partial discharge of the capacitor 8 of the timing circuit occurs. With a decrease in the current in load 1, the signal from the current sensor 30 also decreases. Since in this case the capacitor 8 of the timing circuit starts to work as an integrating capacitance, when the signals are averaged over several half-periods of the phase current, we can talk about stabilizing the average current in load 1, which is independent , in this case, from a change in the conductivity of the heated water. When you move the slider of the current regulator 46 - a variable resistor of the current sensor 30, the set value of the stabilization current changes.

Due to the possibility of connecting the load with the inductive component, the proposed phase power regulator, it is possible to stabilize the average voltage applied to the load 1. If in the considered current sensor 30, replace the current transformer 44, with a network step-down transformer, connecting the terminals of the primary winding parallel to load 1, and the secondary - into the diagonal of the alternating current rectifier bridge 45 (not shown), then the considered sensor

current 30 will become a voltage sensor. To the proposed phase power regulator, it is possible to simultaneously connect a current sensor 30 and a voltage sensor or several sensors (not shown). If you connect the first output of the additional resistor (preferably with the value of the fifth 26 resistor) to the connection point of the control terminal — the base of the second adjustable resistance 28 — transistor and the first terminals of the fifth 25 and fourth fourth resistors, then its second output will be the fifth input terminal of the control unit 7 to connect a second sensor, for example, voltage (not shown). When connecting the considered sensors, using a variable resistor 11 - power regulator 12, you can adjust only with a decrease in the parameter installed on the sensor (current 30 or voltage). The stabilization function of the set parameter is transformed into a limit function. In addition, when installing sensors, there is no need for a variable resistor 11 - power regulator 12, which can be replaced by a jumper (not shown), since its function goes to the current regulator 46 (or voltage) - a variable resistor of the current sensor 30 (or voltage).

If the proposed phase power controller is supplemented with a temperature controller 24, then it can be used to stabilize the temperature, for example, in an electric furnace, a heating element (elements with parallel connection), which is connected as load 1. Depending on the desired heating temperature range, a temperature controller can be used , designed to work with a temperature sensor 39, which is used as a thermocouple or thermistor. To describe a specific example of the operation of the temperature controller 24, a thermistor 40 is used as the temperature sensor. The operation of the temperature controller 24 is to compare the voltage change across the thermistor 40 (when the temperature changes) associated with the second input terminal

operational amplifier 41 temperature controller 24 and the reference voltage set using a variable resistor 42 - temperature controller, the output of the slider, which is connected to the first input terminal of the operational amplifier 41. The error signal is amplified by the operational amplifier 41 and fed to the second input terminal of the control unit 7. Third 23 the timing chain resistor is the load of the operational amplifier 41. With a smooth increase in the error signal, the voltage at the terminals of the third 23 resistors timing chain. This leads to a decrease in the negative potential at the control terminal, the base of the first adjustable resistance 10 of the transistor, an increase in its resistance, a partial discharge of the capacitor 8 of the timing circuit and a decrease in the electric power released in the load 1. A smooth decrease in the electric power released in the load 1 begins to occur in several degrees to a predetermined value installed on the dial of the variable resistor 42 - temperature controller and stops when it is reached. In the future, there is a smooth change in the power released in load 1 near a value sufficient to stabilize the set temperature, with the exception of the key mode - when load 1 is disconnected at full power consumption. When the electric power of load 1 is overestimated, temperature inertia appears, and temperature stabilization can occur with switching, but with a minimum current in load 1. Using the temperature stabilization function, the current or voltage stabilization function is transformed into a limiting function. When using loads that do not change their resistance, when the current sensor 30 (voltage) is not necessary, it may be absent (not installed). The proposed phase power controller allows the connection of two temperature controllers 24, for example, the first with a temperature sensor 39, as

which uses a thermocouple (not shown) and the second with a thermistor 40, with alternate connection (not shown). When using the proposed phase power controller with the function of stabilizing the temperature, for example, in a closed water heating system of a room, the load 1 of which is used by an electric water heater (heaters with parallel connection), it is possible to simultaneously connect a second, the same temperature controller 24 (not shown). When fixing the second temperature sensor 39 in a heated room, it will perform the function of stabilizing the temperature in the room, regardless of the temperature in the street. The temperature stabilization function of the first temperature controller 24 is transformed into a limit function. For visual control of switching or power changes in load 1, parallel to load 1, it is recommended to connect the load indicator 38, as shown in figure 1.

Instead of the considered temperature controller 24, another controller can be used, for example, an optical one, the sensor of which can be used as a photodetector with the function of switching, stabilization or limitation.

When considering the connection of the load 1 designed to connect to more than one phase of the mains supply, we proceed to consider the circuit diagram of the phase power regulator with additional functions presented in figure 2. Returning to a concrete example of practical implementation - heating the room. For clarity and visual control of the temperature, the phase power controller can be supplemented with a thermometer 47 with a digital indicator 48 (38 is the most convenient place to install the load indicator 38). As a switch 37 (SA1), a double circuit breaker with current limitation is used. As a thermometer 47 can be used, for example, digital

a thermometer, the circuit of which is well described by S. Biryukov, Moscow in the journal "Radio" No. 1 for 2001. "On-board thermometer - voltmeter" p. 36, 37 and therefore his work will not be considered. The input terminals of the thermometer 47 are connected to the terminals of the thermistor 40 (R8) of the temperature sensor 39, in accordance with which, in this case, TPA-1 with a negative temperature coefficient of resistance and with a temperature range of 80 ... 600 ° K is used. The parameters of the thermistor 40 (R8) are determined by setting the thermometer 47, selection. Trimmer resistor R11 facilitates the setup of thermometer 47, and resistor R6 is a limiter for the maximum temperature. Resistor R7 limits the current in the voltage divider of the variable resistor 42 (R3) removed from the slider, the temperature controller, the value of which determines the temperature adjustment range. Resistor R10 limits the current in thermistor 40 (R8). The value of the resistor R9 (R9 may not be installed) is selected so that the regulating key element 2 - the triac (Fig. 1) (triac 2 - figure 2) does not open when the terminals of the thermistor 40 (R8) are shorted. When changing the value of the feedback resistor - R12, the gain of the operational amplifier 41 (YES2) changes. To connect load 1, for which, for example, two heaters of the same type Rн1, Rн2 are used, the phase power regulator is supplemented with: a rectified voltage source 49, a second phase pulse generator 3, a second phase triac 2 (VS2), the control terminals of which are connected to the output terminals generator 3 pulses of the second phase through a pulse transformer T3. Pulse transformer T3 is a galvanic isolation of the voltage of the mains supply of the second phase and the output terminals of the generator 3 pulses of the second phase. For the same power distribution in the heaters Rн1 and Rн2, it is better to use the same triac 2.

This connection of the second triac 2 - VS2 is shown only as an example of the use (connection) of triacs without optical control. In the current sensor 30, a switch SA2 is proposed as a current controller 46, to the terminals of which the terminals of the resistors R14, R15, R16, R17 are connected. When using, for example, the switch PR2-10P1NV as a current regulator 46, ten fixed current values can be obtained. As resistors, you can use a constantan wire. As you know, the mains power supply is made with a solidly grounded neutral, and when using electric heaters RН1, Rн2 in a water heating system, for safety reasons, grounding of the closed water heating system pipeline and the zero power supply wire is required, as shown in the diagram of Fig.2. In the power supply unit 13, the input terminals are the primary windings of the network step-down transformer T1, the secondary windings are connected to the AC diagonal of the rectifier bridge VD1, the positive terminal of which is the general positive terminal of the power supply 13, and the negative terminal is the negative terminal of the rectified voltage. To the negative terminal of the rectifier bridge VD1, through the VD3 diode is connected the input terminal of the microcircuit - voltage stabilizer DA1, the general positive terminal of which is connected to the general positive terminal of the power supply 13, and the output terminal is the negative output terminal of the stabilized voltage of the power supply 13. To the input and output terminals voltage stabilizer DA1 connected to the negative terminals of the polar storage smoothing capacitors C1 and C2, respectively, the positive terminals of which are connected to the common positive terminal b eye supply 13. The diode VD3 eliminates the influence of the capacitance C1 to the form of the rectified voltage signal. The conclusions of the primary winding of the network step-down transformer T2 are the input terminals of the rectified voltage source 49, and

the leads of the secondary winding are connected to the diagonal of the alternating current of the rectifier bridge VD2, the plus and minus leads of which are the plus and minus outputs of the rectified voltage source 49.

When the switch 37 - SA1 is turned on, the phase voltage of the first phase is supplied to the terminals of the primary winding of the transformer T1 of the power unit 13 and the control key element 2 is a triac (VS1) of the first phase, which remains closed at the moment. The phase voltage of the second phase is supplied to the terminals of the primary winding of the second transformer T2 and the second triac 2 - VS2 of the second phase, which at the moment also remains closed. The stabilized voltage from the terminals of the power supply 13 is supplied to the power terminals of the thermometer 47 and it starts to work. The digital indicator 48 will show the temperature of the temperature sensor 39, therefore, an additional indication of the inclusion of the network in this case is not required. The operation of the phase power regulator with additional functions, with the connection to one phase of the mains supply, has already been considered. In this case, the first input terminals of the pulse generator 3 of the first phase and the pulse generator 3 of the second phase, through the same variable resistors 11 (with the same resistance) are connected to the output terminal of the common control unit 7. The power terminals of the pulse generator 3 of the first phase and the second pulse generator 3 the phases are connected in parallel to the terminals of the stabilized voltage of one power supply 13. The operation of the pulse generator 3 of the first phase is carried out with reference to the zero points of the first phase of the mains supply, and the work of the generator An ora of 3 pulses of the second phase is carried out with reference to the zero points of the second phase of the mains supply, from the rectified voltage source 49. If the resistances of the heaters Rн1, Rн2 are equal and the triac 2 are of the same type, then the currents passing through the regulating key element 2 are the triac of the first phase and triac 2 the second phase, respectively, will be

almost the same (with some discrepancy, you can use the tuning resistors 6 - R33, R4). To control switching and power changes in the load 1 next to the digital indicator 48 of the thermometer 47, you can fix the load indicator 38, connected through a resistor R30 in parallel Rn1. For monitoring over several phases, additional indicators are installed (not shown). If necessary, alternating visual temperature control, for example, at two points (two temperature sensors 39), the thermometer 47 may be supplemented by a switch (not shown). If the second temperature sensor is located in a heated room, thermometer 47 additionally performs the function of a room thermometer.

If it is necessary to connect a load designed to connect to three phases of the mains supply, for example, an electric motor with smooth start, starting current limitation and the ability to adjust the rotation speed, a three-phase circuit breaker with current limitation is used as a switch 37, and the phase power controller is supplemented by: a third - triac 2, the third pulse generator 3 and the second source of rectified voltage 49 with connection to the third phase of the mains supply (not shown). In this case, the network transformers can be replaced by one three-phase, and the power regulator 12 must contain a built-in variable resistor (not shown).

When the proposed phase power controller is equipped with a temperature controller and additional heating, during operation, the most sensitive circuit elements of the VT5 composite transistor and DA2 microcircuit, for example, increase to 60 ° C, a certain degree of stabilization temperature is set (offset). In order to reduce temperature dependence, during installation, these elements on the printed circuit board are located as close as possible to each other. Through the hole in the housing of the composite transistor KT973B using

a screw and nut, a curved copper plate with a hole is attached to it, which is glued to the body of the DA2 chip, for example, KR544UD1, and an additional thermistor is glued to the plate (for example, TPA1 - 3K Ω). The first output of the additional thermistor is soldered to the first leg of the DA2 chip, and the second output is to the output of the balancing resistor R13 (not shown). The size of the circuit board circuit board (one temperature controller 24, a control unit 7, and one pulse generator 3) is 30 mm. by 50 mm. (for reference) and the main part of this circuit assembly can be made in the form of microchips.

Thus, in comparison with the prototype, the proposed phase power regulator with the functions of a gradual increase in time of the generated electric power in the (active or inductive) load when it is turned on (while maintaining this function, when the power supply is turned on again after a short shutdown), and the possibility of its adjustment has the ability to connect additional blocks, regulators and elements to it in order to connect the load to several phases of the mains supply (if it is designed for this) and expanded Functionality:

- electronic shutdown of the load with the possibility of preliminary smooth in time (up to several seconds) reduction of electric power,

- stabilization of the average current or voltage in the load (manually set), or the limitation of these parameters while maintaining manual power control,

- stabilization of a given illumination of the room (manually set) or heating temperature, when connecting an incandescent lamp or heating element as a load (respectively).

Claims (1)

A phase power regulator containing connected in series with the load, regulating a key element-triac, the conclusions of which are outputs for connecting to a power source, a pulse generator containing a phase-shifting circuit consisting of a capacitor and a resistor, the output of which is the first input terminal of the pulse generator, block control, the output stage of which contains a timing circuit consisting of a capacitor and a first resistor, and a first adjustable resistance, the output terminal of which is the output terminal of the control unit, and the connection point of the output of the capacitor of the timing circuit and the input terminal of the first adjustable resistance is the positive terminal of the power supply of the control unit and is connected to the positive terminal of the power supply of the pulse generator, characterized in that a variable resistor is introduced, which is a power regulator, the terminals of which connected to the output terminal of the control unit and the first input terminal of the pulse generator, respectively, the output terminals of which are connected to the outputs It also contains a power supply unit with input terminals connected respectively to the terminals for connecting to a power source and output terminals - the first negative rectified voltage connected to the first input terminal of the control unit and the second input terminal of the pulse generator, second the negative output of the stabilized voltage and the general positive output connected to the negative and positive terminals of the power supply, respectively, of the control unit and generator of pulses, the pulse generator additionally contains a phase cascade of the capacitor of the phase-shifting circuit, consisting of series-connected first and second resistors, the output of the first of which is connected to the positive output of the power supply, and the output of the second is the second input terminal of the pulse generator, the first diode and the first controlled key element, the output the output of which is connected to the output of the phase-shifting capacitor, which is the negative output of the pulse generator power, and the input terminal is connected to the point the findings of the capacitor and the phase-shifting resistor, the cathode of the first diode connected to the control terminal of the first controlled key element and the anode connected to the connection point of the terminals of the first and second resistors, the control unit is supplemented by a third resistor, the first terminal of which is connected to the output terminal of the first adjustable resistance, and the second terminal is the negative terminal of the power supply of the control unit, two - the first and second cascades of discharge control of the capacitor of the timing circuit, and timing the circuit is supplemented by two second and third resistors of the timing circuit connected in series, from which the output of the third resistor of the timing circuit is connected to the negative power supply terminal of the control unit, and the output of the second resistor of the timing circuit is connected to the connection point of the output of the first resistor of the timing circuit and the control terminal of the first adjustable resistance, point connecting the terminals of the second and third resistors of the timing circuit is the second input terminal of the control unit for connecting the output to water of the temperature regulator, while the second control stage consists of the fourth, fifth, sixth resistors and a second adjustable resistance, the input terminal of which is connected to the plus terminal of the power supply of the control unit, the control terminal is to the connection point of the first terminals of the fourth and fifth resistors, and the first terminal of the sixth the resistor is connected to the connection point of the terminals of the capacitor and the first resistor of the timing circuit, and the connection point of the second terminal of the sixth resistor and the output terminal of the second resistance is the third input terminal of the control unit for connecting the output of the switch, and the second output of the fifth resistor is the fourth input terminal of the control unit for connecting the output terminal of the current sensor, the first control stage consists of a second controlled key element, the input terminal of which is connected to the second terminal of the fourth resistor , and the output terminal is connected to the negative terminal of the power supply of the control unit, an additional capacitor, a second diode and a serial circuit connecting the third diode, the cathode of which is the first input terminal of the control unit, and two of the seventh and eighth resistors, with connecting the terminal of the latter to the plus terminal of the power supply of the control unit, the first terminal of the additional capacitor and the anode of the second diode are connected to the connection point of the terminals of the seventh and eighth resistors, the second terminal of the additional capacitor is connected to the negative terminal of the power supply of the control unit, the cathode of the second diode is connected to the control terminal of the second key element.