RU2799074C1 - Mixtures and compositions comprising paenibacillus strains or fusaricidins and chemical pesticides - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: biotechnology and agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to new mixtures containing Paenibacillus bacterial strain metabolites and at least one chemical pesticide as active components, and to a method for controlling or suppressing plant pathogens or preventing plant pathogen infections by using such a mixture. The fungicidal mixture against Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, Septoria tritici, Pyricularia oryzae and Leptosphaeria nodorum comprises as active ingredients at least one Paenibacillus strain metabolite selected from fusaricidins 1A and 1B, and at least one pesticide selected from respiration inhibitors, inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis, inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibitors of cell division and cytoskeleton, inhibitors of amino acid and protein synthesis, inhibitors of lipid and membrane synthesis, inhibitors having multilateral action. To suppress pathogens or prevent infection by pathogens, the habitat of pathogens, or technical and non-living materials or plants to be protected, or soil or propagation material, is treated with an effective amount of the fungicidal mixture.

EFFECT: expansion of the fungicidal activity spectrum of the proposed mixtures with a synergistic effect.

10 cl, 22 dwg, 41 tbl, 13 ex

Description

The field of technology to which the invention belongs

The present invention relates to new mixtures containing, as active ingredients, at least one isolated bacterial strain that is a member of the genus Paenibacillus, or a cell-free extract or at least one metabolite thereof, and at least one chemical pesticide.

The present invention also relates to compositions containing at least one of such bacterial strains, a whole culture broth or cell-free extract or a fraction thereof, or at least one metabolite thereof, and at least one chemical pesticide. The present invention also relates to a method for controlling or suppressing plant pathogens or preventing infection by plant pathogens by using such a composition. The present invention also relates to mixtures of fusaricidins, which are pesticidal metabolites produced by the above strains, and chemical pesticides.

Prerequisites for the creation of the invention

In the technical field of control of phytopathogenic fungi that attack plants or crops, it is well known to use biopesticides, for example, selected from bacteria, such as spore-forming bacteria, or fungi, which do not cause damage to plants or crops to be treated, and whose biological control agents can be further combined with classical organic chemical antagonists of plant pathogens.

Biopesticides have been defined as a type of pesticide based on microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, etc.) or natural products (compounds or extracts from biological sources) (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/ pesticides/biopesticides/).

Typically, biopesticides are created by growing and concentrating naturally occurring organisms and/or their metabolites, including bacteria and other microbes, fungi, viruses, nematodes, proteins, and the like. They are often seen as important components of integrated pest management (IPM) programs and have received much practical attention as substitutes for synthetic crop protection chemicals (PPPs).

Biopesticides are divided into two main classes, microbial and biochemical pesticides:

(1) Microbial pesticides are composed of bacteria, fungi, or viruses (and often include metabolites produced by bacteria and fungi). Entomopathogenic nematodes are also classified as microbial pesticides despite being multicellular.

(2) Biochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances that are capable of controlling pests or providing other uses for crop protection, as defined below, but are relatively non-toxic to mammals.

Several microbial pesticides containing spore-forming bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis have previously been described for the control of phytopathogenic fungi, see, for example, WO 1998/050422; WO2000/029426; WO 1998/50422 and WO 2000/58442.

WO 2009/0126473 describes agriculturally acceptable aqueous compositions comprising bacterial or fungal spores contained in an aqueous/organic solvent and which may additionally contain insecticides, pesticides, fungicides, or combinations thereof. The preferred species are spores of bacteria of the genus Bacillus.

WO 2006/017361 describes plant pathogen control compositions containing at least one beneficial bacterium, at least one beneficial fungus, at least one nutrient, and at least one compound that prolongs the effective duration of such a composition. The group of beneficial bacteria includes Paenibacillus polymyxa and Paenibacillus durum, among others.

WO 1999/059412 describes the Paenibacillus polymyxa PKB1 strain (ATCC accession number 202127) active against certain phytopathogenic fungi.

WO 2011/069227 discloses P. polymyxa strain JB05-01-1 (ATCC accession number PTA-10436), which has a strong inhibitory effect against foodborne pathogenic bacteria, predominantly human pathogenic bacteria.

Raza et al. (Brazilian Arch. Biol. Techol. 53, 1145-1154, 2010; Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 125: 471-483, 2009) a fusaricidin-producing Paenibacillus polymyxa strain SQR-21 effective against Fusarium oxysporum has been described.

Another strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa, referred to as AC-1, is known from Microbial Research 2016 (in press CIO:10.1016/j.micres.2016.01.004) and Topseed product from Green Biotech Co., Ltd. 45-70 Yadang-ri, Gyoha-Eup Paju Kyungki-Do, Korea (South) 413-830.

Another strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa presumably named HY96-2 is known from Biocontrol Science and Technology 24 (4), 426-435 (2014) and is to be sold under the name KangDiLeiDe from Shanghai Zeyuan Marine Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.

At the moment, the genome of some strains of Paenibacillus polymyxa has been published: including for strain N-1 (NCBI accounting. No. NCO 17542; J. Bacteriol. 193 (29), 5862-63, 2011; BMC Microbiol. 13, 137, 2013 ), strain CR1 (GenBank accession no. CP006941; Genome Announcements 2 (1), 1, 2014) and strain SC2 (GenBank accession numbers CP002213 and CP002214; NCBI accession number NC 014622; J. Bacteriol. 193 (1), 311-312, 2011), for other strains, see the list of symbols of Figure 12 in this application. The P. polymyxa N-1 strain was deposited with the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC) under acc. No. CGMCC 7581.

Application PCT/EP2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371) describes new strains of the genus Paenibacillus. The indicated bacterial strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 were isolated from cultivated areas in Germany and deposited in accordance with the Budapest Agreement with Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ) on February 20, 2013 by BASF SE, Germany:

1) Paenibacillus strain Lu16774, deposited under registration No. DSM 26969,

2) Paenibacillus strain Lu17007, deposited under accession No. DSM 26970, and

3) Paenibacillus strain Lu17015, deposited under registration No. DSM 26971.

As used in this application, the term strain of Paenibacillus is identical to the term strain of Paenibacillus sp. and means a bacterial strain from the genus Paenibacillus. The genus Paenibacillus includes all species of Paenibacillus spp.

In the above application PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371), strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 were identified as belonging to the genus Paenibacillus on the following morphological and physiological observations (see Example 2.3 in PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371) and in this application):

- rod cells

- ellipsoidal spores

- swollen sporangium

- anaerobic growth

- fermentation of various sugars including glucose, arabinose, xylose, mannitol, fructose, raffinose, trehalose and glycerol to form acid production of gas from glucose negative arginine dihydrolase without the use of citrate no growth in the presence of 5% or more sodium chloride production of extracellular hydrolytic starch degrading enzymes , gelatin, casein and esculin.

In addition, these strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 were also identified as belonging to the genus Paenibacillus by 16S rDNA analysis in that they have a Paenibacillus-specific 22-base sequence in the 16S rDNA (from 5' to 3'):

5'-TCGATACCCTTGGTGCCGAAGT-3'

(See SEQ ID NO: l (nucleotides 840-861), SEQ ID NO: 2 (840-861), SEQ ID NO: 3 (844-865) and SEQ ID NO: 4 (840-861) in the Sequence Listing PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371) and in this application).

In addition, sequencing of the total 16S rDNA versus 24 different strains of Paenibacillus resulted in the clustering of strains Lu16774, Lu17007, and Lu17015 with the strain type Paenibacillus brasiliensis, P. kribbensis, P. jamilae, P. peoriae, and P. polymyxa, more preferentially to P. peoriae, in particular Paenibacillus peoriae strain BD-62 (see Figures 1 and 2 in PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371) and in this application). P. polymyxa and P. peoriae are known to have 16S rDNA sequence identity values of 99.6 to 99.7% (J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 48, 281-285 (2002)).

"Percent identity" or "percent similarity" between two nucleotide sequences means the percentage identity of residues over the entire length of aligned sequences and is determined by comparing two optimally locally aligned sequences in a comparison window defined by the length of the local alignment between two sequences, such as, for example, calculated identity (for fairly similar sequences) after manual alignment using the AE2 program (Alignment Editor 2). A local alignment between two sequences includes only segments of each sequence that are considered sufficiently similar according to a criterion that depends on the algorithm used to perform the alignment (eg, AE2, BLAST, secondary structure of the rRNA molecule, or the like). Percent identity is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid occurs in both sequences to obtain the number of matched positions, the number of matched positions times the total number of positions in the comparison window, and multiplying the result by 100.

To determine the percent sequence identity of two nucleic acid sequences (e.g., one of the nucleotide sequences from Table 1 and its homologue), the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced into the sequence of one nucleic acid for optimal alignment with another nucleic acid) . Then compare the bases in the corresponding positions. When a position in one sequence is occupied by a base as the corresponding position in another sequence, then at that position the molecules are identical. It should be understood that for purposes of determining sequence identity when comparing a DNA sequence with an RNA sequence, a thymidine nucleotide is equivalent to a uracil nucleotide.

For alignment, these sequences were placed in the AE2 program (http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/soft/molbio/unix/ae2.readme). manually aligned according to the secondary structure of the resulting rRNA molecule and compared with representative 16S rRNA gene sequences from organisms belonging to Firmicutes (Nucl. Acids Res. 27, 171-173, 1999). To obtain % identity values for multiple sequences, all sequences were aligned with each other (multiple sequence alignment). In addition, to obtain % identity values between two sequences on a longer sequencing fragment of aligned sequences compared to multiple alignments, manual paired sequence alignment was performed as described above using AE2 (paired sequence alignment).

Standardized automated ribotyping was performed using the Qualicon RiboPrintersystem with Paenibacillus strains Lu1611A, Lu17007 and Lu17015 compared to P. peoriae BD-62 using restriction enzyme EcoRI, which resulted in the similarity of all three strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 with P. peoriae BD-62 from 0.24 to 0.5 (see Example 2.2, Fig. 12 in PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371) and in this application). Paenibacillus strains Lu16774 and Lu17007 were recognized as belonging to the species Paenibacillus polymyxa.

According to the results of the phylogenetic analysis presented in the aforementioned document PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371) (Fig. 12-22 in that application and in the present application) and the unpublished results of Professor Borriss, Germany, the species Paenibacillus polymyxa required a new taxonomic classification into two subspecies: 1) Paenibacillus polymyxa ssp.polymyxa and 2) Paenibacillus polymyxa ssp.plantarum; and 3) a new species of Paenibacillus is new. epiphytic species.

The type strain P. polymyxa DSM 36, together with strains P. polymyxa SQR-21, CF05, CICC 10580, NRRL B-30509, and A18, formed in each of the maximum probability dendrograms analyzed for five conserved constitutive genes (dnaN, gyrB, recA, recN and rpoA) a separate cluster (FIGS. 17-21 of PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371) and in the present application).

Very similar results were obtained by determining the Average Amino Acid Identity (AAI), which is often used to determine the phylogenetic relationship between bacterial species. This method is based on the calculation of the average identity of the main genome at the amino acid level (Proc. Natl. Acad. USA 102, 2567-2572, 2005). According to the resulting AAI matrix in FIG. 22 in PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371) and in the present application, P. polymyxa DSM 36 together with P. polymyxa strain SQR-21 forms a sub-cluster which differs from the other two sub-clusters presented in that application.

Strains Lu16674 and Lu17007 together with P. polymyxa strain N-1, 1-43, SC2 and Sb3-1 form the second subcluster in each of the maximum probability dendrograms analyzed for five conserved constitutive genes (dnaN, gyrB, recA, recN and rpoA) (Fig. 17-21). According to the AAI matrix in FIG. 22 in PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371) and in the present application based on the analysis of the main genome, this second subcluster is confirmed by its representative strains Lu16674 and Lu17007 together with strains P. polymyxa N-1 and SC2.

The difference between the two subclusters was not found to be significant enough to justify a new species, but AAI identity levels between members of both clusters are around 97.5%, justifying a classification into two separate subspecies.

Thus, in PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371) it was proposed to name the first subcluster according to the strain type P. polymyxa DSM 36 Paenibacillus polymyxa ssp.polymyxa. In addition to strain DSM 36, P. polymyxa strains SQR-21, CF05, CICC 10580, NRRL B-30509 and A18 must belong to the subspecies Paenibacillus polymyxa ssp.polymyxa.

In addition, it was proposed to name the second subcluster as a new subspecies of Paenibacillus polymyxa ssp. plantarum. In addition to strains Lu16674 and Lu17007, strains P. polymyxa N-1, 1-43, SC2 and Sb3-1 must belong to Paenibacillus polymyxa ssp. plantarum.

Strain Lu17015 has only 94.9% AAI identity among the genes of the main genome with the type strain Paenibacillus polymyxa DSM36=ATCC 842 (Fig. 22 in PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371) and in this application). Thus, strain Lu17015 could not be assigned to Paenibacillus polymyxa, or to any other known Paenibacillus species. Similar values were found for strains E681 (94.7%) and CR2 (94.9%). Among others, these three strains have at least 98.1% identity (AAI). According to the definition of species according to Konstantinides and Tiedje (Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 102, 2567-2572, 2005), strain Lu17015, as well as strains E681 and CR2, can be designated as a new species. Thus, the new species Paenibacillus spec. new epiphyticus has been proposed in PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371). Therefore, strain Lu17015 belongs to Paenibacillus epiphyticus. It has been suggested that said strain should be the type strain. Similarly, dendrograms based on sequence alignment of five constitutive genes (FIGS. 17-21 in PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371) and in the present application) showed that this cluster is remote from all other strains of P. polymyxa . In addition to Lu17015, P. polymyxa strains E681, CR2 TD94, DSM 365 and WLY78 have been proposed to belong to Paenibacillus spec. new epiphyticus.

Paenibacillus is known to produce many antibiotic metabolites that are lipopeptides, such as polymyxins, octapeptins, poly-peptins, pelgipeptins and fusaricidins. Fusaricidins are a group of antibiotics isolated from Paenibacillus spp. from the class of cyclic lipodepsipeptides, which often have the following structural features: a macrocyclic ring consisting of 6 amino acid residues, three of which are L-Thr, D-allo-Thr and D-Ala , as well as a tail of 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoic acid attached to the N-terminal L-Thr residue by an amide bond (ChemMedChem 7, 871-882, 2012; J. Microbiol. Meth. 85, 175-182, 2011, Table 1 in this application). These compounds are cyclized by a lactone bridge between the N-terminal hydroxyl group of L-Thr and the C-terminal carbonyl group of D-Ala. The position of amino acid residues in the depsipeptide cycle is usually numbered starting with the aforementioned L-Thr, which itself also carries the GHPD chain, and ends with the C-terminal D-Ala. Non-limiting examples of fusaricidins isolated from Paenibacillus are designated LI-F03, LI-F04, LI-F05, LI-F07 and LI-F08 (J. Antibiotics 40(11), 1506-1514, 1987; Heterocycles 53(7), 1533 -1549, 2000; Peptides 32, 1917-1923, 2011) and Fusaricidins A (also referred to as LI-F04a), B (also referred to as LI-F04b), C (also referred to as LI-F03a) and D (also referred to as LI-F03b ) (J. Antibiotics 49(2), 129-135, 1996; J. Antibiotics 50(3), 220-228, 1997). The amino acid chain of fusaricidin is not formed ribosomely, but is generated by a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase. Structural formulas of known fusaricidins are presented in Table 1 (Biotechnol Lett. 34, 1327-1334, 2012; Fig. 1 there). The compounds designated as LI-F03a, LI-F03b to LI-F08a and LI-F08b and the fusaricidins of formulas I and 1.1 as described in this application are also referred to as fusaricidins LI-F03a, LI-F03b to LI-F08a and LI-F08b due to their structure within the fusaricidin family (see, for example, Table 1).

Among the isolated Fusaricidin antibiotics, Fusaricidin A showed the most promising antimicrobial activity against various clinically significant fungi and Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (MIC range: 0.78-3.12 µg/mL) (ChemMedChem 7, 871-882, 2012 ). A synthesis of fusaricidin analogues has been developed that contains 12-guanidinododecanoic acid (12-GDA) or 12-aminododecanoic acid (12-ADA) instead of naturally occurring GHPD, but replacing GHPD with 12-ADA resulted in a complete loss of antimicrobial activity, while how replacing GHPD with 12-GDA retained antimicrobial activity (Tetrahedron Lett. 47, 8587-8590, 2006; ChemMedChem 7, 871-882, 2012).

where the arrow defines a single (amide) bond either between the carbonyl portion of GHPD and the amino group of L-Thr (L-threonine), or between the carbonyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a neighboring amino acid, with the tip of the arrow indicating attachment to the amino group of the indicated amino acid L-Thr or the indicated neighboring amino acids; and where a single line without an arrowhead defines a single (ester) bond between the carbonyl group of D-Ala (D-alanine) and the hydroxyl group of L-Thr; and where GHPD is 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoic acid.

* in the case of these two fusaricidins 1A and 1B known from the unpublished PCT application PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371), the stereo configuration of the six amino acids of the cyclic peptide has not been explained.

Fusaricidins A, B, C, and D are also reported to inhibit plant pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Penicillum thomii (J. Antibiotics 49(2), 129-135, 1996; J. Antibiotics 50 (3), 220-228, 1997). Fusaricidins such as Li-F05, LI-F07 and LI-F08 have been found to have some antifungal activity against various plant pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. roseum, Giberella fujkuroi, Helminthosporium sesamum and Penicillium expansum (J. Antibiotics 40(11), 1506-1514, 1987). Fusaricidins also have antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (J. Antibiotics 49, 129-135, 1996; J. Antibiotics 50, 220-228, 1997). In addition, fusaricidins have antifungal activity against Leptosphaeria maculans, which causes canola black root rot (Can. J. Microbiol. 48, 159-169, 2002). In addition, Fusaricidins A and B and two of its related compounds, where D-alloo-Thr is linked through its hydroxyl group to an additional alanine using an ester bridge produced by some strains of Paenibacillus, have been found to induce resistance reactions in cultured parsley cells and inhibit growth of Fusarium oxysporum (WO 2006/016558; EP 1 788 074 A1).

WO 2007/086645 describes the fusaricidin synthetase enzyme and its coding gene as isolated from Paenibacillus polymyxa strain E681, which is involved in the synthesis of fusaricidins A, B, C, D, LI-F03, LI-F04, LI-F05, LI-F07 and LI -F08.

In the above application PCT/EP 2015/067925 (WO 2016/020371) whole culture broth, culture medium and cell-free extracts of the bacterial strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 were found to exhibit inhibitory activity against Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea among others and Phytophthora infestans. Fractionation driven by the bioactivity of the organic extracts of these strains led to the isolation of two new compounds of the fusaricidin type (referred to in this application as fusaricidin 1A and 1B), the structure of which was elucidated using 1D- and 2B-NMR spectroscopy, as well as mass - spectrometry:

Biopesticides for use against crop diseases are already adapting themselves to different crops. For example, biopesticides already play an important role in the control of downy mildew diseases. Their benefits include: 0-day pre-harvest interval and ability to use in moderate to severe disease pressure.

However, biopesticides under certain conditions can also have drawbacks such as high specificity (requiring accurate pest/pathogen identification and the use of multiple products), slow speed of action (thus making them unsuitable if a sudden pest outbreak is an immediate threat to the crop), variable efficacy due to the influence of various biotic and abiotic factors (because biopesticides are usually living organisms that result in pest/pathogen control by reproducing within the target pest/pathogen insect) and resistance development.

Practical experience in agriculture has shown that the repeated and exclusive use of a single active ingredient in the control of harmful fungi or insects or other animal pests in many cases leads to the rapid selection of strains of these fungi or pest isolates that have developed natural or adapted resistance to this active component. In this case, it is no longer possible to effectively control these fungi or pests with this active ingredient.

In order to reduce the risk of breeding resistant fungal strains or insect isolates, mixtures of different active ingredients are currently commonly used to control harmful fungi or insects or other pests. By combining pesticidally active compounds and/or biopesticides with different mechanisms of action, it is possible to achieve successful control over a relatively long period of time.

It is an object of the present invention to overcome the above drawbacks and for the purpose of effectively managing resistance and effectively controlling phytopathogenic harmful fungi, insects or other pests or effectively controlling plant growth, at application rates that are as low as possible, to provide compositions which, with a reduced total amount of active compounds used, have an improved activity against harmful fungi or pests or an improved plant growth regulating activity (synergistic mixtures) and a broader spectrum of activity, in particular for certain indications.

A typical problem encountered in the field of pest control is the need to reduce the intensity of the dose of the active substance in order to reduce or avoid adverse or toxicological effects on the environment, while still providing effective pest control. With regard to the present invention, the term pests includes animal pests and harmful fungi.

Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide pesticide mixtures that help solve the problems of dose reduction and/or spectrum enhancement and/or combine crushing action with long-term control and/or control resistance and/or stimulate (increase) plant viability.

Description of the invention

Accordingly, the inventors have found that this problem can be solved using the mixtures and compositions defined in this application, containing at least one bacterial strain of the genus Paenibacillus (Paenibacillus strain), or its cell-free extract, or at least one metabolite thereof, and a chemical pesticide as defined in this application.

Thus, the present invention relates to mixtures containing as active ingredients

1) at least one Paenibacillus strain, culture medium or cell-free extract thereof, or at least one metabolite thereof; And

2) at least one pesticide II selected from groups A) to N): A) Respiratory inhibitors

Complex III inhibitors at the Q _o site: azoxystrobin (A.1.1), coumetoxystrobin (A.1.2), cumoxystrobin (A.1.3), dimoxystrobin (A.1.4), enestroburin (A.1.5), phenaminestrobin (A .1.6), phenoxystrobin/fluphenoxystrobin (A.1.7), fluoxastrobin (A.1.8), kresoxim-methyl (A.1.9), mandestrobin (A.1.10), methominostrobin (A.1.11), orysastrobin (A.1.12), picoxystrobin (A.1.13), pyraclostrobin (A.114), pyrametostrobin (A.1.15), pyraoxystrobin (A.1.16), trifloxystrobin (A.1.17), 2-(2-(3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) -1-methyl-allylideneaminooxymethyl)-phenyl)-2-methoxyimino-N-methyl-acetamide (A.1.18), pyribencarb (A.1.19), triclopyricarb/chlordincarb (A.1.20), famoxadone (A.1.21), fenamidone (A.1.21), methyl N-[2-[(1,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-pyrazol-3-yl)oxylmethyl]phenyl]-N-methoxycarbamate (A.1.22), 1-[ 3-chloro-2-[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxymethyl]phenyl]-4-methyl-tetrazol-5-one (A.1.23), 1-[3-bromo -2-[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxymethyl]phenyl]-4-methyl-tetrazol-5-one (A.1.24), 1-[2-[[1-(4- chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxymethyl]-3-methyl-phenyl]-4-methyl-tetrazol-5-one (A.1.25), 1-[2-[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3 -yl]oxymethyl]-3-fluoro-phenyl]-4-methyl-tetrazol-5-one (A.1.26), 1-[2-[[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl] hydroxymethyl]-3-fluoro-phenyl]-4-methyl-tetrazol-5-one (A.1.27), 1-[2-[[4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3- methyl-phenyl]-4-methyl-tetrazol-5-one (A.1.28), 1-[3-chloro-2-[[4-(i-tolyl)thiazol-2-yl]oxymethyl]phenyl]-4 -methyl-tetrazol-5-one (A.1.29), 1-[3-cyclopropyl-2-[[2-methyl-4-(1-methylpyrazol-3-yl)phenoxy]methyl]phenyl]-4-methyl -tetrazol-5-one (A.1.30), 1-[3-(difluoromethoxy)-2-[[2-methyl-4-(1-methylpyrazol-3-yl)phenoxy]methyl]phenyl]-4-methyl -tetrazol-5-one (A.1.31), 1-methyl-4-[3-methyl-2-[[2-methyl-4-(1-methylpyrazol-3-yl)phenoxy]methyl]phenyl]tetrazol- 5-one (A.1.32), 1-methyl-4-[3-methyl-2-[[1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylideneamino]oxymethyl]phenyl]tetrazol-5-one (A.1.33 ), (7,24)-5-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]-oxy-2-methoxyimino-7,3-dimethyl-pent-3-enamide (A.1.34), (2.21?)-5-[1-(4-Chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxy-2-methoxyimino-N,3-dimethyl-pent-3-enamide (A.1.35), pyriminostrobin (A. 1.36), bifujunji (A.1.37), 2-(ortho-((2,5-dimethylphenyloxymethylene)phenyl)-3-methoxy-acrylic acid methyl ester (A.1.38);

- inhibitors of complex III at the Qj site: cyazofamide (A.2.1), amisul-bromine (A.2.2), [(6S,7R,8R.)-8-benzyl-3-[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy- pyridine-2-carbonyl)amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl]2-methylpropanoate (A.2.3), [2-[[(7R,8R,9S) -7-Benzyl-9-methyl-8-(2-methylpropanoyloxy)-2,6-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-3-yl]carbamoyl]-4-methoxy-3-pyridyl]oxymethyl 2-methylpropanoate (A .2.4), [(6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[[4-methoxy-3-(propanoyloxymethoxy)pyridine-2-carbonyl]amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1 ,5-dioxonan-7-yl]2-methylpropanoate (A.2.5);

- complex II inhibitors: benodanil (A.3.1), benzovindiflupyr (A.3.2), bixafen (A.3.3), boscalid (A.3.4), carboxin (A.3.5), fenfuram (A.3.6), fluopyram (A .3.7), flutolanil (A.3.8), fluxapiroxad (A.3.9), furametpyr (A.3.10), isofetamide (A.3.11), isopyrazam (A.3.12), mepronil (A.3.13), oxycarboxin ( A.3.14), penflufen (A.3.15), penthiopyrad (A.3.16), sedaxan (A.3.19), tecloftalam (A.3.20), thifluzamide (A.3.21), 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl- N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide (A.3.22), 3-(trifluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl )pyrazol-4-carboxamide (A.3.23), 1,3-dimethyl-H-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide (A.3.24), 3-(trifluoromethyl)- 1,5-dimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide (A.3.25), 1,3,5-trimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindane -4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide (A.3.26), 3-(difluoromethyl)-1,5-dimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide (A .3.27), 3-(difluoromethyl)-N-(7-fluoro-1,1,3-trimethyl-indan-4-yl)-1-methyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (A.3.28), methyl (E )-2-[2-[(5-cyano-2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl]-3-methoxy-prop-2-enoate (A.3.30);

other respiratory inhibitors: diflumetorim (A.4.1); nitrophenyl derivatives: binapacryl (A.4.2), dinobuton (A.4.3), dinocap (A.4.4), fluazinam (A.4.5), ferimsone (A.4.7); organometallic compounds: salts of fentin, for example fentin acetate (A.4.8), fentin chloride (A.4.9) or fentin hydroxide (A.4.10); ametocradin (A.4.11); silthiopham (A.4.12);

C) Inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis (IHD fungicides)

C14 demethylase inhibitors: triazoles: azaconazole (B.1.1), bitertanol (B.1.2), bromuconazole (B.1.3), cyproconazole (B.1.4), difenoconazole (B.1.5), diniconazole (B.1.6), diniconazole-M (B.1.7), epoxiconazole (B.1.8), fenbuconazole (B.1.9), fluquinconazole (B.1.10), fluzilazole (B.1.11), flutriafol (B.1.12), hexaconazole (B.1.12). 1.13), imibenconazole (B.1.14), ipconazole (B.1.15), metconazole (B.1.17), myclobutanil (B.1.18), oxpoconazole (B.1.19), paclobutrazol (B.1.20), penconazole (B.1.21) ), propiconazole (B.1.22), prothioconazole (B.1.23), simeconazole (B.1.24), tebuconazole (B.1.25), tetraconazole (B.1.26), triadimefon (B.1.27), triadimenol (B. 1.28), triticonazole (B.1.29), uniconazole (B.1.30), 1-[rel-(2S;3R)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-oxiranylmethyl]-5 -thiocyanato-1H-[1,2,4]triazole (B.1.31), 2-[ge/-(25;37?)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)- oxiranylmethyl]-2H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thiol (B.1.32), 2-[2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1-(1,2,4-triazole -1-yl)pentan-2-ol (B.1.33), 1-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-cyclopropyl-2-(1,2,4-triazole- 1-yl)ethanol (B.1.34), 2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol (B.1.35), 2-[2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol (B.1.36), 2 -[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-methyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol (B.1.37), 2- [4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (B.1.38), 2-[2-chloro- 4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-3-methyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol (B.1.39), 2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy) -2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-2-ol (B.1.40), 2-[4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl )phenyl]-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (B.1.41), 2-[2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1-( 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-3-yn-2-ol (B.1.42), 2-(chloromethyl)-2-methyl-5-(u-tolylmethyl)-1-(1, 2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)cyclopentanol (B.1.43); imidazoles: imazalil (B.1.44), pefurazoate (B.1.45), prochloraz (B.1.46), triflumizole (B.1.47); pyrimidines, pyridines and piperazines: fenarimol (B.1.49), pyrifenox (B.1.50), triforin (B.1.51), [3-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl) )isoxazol-4-yl]-(3-pyridyl)methanol (B.1.52);

- Delta-14 reductase inhibitors: aldimorph (B.2.1), dodemorph (B.2.2), dodemorph acetate (B.2.3), fenpropimorph (B.2.4), tridemorph (B.2.5), fenpropidine (B .2.6), piperalin (B.2.7), spiroxamine (B.2.8);

- 3-ketoreductase inhibitors: fenhexamide (B.3.1);

- Other inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis: chlorfenomysole (B.4.1);

C) Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

- phenylamides or acylamino acid fungicides: benalaxyl (C.1.1), benalaxyl-M (C.1.2), chiralaxyl (C.1.3), metalaxyl (C.1.4), metalaxyl-M (C.1.5), ofurace (C.1.6) ), oxadixyl (C.1.7);

- other inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis: hymexazole (C.2.1), octilinone (C.2.2), oxolinic acid (C.2.3), bupirimate (C.2.4), 5-fluorocytosine (C.2.5), 5-fluoro-2 -(p-tolylmethoxy)pyrimidine-4-amine (C.2.6), 5-fluoro-2-(4-fluorophenylmethoxy)pyrimidine-4-amine (C.2.7), 5-fluoro-2-(4-chlorophenylmethoxy) pyrimidine-4 amine (C.2.8);

D) Inhibitors of cell division and cytoskeleton

- tubulin inhibitors: benomyl (D1.1), carbendazim (D.1.2), fuberidazole (D1.3), thiabendazole (D1.4), thiophanate-methyl (D1.5), 3-chloro-4-( 2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-methyl-5-phenylpyridazine (D.1.6), 3-chloro-6-methyl-5-phenyl-4-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)pyridazine (D.1.7 ), N-ethyl-2-[(3-ethynyl-8-methyl-6-quinolyl)oxy]butanamide (D.1.8), N-ethyl-2-[(3-ethynyl-8-methyl-6-quinolyl )oxy]-2-methylsulfanylacetamide (D.1.9), 2-[(3-ethynyl-8-methyl-6-quinolyl)oxy]-N-(2-fluoroethyl)butanamide (D.1.10), 2- [(3-ethynyl-8-methyl-6-quinolyl)oxy]-N-(2-fluoroethyl)-2-methoxyacetamide (D.1.11), 2-[(3-ethynyl-8-methyl-6- quinolyl)oxy]-N-propyl-butanamide (D.1.12), 2-[(3-ethynyl-8-methyl-6-quinolyl)oxy]-2-methoxy-N-propylacetamide (D.1.13), 2-[(3-ethynyl-8-methyl-6-quinolyl)oxy]-2-methylsulfanyl-N-propylacetamide, (D.1.14), 2-[(3-ethynyl-8-methyl-6quinolyl) hydroxy]-N-(2-fluoroethyl)-2-methylsulfanylacetamide (D.1.15), 4-(2-bromo-4-fluoro-phenyl)-N-(2-chloro-6-fluoro-phenyl)- 2,5-dimethyl-pyrazole-3-amine (D.1.16);

- other cell division inhibitors: dietofencarb (D.2.1), ethaboxam (D.2.2), pencycuron (D.2.3), flupicolide (D.2.4), zoxamide (D.2.5), metrafenone (D.2.6), pyriophenone ( D.2.7);

E) Inhibitors of amino acid and protein synthesis

- methionine synthesis inhibitors: cyprodinil (E.1.1), mepanipyrim (E.1.2), pyrimethanil (E.1.3);

- protein synthesis inhibitors: blasticidin-S (E.2.1), kasugamycin (E.2.2), kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate (E.2.3), mildiomycin (E.2.4), streptomycin (E.2.5), oxytetracycline (E.2.6) );

F) Signal transduction inhibitors

MAP kinase/histidine kinase inhibitors: fluorimide (F.1.1), ipro-dione (F.1.2), procymidone (F.1.3), vinclozoline (F.1.4), fludioxonil (F.1.5); G protein inhibitors: quinoxifene (F.2.1);

G) Lipid and membrane synthesis inhibitors

Phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitors: edifenphos (G.1.1), iproben-phos (G.1.2), pyrazophos (G.1.3), isoprothiolane (G.1.4);

- lipid peroxidation: diclorane (G.2.1), quintozene (G.2.2), tecnazene (G.2.3), tolclofos-methyl (G.2.4), biphenyl (G.2.5), chlorneb (G.2.6), etridiasol (G.2.7);

- phospholipid biosynthesis and cell wall deposition: dimethomorph (G.3.1), flumorph (G.3.2), mandipropamide (G.3.3), pyrimorph (G.3.4), benthiavalicarb (G.3.5), iprovalicarb (G .3.6), valifenalate (G.3.7);

- compounds that damage the permeability of the cell membrane and fatty acids: propamocarb (G.4.1);

- oxysterol-binding protein inhibitors: oxathiapiproline (G.5.1), 2-{3-[2-(1-{[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl )-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-5-yl}phenylmethanesulfonate (G.5.2), 2-{3-[2-(1-{[3 ,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl) 1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-5-yl }-3-chlorophenylmethanesulfonate (G.5.3);

H) Multilateral Inhibitors

- inorganic active ingredients: Bordeaux mixture (H. 1.1), copper (H.1.2), copper acetate (H.1.3), copper hydroxide (H.1.4), copper oxychloride (H. 1.5), basic copper sulfate (H.1.2). 1.6), sulfur (H. 1.7);

- thio- and dithiocarbamates: ferbam (H.2.1), mancozeb (H.2.2), maneb (H.2.3), metam (H.2.4), metiram (H.2.5), propineb (H.2.6), thiram ( H.2.7), cineb (H.2.8), cyram (H.2.9);

organochlorines: anilazine (H.3.1), chlorothalonil (H.3.2), captafol (H.3.3), captan (H.3.4), folpet (H.3.5), dichlofluanid (H.3.6), dichloro-ophen (H .3.7), hexachlorobenzene (H.3.8), pentachlorophenol (H.3.9) and its salts, phthalide (H.3.10), tolylfluanid (H.3.11);

- guanidines and others: guanidine (H.4.1), dodine (H.4.2), dodine free base (H.4.3), guasatin (H.4.4), guasatin acetate (H.4.5), iminoctadine (H.4.6) , iminoctadine triacetate (H.4.7), iminoctadine tris(albesilate) (H.4.8), dithianone (H.4.9), 2,6-dimethyl-1H,5H-[1,4]dithiino[2,3- c:5,6-c']dipyrrole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetraone (H.4.10);

I) Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

- glucan synthesis inhibitors: validamycin (1.1.1), polyoxin B (1.1.2);

- melanin synthesis inhibitors: pyroquilon (1.2.1), tricyclazole (1.2.2), carpropamide (1.2.3), dicyclomet (1.2.4), phenoxanil (1.2.5); J) Crop protection inducers

acibenzolar-8-methyl (J.1.1), probenazole (J.1.2), isothianil (J.1.3), thiadinyl (J.1.4), prohexadione-calcium (J.1.5); phosphonates: phosethyl (J.1.6), phosethyl aluminum (J.1.7), phosphorous acid and its salts (J.1.8), potassium or sodium bicarbonate (J.1.9);

K) Unknown mechanism of action

- bronopol (K.1.1), quinomethionate (K.1.2), cyflufenamid (K.1.3), cy-moxanil (K.1.4), dazomet (K.1.5), debacarb (K.1.6), diclocimet (K.1.7) ), diclo-mesin (K.1.8), diphenzoquat (K.1.9), diphenzoquat methyl sulfate (K.1.10), diphenylamine (K.1.11), fenitropan (K.1.12), phenpyrazamine (K.1.13), flumetover ( K.1.14), flusulfamide (K.1.15), fluthianil (K.1.16), harpine (K.1.17), metasulfocarb (K.1.18), nitrapyrine (K.1.19), nitrotalisopropyl (K.1.20) , tolprocarb (K.1.21), oxin-copper (K.1.22), proquinazid (K.1.23), tebufloquin (K.1.24), teclophthalam (K.1.25), triazoxide (K.1.26), N'-(4 -(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine (K.1.27), N'-(4-(4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl- phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine (K.1.28), N'-[4-[[3-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1,2,4- thiadiazol-5-yl]oxy]-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine (K.1.29), N'-(5-bromo-6-indan-2-yloxy-2 -methyl-3-pyridyl)-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine (K.1.30), N'-[5-bromo-6-[1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)ethoxy]-2-methyl- 3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine (K.1.31), N'-[5-bromo-6-(4-isopropylcyclohexoxy)-2-methyl-3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N -methyl-formamidine (K.1.32), N'-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-(1-phenylethoxy)-3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine (K.1.33), N'-(2-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-4-(3-trimethylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine (K.1.34), N'-(5-difluoromethyl-2-methyl- 4-(3-trimethylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine (K.1.35), 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-N-[4-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl) -isoxazol-5-yl]-2-prop-2-ynyloxy-acetamide (K.1.36), 3-[5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]-pyridine (pyrisoxazole) (K.1.37), 3-[5-(4-methylphenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]-pyridine (K.1.38), 5-chloro-1-(4,6 -dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole (K.1.39), ethyl (2)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-phenyl-prop-2-enoate (K.1.40) , picar-butrazox (K.1.41), pentyl N-[6-[[(7)-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl-methylene]amino]oxymethyl]-2-pyridyl]carbamate (K. 1.42), 2-[2-[(7,8-difluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolyl)oxy]-6-fluorophenyl]propan-2-ol (K.1.44), 2-[2-fluoro -6-[(8-fluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolyl)oxy]phenyl]propan-2-ol (K.1.45), 3-(5-fluoro-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-3 ,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline (K.1.46), 3-(4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline (K.1.47), 3- (4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline (K.1.48), 9-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-5-(3-quinolyl)- 3H-1,4-benzoxazepine (K.1.49), 2-(6-benzyl-2-pyridyl)quinazoline (K.1.50), 2-[6-(3-fluoro-4-methoxy-phenyl)-5- methyl-2-pyridyl]quinazoline (K.1.51), 3-[(3,4-dichloroisothiazol-5-yl)methoxy]-1,2-benzothiazole 1,1-dioxide (K.1.52); L) Growth regulators

abscisic acid, amidochlor, ancimidol, 6-benzylaminopurine, brassinolide, butralin, chlormequat, chlormequat chloride, choline chloride, cyclanilide, daminoside, dikelugac, dimethipine, 2,6-dimethylpuridine, ethephon, flumetraline, flurprimidol, flutiacet, forchlorfenuron , gibberellic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, maleic acid hydrazide, mefluidide, mepiquat, mepiquat chloride, naphthaleneacetic acid, N-6-benzyladenine, paclobutrazol, prohexadione, prohexadione, prohexadione-calcium, prohydrojasmone, thidiazuron, triapentenol, tributylphosphorthioate, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, trinexapak-ethyl, uniconazole;

M) Herbicides from classes M.1 - M.15

M.1 Lipid biosynthesis inhibitors: alloxydim, alloxydim-sodium, butroxydim, clethodim, clodinafop, clodinafop-propargyl, cyclooxydim, cy-halofop, cyhalofop-butyl, diclofop, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop, phenoxa-prop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-R , fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, fluazifop, fluazifop-butyl, fluazifop-R, fluazifop-P-butyl, haloxyfop, haloxifop-methyl, haloxifop-R, haloxifop-P-methyl, metamifop, pinoxaden, profoxydim, propaquizafop, quizalofop, quizalofop -ethyl, quizalofop-tefuryl, quizalofop-R, quizalofop-R-ethyl, quizalofop-R-tefuryl, setoxydim, tepraloxydim, tralkoxydim, 4-(4'-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-2'-fluoro[1,G- biphenyl]-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-2H-pyran-3(6H)-one (CAS 1312337-72-6); 4-(2',4'-dichloro-4-cyclopropyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-2H-pyran-3(6H) -one (CAS 1312337-45-3); 4-(4'-chloro-4-ethyl-2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-2Н-pyran-3( 6H)-one (CAS 1033757-93-5); 4-(2',4'-dichloro-4-ethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-2H-pyran-3,5(4H,6H) -dione (CAS 1312340-84-3); 5-(acetyloxy)-4-(4'-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-2H-pyran-3-one (CAS 1312337-48-6); 5-(acetyloxy)-4-(2',4'-dichloro-4-cyclopropyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl -2H-pyran-3-one; 5-(acetyloxy)-4-(4'-chloro-4-ethyl-2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-2H-pyran-3-one (CAS 1312340-82-1); 5-(acetyloxy)-4-(2',4'-dichloro-4-ethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl- 2H-pyran-3-one (CAS 1033760-55-2); methyl ester 4-(4'-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-2'-fluoro [1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-5- oxo-2H-pyran-3-yl-carboxylic acid (CAS 1312337-51-1); 4-(2',4'-dichloro-4-cyclopropyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-5-oxo methyl ester -2H-pyran-3-yl-carboxylic acid; methyl ester 4-(4'-chloro-4-ethyl-2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-5- oxo-2H-pyran-3-yl-carboxylic acid (CAS 1312340-83-2); 4-(2',4'-dichloro-4-ethyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)-5,6-dihydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-5-oxo methyl ester -2H-pyran-3-yl-carboxylic acid (CAS 1033760-58-5); benfuresate, butylate, cycloate, dalapon, dimepiperate, EPTC, esprocarb, etofu mesate, flupropanate, molinate, orbencarb, pebulate, prosulfocarb, TCA, thiobenecarb, thiocarbazil, triallate, and vernolate;

M.2 ALS inhibitors: amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, etametsulfuron, etametsulfuron-methyl, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flucetosulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, flupyrsulfuron damage- methyl sodium, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, iofen-sulfuron, iofensulfuron-sodium, mesosulfuron, metazosulfuron, metsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, orthosulfamuron, oxasu-furon, at misulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, propyrisulfuron, pro-sulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfometuron-methyl, sulfosulfuron, tifensulfuron, tifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, tribenuron, tribenuron-methyl, trifloxysulfuron, triflusulfuron, triflusulfuron-methyl, tritosulfuron, imazameta-benz, imazametabenz-methyl, imazamox, imazapik, imazapyr, imazakquin, imazetapir; cloransulam, cloransulam-methyl, diclosulam, flumetsulam, florasulam, methosulam, penoxsulam, pyrimisulfan and pyroxsulam; bispyribac, bisspiri-bac-sodium, pyribenzoxime, pyrifthalide, pyriminobac, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrithiobac, pyrithiobac-sodium, 1-methyl-ethyl ester 4-[[[2-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy ]phenyl]methyl]amino]-benzoic acid (CAS 420138-41-6), 4-[[[2-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]phenyl]methyl]amino]-benzoic acid propyl ester acids (CAS 420138-40-5), N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]benzenemethanamine (CAS 420138-01-8); flucarbazone, flucarbazone sodium, propoxycarbazone, propoxycarbazone sodium, thiencarbazone, thiencarbazone methyl; triafamone;

M.3 Inhibitors of photosynthesis: amicarbazone; chlortriazine; ametrin, atrazine, chloridazone, cyanazine, desmetrin, dimethamethrin, hexazinon, metribuzin, prometon, prometrin, propazine, simazine, simetrin, terbumeton, terbutylazine, terbutrin, trietazine; chlorbromuron, chlortoluron, chlorxuron, dimefuron, di-uron, fluometuron, isoproturon, isouron, linuron, metamitron, metabenzthiazuron, methobenzuron, methoxuron, monolinuron, neburon, siduron, tebuthiuron, thidiazuron, desmedipham, carbutylate, phenmedipham, phenmedipham -ethyl, bromphenoxime, bromoxynil and its salts and esters, ioxynil and its salts and esters, bromacyl, lenacil, terbacil, bentazone, bentazone sodium, pyridate, pyridafol, pentanochlor, propanil; diquat, diquat dibromide, paraquat, paraquat dichloride, paraquat dimethyl sulfate;

M.4 Inhibitors of protopoprophirinogen-ix oxidases: acifluorfen, acifluo-rfen-nrivation, azafenidin, Bencarbazon, benzfendisone, bifenoxis, butafenacil, carpentrazone, carpenthrazon-ethyl, chlometoxypen-ethyl, fluzolat, fluzenpir, fluffy, fluffy. Pir-Etil, Flumiglorak, flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazine, fluoroglycofen, fluoroglycophen-ethyl, fluthiacet, fluthiacet-methyl, fomezafen, halosafen, lactofen, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, pentoxazon, profluazol, pyraclonil, pyraflufen, pyraflufen-ethyl, saflufenacil, sulfentrazone, thidiazimin, thiafenacil, triflumidoxazine, ethyl [3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-3- yl)phenoxy]-2-pyridyloxy]acetate (CAS 353292-31-6), N-ethyl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide (CAS 452098-92-9), N tetrahydrofurfuryl-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide (CAS 915396-43-9), N-ethyl- 3-(2-chloro-6-fluoro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide (CAS 452099-05-7), N-tetrahydrofurfuryl-3-(2-chloro-6-fluoro -4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamide (CAS 452100-03-7), 3-[7-fluoro-3-oxo-4-(prop-2-ynyl)-3,4 -dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-6-yl]-1,5-dimethyl-6-thioxo-[1,3,5]triazinan-2,4-dione (CAS 451484-50-7) , 2-(2,2,7-trifluoro-3-oxo-4-prop-2-ynyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-4,5,6 ,7-tetrahydro-isoindole-1,3-dione (CAS 1300118-96-0), 1-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-3-(2,2,7-tri-fluoro-3-oxo-4-prop- 2-ynyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-1H-pyrimidin-2,4-dione (CAS 1304113-05-0), methyl (E)-4- [2-chloro-5-[4-chloro-5-(difluoromethoxy)-1H-methyl-pyrazol-3-yl]-4-fluorophenoxy]-3-methoxy-bum-2-enoate (CAS 948893-00 -3), 3-[7-chloro-5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-4-yl]-1-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrimidin-2,4-dione ( CAS 212754-02-4);

M.5 Bleach herbicides: beflubutamide, diflufenican, fluridone, flurochloridone, flurtamone, norflurazon, picolinafen, 4-(3-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyrimidine (CAS 180608-33-7); benzobicyclone, benzofenap, bicyclopyrone, clomazone, fenquintrione, isoxaphlutole, mesotrione, pyrasulfotol, pyrazolinate, pyrazoxifene, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, tolpyralate, topramezone; aclonifen, amitrol, flume-turon;

M.6 EPSP synthase inhibitors: glyphosate, glyphosate isopropylammonium, glyphosate potassium, glyphosate trimesium (sulfosate);

M.7 Inhibitors of glutamine synthase: bilanaphos (bialaphos), bilanafos sodium, glufosinate, glufosinate-P, glufosinate-ammonium;

M.8 DHP synthase inhibitors: azulam;

M.9 Mitosis inhibitors: benfluralin, butralin, dinitramine, etalfluralin, fluchloralin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, trifluralin; amiprofos, amiprofos-methyl, butamiphos; chlorthal, chlorthal-dimethyl, dithiopyr, thiazo-pyr, propizamide, tebutam; carbetamide, chlorpropham, famprop, famprop-isopropyl, famprop-methyl, famprop-N-isopropyl, famprop-N-methyl, profam;

M.10 VLCFA inhibitors: acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-R, metazachlor, metolachlor, metolachlor-S, petoxamide, pretilachlor, propachlor, propisochlor, tenylchlor, fluphenacet, mephenacet, diphenamide, naproanilide, napropamide, napropamide-N, phentrazamide, anilophos, cafentrol, fenoxasulfone, ipfencarbazone, piperophos, pyroxasulfone, isoxazoline compounds of formulas II.1, 11.2, P.3, P.4, II.5, II.6, II.7, P.8 and II.9:

M.11 Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors: chlorothiamide, dichlobenil, flupoxam, indaziflam, isoxaben, triaziflam, 1-cyclohexyl-5-pentafluorophenyloxy-14-[1,2,4,6]thiatriazin-3-ylamine (CAS 175899-01 -1);

M.12 Uncoupling herbicides: dinoseb, dinoterb, DNOC and its salts;

M.13 Auxin herbicides: 2,4-D and its salts and esters, claciphos, 2,4-DB and its salts and esters, aminocyclopyrachlor and its salts and esters, aminopyralide and its salts such as aminopyralide-dimethylammonium , aminopyralid-tris(2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium and its esters, benazoline, benazolin-ethyl, chloramben and its salts and esters, clomeprop, clo-pyralid and its salts and esters, dicamba and its salts and esters , di-chloroprop and its salts and esters, dichlorprop-P and its salts and esters, fluroxypyr, fluroxypyr-butomethyl, fluroxypyr-meptyl, galauxifen and its salts and esters (CAS 943832-60-8); MCPA and its salts and esters, MCPA-thioethyl, MSRV and its salts and esters, mecoprop and its salts and esters, mecoprop-P and its salts and esters, picloram and its salts and esters, quinclorac, quinmerac, TBA (2,3,6) and its salts and esters, triclopyr and its salts and esters, 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropyridine -2-carboxylic acid, benzyl 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoropyridine-2-carboxylate (CAS 1390661-72-9);

M.14 Auxin transfer inhibitors: diflufenzopyr, diflufenzopyr sodium, naptalam and naptalam sodium;

M.15 Other herbicides: bromobutide, chlorflurenol, chloroflurenol-methyl, cinmethylin, cumiluron, cyclopyrimorate (CAS 499223-49-3) and its salts and esters, dalapon, dazomet, diphenzoquat, diphenzoquat-methyl sulfate, dimethypin, DSMA, dimron, endothal and its salts, etobenzanide, flurenol, flurenol-butyl, fluprimidol, fosamine, ammonium fosamine, indanophane, maleic acid hydrazide, mefluidide, metam, methiozolin (CAS 403640-27-7), methylazide, methyl bromide, methyl -dimron, methyl iodide, MSMA, oleic acid, oxazik-lomefone, pelargonic acid, pyributicarb, quinoclamin, triaziflam, tri-difan;

N) Insecticides from classes N. 1 - N.29

N.1 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors: aldicarb, alanicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxime, butoxycarboxym, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate, furatiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxami l, pirimicarb, propoxur , thio-dicarb, thiofanox, trimetacarb, CMS, xylylcarb and triazamate; acephate, azamethyphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphosmethyl, cadusafos, chlorethoxyphos, chlorphenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, cyanophos, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos/DDVP, dicrotophos, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, di- sulfotone, EPN, ethion, etoprophone, famfur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, fostiazate, heptenophos, imicyafos, isofenphos, isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl) salicylate, isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, metidathione, mevinfos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, pentoate, phorate, fosalon, phosmet, phosphamidon, foxim, pyrimphos-methyl, prophenophos, propetamphos, prothiophos, pyraclophos, pyridafenthion, quinalphos, sulfotep, tebupyrimphos, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, triazophos, trichlorfon and vamidothione;

N.2 Antagonists of regulated GABA chloride channels: endosulfan, chlordane; ethiprol, fipronil, flufiprol, pyrafluprol, pyriprol;

N.3 Sodium channel modulators: acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, d-trans allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl, bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cy-halothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyfenotrin, deltamethrin, empentrin, esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropatrin, phen-valerate, flucitrinate, flumethrin, tau-fluvalinate, halfenprox, imiprothrin, meperfluthrin, methofluthrin, permethrin, phenothrin, pralletrin, profluthrin, pyrethrin (pyrethrum), resmethrin, silafluofen, tefluthrin, tetramethylfluthrin, tetramethrin, tralometrin and transfluthrin; DDT, methoxychlor;

N.4 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists: acetamiprid, clothianidin, cycloxapride, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam; (2E-)-1-[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-N-nitro-2-pentylidenehydrazinecarboximidamide; 1-[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-7-methyl-8-nitro-5-propoxy-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine; nicotine;

N.5 Allosteric nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activators: spinosad, spinetoram;

N.6 Chloride channel activators: abamectin, emamectin benzoate, iver-mectin, lepimectin, milbemectin;

N.7 Juvenile hormone mimetics: hydroprene, kinoprene, methoprene; fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen;

N.8 Mixed non-specific (multilateral action) inhibitors: methyl bromide and other alkyl halides, chloropicrin, sulfuryl fluoride, borax, antimonyl potassium tartrate;

N.9 Selective food blockers in Homoptera proboscids: pymetrozine, flonicamid;

N.10 Mite growth inhibitors: clofentezin, hexythiazox, difluvidazine; ethoxazole;

N.11 Microbial insect midgut membrane disruptors: Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus sphaericus and the insecticidal proteins they produce: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis, Bt crop proteins : CrylAb, Cry1Ac, CrylFa, Cry2Ab, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34/35Ab1;

N.12 Mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitors, diafenthiuron, azocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide, propargite, tetradifon;

N.13 Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via proton gradient disruption: chlorfenapyr, DNOC, sulfur amide;

N.14 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers: bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, thiocyclam, sodium thiosultap;

N.15 Type 0 chitin biosynthesis inhibitors: bistrifluron, chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, noviflumuron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron;

N.16 Type 1 chitin biosynthesis inhibitors: buprofezin;

N.17 Diptera Moulting Destroyers: cyromazine;

N.18 Ecdysone receptor agonists: methoxyfenoside, tebufenoside, halofenoside, fufenoside, chromafenoside;

N.19 Octopamine receptor agonists: amitraz;

N.20 Mitochondrial complex III electron transfer inhibitors: hydramethylnon, acequinocyl, fluacripyrim;

N.21 Mitochondrial complex I electron transfer inhibitors: fenazquin, fenpyroximate, pyrimifidene, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad; tolfen-pyrad, rotenone;

N.22 Voltage-gated sodium channel blockers: indoxacarb, metaflumizone, 2-[2-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene]-N-[4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]hydrazinecarboxamide , N-(3-chloro-2-methylphenyl)-2-[(4-chlorophenyl)-[4-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl]methylene]-hydrazinecarboxamide;

N.23 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors: spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spirotetramat;

N.24 Mitochondrial complex IV electron transfer inhibitors: phosphine, aluminum phosphide, calcium phosphide, phosphine, zinc phosphide, cyanide;

N.25 Mitochondrial complex II electron transfer inhibitors: cyenopyrafene or cyflumethophen;

N.28 Ryanodine receptor modulators: flubenamide, chloranthraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, tetraniliprole; (R)-3-chloro-N-{2-methyl-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl}-N2-(1-methyl-2-methylsulfonylethyl)phthalamide , (S)-3-chloro-N1-{2-methyl-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl}-N2-(1-methyl-2-methylsulfonylethyl) phthalamide, methyl-2-[3,5-dibromo-2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)benzoyl] -1,2-dimethylhydrazinecarboxylate; N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide; N-[4-chloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-methyl-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3- carboxamide; N-[4-chloro-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-methyl-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl) pyrazole-3-carboxamide; N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole- 3-carboxamide; N-[4,6-dibromo-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3- carboxamide; N-[2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro-6-methylphenyl]-3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-1H- pyrazole-5-carboxamide; 3-chloro-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-N-[2,4-dichloro-6-[[(1-cyano-1-methylethyl)amino]carbonyl]phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-5 -carboxamide; 3-bromo-N-[2,4-dichloro-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-1-(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide; N-[4-chloro-2-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]carbonyl]-6-methylphenyl]-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-3-(fluoromethoxy)-1H-pyrazole- 5-carboxamide; cyhalodiamide;

N.29. Insecticidal active compounds of unknown or uncertain mechanism of action: afidopyropene, afoxolaner, azadirachtin, amidoflumet, benzoximate, bifenazate, broflanilide, bromopropylate, quinomethionate, cryolite, dicloromesothiasis, dicofol, flufenerim, flomethoquin, fluensulfone, flu-hexafon, fluopyram , flupiradifuron, fluralaner , methoxadiazon, piperonyl butoxide, piflubumide, pyridalil, pyrifluquinasone, sulfoxaflor, thioxazafen, triflumesopyrim, 11-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-12-hydroxy-1,4-dioxa-9-azadispiro[4.2. 4.2]-tetradec-11-en-10-one, 3-(4'-fluoro-2,4-dimethylbiphenyl-3-yl)-4-hydroxy-8-oxa-1-azaspiro[4.5]dec-3- en-2-one, 1-[2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole- 5-amine, Bacillus firmus; (E/Z)-N-[1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide; (E/Z)-N-[1-[(6-chloro-5-fluoro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide; (E/Z)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-[1-[(6-fluoro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]acetamide; (E/Z)-N-[l-[(6-bromo-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide; (E/Z)-N-[N-(6-xjiop-3-pyridyl)ethyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide; (E/Z)-N-[1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2-difluoroacetamide; (E/Z)-2-chloro-N-[1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2-difluoroacetamide; (E/Z)-N-[1-[(2-chloropyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide; (E/Z)-N-[1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanamide.); N-[1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,2-trifluoro-thioacetamide; N-[1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-isopropyl-acetamidine; fluazaindolizine; 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isoxazol-3-yl]-2-methyl-N-(1-oxothiethan-3-yl)benzamide; fluxametamide; 5-[3-[2,6-dichloro-4-(3,3-diclopallyloxy)phenoxy]propoxy]-1H-pyrazole; 3-(benzoylmethylamino)-N-[2-bromo-4-[1,2,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)propyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-fluoro- benzamide; 3-(benzoylmethylamino)-2-fluoro-N-[2-iodo-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide; N-[3-[[[2-iodine-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]phenyl]-N-methyl -benzamide; N-[3-[[[2-bromo-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]-2-fluorophenyl]- 4-fluoro-N-methyl-benzamide; 4-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-3-[[[2-iodine-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino] carbonyl]phenyl]-N-methyl-benzamide; 3-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-3-[[[2-iodo-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-6(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]carbonyl ]phenyl]-N-methyl-benzamide; 2-chloro-N-[3-[[[2-iodine-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]phenyl] -3-pyridinecarboxamide; 4-cyano-N-[2-cyano-5-[[2,6-dibromo-4-[1,2,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)propyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]phenyl ]-2-methylbenzamide; 4-cyano-3-[(4-cyano-2-methyl-benzoyl)amino]-N-[2,6-dichloro-4-[1,2,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-1-( trifluoromethyl)propyl]phenyl]-2-fluoro-benzamide; N-[5-[[2-chloro-6-cyano-4-[1,2,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)propyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]-2-cyano-phenyl] -4-cyano-2-methyl-benzamide; N-[5-[[2-bromo-6-chloro-4-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxy-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]-2-cyano-phenyl]-4 -cyano-2-methyl-benzamide; N-[5-[[2-bromo-6-chloro-4-[1,2,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)propyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]-2-cyano-phenyl] -4-cyano-2-methyl-benzamide; 4-cyano-N-[2-cyano-5-[[2,6-dichloro-4-[1,2,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)propyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]phenyl ]-2-methylbenzamide; 4-cyano-N-[2-cyano-5-[[2,6-dichloro-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]phenyl]-2- methyl benzamide; N-[5-[[2-bromo-6-chloro-4-[1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]-2-cyano-phenyl]-4-cyano -2-methyl benzamide; 2-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-6-[2-(3-pyridinyl)-5-thiazolyl]pyridine; 2-[6-[2-(5-fluoro-3-pyridinyl)-5-thiazolyl]-2-pyridinyl]-pyrimidine; 2-[6-[2-(3-pyridinyl)-5-thiazolyl]-2-pyridinyl]-pyrimidine; N-methylsulfonyl-6-[2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide; N-methylsulfonyl-6-[2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide; N-ethyl-N-[4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-3-methylthio-propanamide; N-methyl-N-[4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-3-methylthio-propanamide; N,2-dimethyl-N-[4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-3-methylthiopropanamide; N-ethyl-2-methyl-N-[4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-3-methylthio-propanamide; N-[4-chloro-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-N-ethyl-2-methyl-3-methylthio-propanamide; N-[4-chloro-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-N,2-dimethyl-3-methylthio-propanamide; N-[4-chloro-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-N-methyl-3-methylthio-propanamide; N-[4-chloro-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-N-ethyl-3-methylthio-propanamide; 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-5-methoxy-7-methyl-8-nitro-imidazo[1,2-a] pyridine; 1-[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-7-methyl-8-nitro-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-5-ol; 1-isopropyl-N,5-dimethyl-N-pyridazin-4-yl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide; 1-(1,2-dimethylpropyl)-N-ethyl-5-methyl-N-pyridazin-4-yl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide; N,5-dimethyl-N-pyridazin-4-yl-1-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methyl-ethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide; 1-[1-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)ethyl]-N-ethyl-5-methyl-N-pyridazin-4-yl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide; N-ethyl-1-(2-fluoro-1-methyl-propyl)-5-methyl-N-pyridazin-4-yl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide; 1-(1,2-dimethylpropyl)-N,5-dimethyl-N-pyridazin-4-yl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide; 1-[1-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)ethyl]-N,5-dimethyl-N-pyridazin-4-yl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide; N-methyl-1-(2-fluoro-1-methyl-propyl]-5-methyl-N-pyridazin-4-yl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide; 1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-N-ethyl- 5-methyl-N-pyridazin-4-yl-pyrazol-4-carboxamide, 1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)-N,5-dimethyl-N-pyridazin-4-yl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, N- (1-methylethyl)-2-(3-pyridinyl)-2H-indazole-4-carboxamide, N-cyclopropyl-2-(3-pyridinyl)-2H-indazole-4-carboxamide, N-cyclohexyl-2-(3 -pyridinyl)-2H-indazole-4-carboxamide;2-(3-pyridinyl)-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-2H-indazole-4-carboxamide;2-(3-pyridinyl)-N- [(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)methyl]-2H-indazole-5-carboxamide;methyl 2-[[2-(3-pyridinyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]carbonyl]hydrazinecarboxylate;N-[(2, 2-difluorocyclopropyl)methyl]-2-(3-pyridinyl)-2H-indazole-5-carboxamide, N-(2,2-difluoropropyl)-2-(3-pyridinyl)-2H-indazole-5-carboxamide, 2 -(3-pyridinyl)-N-(2-pyrimidinylmethyl)-2H-indazole-5-carboxamide;N-[(5-methyl-2-pyrazinyl)methyl]-2-(3-pyridinyl)-2H-indazole- 5-carboxamide, N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridyl)pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-(3,3,3-trifluoropropylsulfanyl)propanamide; N-[3-chloro-1 -(3-pyridyl)pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-(3,3,3-trifluoropropylsulfinyl)propanamide; N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridyl)pyrazol-4-yl]-3-[(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methylsulfanyl]-N-ethylpropanamide; N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridyl)pyrazol-4-yl]-3-[(2,2-difluorocyclopropyl)methylsulfinyl]-N-ethylpropanamide; sarolaner, lotilaner.

The active substances listed as component 2), their preparation and their pesticidal activity are known (see: http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/); these substances are commercially available. Compounds described by the IUPAC nomenclature, their preparation and their pesticidal activity are also known (for example, Can. J. Plant Sci. 48(6), 587-94, 1968; EP-A 141 317; EP-A 152 031; EP- A 226 917; EP-A 243 970; EP-A 256 503; EP-A 428 941; EP-A 532 022; EP-A 1 028 125; EP-A1 035 122; EP-A 1 201 648; EP- A1 122 244, JP 2002316902; DE 19650197; DE 10021412; DE 102005009458; US 3,296,272; US 3,325,503; WO 98/46608; WO 99/14187; WO 99/244 13; WO 99/27783; WO 00/29404; WO 00/ 46148; WO 00/65913; WO 01/54501; WO 01/56358; WO 02/22583; WO 02/40431; WO 03/10149; WO 03/11853; WO 03/14103; WO 03/16286; WO 03/ 53145; WO 03/61388; WO 03/66609; WO 03/74491; WO 04/49804; WO 04/83193; WO 05/120234; WO 05/123689; WO 05/123690; WO 05/63721; WO 0 5/ WO 05/87773, WO 06/15866, WO 06/87325, WO 06/87343, WO 07/82098, WO 07/90624, WO 10/139271, WO 11/028657, WO2012/168188, WO 2007/006670 WO 2011/77514; /024009, WO 13/024010 and WO 13/047441, WO 13/162072, WO 13/092224, WO 11/135833, CN 1907024, CN 1456054).

Preferably, the mixtures contain as pesticides II fungicidal compounds independently selected from groups A), B), C), D), E), F), G), H), I), J) and K ).

According to another embodiment of the invention, as pesticide II, the mixtures contain a plant growth regulating compound selected from group L).

According to another embodiment of the invention, the mixtures contain as pesticide II a herbicidal compound which is selected from the group M).

According to a further embodiment, as pesticide II, the mixtures contain an insecticidal compound which is selected from the group N).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from inhibitors of complex III at the Q _o site in group A), more preferably selected from compounds (A.1.1), (A.1.4), ( A.1.8), (A.1.9), (A.1.0), (A.1.2), (A.1.3), (A.1.4), (A.1.7), (A.1.21), (A. 1.24), (A.1.25), (A.1.26), (A.1.27), (A.1.28), (A.1.29), (A.1.30), (A.1.31), (A.1.32) , (A.1.33), (A.1.34) and (A.1.35); especially selected from (A.1.1.1), (A.1.4), (A.1.8), (A.1.9), (A.1.3), (A.1.4), (A.1.7), (A. 1.24), (A.1.25), (A.1.26), (A.1.27), (A.1.28), (A.1.29), (A.1.30), (A.1.31), (A.1.32) , (A.1.33), (A.1.34) and (A.1.35).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from inhibitors of complex III at the Q _i site in group A), more preferably selected from compounds (A.2.1), (A.2.3), ( A.2.4) and (A.2.5); especially selected from (A.2.3), (A.2.4) and (A.2.5).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from the complex II inhibitors in group A), more preferably selected from compounds (A.3.2), (A.3.3), (A.3.4) , (A.3.7), (A.3.9), (A.3.11), (A.3.12), (A.3.14), (A.3.16), (A.3.19), (A.3.20), ( A.3.21), (A.3.22), (A.3.23), (A.3.24), (A.3.25), (A.3.27) and (A.3.28); specifically selected from (A.3.2), (A.3.3), (A.3.4), (A.3.7), (A.3.9), (A.3.12), (A.3.14), (A.3.17) , (A.3.19), (A.3.22), (A.3.23), (A.3.24), (A.3.25), (A.3.27), (A.3.28), and (A.3.29).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from other respiration inhibitors in group A), more preferably selected from compounds (A.4.4) and (A.4.11); in particular (A.4.11).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from C14 demethylase inhibitors in group B), more preferably selected from compounds (B.1.4), (B.1.5), (B.1.8) , (B.1.10), (B.1.11), (B.1.12), (B.1.13), (B.1.17), (B.1.18), (B.1.21), (B.1.22), ( B.1.23), (B.1.25), (B.1.26), (B.1.29), (B.1.31), (B.1.32), (B.1.33), (B.1.34), (B. 1.35), (B.1.36), (B.1.37), (B.1.38), (B.1.39), (B.1.40), (B.1.41), (B.1.42), (B.1.43) and (B.1.46); especially selected from (B.1.5), (B.1.8), (B.1.10), (B.1.17), (B.1.23), (B.1.25), (B.1.31), (B.1.32) , (B.1.33), (B.1.34), (B.1.35), (B.1.36), (B.1.37), (B.138), (B.1.39), (B.1.40), ( B.1.41), (B.1.42), (B.1.43) and (B.1.46).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from the delta-14 reductase inhibitors in group B), more preferably selected from compounds (B.2.4), (B.2.5), (B .2.6) and (B.2.8); in particular (B.2.4).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from phenylamides and acylamino acid fungicides in group C), more preferably selected from compounds (C.1.1), (C.1.2), (C .1.4) and (C.1.5); especially selected from (C.1.1) and (C.1.4).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from other inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis in group C), more preferably selected from compounds (C.2.6) and (C.2.7).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from group D), more preferably selected from compounds (D.l.l), (D.1.2), (D.1.5), (D.2.4) and (D.2.6); especially selected from (D.1.2), (D.1.5) and (D.2.6).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from group E), more preferably selected from compounds (E.1.1), (E.1.3), (E.2.2) and (E. 2.3); in particular (E.1.3).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from group F), more preferably selected from compounds (F.1.2), (F.1.4) and (F.1.5).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from group G), more preferably selected from compounds (G.3.1), (G.3.3), (G.3.6), (G .5.1), (G.5.2) and (G.5.3); especially selected from (G.3.1), (G.5.1), (G.5.2) and (G.5.3).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from group H), more preferably selected from compounds (H.2.2), (H.2.3), (H.2.5), (H. 2.7), (H.2.8), (H.3.2), (H.3.4), (H.3.5), (H.4.9) and (H.4.10); especially selected from (H.2.2), (H.2.5), (H.3.2), (H.4.9) and (H.4.10).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from group I), more preferably selected from compounds (1.2.2) and (1.2.5).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from group J), more preferably selected from compounds (J.1.2), (J.1.5) and (J.1.8); in particular (J.1.5).

Preference is also given to mixtures containing as component 2) at least one pesticide II selected from group K), more preferably selected from compounds (K.1.41), (K.1.42), (K.1.44), (K. 1.45), (K.1.46), (K.1.47), (K.1.48) and (K.1.49); especially selected from (K.1.41), (K.1.44), (K.1.45), (K.1.46), (K.1.47), (K.1.48) and (K.1.49).

A further embodiment relates to mixtures containing as component 1) a whole culture broth, a culture medium or a cell-free extract, or a fraction or at least one metabolite of at least one of the microorganisms defined above, which preferably exhibit antagonistic activity against at least at least one plant pathogen.

Used in this application, the term "whole culture broth" refers to a liquid culture of microorganisms containing vegetative cells and/or spores suspended in the culture medium and optionally metabolites produced by the respective microorganism.

As used herein, the term "culture medium" refers to a medium that can be obtained by culturing a microorganism in said medium, preferably a liquid broth, and which remains when the cells grown in the medium are removed, for example, the supernatant remaining when the cells grown in the liquid broth is removed by centrifugation, filtration, sedimentation, or other methods well known in the art; containing, for example, metabolites produced by the respective microorganism and secreted into the culture medium. The term "culture medium" sometimes also refers to "supernatant", which can be obtained, for example, by centrifugation at temperatures from about 2 to 30°C (more preferably at temperatures from 4 to 20°C) for about 10 to 60 minutes. (more preferably about 15 to 30 minutes) at about 5,000 to 20,000 x g (more preferably about 15,000 x g).

As used herein, the term "cell-free extract" refers to an extract of vegetative cells, spores and/or whole cultures of a microorganism's aloe broth containing cell metabolites produced by the respective microorganism, obtained using cell disruption methods known in the art, such as solvent-based (eg, organic solvents such as alcohols, sometimes in combination with acceptable salts), temperature-based, application of shear forces, sonication of cells. The desired extract can be concentrated using conventional concentration techniques such as drying, evaporation, centrifugation, or others. For the crude extract, preferably before use, it is also possible to apply some washing steps using organic solvents and/or a water-based medium.

Used in this application, the term "metabolite" refers to any component, compound, substance or by-product (including, but not limited to, small molecular weight secondary metabolites, polyketides, fatty acid synthase products, non-ribosomal peptides, ribosomal peptides, proteins and enzymes) produced a microorganism (such as fungi and bacteria, in particular strains according to the invention) that has any beneficial effect as described herein, such as pesticidal activity or improvement in plant growth, plant water use efficiency, plant health, plant appearance, or populations of beneficial microorganisms in the soil around plant activity in a given context.

Used in this application, the term "isolate" refers to a pure microbial culture, separated from its natural origin, such as an isolate obtained by culturing a single microbial colony. An isolate is a pure culture obtained from a heterogeneous, wild population of microorganisms.

Used in this application, the term "strain" refers to a bacterial isolate or group of isolates that exhibits phenotypic and/or genotypic features related to the same cell line, different from such features of other isolates or strains of other species.

Used in this application, the term "its culture medium" refers to the culture medium of a bacterial strain, as defined immediately before the term "its culture medium", as in the following case: "strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 and their culture medium" means strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 and the culture medium of each of the strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015. Likewise, the same logic applies to similar terms such as "its cell-free extract", "its whole culture broth" and "its metabolite", as well as combinations of such terms as "its cell-free extract or at least one of its metabolites". ".

An additional embodiment relates to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one strain of Paenibacillus having the following characteristics:

- Gram-positive rod-shaped cells, weak reaction with Gram's dye, often even staining is negative, differentiation into ellipsoidal endospores, which clearly cause swelling of the sporangium (mother cell),

- facultative anaerobic growth with strong growth in the absence of air, whether nitrate is present or not, fermentation of various sugars,

- the formation of gas and acids from various types of sugar, including glucose,

- no acid production from adonitol and sorbitol, urease negative (except for P. validus), arginine dihydrolase negative, no use of citrate,

- no growth in the presence of 10% sodium chloride,

- secretion of numerous extracellular hydrolytic enzymes that break down DNA, protein, starch; and/or

- content of G+C in DNA from 40% to 54%;

or its culture medium, cell-free extract, or at least one metabolite thereof.

An additional embodiment relates to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one Paenibacillus strain selected from Paenibacillus polymyxa, Paenibacillus epiphyticus, Paenibacillus peoriae, Paenibacillus terrae, Paenibacillus jamilae, Paenibacillus kribbensis species; Paenibacillus amylolyticus, Paenibacillus barcinonensis, Paenibacillus tundra, Paenibacillus illinoisensis, Paenibacillus macquariensis, Paenibacillus taichungensis, Paenibacillus glycanilyticus and Paenibacillus odorifer; or its culture medium, cell-free extract, or at least one metabolite thereof.

An additional embodiment refers to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one Paenibacillus strain selected from Paenibacillus polymyxa, Paenibacillus epiphyticus, Paenibacillus peoriae, Paenibacillus terrae, Paenibacillus jamilae and Paenibacillus kribbensis species; or its culture medium, cell-free extract, or at least one metabolite thereof.

An additional embodiment relates to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain selected from the species Paenibacillus polymyxa, Paenibacillus epiphyticus, Paenibacillus peoriae and Paenibacillus jamilae, or its culture medium, a cell-free extract, or at least one metabolite thereof.

An additional embodiment relates to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain selected from the species Paenibacillus polymyxa, Paenibacillus epiphyticus and Paenibacillus peoriae, or its culture medium, a cell-free extract, or at least one metabolite thereof.

A further embodiment relates to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain selected from Paenibacillus polymyxa and Paenibacillus epiphyticus species, or its culture medium, a cell-free extract, or at least one metabolite thereof.

An additional embodiment relates to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one strain of Paenibacillus selected from

1) Lu16774 has been deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26969,

2) Lu17007 has been deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26970, and

3) Lu17015 was deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26971;

or its culture medium, cell-free extract, or at least one metabolite thereof.

An additional embodiment relates to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one strain of Paenibacillus selected from

1) Paenibacillus polymyxa ssp. plantarum strain Lu16774 was deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26969,

2) Paenibacillus polymyxa ssp. plantarum strain Lu17007 has been deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26970, and

3) Paenibacillus epiphyticus strain Lu17015 was deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26971;

or its culture medium, cell-free extract, or at least one metabolite thereof.

In addition to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one of the strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015, the invention relates to mixtures containing as component 1) any strain of Paenibacillus, regardless of whether it is obtained physically from the original deposit of any from strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015, or independently isolated as long as they retain at least one of the identifying characteristics of deposited Paenibacillus strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015. Such Paenibacillus strains according to the invention include any progeny of any of the Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 strains, including mutants of said strains.

The term "mutant" refers to a microorganism obtained by direct selection of mutants, and also includes microorganisms that have been further mutated or otherwise processed (for example, by introduction of a plasmid). Thus, embodiments include mutants, variants and/or derivatives of the corresponding microorganism, both naturally occurring and artificially induced mutants. For example, mutants can be induced by exposing the microorganism to known mutagens such as x-rays, UV radiation, N-methylnitrosoguanidine using conventional methods. Following these treatments, mutant strains can be screened for showing the desired characteristics.

Mutant strains can be obtained using any of the methods known in the art, such as direct selection of mutants, chemical mutagenesis, or gene manipulation (eg, by introduction of a plasmid). For example, such mutants are obtained by using a known mutagen such as x-rays, UV radiation or N-methyl-nitrosoguanidine. Following these treatments, mutant strains can be screened for showing the desired characteristics.

The mixture according to the invention is in particular a mixture containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain which contains a DNA sequence having at least 99.6%, preferably at least 99.8%, even more preferably at least 99.9 %, and in particular 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with any of the 16S rDNA sequences of strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015, i.e. with any of these nucleotide sequences specified in the sequence listing of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3.

According to a further embodiment, the mixture according to the invention is in particular a mixture containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain which contains a DNA sequence having 100% nucleotide sequence identity with any of the 16S rDNA sequences of the Lu16774 strains , Lu17007 and Lu17015, i.e. with any of these nucleotide sequences as indicated in the sequence listing of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3.

According to a further embodiment, the mixture according to the invention is in particular a mixture containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain whose total 16S rDNA sequence after optimal alignment in the aligned sequence window has at least 99, 6% identity with at least one of SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2 or at least 99.8% identity with SEQ ID NO: 3; preferably at least 99.8% identity with at least one of the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3; more preferably at least 99.9% identity with at least one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3; even more preferably more than 99.9% identity with at least one of the sequences of SEQ ID NO: l, SEQ ID: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3; in particular 100% identity with at least one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3.

According to a further embodiment, the mixture according to the invention is in particular a mixture containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain selected from the group consisting of:

a) Lu16774 has been deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26969;

b) Lu17007 has been deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26970;

c) Lu17015 has been deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26971; And

d) a strain that contains a DNA sequence having

d1) at least 99.6% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 9; or

d2) at least 99.8% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; or

d3) at least 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 10; or

d4) at least 99.2% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; or

d5) at least 99.2% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 11; or

d6) at least 99.8% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; or

d7) at least 99.8% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 12; or

d8) at least 99.3% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17; or

d9) 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 13; or

d10) at least 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

The mixture according to the invention is in particular a mixture containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain which contains a dnaN DNA sequence having at least 99.6% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 9 or which contains a DNA sequence having at least 99.8% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.

According to a further embodiment, the mixture according to the invention is a mixture which contains as component 1) at least one bacterial strain whose complete dnaN DNA sequence, after optimal alignment in the aligned sequence window, has at least 99.6% identity with at least one of the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 9 or at least 99.8% identity with SEQ ID NO: 14; preferably at least 99.9% identity with SEQ ID NO: 14; in particular 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 14.

The mixture according to the invention is in particular a mixture containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain, which contains a DNA sequence having at least 99.8%, in particular 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with any of the dnaN DNA sequences of the strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 i.e. with any of these DNA sequences SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 14.

The mixture according to the invention is in particular a mixture containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain which contains a gyrB DNA sequence having at least 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 10 or which contains a DNA sequence having at least 99.2% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.

According to a further embodiment, the mixture according to the invention is a mixture which contains as component 1) at least one bacterial strain whose complete gyrB DNA sequence, after optimal alignment in the aligned sequence window, has at least 99.9% identity with at least one of the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: 10 or at least 99.9% identity with SEQID NO: 15; preferably at least 99.9% identity with SEQ ID NO: 15; in particular 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 15.

The mixture according to the invention is in particular a mixture containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain which contains a DNA sequence having 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with any of the gyrB DNA sequences of the strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015, i.e. e. with any of these DNA sequences SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NO: 15.

The mixture according to the invention is in particular a mixture containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain which contains a recF DNA sequence having at least 99.2% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 11 or which contains a DNA sequence having at least 99.8% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.

According to a further embodiment, the mixture according to the invention is a mixture which contains as component 1) at least one bacterial strain whose complete recF DNA sequence, after optimal alignment in the aligned sequence window, has at least 99.2% identity with at least one of the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 11 or at least 99.8% identity with SEQID NO: 16; preferably at least 99.9% identity with SEQ ID NO: 16; in particular 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 16.

The mixture according to the invention is in particular a mixture containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain, which contains a DNA sequence having at least 99.8%, in particular 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with any of the recF DNA sequences of the strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 i.e. with any of these DNA sequences SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 16.

The mixture according to the invention is in particular a mixture containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain which contains a recN DNA sequence having at least 99.8% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 12 or which contains a DNA sequence having at least 99.3% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.

According to a further embodiment, the mixture according to the invention is a mixture which contains as component 1) at least one bacterial strain whose complete recN DNA sequence, after optimal alignment in the aligned sequence window, has at least 99.8% identity with at least one of the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 12 or at least 99.3% identity with SEQID NO: 17; preferably at least 99.6% identity with SEQ ID NO: 17; in particular 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 17.

The mixture according to the invention is in particular a mixture containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain, which contains a DNA sequence having at least 99.8%, in particular 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with any of the recN DNA sequences of the strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 i.e. with any of these DNA sequences SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 12 and SEQ ID NO: 17.

The mixture according to the invention is in particular a mixture containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain which contains an rpoA DNA sequence having 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 13 or which contains a DNA sequence having at least 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.

According to a further embodiment, the mixture according to the invention is a mixture which contains as component 1) at least one bacterial strain whose complete rpoA DNA sequence, after optimal alignment in the aligned sequence window, has 100.0% identity with at least one of the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 13 or at least 99.9% identity with SEQID NO: 18; preferably at least 99.9% identity with SEQ ID NO: 17; in particular 100% identity with SEQ ID NO: 18.

The mixture according to the invention is in particular a mixture containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain, which contains a DNA sequence having 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with any of the rpoA DNA sequences of the strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015, i.e. e. with any of these DNA sequences SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 18.

An additional embodiment relates to a mixture containing as component 1) at least one isolated microorganism that is a member of the genus Paenibacillus, having at least one of the identifying characteristics of one of the following strains:

1) Paenibacillus strain Lu16774 deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26969,

2) Paenibacillus strain Lu17007 deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26970, or

3) Paenibacillus strain Lu17015 was deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26971.

An additional embodiment relates to a mixture containing as component 1) at least one strain of Paenibacillus, which is selected from the group consisting of:

1) the Lu16774 strain was deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26969,

2) the Lu17007 strain was deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26970,

3) the Lu17015 strain was deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26971, and

4) strains having at least one of the identifying characteristics of one of said strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015.

An additional embodiment relates to a mixture containing as component 1) at least one isolated microorganism selected from strains of:

1) Paenibacillus strain Lu16774 deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26969,

2) Paenibacillus strain Lu17007 has been deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26970, and

3) Paenibacillus strain Lu17015 was deposited with the DSMZ under accession No. DSM 26971;

exhibiting antagonistic activity against at least one plant pathogen and capable of producing at least one fusaricidin; or a mutant strain thereof that retains said ability, i.e. retains said antagonistic activity against at least one plant pathogen, and retains said ability to produce at least one fusaricidin.

An additional embodiment relates to a mixture containing as component 1) at least one microorganism selected from:

1) Paenibacillus strain Lu16774 deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26969,

2) Paenibacillus strain Lu17007 was deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26970,

3) Paenibacillus strain Lu17015 was deposited with the DSMZ under accession No. DSM 26971;

or their mutant strain having all the identifying characteristics of one of the specified strains.

An additional embodiment relates to mixtures containing as component 1) a culture medium of at least one Paenibacillus strain as defined in one of the preferred embodiments above.

A further embodiment relates to mixtures containing as component 1) a cell-free extract of at least one Paenibacillus strain as defined in one of the preferred embodiments above.

An additional embodiment relates to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one metabolite of at least one Paenibacillus strain as defined in one of the preferred embodiments above; preferably at least one lipopeptide metabolite and even more preferably selected from the groups of polyximines, octapeptins, polypeptins, pelgipeptins and fusaricidins.

An additional embodiment relates to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one fusaricidin.

An additional embodiment relates to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one fusaricidin of formula I

wherein

R is selected from 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoic acid (GHPD) and 12-guanidino-dodecanoic acid (12-GDA);

X ¹ is threonine;

X ² is selected from isoleucine and valine;

X ³ is selected from tyrosine, valine, isoleucine and phenylalanine;

X ⁴ is threonine;

X ⁵ is selected from glutamine and asparagine;

X ⁶ is alanine; And

where the arrow defines a single (amide) bond either between the carbonyl portion of R and the amino group of amino acid X ¹ or between the carbonyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a neighboring amino acid, with the tip of the arrow indicating attachment to the amino group of said amino acid X ¹ or said neighboring amino acid; And

with a single line without an arrowhead defining a single (ester) bond between the carbonyl group X ⁶ and the hydroxyl group X ¹ .

An additional embodiment relates to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one fusaricidin of formula I.1

wherein

R is selected from 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoic acid (GHPD) and 12-guanidino-dodecanoic acid (12-GDA);

X ¹ is threonine;

X ² is isoleucine;

X ³ is tyrosine;

X ⁴ is threonine;

X ⁵ is selected from glutamine and asparagine;

X ⁶ is alanine; And

where the arrow defines a single (amide) bond either between the carbonyl portion of R and the amino group of amino acid X ¹ or between the carbonyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a neighboring amino acid, with the tip of the arrow indicating attachment to the amino group of said amino acid X ¹ or said neighboring amino acid; And

with a single line without an arrowhead defining a single (ester) bond between the carbonyl group X ⁶ and the hydroxyl group X ¹ .

According to a further embodiment, X ¹ in formula I is preferably L-threonine. According to a further embodiment, X ² in formula I is preferably D-isoleucine or D-allo-isoleucine. According to a further embodiment, X ³ in formula I is preferably L-tyrosine. According to an additional embodiment. X ⁴ in formula I is preferably D-allo-threonine. According to a further embodiment, X ⁵ in formula I is preferably D-glutamine or D-asparagine. According to a further embodiment, R in formula I is preferably GHPD.

The formula I.1 sketch for formula I.1 fusaricidin can also be depicted as follows:

wherein

X is selected from -NH-(C=O)-CH ₂ -CH(OH)-(CH ₂ ) ₁₂ -NH-C(=NH)NH ₂ and -NH-(C=O)-(CH ₂ ) ₁₁ -NH-C(=NH)NH ₂ ;

R ¹ is 1-hydroxyethyl;

R ² is 1-methylpropyl (zeobutyl);

R ³ is 4-hydroxybenzyl;

R ⁴ is 1-hydroxyethyl;

R ⁵ is selected from carbamoylethyl and carbamoylmethyl;

R ⁶ is methyl.

Likewise, preferred embodiments based on the above alternative outline of formula 1.1 are as follows:

R ¹ in this formula I is preferably (1S,2R)-1-hydroxyethyl.

R ² in this formula I is preferably (1R,2R)-1-methylpropyl or (1R,2S)-1-methylpropyl.

R ³ in this formula I is preferably (S)-4-hydroxybenzyl.

R ⁴ in this formula I is preferably (1S,2R)-1-hydroxyethyl.

R ⁵ in this formula I is preferably (R)-carbamoylethyl and (R)-carbamoylmethyl.

X in this formula I is preferably -NH-(C=O)-CH ₂ -CH(OH)-(CH ₂ ) ₁₂ -NH-C(=NH)NH ₂ .

According to a further embodiment, the invention further relates to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one fusaricidin selected from fusaricidin 1A and 1B, which have the formula I, where R is GHPD and where X ⁵ is asparagine in the case of fusaricidin 1A and X ⁵ are glutamine in the case of fusaricidin 1B:

In addition, fusaricidins of formula I, including fusaricidins in which R is GHTD, can be synthesized in analogy to methods known in the art (Biopolymers 80(4), 541, 2005; J. Peptide Sci. 12S, 219, 2006; Tetpahedron Lett 47(48), 8587-90, 2006; Biopolymers 88(4), 568, 2007; ChemMedChem 7, 871-882, 2012).

In addition, the present invention relates to compositions containing mixtures in accordance with the invention, which contain as a component 1) strains, whole culture broths, cell-free extracts, culture media, or fusaricidins of formula I and their salts in accordance with the invention, as well as to the use of said compositions for the control or suppression of plant pathogens or the prevention of infection by plant pathogens, or for the protection of materials from infestation, destruction by harmful microorganisms, and related methods, which include the treatment of pathogens, their habitat, or materials or plants to be protected from attack by pathogens, or soil or propagation material with an effective amount of the compositions, strains, whole culture broths, cell-free extracts, culture media, or fusaricidins of formula I and their salts in accordance with the invention.

In addition, embodiments in accordance with the invention are disclosed in the following detailed description of the invention, the claims and the figures.

The identification feature of the deposited strains of Paenibacillus Lu16114, Lu17007 and Lu17015 is that they are able to produce at least one fusaricidin of formula I, preferably selected from fusaricidins 1A and 1B, in particular to produce fusaricidins 1A and 1B, which are metabolites of the respective strains.

Thus, according to one aspect of the present invention, the Paenibacillus strains of component 1) of the mixtures according to the invention are capable of producing at least one fusaricidin of formula I, more preferably producing fusaricidins 1A or 1B, in particular producing fusaricidins 1A and 1B; more preferably in a growth medium containing at least one source of carbon and one source of nitrogen, as defined in this application.

Thus, according to another aspect of the present invention, the Paenibacillus strains of component 1) of the mixtures according to the invention produce at least one fusaricidin of formula I, more preferably produce fusaricidins 1A or 1B, in particular produce fusaricidins 1A and 1B; in a growth medium containing at least one source of carbon and one source of nitrogen, as defined in this application.

Another embodiment of the invention relates to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one isolated microorganism selected from

1) strain Paenibacillus Lu1611A deposited with the DSMZ under registration No. DSM 26969,

2) a strain, Paenibacillus Lu17007, deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26970, and

3) strain Paenibacillus Lu17015, deposited in the DSMZ under registration No. DSM 26971;

exhibiting antagonistic activity against at least one plant pathogen, and capable of producing at least one fusaricidin of formula I, preferably selected from fusaricidins 1A and 1B, in particular to produce fusaricidins 1A and 1B; or its mutant strain that retains the specified ability, i.e. maintaining said antagonistic activity against at least one plant pathogen, and retaining said ability to produce at least one fusaricidin of formula I, preferably selected from fusaricidins 1A and 1B, in particular to produce fusaricidins 1A and 1B.

Another identifying feature of Paenibacillus strains Lu1611A, Lu17007 and Lu17015 or a mutant strain thereof is that they are capable of producing at least one Fusaricidin selected from the group consisting of Fusaricidin A, Fusaricidin B, Fusaricidin C, Fusaricidin D, LI-F06a, LI-F06b and LI-F08b in addition to their ability to produce at least one fusaricidin of formula I, preferably selected from fusaricidins 1A and 1B, in particular to produce fusaricidins 1A and 1B.

Thus, according to a further aspect of the present invention, the Paenibacillus strains of component 1) of the mixtures according to the invention are capable of producing at least one fusaricidin of formula I, preferably selected from fusaricidins 1A and 1B, in particular to produce fusaricidins 1A and 1B as described in this application. , and are capable of producing at least one compound selected from the group consisting of Fusaricidin A, Fusaricidin B, Fusaricidin C, Fusaricidin D, LI-F06a, LI-F06b, and LI-F08b.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, the Paenibacillus strains of component 1) of the mixtures according to the invention are capable of producing at least one fusaricidin of formula I, preferably selected from fusaricidins 1A and 1B, in particular to produce fusaricidins 1A and 1B as described herein, and are capable of produce at least three compounds selected from the group consisting of Fusaricidin A, Fusaricidin B, Fusaricidin C, Fusaricidin D, LI-F06a, LI-F06b and LI-F08b.

Another identifying feature of Paenibacillus strains is their antifungal activity. In particular, these strains have been found effective against infestation by plant pathogens including Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; the species Alternaria is preferably selected from A. solani and A. alternata, in particular A. solani.

Thus, according to a further aspect of the present invention, the Paenibacillus strains of component 1) of the mixtures according to the invention have antifungal activity, in particular against plant pathogens selected from the group consisting of Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, while the Alternaria species is preferably selected from A. solani and A. alternata, in particular A. solani. More preferably, the strains of Paenibacillus according to the invention have antifungal activity against at least two or all four of these pathogens.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, the Paenibacillus strains according to the invention have antifungal activity against plant pathogens Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

The antagonistic activity of Paenibacillus strains against plant pathogens can be demonstrated in in vitro confrontational assays using target pathogenic fungi such as Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria species being preferably selected from A solani and A. alternata, in A. solani in particular:

As a medium for growing these phytopathogenic fungi, ISP2 medium is used containing per liter: 10 g of malt extract (Sigma Aldrich, 70167); 4 g bacto-yeast extract (Becton Dickinson, 212750); 4 g glucose monohydrate (Sigma Aldrich, 16301); 20 g agar (Becton Dickinson, 214510), pH approx. 7, bidist. water. As a growth medium for PHYTIN, use V8 medium containing per liter: 200 ml vegetable juice, 3 g calcium carbonate (Merck Millipore, 1020660250); 30 g agar (Becton Dickinson, 214510), pH 6.8, bidist. water.

Paenibacillus strains are spot-inoculated on one side of the agar plate. An agar block (about 0.3 cm ² ) containing one actively growing plant pathogen was placed in the center of the plate. After incubation for 7-14 days at a temperature of about 25°C, the growth of the plant pathogen is studied, especially in relation to zones of inhibition. The following antagonistic effects can be assessed: antibiosis is assessed by calculating the diameter of the zone free of fungi (zone of inhibition)). Competition is assessed by comparing the growth diameter of the fungal pathogen on plates with bacterial strains compared to control plates. Mycoparasitism can be documented when bacteria outgrow fungal pathogens as well as mycoparasite pathogens. This can be visualized using microscopy.

More specifically, the present invention relates to mixtures containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain selected from Paenibacillus strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 and any Paenibacillus strain having one, two, three or more identifying features of the deposited strain, wherein the identifying features are selected from the group consisting of:

(a) antifungal activity against a plant pathogen selected from the group consisting of Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria spp. preferably selected from A. solani and A. alternata, in particular A. solani, as described in this application;

(b) the ability to produce at least one fusaricidin of formula I, in particular fusaricidins 1A and/or 1B, as described herein;

(c) the ability to produce at least one fusaricidin selected from the group consisting of fusaricidins A, B, C, D, LI-F06a, LI-F06b and LI-F08b, as described in this application; And

(d) the ability to produce and secrete at least one lytic enzyme selected from the group consisting of chitinase, cellulose and amylase, as described in this application.

More preferably, said strain of Paenibacillus has the abilities of (b), (c) and (d) in a growth medium containing at least one carbon source and one nitrogen source as defined herein.

In particular, Paenibacillus strains of component 1) of the mixtures according to the invention have two or more identifying features of the deposited strain, with strains having at least features (a) and (b) being particularly preferred. For example, according to a preferred embodiment, the Paenibacillus strains of component 1) of the mixtures according to the invention (a) have antifungal activity against a plant pathogen selected from the group consisting of Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria species selected from A. solani and A. alternata, in particular A. solani and (b) are capable of producing at least one fusaricidin of formula I, and in particular fusaricidin 1 B. According to a further preferred embodiment, Paenibacillus strains of component 1) of the mixtures according to the invention (a) have antifungal activity against three or all plant pathogens selected from the group consisting of Alternaria species, Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria being preferably selected from A. solani and A. alternata, in particular A. solani and (b) are capable of producing at least one fusaricidin of formula I, more preferably producing fusaricidins 1A or 1B, in particular producing fusaricidins 1A and 1B.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the Paenibacillus strains of component 1) of the mixtures according to the invention are provided in isolated or substantially purified form.

The terms "isolated" or "substantially purified" mean that the strains of the invention have been removed from the natural environment and have been isolated or separated and are at least 60% free, preferably at least 75%, and more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, and most preferably at least 99% free of other components with which they were naturally associated. An isolate obtained by culturing a single microbial colony is an example of an isolated strain according to the invention.

The mixtures according to the invention contain as component 1) at least one strain of Paenibacillus in any physiological state, such as active or dormant. Dormant strains of Paenibacillus can be provided, for example, frozen, dried, or lyophilized or partially dried (methods for obtaining partially dried organisms are specified in WO 2008/002371) or as spores.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the mixtures contain as component 1) at least one strain of Paenibacillus in the form of spores.

According to an embodiment of the invention, the mixtures contain as component 1) at least one strain. Paenibacillus as whole culture broth.

The culture is preferably an isolated or substantially purified culture.

The terms "isolated culture" or "essentially purified culture" refers to a culture of strains in accordance with the invention that does not include significant amounts of other substances that are normally found in the natural habitat in which the strain grows and/or from which the strain can usually be obtained. . Therefore, such "isolated culture" or "substantially purified culture" is at least 60% free, preferably at least 75%, and more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, and most preferably at least 99% free of other substances normally found in the natural habitat in which the strain grows and/or from which the strain can usually be obtained. Such "isolated culture" or "essentially purified culture" usually does not contain any other microorganism in quantities sufficient to prevent the replication of the strain according to the invention.

The strains of Paenibacillus used in the mixtures according to the invention can be cultivated continuously or intermittently in a batch process or in a fed-batch process or a repeated fed-batch process. An overview of the known cultivation methods can be found in the manual from Chmiel (Bioprozesstechnik 1. Einfuhrung in die Biooverfahrenstechnik (Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991)) or in the manual from Storhas (Bioreaktoren und periphere Einrichtungen (Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1994)).

The medium that is used for culturing the microorganism must meet the requirements for specific strains as appropriate. Description of culture media for various microorganisms is presented in the manual "Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology" of the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D.C., USA, 1981).

These media, which can be used in accordance with the invention, usually contain one or more carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, vitamins and/or trace elements. Preferred carbon sources are sugars such as mono-, di- or polysaccharides. Very good carbon sources are, for example, glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, ribose, sorbose, ribulose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, raffinose, starch or cellulose. Sugars can also be added to the medium using complex compounds such as molasses or other by-products of sugar refining. It may also be advantageous to add mixtures of different carbon sources. Other possible sources of carbon are oils and fats such as soybean oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil and coconut oil, fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid or linoleic acid, alcohols such as glycerol, methanol or ethanol, and organic acids. such as acetic acid or lactic acid. Nitrogen sources are usually organic or inorganic nitrogen compounds or substances containing these compounds. Examples of nitrogen sources include gaseous ammonia or ammonium salts such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate or ammonium nitrate, nitrates, urea, amino acids, or complex nitrogen sources such as liquid corn extract, soy flour, soy protein, yeast extract, meat extract and others. Nitrogen sources can be used separately or as a mixture. Inorganic salt compounds that may be present in the media contain chloride, phosphate or sulfate salts of calcium, magnesium, sodium, cobalt, molybdenum, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron. As sources of sulfur, inorganic sulfur compounds such as sulfates, sulfites, dithionites, tetrathionates, thiosulfates, sulfides, as well as organic sulfur compounds such as mercaptans and thiols can be used. As sources of phosphorus, phosphoric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate or potassium hydrogen orthophosphate or the corresponding sodium-containing salts can be used. Chelating agents can be added to the medium to keep the metal ions in solution. Particularly suitable chelating agents include dihydroxyphenols such as catechol or protoca-techat, or organic acids such as citric acid. The fermentation media used according to the invention may also contain other growth factors such as vitamins or growth promoters, which include, for example, biotin, riboflavin, thiamine, folic acid, nicotinic acid, pantothenate and pyridoxine. Growth factors and salts are often derived from complex media components such as yeast extract, molasses, corn slurry, and others. Additionally, acceptable precursors can be added to the culture medium. The exact composition of the compounds in the medium essentially depends on the specific experiment and must be determined individually for each specific case. Information regarding media optimization can be found in the manual "Applied Microbiol. Physiology, A Practical Approach" (P. M. Rhodes, P. F. Stanbury, IRL Press (1997) pp. 53-73, ISBN 0 19 963577 3). Growth media can also be obtained from commercial manufacturers such as Standard 1 (Merck) or BHI (brain heart extract, DIFCO), etc.

Preferred growth media that can be used in accordance with the invention include one or more carbon sources selected from L-arabinose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-galactose, L-aspartic acid, D-trehalose, D- mannose, glycerol, D-gluconic acid, D-xylose, D-mannitol, D-ribose, D-fructose, α-D-glucose, maltose, D-melibiose, thymidine, α-methyl-D-galactoside, α-D -lactose, lactulose, sucrose, uridine, α-hydroxy-glutaric acid-γ-lactone, β-methyl-D-glucoside, adonitol, maltotriose, 2-deoxyadenosine, adenosine, citric acid, mucic acid, D-cellobiose, inosine, L-serine, L-alanylglycine, D-galacturonic acid, α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, dextrin, inulin, pectin, amygdalin, gentiobiose, lactitol, D-melesitose, α-methyl-D-glucoside, β-methyl-D α-galactoside, β-methyl-D-xyloside, palatinose, D-raffinose, stachyose, turanose, γ-aminobutyric acid, D-gluosamine, D-lactic acid, L-lysine, 3-hydroxy 2-butanone; and one or more nitrogen sources selected from ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, glycine, amino acids: Ala-Asp, AlaGln, Ala-Glu , Ala-His, Gly-Gln, Gly-Glu, Gly-Met and Met-Ala; in particular nitrate. These media can be supplemented with inorganic salts and vitamins and/or trace elements. The strains are capable of producing Fusaricidins 1A and 1B in these growth media.

All media components are sterilized either by heating (20 min, at 2.0 bar and 121° C.) or by sterile filtration. The components can be sterilized either together or, if necessary, separately. All of the media components may be present at the start of the growth, or may optionally be added continuously or intermittently.

The temperature of the culture is usually in the range from 15°C to 36°C, preferably from 25°C to 33°C, and it can be kept constant or can be changed during the experiment. The pH value of the medium should be in the range from 5 to 8.5, preferably about 7.0. During cultivation, the growth pH can be controlled by adding alkaline compounds such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia or ammonia water, or acidic compounds such as phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid. Antifoam agents such as fatty acid polyglycol esters can be used to control foaming. To maintain the stability of the plasmids, suitable selective substances, such as antibiotics, can be added to the medium. To maintain aerobic conditions, oxygen or gas mixtures containing oxygen, such as atmospheric air, are introduced into the culture. The temperature of the culture is usually from 20°C to 45°C. The culture is maintained until the maximum of the desired product is formed. Typically, this is achieved within 10 hours to 160 hours.

In particular, the strains according to the invention can be cultured in various standard microbiological media such as Luria-Bertani broth (LB), trypticase-soy broth (TSB), yeast extract/malt extract/glucose broth (YMG, ISP2) at 15°C. C to 36°C for 18 to 360 hours in a liquid medium or in media with solidified agar on a Petri dish. Aeration may be required. The bacterial cells (vegetative cells and spores) can be washed and concentrated (eg, by centrifugation at temperatures of about 15 to 30° C. for about 15 minutes at 7,000×g).

The invention also relates to mixtures containing as component 1) a culture medium which can be obtained by growing at least one strain of Paenibacillus as defined in one of the preferred embodiments above in the medium and separating the medium from the culture broth (thus remaining after how grown cells are removed from whole culture broth), e.g., whole culture broth supernatant, i.e., liquid broth remaining after grown cells and other residues are removed by centrifugation, filtration, sedimentation, or other methods well known in the art. The supernatant can be obtained, for example, by centrifugation at temperatures from about 2 to 30°C (more preferably at temperatures from about 4 to 20°C) for about 10 to 60 minutes. (more preferably about 15 to 30 minutes) at about 5,000 to 20,000 x g (more preferably at about 15,000 x g).

This culture medium contains pesticidal metabolites that are produced by the cultivated strain.

The invention also relates to mixtures containing as component 1) a cell-free extract obtained from at least one Paenibacillus strain as defined in one of the preferred embodiments above. To obtain a cell-free extract, the strain can be cultured as described above. Cells can also be disrupted by high frequency ultrasound, high pressure such as a high pressure French cell, osmolysis, detergents, lytic enzymes or organic solvents, homogenizers, or a combination of several of these methods. The extraction can be carried out preferably with an organic solvent or a mixture of solvents, more preferably an alcohol (eg methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol or the like), even more preferably with 2-propanol (eg in a ratio of 1:1 to the amount of culture). Phase separation can be enhanced by the addition of salts such as NaCl. The organic phase may be collected and the solvent or solvent mixture may be removed by conventional distillation and/or drying, followed by resuspension in methanol and filtration.

Such an extract contains pesticidal metabolites which are produced by the cultivated strain.

Pesticide metabolites which are specific to the strains of the invention can be isolated from such a medium or extract according to conventional methods, in particular when the strains according to the invention have been cultured as described above.

The methodology of the present invention may further include the step of recovering individual pesticidal metabolites.

The term "recovery" includes the extraction, collection, isolation or purification of a compound from culture media or cell-free extracts. Recovery of the compound may be carried out according to any conventional isolation or purification technique known in the art, including, but not limited to, treatment with a conventional resin (e.g., an anion or cation exchange resin, a nonionic adsorption resin, etc.). ), treatment with a common adsorbent (e.g., activated carbon, silicic acid, silica gel, cellulose, alumina, etc.), pH change, solvent extraction (e.g., with a common solvent such as alcohol, ethyl acetate, hexane, etc.). etc.), distillation, dialysis, filtration, concentration, crystallization, recrystallization, pH adjustment, lyophilization, and the like. For example, metabolites can be recovered from culture media by first removing the microorganisms. The remaining broth is then passed through or over a cation exchange resin to remove unwanted cations and then through or over an anion exchange resin to remove unwanted inorganic anions and organic acids.

Therefore, the invention also relates to a mixture containing as component 1) a whole culture broth of a microorganism containing at least one fusaricidin of formula I, preferably selected from fusaricidins 1A and 1B, in particular said whole culture broth contains fusaricidins 1A and 1B.

In accordance with a further embodiment, the invention also relates to a mixture containing as component 1) a whole culture broth of a Paenibacillus microorganism strain containing at least one fusaricidin of formula I, preferably selected from fusaricidins 1A and 1B, in particular said whole culture broth contains Fusaricidins 1A and 1B.

These fusaricidin-type metabolites are secreted into the culture medium of the corresponding microorganism capable of producing it.

Therefore, the invention also relates to a mixture containing as component 1) a culture medium and/or a cell-free extract of a microorganism containing at least one fusaricidin of formula I, preferably selected from fusaricidins 1A and 1B, in particular said culture medium and/or cell-free extract contains fusaricidins 1A and 1B.

In accordance with a further embodiment, the invention also relates to a mixture containing as component 1) a culture medium and/or a cell-free extract of a microorganism from the genus Paenibacillus containing at least one fusaricidin of formula I, preferably selected from fusaricidins 1A and 1B, in particular said culture medium and/or cell-free extract contains fusaricidins 1A and 1B.

According to a further embodiment, the invention also relates to a mixture containing as component 1) a culture medium and/or a cell-free extract of at least one strain of Paenibacillus according to the invention, as defined in one of the preferred embodiments above, containing at least one fusaricidin formula I as defined above, preferably selected from fusaricidins 1A and 1B, in particular said culture medium and/or cell-free extract contains fusaricidins 1A and 1B.

In addition, the invention relates to agrochemical compositions containing an adjuvant as defined below and to a mixture according to the invention containing as component 1) at least one bacterial strain, whole culture broth, cell-free extract, culture medium and/or fusaricidin of formula I, as defined in one of the preferred embodiments above, respectively.

Used in this application, the term "composition" in relation to the product (microbial strain, agent or composition) in accordance with the present invention refers to a combination of ingredients, and the concept of "formulation" is the process of using a formula, such as a recipe, for a combination of ingredients added to form the composition. Such a composition is also referred to in this application as a composition.

Mixtures containing as component 1) bacterial strains, whole culture broths, cell-free extracts, culture media, fusaricidins of formula I as defined in one of the preferred embodiments above, and as component 2) at least one chemical pesticide as defined in one of the preferred embodiments above; and the compositions according to the invention are suitably suitable as antifungals or fungicides. They are distinguished by excellent efficacy against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi, including soil fungi, which in particular belong to the classes of Plasmodiophoromycetes, Peronosporomycetes (syn. oomycetes), Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes (syn. imperfect fungi). Some are systemically effective and can be used for plant protection as foliar, dressing and soil fungicides. Moreover, they are suitable for the control of harmful fungi which, among other things, infect wood or plant roots.

The mixtures and accordingly the compositions according to the invention are particularly important for the control of a variety of phytopathogenic fungi on various cultivated plants such as crops, for example wheat, rye, barley, triticale, oats or rice; beet, for example, sugar or fodder beet; fruits such as pome fruits, stone fruits and berries, for example apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, currants or gooseberries; legumes such as lentils, peas, alfalfa or soybeans; oil plants such as rapeseed, mustard, olives, sunflowers, coconut, cocoa beans, castor beans, oil palms, peanuts or soybeans; cucurbits such as pumpkin, cucumbers or melons; fibrous plants such as cotton, flax, hemp or jute; citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits or tangerines; vegetable plants such as spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbage plants, carrots, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, pumpkins or capsicums; bay plants such as avocado, cinnamon or camphor; energy and raw material plants such as corn, soybean, rapeseed, sugarcane or oil palm; corn; tobacco; nuts; coffee; tea; bananas; grapes (table and juice grapes, wine grapes); hop; turf; sweet grass (also called stevia); natural rubber plants or ornamental and woodland plants such as flowers, shrubs, deciduous trees or evergreens such as conifers, and on plant propagation material such as seeds and harvested crops of these plants.

Preferably, mixtures and accordingly compositions according to the invention are used to control a variety of fungi on field crops such as potatoes, beets, tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, corn, cotton, soybeans, rapeseed, legumes, sunflowers. , coffee or sugar cane; fruits, vines; ornamental plants; or vegetable crops such as cucumbers, tomatoes, beans or pumpkins.

The term "plant propagation material" should be understood to mean all generative parts of a plant, such as seeds and vegetative parts of plants, such as cuttings and tubers (eg potatoes), which can be used to propagate a plant. These include seeds, roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, shoots and other parts of plants, including seedlings and young plants that are transplanted after germination or emergence. These young plants can also be protected before replanting by full or partial treatment by dipping or watering.

Preferably, the treatment of plant propagation materials with strains, whole culture broths, cell-free extracts, culture media, fusaricidins of formula I; and accordingly their compositions are used to control a variety of fungi on cereals such as wheat, rye, barley and oats; rice, corn, cotton and soybeans.

The term "crop plants" also covers those plants that have been modified through cultivation, mutagenesis, or genetic engineering methods, including, but not limited to, biotechnological agricultural products that are on the market or in development (see, http://cera-gmc. org/, see GM crop database there). Genetically modified plants are plants whose genetic material has been altered in a manner using recombinant DNA technology that, under natural conditions, cannot be readily obtained by crossing, mutation or natural recombination. Typically, one or more genes have been integrated into the genetic material of a genetically modified plant in order to improve some property of the plant. Such genetic modifications also include, but are not limited to, post-translational modifications of protein(s), oligo- or polypeptides, for example by glycosylation or polymer additions such as prenylated, acetylated or farnesylated moieties or PEG moieties.

Plants that have been modified through breeding, mutagenesis, or genetic engineering techniques, for example, have become resistant to certain classes of herbicides, such as auxin herbicides such as dicamba or 2,4-D; bleaching herbicides such as hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors or phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors; acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors such as sulfonylurea or imidazolinones; enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP) inhibitors such as glyphosate; glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitors such as glufosinate; protoporphyrinogen-IX oxidase inhibitors; lipid biosynthesis inhibitors such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors; or oxynil herbicides (i.e., bromoxynil or ioxynil) as a result of conventional cultivation methods or genetic engineering. In addition, plants have been produced that, through various genetic modifications, are resistant to many classes of herbicides, for example, resistant to glyphosate and glufosinate, or to glyphosate and a herbicide from another class, such as ALS inhibitors, HPPD inhibitors, auxin herbicides and inhibitors. ACCase. These herbicide tolerance technologies are described in, for example, Pest Managem. sci. 61, 2005, 246; 61, 2005, 258; 61, 2005, 277; 61, 2005, 269; 61, 2005, 286; 64, 2008, 326; 64, 2008, 332; Weed Sc. 57, 2009, 108; Austral. J. Agricult. Res. 58, 2007, 708; Science 316, 2007, 1185; and in the references cited there. Through conventional cultivation methods (mutagenesis), some crop plants have developed resistance to herbicides, such as Clearfield® rape (Canola, BASF SE, Germany), which is resistant to imidazolinones, such as imazamox, or ExpressSun® sunflower (DuPont, USA), which has resistance to sulfonylureas, such as tribenuron. Genetic engineering techniques have been used to make crops such as soybeans, cotton, corn, beets, and rapeseed resistant to herbicides such as glyphosate, dicamba, imidazolinones, and glufosinate, some of which are in development or are commercially available under trade names. RoudupReady® (glyphosate resistant, Monsanto, USA), Cultivance® (imidazolinone resistant, BASF SE, Germany) and Liberty Link® (glufosinate resistant, Bayer CropScience, Germany).

Also included are plants which, through the use of recombinant DNA technologies, are capable of synthesizing one or more insecticidal proteins, in particular those known from the bacterial genus Bacillus, in particular Bacillus thuringiensis, such as δ-endotoxins, e.g. CryIA(b), CryIA(c ), CryIF, CryIF(a2), CryIIA(b), CryIIIA, CryIIIB(b1) or Cry9c; vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIPs), eg VIP1, VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A; insecticidal proteins of bacterial colonized nematodes, for example Photorhabdus spp. or Xenorhabdus spp.; animal-produced toxins such as scorpion toxins, spider toxins, wasp toxins, or other insect-specific neurotoxins; toxins produced by fungi such as streptomycete toxins; plant lectins such as pea or barley lectins; agglutinins; proteinase inhibitors such as trypsin inhibitors, serine protease inhibitors, patatin, nystatin or papain inhibitors; ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) such as ricin, corn RIBs, abrin, luffin, saporin, or bryodin; steroid metabolism enzymes such as 3-hydroxysteroid oxidase, ecdysteroid IDP glycosyl transferase, cholesterol oxidase, ecdysone or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors; ion channel blockers such as sodium or calcium channel inhibitors; juvenile hormone esterase; diuretic hormone receptors (helicokinin receptors); stilbensynthase, bibenzyl synthase, chitinases and glucanases. In the context of the present invention, these insecticidal proteins or toxins are to be explicitly understood as also pretoxins, fusion proteins, truncated or otherwise modified proteins. Fusion proteins are distinguished by a novel combination of protein domains (see, for example, WO 02/015701). Other examples of such toxins or genetically modified plants capable of synthesizing such toxins are disclosed, for example, in EP-A 374 753, WO 93/007278, WO 95/34656, EP-A 427529, EP-A 451878, WO 03/18810 and WO 03/52073. Methods for obtaining such genetically modified plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the above publications. These insecticidal proteins, found in genetically modified plants, confer resistance to animal pests from all taxonomic classes of arthropods, in particular to beetles (Coeloptera), dipterans (Diptera), and lepidoptera (Lepidoptera) and to nematodes (Nematoda). Genetically modified plants capable of synthesizing one or more insecticidal proteins are described, for example, in the above publications, and some of them are commercially available, such as ^YieldGard® (corn varieties that produce the Cry1Ab toxin), YieldGard Plus (corn varieties that produce Cry1Ab and Cry3Bb1 toxins, Starlink ^® (maize varieties that produce Cry9c toxin), Herculex RW (maize varieties that produce Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1 toxins and the enzyme phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase [PAT]); NuCOTN 33B (cotton varieties, that produce Cry1Ac toxin), Bollgard ^® I (cotton varieties that produce Cry1Ac toxin), Bollgard II (cotton varieties that produce Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 toxins); VIPCOT ^® (cotton varieties that produce VIP toxin); NewLeaf ^® (potato varieties that produce Cry3A toxin); Bt-Xtra ^® , NatureGard ^® , KnockOut ^® , BiteGard ^® , Protecta ^® , Bt11 (e.g. Agrisure ^® CB) and Bt1l76 from Syngenta Seeds SAS, France, (maize varieties that produce Cry1Ab toxin and PAT enzyme), MIR604 from Syngenta Seeds SAS, France (corn varieties that produce a modified version of the Cry3A toxin, see WO 03/018810), MON 863 from Monsanto Europe SA, Belgium (corn varieties that produce the Cry3Bb1 toxin), IPC 531 from Monsanto Europe SA, Belgium (cotton varieties that produce a modified version of the Cry1Ac toxin); and 1507 from Pioneer Overseas Corporation, Belgium (corn varieties that produce the Cry1F toxin and the PAT enzyme).

Also included are plants that, through the use of recombinant DNA technologies, are capable of synthesizing one or more proteins that confer increased resistance or resistance to bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens. Examples of such proteins are the so-called "pathogenesis-dependent proteins" (PR proteins, see e.g. EP-A 392225), plant disease resistance genes (e.g. potato varieties which express resistance genes active against Phytophthora infestans, derived from Mexican wild potato Solanum bulbocastanum) or T4-lysozyme (for example, potato varieties that are able to synthesize these proteins with increased resistance to bacteria such as Erwinia amylvord). Methods for obtaining such genetically modified plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the above publications.

Also included are plants that, through the use of recombinant DNA technologies, are capable of synthesizing one or more proteins to improve productivity (e.g., biomass production, grain yield, starch content, oil content, or protein content), tolerance to drought, salinity, or other limiting factors. environment or the resistance of such plants to animal pests and fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens.

In addition, also included are plants that, through the use of recombinant DNA technology, contain a modified amount of contained substances or new substances, in particular to improve the nutrition of humans and animals, for example, oilseed crops that produce healthy long-chain omega-3 fatty acids or unsaturated omega -9-fatty acids (eg ^Nexera® rapeseed, DOW Agro Sciences, Canada).

In addition, also included are plants which, due to the use of recombinant DNA technologies, contain a modified amount of contained substances or new substances, in particular to improve the production of raw material, for example, potatoes that produce increased amounts of amylopectin (for example, potatoes Amflora ^® , BASF SE, Germany).

The mixtures and/or compositions according to the invention are particularly suitable for the control of the following plant diseases:

Albugo spp. (white rust) on ornamentals, vegetables (eg A. candida) and sunflowers (eg A. tragopogonis); Alternaria spp. (Alternaria leaf spot) on vegetables, rapeseed (A. brassicola or brassicae), sugar beet {A. tenuis), fruits, rice, soybeans, potatoes (eg A. solani or A. alternated), tomatoes (eg A. solani or A. alternata) and wheat; Aphanomyces spp. on sugar beets and vegetables; Ascochyta spp. on cereals and vegetables, eg A. tritici (anthracnose) on wheat and A. hordei on barley; Bipolaris spp. and Drechslera spp. (teleomorph: Cochliobolus spp.), e.g. corn leaf spot (e.g. D. maydis), or helminthosporium leaf blight (B. zeicola) on corn, e.g. helminthosporium root rot (B. sorokiniana) on cereals and, eg B. oryzae on rice and sod; Blumeria (formerly Erysiphe) graminis (powdery mildew) on cereals (eg wheat or barley); Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana: gray mold) on fruits and berries (eg strawberries), vegetables (eg lettuce, carrots, celery and cabbage), rapeseed, flowers, vines, forest crops and wheat; Bremia lactucae (downy mildew) on lettuce; Ceratocystis spp. (syn. Ophiostoma) (rot or wilt) on deciduous and evergreen trees, eg C. ulmi (Dutch elm disease) on elms; Cercospora spp. (Cercospora leaf spot) on corn (e.g. gray leaf spot: C. zeae-maydis), rice, sugar beets (e.g. C. beticola), sugarcane, vegetables, coffee, soybeans (e.g. C. sojina or C. kikuchii) and rice; Cladosporium spp. on tomatoes (eg C. fulvum: leaf mold) and cereals, eg C. herbarum (olive mold) on wheat; Claviceps purpurea (ergot) on cereals; Cochliobolus spp. (anamorph: Helminthosporium from Bipolaris) (leaf spot) on corn (C. carbonum), cereals (e.g. C. sativus, anamorph: B. sorokiniana) and rice (e.g. C. miyabeanus, anamorph: H. oryzae) ; Colletotrichum spp. (teleomorph: Glomerella) (anthracnose) on cotton (e.g. C. gossypii), maize (e.g. C. graminicola: anthracnose stem rot), berries, potatoes (e.g. C. coccodes: anthracnose of potatoes and tomatoes), beans (eg C. lindemuthianum) and soybeans (eg C. truncatum or C. gloeosporioides species); Corticium, eg C. sasakii (stem and sheath blight) on rice; Corynespora cassiicola (black spot) on soybeans and ornamental plants; Cycloconium spp., eg C. oleaginum on olive trees; Cylindrocarpon spp. (eg necrosis of fruit trees or vines, teleomorph: Nectria or Neonectria spp.) on fruit trees, vines (eg C. liriodendri, teleomorph: Neonectria liriodendri: blackleg disease) and ornamental plants; Dematophora necatrix (teleomorph: Rosellinia) (root and stem rot) on soybeans; Diaporthe spp., eg D. phaseolorum (blackleg) on soybeans; Drechslera spp. (syn. Helminthosporium, teleomorph: Pyrenophora) on corn, cereals such as barley (eg D. teres, net spot) and wheat (eg D. tritici-repentis: pyrenophorosis), rice and turf; Esca on vines caused by Formitiporia (syn. Phellinus) punctata, F. mediterranea, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (formerly Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum), Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and/or Botryosphaeria obtusa; Elsinoe spp. on pome fruits (E. pyri), berry fruits (E. veneta: anthracnose) and vines (E. ampelina: anthracnose); Entyloma oryzae (leaf smut) on rice; Epicoccum spp. (black mold) on wheat; Erysiphe spp. (powdery mildew) on sugar beets (E. betae), vegetables (eg E. pi si) such as cucurbits (eg E. cichoracearum), cabbage, rapeseed (eg E. cruciferarum); Eutypa lata (eutyposis, cancer or dieback, anamorph: Cytosporinalata, syn. Libertella blepharis) on fruit trees, vines and ornamental shrubs; Exserohilum spp. (syn. Helminthosporium) on corn (eg E. turcicum); Fusarium spp. (teleomorph: Gibberella) (wilt, root or stem rot) on various plants, such as F. graminearum or F. culmorum (root rot, scab or Fusarium) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley), F. oxysporum on tomatoes, F. solani (a cl. species of glycine now syn. F. virguliforme) and F. tucumaniae and F. brasiliense, each causing sudden death syndrome on soybeans and F. verticillioides on corn; Gaeumannomyces graminis (damping off) on cereals (eg wheat or barley) and corn; Gibberella spp. on cereals (eg G. zeae) and rice (eg G. fujikuroi: Bakanae disease); Glomerella cingulata on vines, pome fruits and other plants and G. gossypii on cotton; grain coloring complex on rice; Guignardia bidwellii (black rot) on vines; Gymnosporangium spp. on rosaceae and junipers, eg G. sabinae (rust) on pears; Helminthosporium species (syn. Drechslera, teleomorph: Cochliobolus) on corn, cereals and rice; Hemileia spp., eg H. vastatrix (coffee leaf rust) on coffee; Isariopsis clavispora (syn. Cladosporium vitis) on vines; Macrophomina phaseolina (syn. phaseoli) (root and stem rot) on soybeans and cotton; Microdochium (syn. Fusarium) nivale (pink snow mold) on cereals (eg wheat or barley); Microsphaera diffusa (powdery mildew) on soybeans; Monilinia spp., eg M. laxa, M. fructicola and M. fructigena (dryness of flowers and leaf tips, brown rot) on stone fruits and other rosaceous plants; Mycosphaerella spp. on cereals, bananas, berries and peanuts, such as, for example, M. graminicola (anamorph: Septoria tritici, Septoria blotch) on wheat or M. fijiensis (Black Sigatoka disease) on bananas; Peronospora spp. (downy mildew) on cabbages (eg P. brassicae), rape (eg P. parasitica), bulbs (eg P. destructor), tobacco (P. tabacina) and soybeans (eg P. manshurica); Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae (soybean rust) on soybeans; Phialophora spp., for example, on vines (eg P. tracheiphila and P. tetraspora) and soybeans (eg P. gregata: stem rot); Phoma lingam (root and stem rot) on rapeseed and cabbage and P. betae (root rot, black spot and blackleg) on sugar beets; Phomopsis spp. on sunflowers, vines (eg P. viticola: black spot) and soybeans (eg stem rot: P. phaseoli, teleomorph: Diaporthe phaseolorum); Physoderma maydis (brown spot) on corn; Phytophthora spp. (wilt, root, leaf, fruit and stem rot) on various plants such as paprika and cucurbits (eg P. capsici), soybeans (eg P. megasperma, syn. P. sojae), potatoes and tomatoes (eg P. infestans: late blight) and hardwood trees (eg P. gatogit: sudden oak death); Plasmodiophora brassicae (Kila) on cabbage, rapeseed, radish and other plants; Plasmopara spp., eg P. viticola (vine downy mildew) on vines and P. halstedii on sunflowers; Podosphaera spp. (powdery mildew) on rosaceae, hops, pome fruits and berries, eg P. leucotricha on apple trees; Polymyxa spp., for example, on cereals such as barley and wheat (P. graminis) and sugar beet (P. betae) and the resulting viral diseases; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (eye spot, teleomorph: Tapesia yallundae) on cereals such as wheat or barley; Pseudoperonospora (downy mildew) on various plants, eg P. cubensis on cucurbits or P. humili on hops; Pseudopezicula tracheiphila (vine leaf rubella, anamorph: Phialophora) on vines; Puccinia spp. (rust) on various plants, e.g. P. triticina (brown or leaf rust), P. striiformis (band or yellow rust), P. hordei (dwarf rust), P. graminis (stem or black rust) or P reconduct (brown or leaf rust) on cereals such as, for example, wheat, barley or rye, P. kuehnii (orange rust) on sugarcane and P. asparagi on asparagus; Pyrenophora (anamorph: Drechslera) tritici-repentis (pyrenophorosis) on wheat or P. teres (net spot) on barley; Pyricularia spp., eg P. oryzae (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea, rice blast) on rice and P. grisea on turf and cereals; Pythium spp. (blackleg) on turf, rice, corn, wheat, cotton, rape, sunflower, soybeans, sugar beets, vegetables and other plants (eg P. ultimum or P. aphanidermatum); Ramularia spp., eg R. collo-cygni (ramularia black spot, physiological black spot) on barley and R. beticola on sugar beet; Rhizoctonia spp. on cotton, rice, potatoes, turf, corn, rapeseed, tomatoes, sugar beets, vegetables and other plants, e.g. R. solani (root and stem rot) on soybeans, R. solani (stem and sheath rhizoctoniosis) on rice or R. cerealis (rhizoctoniosis) on wheat or barley; Rhizopus stolonifer (black mold, soft rot) on strawberries, carrots, cabbages, vines and tomatoes; Rhynchosporium secalis (Rhynchosporus scorch) on barley, rye and triticale; Sarocladium oryzae and S. attenuatum (sheath rot) on rice; Sclerotinia spp. (stem rot or white rot) on vegetables and field crops such as rapeseed, sunflowers (eg S. sclerotiorum) and soybeans (eg S. rolfsii or S. sclerotiorum); Septoria spp. on various plants, eg S. glycines (brown spot) on soybeans, S. tritici (septoria spot) on wheat, and S. (syn. Stagonospora) nodorum (stagonospora spot) on cereals; Uncinula necator (syn. Erysiphe) (powdery mildew, anamorph: Oidium tuckeri) on vines; Setospaeria spp. (leaf spot) on corn (e.g. S. turcicum, syn. Helminthosporium turcicum) and turf; Sphacelotheca spp. (smut) on corn, (eg S. reiliana: smut smut), sorghum and sugarcane; Sphaerotheca fuliginea (powdery mildew) on cucurbits; Spongospora subterranea (powdery scab) on potatoes and resulting viral diseases; Stagonospora spp. on cereals, eg S. nodorum (stagonospore spot, teleomorph: Leptosphaeria [syn. Phaeosphaeria] nodorum) on wheat; Synchytrium endobioticum on potatoes (potato cancer); Taphrina species, eg T. deformans (leaf curl) on peaches and T. pruni (plum pockets) on plums; Thielaviopsis spp. (black root rot) on tobacco, pome fruits, vegetables, soybeans and cotton, eg T. basicola (syn. Chalara elegans); Tilletia spp. (bunt or stink smut) on cereals, such as, for example, T. tritici (syn. T. caries, bunt of wheat) and T. controversa (dwarf smut) on wheat; Typhula incarnata (grey snow mold) on barley or wheat; Urocystis spp., eg U. occulta (stem smut) on rye; Uromyces spp. (rust) on vegetables such as beans (eg U. appendiculatus, syn. U. phaseoli) and sugar beets (eg U. betae); Ustilago spp. (loose smut) on cereals (eg U. nuda and U. avaenae), corn (eg U. maydis: blister smut) and sugar cane; Venturia spp. (scab) on apple trees (eg V. inaequalis) and pears; and Verticillium spp. (wilt) on various plants such as fruits and ornamental plants, vines, berries, vegetables and field crops, eg V. dahliae on strawberries, rapeseed, potatoes and tomatoes.

The mixtures and compositions according to the invention are suitably also suitable for the control of harmful pathogens, especially fungi, for the protection of stocks or harvested crops, and for the protection of materials. The term "protection of materials" should be understood to include the protection of technical and non-living materials such as, for example, adhesives, adhesives, wood, paper and cardboard, textiles, leather, dye dispersions, synthetic materials, cutting fluids, fibers and tissues from damage and destruction by harmful microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria. When protecting wood and materials, the following harmful fungi are taken into account in particular: ascomycetes such as Ophiostoma spp., Ceratocystis spp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Sclerophoma spp., Chaetomium spp., Humicola spp., Petriella spp., Trichurus spp.; basidiomycetes such as Coniophora spp., Coriolus spp., Gloeophyllum spp., Lentinus spp., Pleurotus spp., Poria spp., Serpula spp. and Tyromyces spp., deuteromycetes such as Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp. ., Trichorma spp., Alternaria spp., Paecilomyces spp. and zygomycetes such as Mucor spp., and in addition, when protecting stored products, the following yeast fungi: Candida spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The treatment method according to the invention can also be applied in the field of protecting stored products or crops from contamination by fungi and micro-organisms. In accordance with the present invention, the concept of "stored products" should be understood as natural substances of plant or animal origin and their processed forms, which have been taken from the natural life cycle, and which require long-term protection. Stored products originating from crops, such as plants or parts thereof, such as stems, leaves, tubers, seeds, fruits or grains, may be protected freshly harvested or processed, such as pre-dried, moistened, ground , ground, pressed, or toasted, a process also known as post-harvest. Also included under the concept of stored products is timber, either in the form of raw timber, such as construction timber, electric poles and barriers, or finished products, such as furniture or objects made from wood. The stored products of animal origin are hides, skins, furs, wool, etc. Combinations according to the present invention can prevent adverse effects such as decay, discoloration or decay. Preferably, "stored products" are natural plant materials and their processed forms, more preferably fruits and their processed forms, such as apples, stone fruits, berries and citrus fruits, and their processed forms.

The mixtures and compositions according to the invention are particularly useful for controlling a variety of phytopathogenic insects or other animal pests (e.g. lepidoptera, beetles, dipterans, thrips, heteroptera, hemiptera, proboscis, termites, orthopterans, arachnids and nematodes) on various cultivated plants. such as cereals such as wheat, rye, barley, triticale, oats or rice; beet, for example, sugar or fodder beet; fruit crops such as pome fruits, stone fruits and berries, for example apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, currants or gooseberries; legumes such as lentils, peas, alfalfa or soybeans; oil plants such as rapeseed, mustard, olives, sunflowers, coconut, cocoa beans, castor beans, oil palms, peanuts or soybeans; cucurbits such as pumpkin, cucumbers or melons; fibrous plants such as cotton, flax, hemp or jute; citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits or tangerines; vegetable plants such as spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbage plants, carrots, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, squash or capsicum; bay plants such as avocado, cinnamon or camphor; energy and raw material plants such as corn, soybean, rapeseed, sugarcane or oil palm; corn; tobacco; nuts; coffee; tea; bananas; grapes (table and juice grapes, wine grapes); hop; turf; natural rubber plants or ornamental and woodland plants such as flowers, shrubs, deciduous trees or evergreens such as conifers, and on plant propagation material such as seeds and harvested crops of these plants.

Preferably, the mixtures and compositions according to the invention are used to control a variety of pests on crops, such as potatoes, sugar beets, tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, corn, cotton, soybeans, rapeseed, legumes, sunflowers, coffee. or sugarcane; fruit, grape; ornamental plants; or vegetable crops such as cucumbers, tomatoes, beans or pumpkins.

The mixtures according to the invention and, accordingly, their compositions are particularly suitable for controlling the following harmful insects from the order

Lepidoptera, e.g. Agrotis ypsilon, Agrotis segetum, Alabama argillacea, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Argyresthia conjugella, Autographa gamma, Bupalus piniarius, Cacoecia murinana, Capua reticulana, Cheimatobia brumata, Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura occidentalis, Cirphis uni puncta, Cydia po-monella , Dendrolimus pini, Diaphania nitidalis, Diatraea grandiosella, Earias in-sulana, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Evetria bouliana, Feltia subterranea, Galleria mellonella, Grapholitha funebrana, Grapholitha molesta, Heli-othis armigera, Heliothis virescens, Heliothis zea, Hellula undalis, Hibernia defoliar-ia, Hyphantria cunea, Hyponomeuta malinellus, Keiferia lycopersicella, Lambdina fiscellaria, Laphygma exigua, Leucoptera coffeella, Leucoptera scitella, Lithocolletis blancardella, Lobesia botrana, Loxostege sticticalis, Lymantria dispar, Lymantria monacha, Lyone tia clerkella, Malacosoma neustria, Mamestra brassicae, Orgyia pseudotsugata, Ostrinia nubilalis, Panolis flammea, Pectinophora gossypiella, Peridroma saucia, Phalera bucephala, Phthorimaea operculella, Phyllocnistis citrella, Pieris brassicae, Plathypena scabra, Plutella xylostella, Pseudoplusia includens, Rhyacionia frustrana, Scrobipalp ula absoluta, Sitotroga cerealella, Sparganothis pilleriana, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera litura, Thaumatopoea pityocampa, Tortrix viridana, Trichoplusia ni and Zeiraphera canadensis,

beetles (Coleoptera), e.g. Agrilus sinuatus, Agriotes lineatus, Agriotes obscurus, Amphimallus solstitialis, Anisandrus dispar, Anthonomus grandis, Anthonomus pomorum, Atomaria linearis, Blastophagus piniperda, Blitophaga undata, Bruchus rufimanus, Bruchus pisorum, Bruchus lentis, Byctis cus betulae, Cassida neb-ulosa, Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Ceuthorrhynchus napi, Chaetocnema tibialis, Conoderus vespertinus, Crioceris asparagi, Diabrotica longicornis, Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica 12-punctata, Diabrotica virgifera, Diloboderus abderus, Epilachna varives tis, Epitrix hirtipennis, Eutinobothrus brasiliensis, Hylobius abietis , Hyper a brunneipennis, Hypera postica, Ips typographus, Lema bilineata, Lema melanopus, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Limonius californicus, Lissorhoptrus ory-zophilus, Melanotus communis, Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha hippocastani, Melol-ontha melolontha, Oulema oryzae, Ortiorrhynchus sulcatus, Oryazophagus oryzae , Otiorrhynchus ovatus, Phaedon cochleariae, Phyllotreta chrysocephala, Phyllophaga sp., Phyllophaga cuyabana, Phyllophaga triticophaga, Phyllopertha horticola, Phyllotreta nemorum, Phyllotreta striolata, Popillia japonica, Sitona lineatus and Sitophilus granaria,

diptera (Diptera) e.g. oleae, Dasineura brassicae , Gasterophilus intestinalis, Glossina morsitans, Haematobia irritans, Haplodiplosis equestris, Hylemyia platura, Hypoderma lineata, Liriomyza sativae, Liriomyza trifolii, Lucilia caprina, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, Lycoria pectoralis, Mayetiola destructor, Musca domestica, Muscina stabul ans, Oestrus ovis, Oscinella frit, Pegomya hysocyami, Phorbia antiqua, Phorbia brassicae, Phorbia coarctata, Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis pomonella, Tabanus bovinus, Tipula oleracea and Tipula paludosa,

thrips (Thysanoptera), e.g. Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella tritici, Scirtothrips citri, Thrips oryzae, Thrips palmi and Thrips tabaci,

Hymenoptera, e.g. Acromyrmex ambuguus, Acromyrmex crassispinus, Acromyrmex heiery, Acromyrmex landolti, Acromyrmex subterraneus, Athalia rosae, Atta capiguara, Atta cephalotes, Atta laevigata, Atta robusta, Atta sexdens, Atta texana, Hoplocampa minuta, Hoplocampa testudinea, Monomorium pharaonis, Solenopsis geminata and Solenopsis invicta,

Bed bugs (Heteroptera), e.g. Acrosternum hilare, Blissus leucopterus, Cyrtopeltis notatus, Dichelops furcatus, Dysdercus cingulatus, Dysdercus intermedins, Euchistos heros, Eurygaster integriceps, Euschistus impictiventris, Leptoglossus phyllopus, Lygus lineolaris, Lygus pratensis, Nezara viridula , Piesma quadrata, Piezodorus guildini, Solubea insularis and Thyanta perditor,

Hemiptera and Homoptera, e.g. Acrosternum hilare, Blissus leucopterus, Cyrtopeltis notatus, Diaphorina citri, Dysdercus cingulatus, Dysdercus intermedius, Eurygaster integriceps, Euschistus impictiventris, Leptoglossus phyllopus, Lygus lineolaris, Lygus pratensis, Nezara viridula, Piesma quadrata, Solubea insularis, Thyanta perditor , Acyrthosiphon onobrychis, Adelges laricis, Aphidula nasturtii, Aphis fabae, Aphis forbesi, Aphis pomi, Aphis gossypii, Aphis grossulariae, Aphis schneideri, Aphis spiraecola, Aphis sambuci, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aulacorthum solani, Brachycaudus cardui, Brachycaudus he lichrysi, Brachycaudus persicae, Brachycaudus prunicola, Brevicoryne brassicae, Capitophorus horni, Cerosipha gossypii, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Cryptomyzus ribis, Dreyfusia nordmannianae, Dreyfusia piceae, Dysaphis radicola, Dysaulacorthum pseudosolani, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysaphis pyri, Empoasca fabae, Hyalopterus pruni, Hyper omyzus lac-tucae, Macrosiphum avenae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphon rosae, Megoura viciae, Melanaphis pyrarius, Metopolophium dirhodum, Myzodes persicae, Myzus ascalonicus, Myzus cerasi, Myzus varians, Nasonovia ribis-nigri, Nilaparvata lugens, Pemphigus bursarius, Perkinsiella saccharicida, Phorodon humuli, Psylla mali, Psylla piri, Rhopalomyzus ascalonicus, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Rhopalosiphum insertum, Sappaphis mala, Sappaphis mali, Schizaphis graminum, Schizoneura lanuginosa, Sitobion avenae, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Toxoptera aurantiiand, Viteus vitifolii, Cimex lectularius, Cimex hemipterus, Reduvius senilis, Triatoma spp., and Arilus critatus,

termites (Isoptera), e.g. Calotermes flavicollis, Cornitermes cumulans, Heterotermes tenuis, Leucotermes flavipes, Neocapritemes opacus, Procornitermes triacifer; Reticulitermes lucifugus, Syntermes molestus, and Termes natalensis,

Right-winged (orthoptera), for example, Acheta Domestica, Blatta Orientalis, Blattella Germanica, Forficula auricularia, Grylotalpa Gryllotalpa, Locusta Migrato-Aria, Mlanoplus bivittatus, M Elanoplus Femur-Rubrum, Melanoplus Mexicanus, Mela-Noplus Sanguinipes, Melanoplus Spretus, Nomadacris Septemfasciata, Periplaneta americana, Schistocerca americana, Schistocerca peregrina, Stauronotus maroccanus and Tachycines asynamorus,

arachnids, such as spiders, for example, from the families Argasidae, Ixodidae and Sarcoptidae, such as Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma variegatum, Argas persicus, Boophilus annulatus, Boophilus decoloratus, Boophilus microplus, Derma-centor silvarum, Hyalomma truncatum, Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes rubicundus, Ornithodorus moubata, Otobius megnini, Dermanyssus gallinae, Psoroptes ovis, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, Sarcoptes scabiei, and Eriophyidae spp. such as Aculus schlechtendali, Phyllocoptrata oleivora and Eriophyes sheldoni; Tarsonemidae spp. such as Phytonemus pallidus and Polyphagotarsonemus latus; Tenuipalpidae spp. such as Brevipalpus phoenicis; Tempanychidae spp., such as Tempanychus cinnabarinus, Tempanychus kanzawai, Tempanychus pacificus, Tempanychus telarius and Tempanychus urticae, Panonychus ulmi, Panonychus citri and Oligonychus pratensis.

In particular, the mixtures according to the invention are suitable for controlling pests from the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera, Homoptera, Isoptera and Orthoptera.

They are also suitable for the control of the following plant parasitic nematodes such as Javan root nematodes, Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, Meloidogyne exigua, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica and other Meloidogyne species; cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis, Globodera pallida, Globodera tabacum and other species of Globodera, Heterodera avenae, Heterodera glycines, Heterodera schachtii, Heterodera trifolii, and other species of Heterodera; gall-forming nematodes, Anguina funesta, Anguina tritici and other Anguina species; stem and leaf nematodes, Aphelenchoides besseyi, Aphelenchoides fragariae, Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi and other Aphelenchoides species; stinging nematodes, Belonolaimus longicaudatus and other species of Belonolaimus; pine nematodes, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and other Bursaphelenchus species; ringworms, Criconema spp., Criconemella spp., Criconemoides spp., and Mesocriconema spp.; stem and bulb nematodes, Ditylenchus destructor, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Ditylenchus myceliophagus and other Ditylenchus species; awl-nosed nematodes, Dolichodorus spp. snail-like nematodes, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Helicotylenchus multicinctus and other Helicotylenchus spp., Rotylenchus robustus and other Rotylenchus spp.; shell nematodes, Hemicycliophora spp. and Hemicriconemoides spp.; Hirshmanniella spp.; lanceolate nematodes, Hoplolaimus columbus, Hoplolaimus galeatus and other Hoplolaimus species; false root nematodes, Nacobbus aberrans and other Nacobbus species; needle-like nematodes, Longidorus elongates and other Longidorus species; needle nematodes, Paratylenchus species; harmful nematodes, Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus coffeae, Pratylenchus curvitatus, Pratylenchus goodeyi, Pratylencus neglectus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pratylenchus scribneri, Pratylenchus vulnus, Pratylenchus zeae and other Pratylenchus species; Radinaphelenchus cocophilus and other species of Radinaphelenchus; burrow nematodes, Radopholus similis and other Radopholus species; kidney nematodes, Rotylenchulus reniformis and other Rotylenchulus species; species of Scutellonema; bristly root nematodes, Trichodorus primitivus and other Trichodorus species; Paratrichodorus minor and other Paratrichodorus species; dwarf nematodes, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, Tylenchorhynchus dubius and other Tylenchorhynchus spp. and Merlinius spp.; citrus nematodes, Tylenchulus semipenetrans and other Tylenchulus species; dagger nematodes, Xiphinema americanum, Xiphinema index, Xiphinema diversicaudatum and other Xiphinema species; and other types of nematodes that parasitize plants.

In an equally preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for controlling animal pests (insects, acarids or nematodes), in which the animal pests (insects, acarids or nematodes), their habitat, breeding grounds, their location or plants to be protected from attack by animal pests (insects, acarids or nematodes), are treated with an effective amount of a mixture in accordance with the invention containing a Paenibacillus strain as defined above and pesticide II.

As a rule, the term "pesticide effective amount" means the amount of mixtures or compositions containing mixtures according to the invention, necessary to achieve a visible effect on growth, including the effects of necrosis, death, delay, prevention and removal, destruction, or destruction of otherwise reducing the occurrence and activity target organism. The pesticidally effective amount may vary for different mixtures/compositions used in the invention. The pesticidally effective amount of mixtures/compositions will also vary depending on prevailing conditions such as desired pesticidal effect and duration, weather conditions, target species, location, method of application, etc.

The plant propagation material can be treated with the mixtures and compositions of the invention for prophylactic purposes, or during or before planting or transplanting.

In particular, the present invention relates to a method for protecting plant propagation material from animal pests, wherein the plant propagation material is treated with an effective amount of the mixture according to the invention.

In an equally preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for protecting plant propagation material from harmful fungi, wherein the plant propagation material is treated with an effective amount of the inventive mixture.

In an equally preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method for improving plant health, wherein the plants are treated with an effective amount of the mixture according to the invention.

The concept of "effective amount for plant viability" means the amount of mixtures in accordance with the invention, which is sufficient to effect the effect on plant viability, as defined in this application below. More detailed information regarding amounts, methods of application and suitable ratios that can be used is provided below. In any case, one of ordinary skill in the art is well aware that such an amount can vary widely and depends on various factors such as the treated growing plant or material and climatic conditions.

Plants that are more viable are preferred because they give, among others, better yields and/or better quality of plants or crops, in particular better quality of harvested plant parts. More viable plants also have better resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress. In turn, high resistance to biotic stresses allows one skilled in the art to reduce the amount of pesticides used and thereby slow down the development of resistance to the respective pesticides.

Thus, the object of the present invention is to provide a pesticidal composition which solves the above problems and which, in particular, can improve plant viability, in particular plant yield.

The term "plant health" or "plant health" is defined as the condition of a plant and/or its products, which is determined by several aspects alone or in combination with each other, such as increased yield, plant vigor, quality of harvested plant parts and resistance to abiotic and/or or biotic stress.

It should be emphasized that the above effects of the mixtures according to the invention, ie increased plant viability, are also present if the plant is not subjected to biotic stress and in particular the plant is not under pest pressure.

For seed treatments, for example in the form of an inoculant and/or foliar application forms, it is evident that a plant suffering from fungal or insect attack produces less biomass and this results in a reduced yield compared to a plant propagation material which subjected to therapeutic or prophylactic treatment in relation to the relevant pest and which can grow without damage caused by a biotic stress factor. However, the methods according to the invention provide increased plant viability even in the absence of any biotic stress. This means that the positive effects of the mixtures according to the invention cannot be explained solely by the pesticidal activity of the bacterial strains of component 1) and pesticide II, but are additionally based on other activity profiles. Thus, the use of mixtures according to the invention can also be carried out in the absence of pest pressure.

Each of the plant health indicators listed below, which is selected from the groups consisting of yield, plant vigor, quality, and plant resistance to abiotic and/or biotic stress, is to be understood as a preferred embodiment of the present invention, or either alone or preferably in combination with each other. with a friend.

In accordance with the present invention, the term "increased yield" of a plant means that the yield of the corresponding plant product is increased by a measurable amount compared to the yield of the same plant product produced under similar conditions, but without using the mixture according to the invention.

For seed treatment, for example as an inoculant and/or foliar application forms, increased yield may be characterized by, inter alia, the following improved plant properties: increased plant mass; and/or increased plant height; and/or increased biomass, such as higher total fresh weight (CB); and/or an increased number of flowers per plant; and/or higher grain and/or fruit yield; and/or more shoots or side shoots (branches); and/or larger leaves; and/or increased root growth; and/or increased protein content; and/or increased oil content; and/or increased starch content; and/or increased pigment content; and/or increased chlorophyll content (chlorophyll content has a positive correlation with the rate of plant photosynthesis and, accordingly, the greater the chlorophyll content, the greater the yield of the plant) and/or increased plant quality.

The terms "grain" and "fruit" should be understood as any plant product that is further used after harvest, for example, fruits in the literal sense, vegetables, nuts, grains, seeds, wood (for example, in the case of forestry plants), flowers (eg in the case of horticultural plants, ornamental plants), etc., having any economic value that is produced by the plant.

In accordance with the present invention, the yield is increased by at least 4%. Typically, the increase in yield can be even higher, for example 5 to 10%, more preferably 10 to 20%, or even 20 to 30%.

In accordance with the present invention, the yield - when measured in the absence of pest pressure, is increased by at least 2%. In general, the increase in yield can be even greater, for example, up to 4% to 5% or even more.

Another indicator of plant health is plant vigor. The strength of the plant is manifested in several aspects, such as the overall appearance.

For foliar applications, improved plant vigor can be characterized in particular by the following improved plant properties: improved plant vigor; and/or improved plant growth; and/or improved plant development; and/or improved appearance; and/or improved plant standing (less plant drop/lodging and/or larger lamina; and/or larger size; and/or increased plant height; and/or increased shoots; and/or increased lateral shoots; and/or increased number of flowers per plant, and/or increased root growth, and/or increased photosynthetic activity (eg, based on increased stomatal conductance and/or increased CO ₂ uptake rate)); and/or early flowering; and/or earlier fruiting; and/or earlier grain maturation; and/or less unproductive shoots; and/or fewer dead basal leaves; and/or fewer necessary inputs (such as fertilizer or water); and/or greener leaves; and/or full maturity in a shorter growing season; and/or easy harvesting; and/or faster and more uniform ripening; and/or longer shelf life; and/or longer panicles; and/or slowing down aging; and/or stronger and/or more productive shoots; and/or better ability to extract ingredients; and/or improved seed quality (possibility of planting in subsequent seasons to obtain seeds); and/or reduced production of ethylene and/or inhibition of its uptake by the plant.

Another indicator of plant health is the "quality" of the plant and/or its products. In accordance with the present invention, improved quality means that certain characteristics of a plant, such as the content or composition of certain ingredients, are increased or improved by a measurable or measurable amount compared to the same plant factor produced under the same conditions, but without the use of mixtures according to the present invention. Improved quality can be characterized, in particular, by the following properties of the plant or its product: increased nutrient content; and/or increased protein content; and/or increased oil content; and/or high starch content; and/or high content of fatty acids; and/or elevated levels of metabolites; and/or increased content of carotenoids; and/or high sugar content; and/or an increased amount of essential amino acids; and/or improved nutrient composition; and/or improved protein composition; and/or improved fatty acid composition; and/or improved metabolite composition; and/or improved carotenoid composition; and/or improved composition of sugars; and/or improved amino acid composition; and/or improved or optimal fruit color; and/or improved leaf color; and/or increased storage capacity; and/or improved workability of harvested products.

Another indicator of plant health is the plant's tolerance or resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stressors. Biotic and abiotic stress, especially over a long period of time, can have adverse effects on plants.

Biotic stress is caused by living organisms, while abiotic stress is caused, for example, by extreme environmental conditions. In accordance with the present invention, "enhanced tolerance or resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress factors" means (1.) that certain negative factors caused by biotic and/or abiotic stress are reduced by a measurable or appreciable amount compared to plants that have been subjected to under the same conditions, but without treatment with the mixture according to the invention and (2.) that the negative effects are not reduced by the direct action of the mixture according to the invention on stress factors, for example, by its fungicidal or insecticidal action, which directly kills microorganisms or pests, but rather by stimulating the plant's own defense responses to these stress factors.

Negative factors caused by biotic stress, such as pathogens and pests, are well known and are caused by living organisms such as competing plants (eg, weeds), microorganisms (such as phytopathogenic fungi and/or bacteria) and/or viruses.

The negative factors caused by abiotic stress are also well known and can often be observed in the form of reduced plant vigor (see above), for example:

less yield and/or less vigor, both effects are exemplified by scorched leaves, fewer flowers, premature maturation, late harvest, reduced nutritional value, among others.

Abiotic stress can be caused, for example: by extreme temperatures such as heat or cold (heat stress/cold stress); and/or extreme temperature fluctuations; and/or temperatures unusual for a particular season; and/or drought (drought stress); and/or extreme humidity; and/or high salinity (salt stress); and/or exposure (eg, increased UV exposure due to depletion of the ozone layer); and/or elevated levels of ozone (ozone stress); and/or organic pollution (eg, phytotoxic amounts of pesticides); and/or inorganic contamination (eg heavy metal contamination).

As a result of the action of biotic and/or abiotic stress factors, the quantity and quality of plants subjected to stress is reduced. In terms of quality (as defined above), reproductive development is generally severely affected, with consequences for crops that are important for flowers or seeds. Synthesis, accumulation and storage of proteins is mainly damaged due to the action of temperatures; growth slows down under almost all types of stress; polysaccharide synthesis, both structural and storage, is slowed down or modified: these effects lead to a decrease in biomass (yield) and to changes in the nutritional value of the product.

As noted above, the indicators for plant health status established above may be interdependent, and may be a consequence of each other. For example, increased resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress can lead to better plant vigor, eg better and larger crops and hence higher yields. Conversely, a more developed root system may lead to increased resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress. However, these interdependencies and interactions are neither well known nor fully understood and therefore the various indicators are described separately.

In one embodiment, the mixtures according to the invention provide increased yield of the plant or its product. In another embodiment, the mixtures according to the invention provide increased strength of the plant or its product. In another embodiment, the mixtures according to the invention provide an improved quality of the plant or its product. In another embodiment, the mixtures according to the invention provide increased resistance and/or resistance of the plant or its product to biotic stress. In yet another embodiment, the mixtures according to the invention provide increased resistance and/or resistance of the plant or its product to abiotic stress.

The invention also relates to agrochemical compositions containing an adjuvant and at least one strain of Paenibacillus as defined in this application, or a cell-free extract or at least one metabolite thereof, and at least one pesticide II in accordance with the invention.

The agrochemical composition contains a fungicidally or insecticidally effective amount of at least one strain of Paenibacillus defined in this application, or its cell-free extract or at least one of its metabolites and at least one pesticide II. The concept of "effective amount" means the amount of the composition or at least one strain of Paenibacillus, defined in this application, or its cell-free extract or at least one of its metabolites, and at least one pesticide II, which is sufficient to stimulate the viability of plants, control harmful fungi or animal pests on cultivated plants or to protect materials and which does not result in significant damage to the plants or materials to be treated. This amount can vary widely and depends on various factors such as fungal or pest species to be eradicated, plants or materials treated, climatic conditions.

At least one Paenibacillus strain as defined herein, or a cell-free extract thereof, or at least one metabolite thereof, and at least one pesticide II can be converted into common types of agrochemical formulations, e.g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions, fine powders , powders, pastes, granules, compressed products, capsules and mixtures thereof. Examples of formulation types are suspensions (eg SC, OD, FS), emulsifiable concentrates (eg EC), emulsions (eg EW, EO, ES, ME), capsules (eg CS, ZC), pastes, lozenges, wetted powders or fine powders (e.g. WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), compressed products (e.g. BR, TV, DT), granules (e.g. WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG), insecticidal products ( eg LN) as well as gel formulations for treating plant propagation material such as seeds (eg GF). These and other composition types are defined in "Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and international coding system", Technical Monograph No. 2, ^6th ed. May 2008, CropLife International.

The mixtures according to the invention can be formulated as an inoculant for the plant. The term "inoculant" means a composition comprising an isolated strain according to the invention and optionally a carrier which may contain a biologically acceptable medium.

Such inoculants and other suitable compositions can be prepared as compositions containing, in addition to active substances, at least one excipient (inert substance) by conventional methods (see, for example, H.D. Burges: Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides, 30°C, 1998).

To obtain a dry composition, bacterial cells, preferably spores, can be suspended in a suitable dry carrier (eg clay). To obtain a liquid composition, cells, preferably spores, can be resuspended in a suitable liquid carrier (eg, water-based) to the desired spore density. Spore density, the number of spores per ml, can be determined by ascertaining the number of colony forming units (CFU) on an agar medium, such as potato dextrose agar, after incubation for several days at about 20 to about 30°C.

In accordance with one embodiment, the individual components of the composition according to the invention, such as parts of a kit or parts of a binary or ternary mixture, can be mixed by the user himself in a spray tank or in any other type of vessel used for applications (for example, dressing drums seeds, seed granulation equipment, knapsack sprayer) and other auxiliaries can be added if necessary. If live microorganisms, such as Paenibacillus strains according to the invention, are part of such a kit, then it should be taken into account that the choice and quantity of other parts of the kit (for example, chemical pesticides) and other excipients should not affect the viability of microbial pesticides in the composition, mixed by the user. Especially for bactericides and solvents, compatibility with the respective microbial pesticide must be taken into account.

Paenibacillus strains as defined herein, whole culture broths, cell-free extracts, culture media and/or formula I fusaricidins, together with at least one pesticide, can be converted into common types of agrochemical formulations, e.g., solutions, emulsions, suspensions, thin powders, powders, pastes, granules, compressed products, capsules and mixtures thereof. Examples of formulation types are suspensions (eg SC, OD, FS), emulsifiable concentrates (eg EC), emulsions (eg EW, EO, ES, ME), capsules (eg CS, ZC), pastes, lozenges, wetted powders or fine powders (e.g. WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), compressed products (e.g. BR, TV, DT), granules (e.g. WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG), insecticidal products ( eg LN) as well as gel formulations for treating plant propagation material such as seeds (eg GF). These and other composition types are defined in "Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and international coding system", Technical Monograph No. 2, ^6th ed. May 2008, CropLife International.

The compositions are prepared in a known manner as described in Mollet and Grubemann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001; or Knowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005.

Suitable excipients are solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers or fillers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, wetting agents, adjuvants, solubilizers, penetration agents, protective colloids, adhesion promoters, thickeners, wetting agents, repellants, attractants, eating stimulants, compatibilizers, bactericides, antifreezes, antifoams, colorants, tackifiers and binders.

Suitable solvents and liquid carriers are water and organic solvents such as medium to high boiling point mineral oil fractions such as kerosene, diesel oil; oils of vegetable or animal origin, aliphatic, cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons, for example, toluene, paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes; alcohols, eg ethanol, propanol, butanol, benzyl alcohol, cyclohexanol; glycols; DMSO; ketones, for example cyclohexanone; esters, eg lactates, carbonates, fatty acid esters, gamma-butyrolactone; fatty acid; phosphonates; amines; amides, eg N-methylpyrrolidone, fatty acid dimethylamides; and their mixtures.

Suitable solid carriers or fillers are mineral earths, for example, silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, bolus, loess, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide; polysaccharide powders, eg cellulose, starch; fertilizers, eg ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, urea; vegetable products such as cereal flour, tree bark flour, wood flour, nutshell flour and mixtures thereof.

Suitable surfactants are surface active compounds such as anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, block polymers, polyelectrolytes and mixtures thereof. Such surfactants can be used as an emulsifier, dispersant, solubilizer, wetting agent, penetration enhancer, protective colloid, or adjuvant. Examples of surfactants are given in McCutcheon's Volume 1: Emulsifiers & Detergents, McCutcheon's Directories, Glen Rock, USA, 2008 (International ed. or North American ed.).

Suitable anionic surfactants are alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium salts of sulfonates, sulfates, phosphates, carboxylates and mixtures thereof. Examples of sulfonates are alkylarylsulfonates, diphenylsulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, lignin sulfonates, fatty acid and oil sulfonates, ethoxylated alkylphenol sulfonates, alkoxylated arylphenol sulfonates, condensed naphthalenes sulfonates, dodecyl- and tridecylbenzene sulfonates, naphthalenes and alkylnaphthalenes sulfonates, sulfosuccinates or sulfosuccinamates. Examples of sulfates are sulfates of fatty acids and oils, ethoxylated alkylphenols, alcohols, ethoxylated alcohols or fatty acid esters. Examples of phosphates are phosphate esters. Examples of carboxylates are alkyl carboxylates and carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenol ethoxylates.

Suitable nonionic surfactants are alkoxylates, N-substituted fatty acid amides, amine oxides, esters, sugar-based surfactants, polymeric surfactants and mixtures thereof. Examples of alkoxylates are compounds such as alcohols, alkylphenols, amines, amides, arylphenols, fatty acids or fatty acid esters which have been alkoxylated by 1 to 50 equivalents. For alkoxylation, ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, preferably ethylene oxide, can be used. Examples of N-substituted fatty acid amides are fatty acid glucamides or fatty acid alkanolamides. Examples of esters are fatty acid esters, glycerol esters or monoglycerides. Examples of sugar-based surfactants are sorbitans, sucrose-glucose esters or alkyl polyglucosides. Examples of polymeric surfactants are vinylpyrrolidone homo- or copolymers, vinyl alcohols or vinyl acetate.

Suitable cationic surfactants are quaternary surfactants, for example quaternary ammonium compounds with one or two hydrophobic groups or salts of long chain primary amines. Suitable amphoteric surfactants are alkyl betaines and imidazolines. Suitable block polymers are A-B or A-B-A type block polymers, including blocks of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, or A-B-C type, including alkanol, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide.

Suitable adjuvants are compounds which themselves have very little or even no pesticidal activity and which improve the biological effectiveness of the target compounds I. Examples are surfactants, mineral or vegetable oils and other excipients. For more examples, see Knowles, Adjuvants and additives, Agrow Reports DS256, T&F Informa UK, 2006, chapter 5.

Suitable thickeners are polysaccharides (eg xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose), inorganic clays (organically modified or unmodified), polycarboxylates and silicates. Suitable bactericides are bronopol and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkylisothiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones. Suitable antifreezes are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea and glycerin. Suitable antifoam agents are silicones, long chain alcohols and salts of fatty acids. Suitable dyes (eg red, blue or green) are pigments with low water solubility and water soluble dyes. Examples are inorganic dyes (eg iron oxide, titanium oxide, iron hexacyanoferrate) and organic dyes (eg alizarin, azo and phthalocyanine dyes). Suitable tackifiers or binders are polyvinyl pyrrolidones, polyvinyl acetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylates, biological or synthetic waxes and cellulose ethers.

If live microorganisms, such as bacterial strains of the genus Paenibacillus in the form of cells or spores, are part of the compositions, then such compositions can be obtained in the form of compositions containing, in addition to active substances, at least one excipient (inert substance) by conventional methods (see for example , H.D. Burges: Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides, Springer, 1998). Suitable conventional types of such compositions are suspensions, fine powders, powders, pastes, granules, compacts, capsules and mixtures thereof. Examples of formulation types are suspensions (eg SC, OD, FS), capsules (eg CS, ZC), pastes, lozenges, wettable powders or fine powders (eg WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), compressed products ( e.g. BR, TB, DT), granules (e.g. WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG), insecticide products (e.g. LN), and gel formulations for treating plant propagation material such as seeds (e.g. GF). In this case, it must be taken into account that each type of formulation or choice of adjuvant should not affect the viability of the microorganism during the storage of the composition and when it is ultimately applied to the soil, plant or plant propagation material. Suitable formulations are indicated, for example, in WO 2008/002371, US 6,955,912, US 5,422,107.

Examples of acceptable adjuvants are those mentioned earlier in this application, and care should be taken that the choice and amount of such adjuvants do not affect the viability of the microbial pesticides in the composition. Especially for bactericides and solvents, the compatibility with the respective microorganism of the respective microbial pesticide must be taken into account. In addition, microbial pesticide compositions may additionally contain stabilizers or nutrients and UV protectants. Suitable stabilizers or nutrients are, for example, alpha-tocopherol, trehalose, glutamate, potassium sorbate, various sugars such as glucose, sucrose, lactose, maltodextrin (H.D. Burges: Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides, Springer, 1998). Suitable UV protectors are, for example, inorganic compounds such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and iron oxide pigments, or organic compounds such as benzophenones, benzotriazoles, phenyltriazines. In addition to the adjuvants mentioned for the compositions herein, the compositions may optionally contain 0.1-80% stabilizers or nutrients and 0.1-10% UV protectors.

As a rule, agrochemical compositions contain from 0.01 to 95 wt. %, preferably from 0.1 to 90 wt. %, and in particular from 0.5 to 75 wt. % active substance. The active substances are used in a purity of 90% to 100%, preferably 95% to 100% (according to NMR spectrum).

Examples of types of compositions and their preparation are:

I) Water soluble concentrates (SL, LS)

10-60 wt. % of the mixture in accordance with the invention and 5-15 wt. % wetting agent (eg alcohol alkoxylates) is dissolved in water and/or a water-soluble solvent (eg alcohols) up to 100 wt. %. When diluted in water, the active substance dissolves.

II) Dispersible concentrates (DC)

5-25 wt. % mixture in accordance with the invention and 1-10 wt. % dispersant (for example, polyvinylpyrrolidone) is dissolved in an organic solvent (for example, cyclohexanone) up to 100 wt. %. When diluted with water, a dispersion is formed.

III) Emulsifiable concentrates (EC)

15-70 wt. % of the mixture in accordance with the invention and 5-10 wt. % emulsifiers (for example, calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate) are dissolved in a water-insoluble organic solvent (for example, an aromatic hydrocarbon) up to 100 wt. %. When diluted with water, an emulsion is formed.

IV) Emulsions (EW, EO, ES)

5-40 wt. % mixture in accordance with the invention and 1-10 wt. % emulsifiers (for example, calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate) are dissolved in 20-40 wt. % water-insoluble organic solvent (eg aromatic hydrocarbon). This mixture is introduced into water up to 100 wt. % using an emulsifying device and bring to a homogeneous emulsion. When diluted with water, an emulsion is formed.

V) Suspensions (SC, OD, FS)

In a ball mill with a stirrer, 20-60 wt. % of the mixture in accordance with the invention with the addition of 2-10 wt. % dispersants and wetting agents (for example, sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate), 0.1-2 wt. % thickener (eg xanthan gum) and water up to 100 wt. %. When diluted with water, a stable suspension of the active substance is formed. For composition type FS add up to 40 wt. % binder (for example, polyvinyl alcohol).

VI) Water-dispersible and water-soluble granules (WG, SG)

50-80 wt. % of the mixture in accordance with the invention is finely ground with the addition of dispersants and wetting agents (for example, sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate) up to 100 wt. % and by means of technical devices (for example, an extrusion device, a spray tower, a fluidized bed) water-dispersible or water-soluble granules are obtained. When diluted with water, a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance is formed.

VII) Water-dispersible and water-soluble powders (WP, SP, WS)

50-80 wt. % of the mixture in accordance with the invention is ground in a rotor-stator mill with the addition of 1-5 wt. % dispersants (for example, sodium lignosulfonate), 1-3 wt. % wetting agents (eg, alcohol ethoxylate) and solid media (eg, silica gel) up to 100 wt. %. When diluted with water, a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance is formed.

VIII) Gel (GW, GF)

In a ball mill with a stirrer is ground to a fine suspension of the active substance 5-25 wt. % of the mixture in accordance with the invention with the addition of 3-10 wt. % dispersants (for example, sodium lignosulfonate), 1-5 wt. % thickener (for example, carboxymethyl cellulose) and water up to 100 wt. %. When diluted with water, a stable suspension of the active substance is formed.

IX) Microemulsion (ME)

5-20 wt. % of the mixture in accordance with the invention add up to 5-30 wt. % mixture of organic solvents (for example, fatty acid dimethylamide and cyclohexanone), 10-25 wt. % mixture of surfactants (for example, alcohol ethoxylate and arylphenol ethoxylate), and water up to 100 wt. %. This mixture is stirred for 1 hour to spontaneously obtain a thermodynamically stable microemulsion.

X) Microcapsules (CS)

The oil phase containing 5-50 wt. % mixture in accordance with the invention, 0-40 wt. % water-insoluble organic solvent (eg aromatic hydrocarbon), 2-15 wt. % acrylic monomers (eg methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid and di- or triacrylate) are dispersed in an aqueous solution of a protective colloid (eg polyvinyl alcohol). Radical polymerization initiated by a radical initiator leads to the formation of poly(meth)acrylate microcapsules.

Alternatively, an oil phase containing 5-50 wt. % whole culture broth, cell-free extract, culture medium or metabolite in accordance with the invention, 0-40 wt. % water-insoluble organic solvent (eg aromatic hydrocarbon) and isocyanate monomer (eg diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate) are dispersed in an aqueous solution of a protective colloid (eg polyvinyl alcohol). The addition of a polyamine (eg hexamethylenediamine) results in the formation of polyurea microcapsules. The number of monomers up to 1-10 wt. %. wt. % refers to the total CS composition.

XI) Fine powders (DP, DS)

1-10 wt. % whole culture broth, cell-free extract, culture medium or metabolite in accordance with the invention is finely ground and thoroughly mixed with a solid carrier (for example, fine kaolin) to 100 wt. %.

XII) Granules (GR, FG)

0.5-30 wt. % whole culture broth, cell-free extract, culture medium or metabolite in accordance with the invention is finely ground and associated with a solid carrier (eg, silicate) up to 100 wt. %. Granulation is achieved by extrusion, spray drying or fluid bed.

XIII) Ultra Low Volume Liquids (UL)

1-50 wt. % whole culture broth, cell-free extract, culture medium or metabolite in accordance with the invention is dissolved in an organic solvent (eg aromatic hydrocarbon) up to 100 wt. %.

Types of compositions from I) to XIII), if necessary, may contain other excipients, such as 0.1-1 wt. % bactericides, 5-15 wt. % antifreeze, 0.1-1 wt. % antifoams and 0.1-1 wt. % dyes.

For the treatment of plant propagation materials, especially seeds, commonly used seed treatment solutions (LS), suspoemulsions (SE), fluid concentrates (FS), dry treatment powders (DS), water-dispersible slurry treatment powders (WS) , water-soluble powders (SS), emulsions (ES), emulsifiable concentrates (EC) and gels (GF).

Preferred examples of seed or soil formulation types for premixed formulations are WS, LS, ES, FS, WG, or CS types.

Typically, a premix formulation used for seed treatment contains 0.5 to 99.9 percent, especially 1 to 95 percent, of the target ingredients and 99.5 to 0.1 percent, especially 99 to 5 percent, solids. or a liquid adjuvant (including, for example, a solvent such as water), where the excipients may be a surfactant in an amount of 0 to 50%, especially 0.5 to 40%, based on the premix formulation. While commercial products should preferably be formulated as concentrates (eg, pre-blend composition (formulation)), the end user will typically use diluted formulations (eg, tank mix composition).

Methods for applying or treating strains, whole culture broths, cell-free extracts, culture media, formula I fusaricidins, and accordingly compositions according to the invention to plant propagation material, especially seeds, are known in the art, and include dressing methods , coating, film coating, granulating and soaking the propagation material. Such methods are also applicable to combinations in accordance with the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the mixtures and accordingly the compositions according to the invention are treated or applied to the plant propagation material in such a way that germination is not adversely affected. Accordingly, examples of suitable methods for applying (or treating) plant propagation material such as seeds are seed dressing, seed coating or seed granulation, and the like.

Preferably, the plant propagation material is a seed, parts of a seed (ie cuttings) or a seed bulb.

While it is believed that the method can be applied to seeds in any physiological state, it is preferred that the seeds be in a sufficiently stable state and not be damaged during the treatment process. As a general rule, the seed must be seed that has been harvested from the field; removed from the plant and separated from the cob, stalk, outer husk and surrounding fibers or other non-seed material. The seeds should preferably be biologically stable to the extent that the treatment does not cause any biological damage to the seed. It is believed that the treatment can be applied to seeds at any time between seed collection and seed sowing or at the time of sowing (seed-directed application). Seeds can also be applied to the ground either before or after treatment.

During the processing of the propagation material, it is preferable that the ingredients are evenly distributed in the mixtures and accordingly the compositions according to the invention, and that they adhere to the seeds. The treatment can range from thin film coating (etching) of a composition containing a combination of, for example, a mixture of active substance(s) onto a plant propagation material such as seeds, where the original size and/or shape is distinguishable in an intermediate state (e.g., coating), and then to coating with a thicker film (e.g., granulation with more layers of different substances (such as carriers, e.g., clays, various formulations, such as other active ingredients, polymers, and dyes), where the initial shape and/or size of the seed is larger not recognizable.

One aspect of the present invention involves the use of a mixture and, accordingly, a composition according to the invention, specifically on the plant propagation material, including applying the ingredients in combination to all or only part of the plant propagation material, including only one side or part of one side. . A person skilled in the art of standard training is aware of these uses from the description provided in EP 954213 B1 and WO 06/112700.

Strains, whole culture broths, cell-free extracts, culture media, fusaricidins of formula I and accordingly the compositions according to the invention can also be used in the form of "tablets" or "pellets", or in a suitable substrate, by placing, inoculating the treated tablet or substrate next to the material for plant reproduction. Such techniques are known in the art, in particular from EP 1124414, WO 07/67042, and WO 07/67044. The use of the strains, whole culture broths, cell-free extracts, culture media, formula I fusaricidins and, accordingly, the compositions described in this plant propagation material application also includes protecting the plant propagation material treated with the combination of the present invention by placing one or more pesticide-containing particles adjacent to the pesticide-treated seed, wherein the amount of pesticide is such that the pesticide-treated seed and pesticide-containing particles together contain an effective dose of the pesticide and the dose of pesticide contained in the pesticide-treated seed is less than or equal to the maximum non-phytotoxic dose of the pesticide. Such techniques are known from the prior art, in particular from WO 2005/120226.

The use of strains, whole culture broths, cell-free extracts, culture media, formula I fusaricidins, and accordingly compositions of the invention on seeds also includes seed coatings with a controlled release formulation, the ingredients of the combinations being incorporated into materials that release the ingredients over time. Examples of seed treatment technologies for controlled release coatings are generally known in the art and include polymeric films, waxes, or other seed coatings, which ingredients can be incorporated into the controlled release material or applied between layers of materials, or both. together.

The seeds can be treated by applying the mixture and accordingly the composition according to the invention in any desired sequence or simultaneously.

The seed treatment is carried out on unsown seeds, and the term "unsown seeds" means the application of seeds at any time between the harvest of the seeds and the sowing of the seeds in the soil for the purpose of germination and growth of the plant.

Treatment of unsown seeds is not intended to include those methods in which the active substance is applied to soil or soil substitutes, but includes any method of application that would target the seeds during planting.

Preferably, the treatment is carried out before sowing the seeds, so that the sown seeds are pre-treated with the combination. In particular, when treating with mixtures and/or compositions according to the invention, preference is given to seed coating or seed coating. As a result of the processing, the ingredients stick to the seed and are thus available for pest control.

The treated seeds can be stored, transported, sown and cultivated in the same way as any seeds treated with other active substances.

In particular, the present invention relates to a method for protecting plant propagation material from animal pests, harmful fungi and/or improving the viability of plants that grow from said plant propagation material, wherein the soil in which the plant propagation material is sown is treated with an effective amount of mixtures or compositions according to the invention.

Typically, the user will apply the compositions according to the invention from a pre-dosing device, a backpack sprayer, a spray tank, a spray aircraft or an irrigation system. Typically, the agrochemical composition is diluted with water, buffer and/or other auxiliaries to the desired application concentration, and thus a ready-to-use spray liquid or agrochemical composition according to the invention is obtained. Typically, 20 to 2000 liters, preferably 50 to 400 liters of ready-to-use spray liquid per hectare of agricultural land are used.

When it comes to the treatment of plant propagation material, especially seeds, the compositions described in this application, after two to tenfold dilution, give concentrations of the active substance from 0.01 to 60 wt. %, preferably from 0.1 to 40 wt. %, in ready-to-use preparations. Application can be carried out both before and during sowing. Methods for applying the strain, cell-free extract, culture medium, metabolite or composition according to the invention to plant propagation material, in particular seeds, include dressing, coating, panning, dusting, soaking and methods of furrow application of the propagation material. Preferably, strains, whole culture broths, cell-free extracts, culture media, fusaricidins of the formula I or respectively compositions according to the invention are applied to the plant propagation material in such a way that seed germination is not caused, for example seed dressing, panning, coating and dusting.

When using bacterial strains for plant protection, the strains being applied as a foliar or soil treatment, application rates typically range from about 1×10 ⁶ to 5×10 ¹⁶ (or more) cfu/ha, preferably from about 1×10 ⁷ to about 1x10 ¹⁶ CFU/ha, even more preferably 1x10 ¹² to 5x10 ¹⁵ CFU/ha.

When the strains of the invention are used for seed treatment, application rates for plant propagation material typically range from about 1×10 ¹ to 1×10 ¹² (or more) cfu/seed, preferably from about 1×10 ³ to about 1 ×10 ¹⁰ cfu/seed, and even more preferably from about 1x10 ³ to about 1x10 ⁶ cfu/seed. Alternatively, application rates for plant propagation material preferably range from about 1x10 ⁷ to 1x10 ¹⁶ (or more) cfu per 100 kg of seed, preferably from 1x10 ⁹ to about 1x10 ¹⁵ cfu per 100 kg seeds, even more preferably from 1×10 ¹¹ to about 1×10 ¹⁵ CFU per 100 kg of seeds.

If cell-free extracts, culture media and/or metabolites such as the fusaricidins of formula I are used, the solid (dry matter) is considered as active components, for example, to be obtained after drying or evaporating the extraction medium or suspension medium in the case of liquid formulations. When used in plant protection, the amount of active ingredients used depends on the desired effect and ranges from 0.001 to 2 kg per ha, preferably from 0.005 to 2 kg per ha, more preferably from 0.05 to 0.9 kg per ha, and in particular from 0.1 to 0.75 kg per ha. When treating plant propagation materials such as seeds, for example by dusting, coating or impregnating the seeds, the amounts of active ingredients generally required are from 0.1 to 1000 g, preferably from 1 to 1000 g, more preferably from 1 to 100 g and most preferably 5 to 100 g, per 100 kilograms of plant propagation material (preferably seeds). When used in the protection of materials or stored products, the amount of active ingredients used depends on the type of application and the desired effect. Generally used amounts in the protection of materials are from 0.001 g to 2 kg, preferably 0.005 g to 1 kg of active ingredients per cubic meter of treated material.

In accordance with one embodiment, the individual components of the composition according to the invention, such as parts of a kit or parts of a binary or ternary mixture, can be mixed by the user himself in a spray tank or in any other type of vessel used for applications (for example, dressing drums seeds, seed granulation equipment, knapsack sprayer) and other auxiliaries can be added if necessary.

If live microorganisms such as Paenibacillus bacterial strains are part of such a kit, then consideration should be given to the choice and amount of ingredients (e.g. chemical pesticides) and other adjuvants should not affect the viability of the microbial pesticides in the formulation mixed by the user. Especially for bactericides and solvents, compatibility with the respective microbial pesticide must be taken into account.

Therefore, one embodiment of the invention is a kit for obtaining a suitable pesticide composition, a kit containing a) a composition that contains component 1) as defined in this application and at least one adjuvant; and b) a composition that contains component 2) as defined in this application and at least one adjuvant; and optionally c) a composition that contains at least one adjuvant and optionally another active ingredient 3) as defined herein.

Various types of oils, wetting agents, additives, fertilizers or micronutrients, and other pesticides (e.g. herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators, safeners, biopesticides), as a premix or, if necessary, just before use (tank mix). Such agents can be mixed with the compositions according to the invention in a weight ratio of from 1:100 to 100:1, preferably from 1:10 to 10:1. Preferably, the composition according to the invention contains an additional biopesticide. Even more preferably, the composition according to the invention contains, in addition to the adjuvant and at least one of the fusaricidins of formula I, a microbial pesticide.

Typically, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that, by its action, repels, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise renders harmless pests. Target pests include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, spread disease, or carry disease. The term "pesticides" also encompasses plant growth regulators that alter the expected growth, flowering, or reproduction rate of plants; defoliants, which cause leaves or other foliage to fall into plants, usually to make harvesting easier; desiccants which hasten the drying of living tissues such as unwanted plant tops; plant activators that activate plant physiology to protect against certain pests; safeners, which reduce the undesirable herbicidal effects of pesticides on crops; and plant growth stimulants affecting plant physiology to increase plant growth, biomass, yield, or any other quality parameter of harvestable crop products.

By using at least one strain of Paenibacillus as defined in one of the preferred embodiments above, or a culture medium or a cell-free extract thereof, or at least one metabolite thereof, together with at least one pesticide II from groups A) to N), a synergistic effect, i.e. get more than a simple addition of individual effects (synergistic mixtures).

According to one embodiment, the mixtures contain component 1) and component 2) in a synergistically effective amount.

The term "synergistic effect" is to be understood as specifically referring to the term defined by Colby's formula (Colby, S.R., "Calculating synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations", Weeds, 15, pp. 20-22, 1967).

The term "synergistic effect" should also be understood as specifically referring to the term defined by the application of the Tammes method, (Tammes, P.M.L., "Isoboles, a graphic representation of synergism in pesticides", Netherl. J. Plant Pathol. 70 , 1964).

This can be achieved by using at least one strain of Paenibacillus as defined in one of the preferred embodiments above, or a culture medium or a cell-free extract thereof, or at least one metabolite thereof and at least one pesticide II simultaneously or together (for example, as tank mix) either separately or in sequence, the time interval between the individual applications being chosen to ensure that the active agent applied first is still at the site of action in sufficient quantity during the application of the other active agent(s). The sequence of application is not decisive for the operation of the present invention.

When using the strain of Paenibacillus as defined in one of the preferred embodiments above, or the culture medium or its cell-free extract or its metabolite and the pesticide II successively, the time interval between both applications may vary, for example, from 2 hours to 7 days. A wider range is also possible, ranging from 0.25 hours to 30 days, preferably from 0.5 hours to 14 days, especially from 1 hour to 7 days or from 1.5 hours to 5 days, even more preferably from 2 hours to 1 day. Preferably, pesticide II is used as the first treatment.

The total weight ratios of compositions containing at least one microbial pesticide in the form of viable microbial cells, including dormant forms, can be determined by using the number of CFU of the corresponding microorganism to calculate the total mass of the corresponding active component using the following equation, when 1×10 ¹⁰ CFU is equal to one grams of the total weight of the corresponding active ingredient. The colony forming unit is a measure of viable microbial cells, in particular fungal and bacterial cells.

In the mixtures and compositions according to the invention, the weight ratio of component 1) and component 2) generally depends on the properties of the active components used, it is usually in the range from 1:10,000 to 10,000:1, often it is in the range from 1: 100 to 100:1, usually in the range of 1:50 to 50:1, preferably in the range of 1:20 to 20:1, more preferably in the range of 1:10 to 10:1, even more preferably in the range of 1 :4 to 4:1 and in particular in the range from 1:2 to 2:1.

According to additional embodiments of mixtures and compositions, the weight ratio of component 1) and component 2) is typically in the range of 1000:1 to 1:1, often in the range of 100:1 to 1:1, usually in the range from 50:1 to 1:1, preferably in the range from 20:1 to 1:1, more preferably in the range from 10:1 to 1:1, even more preferably in the range from 4:1 to 1:1 and in particular in ranging from 2:1 to 1:1.

According to additional embodiments of mixtures and compositions, the weight ratio of component 1) to component 2) is typically in the range of 20,000:1 to 1:10, often in the range of 10,000:1 to 1:1, typically in the range 5,000:1 to 5:1, preferably in the range of 5,000:1 to 10:1, more preferably in the range of 2,000:1 to 30:1, even more preferably in the range of 2,000:1 to 100:1, and in particular ranging from 1,000:1 to 100:1.

According to additional embodiments of mixtures and compositions, the weight ratio of component 1) and component 2) is typically in the range of 1:1 to 1:1000, often in the range of 1:1 to 1:100, usually in the range 1:1 to 1:50, preferably 1:1 to 1:20, more preferably 1:1 to 1:10, even more preferably 1:1 to 1:4, and in particular ranging from 1:1 to 1:2.

According to additional embodiments of the mixtures and compositions, the weight ratio of component 1) and component 2) is typically in the range of 10:1 to 1:20,000, often in the range of 1:1 to 1:10,000, typically in the range 1:5 to 1:5,000, preferably in the range of 1:10 to 1:5,000, more preferably in the range of 1:30 to 1:2,000, even more preferably in the range of 1:100 to 1:2,000 and in particular ranging from 1:100 to 1:1,000.

The mixtures and their compositions according to the invention, in the form of application as fungicides and/or insecticides, can also be present together with other active substances, for example with herbicides, insecticides, growth regulators, fungicides or with fertilizers, in the form of a premix or, if necessary, immediately before use (mixture in the tank).

Mixing the binary mixtures according to the invention or compositions containing them with other fungicides in most cases leads to an expansion of the fungicidal spectrum of activity or to the prevention of the development of resistance to fungicides. In addition, synergistic effects are obtained in some cases.

Mixing binary mixtures according to the invention or compositions containing them with insecticides in most cases leads to an expansion of the insecticidal spectrum of activity or to the prevention of the development of resistance to insecticides. In addition, synergistic effects are obtained in some cases.

In accordance with the present invention, it may be preferred that the mixtures and compositions containing them contain, in addition to at least one Paenibacillus strain as defined in one of the preferred embodiments above, or a culture medium or a cell-free extract thereof, or at least one of its metabolite (component 1), and pesticide II (component 2), as component 3) additional pesticide, preferably in a synergistically effective amount. Another embodiment relates to mixtures where component 3) is a pesticide III selected from groups SF) and SI) as defined below, provided that in each of these three-component mixtures the pesticide III is different from the selected pesticide. These three-component mixtures are particularly suitable for the treatment of plant propagation materials (ie seed treatment).

The following list of pesticides III, in combination with which the binary mixtures according to the invention can be used, is intended to illustrate the possible combinations, but does not limit them:

SF) Fungicides

- inhibitors of complex III at the Q ₀ site selected from: pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, enestroburin, phenaminestrobin, fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl, mandestrobin, methominostrobin, orysastrobin, pyrametostrobin, pyroxystrobin;

- broad spectrum pyridine and pyrazole complex II inhibitors selected from: fluxapiroxad, boscalid, benzovindiflupyr, penflufen, penthiopyrad, sedaxane, fluopyram, bixafen, isopyrazam;

- basidiomycete-specific complex II inhibitors selected from: carboxin, benodanil, fenfuram, flutolanil, furametpyr, mepronil, oxycarboxin, thifluzamide;

an ATP production inhibitor silthiofam;

- azole fungicidal compounds selected from: ipconazole, difenoconazole, prothioconazole, prochloraz, triticonazole, flutriafol, cyproconazole, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, fluquinconazole, fluzilazole, hexaconazole, imazalil, imibenconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, simeconazole, tebuconazole , triadimenol, uniconazole, thiabendazole;

- oomycete-specific fungicides selected from: oxathiapiproline, valifenalate, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, ethaboxam, dimethomorph, zoxamide, flumorph, mandipropamide, pyrimorph, benthiavalicarb, iprovalicarb;

- MAP/histidine kinase inhibitor: fludioxonil;

- benzimidazole compounds selected from: thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim;

- dithiocarbamate compounds selected from: thiram, cyram;

SI) Insecticides

- compounds, GABA antagonists, selected from: fipronil, ethiprole, vaniliprole, pyrafluprole, pyriprole, 5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-methyl-phenyl)-4-sulfinamoyl-1H-pyrazole-3-amide thiocarboxylic acid;

Lepidoptera-specific ryanodine receptor inhibitors selected from: chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide;

- cross-spectrum ryanodine receptor inhibitor: cyantraniliprole;

pyrethroid sodium channel modulators selected from: tefluthrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, ethofenprox, fenvalerate, flucitrinate, permethrin;

- systemically active neonicotinoid compounds: clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, acetamiprid, flupyradifluron, thiacloprid, triflumesopyrim, nitenpyram;

- acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, chloride channel activators and sulfoximines: sulfoxaflor, acephate, chlorpyrifos, thiodicarb, abamectin, spinosad;

- other insecticides: thioxazafen.

More preferably, pesticides III are selected from the following groups SF) and SI):

SF) Fungicides

azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, sedaxan, penthiopyrad, penflufen, fluopyram, fluxapiroxad, boscalid, oxathiapiproline, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, ethaboxam, dimethomorph, valifenalate, cyproconazole, cyfenoconazole, prothioconazole, flutriafol, thiabendazole, ip conazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol, prochloraz, fluquinconazole, triticonazole, fludioxinil, carboxin, silthiopham, cyram, thiram, carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl;

SI) Insecticides

fipronil, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, sulfoxaflor, methiocarb, tefluthrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, spinosad, chlorantraniliprole, cyanthraniliprole, thiodicarb, triflumesopyrim, acephate, chlorpyrifos , flupiradifluron, abamectin, thioxazafen.

Examples

The present invention will be described in more detail using the following examples. The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Examples Concerning Paenibacillus Strains and Their Metabolites

Example 1 Isolation of Paenibacillus strains

Soil samples were collected from various locations in Europe, including Germany. Using well-known techniques for microbiological isolation of these soils, the inventors obtained a variety of bacteria, which were then subjected to conventional isolation methods to provide pure isolates, as described in this application.

The standard procedure for microbial enrichment was followed (C.A. Reddy, T.J. Beveridge, J.A. Breznak, G.A. Marzluf, T.M. Schmidt, and L.R. Snyder (eds.). Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Am. Soc. Microbiol., Washington, District of Columbia) to isolate each type of bacteria.

The following strains were isolated and deposited under the Budapest Treaty with the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ) on February 20, 2013:

a) Lu16774 as deposited with DSMZ with DSM deposit number 26969

b) Lu17007 as deposited with DSMZ with DSM deposit number 26970

c) Lu17015 as deposited with the DSMZ with DSM deposit number 26971.

Example 2 Characterization of Paenibacillus strains

Example 2.1: Sequencing of 16S-rDNA

The 16S rRNA gene sequences of Paenibacillus strains were determined by direct sequencing of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA at the DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany.

Genomic DNA isolation was performed using the MasterPure™ Gram-positive DNA Purification Kit from Epicentre Biotechnologies according to the manufacturer's instructions. PCR-mediated amplification of 16S rDNA and purification of the PCR product was performed as previously described (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46, 1088-1092, 1996). Purified PCR products were sequenced using the ^BigDye® Terminator v1.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems) as specified in the manufacturer's protocol. Sequence responses were subjected to electrophoresis using a 3500xL genetic analyzer from Applied Biosystems. Sequence ambiguity may be due to the existence of several cistrons encoding 16S rRNA with different sequences within the same genome (J. Bacteriol. 178(19), 5636-5643, 1996).

The obtained sequence data from the strains were placed in the AE2 alignment editor (http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/soft/molbio/unix/ae2.readme), manually aligned according to the secondary structure of the resulting rRNA molecule, and compared with representative gene sequences 16S rRNA of organisms belonging to Firmicutes (Nucl. Acids Res. 27, 171-173, 1999). For comparison, 16S rRNA sequences were obtained from the EMBL and RDP databases.

The 16S rDNA sequences of the strains of the invention are set forth in the Sequence Listing as indicated in Table 2.

16S rDNA gene identity values in % were calculated by pairwise comparison of sequences in alignment of compared sequences.

A comparison made of only two sequences based on a pairwise sequence alignment is referred to herein as binary values. Other values are based on multiple sequence alignment of all sequences in comparison. The higher identity values from multi-sequence comparisons are a result of the problem that the sequence data of the compared sequences were of different lengths, resulting in a shorter alignment.

The % identity from pairwise comparisons of full rDNA sequences among the three strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 ranged from 99.5 to 99.9% (Table 3, binary values).

Comparison of the complete 16S rRNA sequence of three strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 with related taxa (see Fig. 9 showed a high percentage of identity with Paenibacillus peoriae (type strain DSM 8320) of 99.8%. Binary values for pairwise alignments of P. peoriae sequences with strains Lu16774 , Lu17007, and Lu17015 were: Lu16774: 99.5%, Lu17007: 99.5%, and Lu17015: 99.7% identity, respectively.

A definitive assessment of the species to which Paenibacillus strains Lu16774, Lu17015 and Lu17007 belong based on 16S rRNA sequence data was not possible.

Whole rDNA sequencing resulted in 100.0% identity for Paenibacillus peoriae NRRL BD-62 with P. peoriae (type strain DSM 8320), confirming the species designation P. peoriae for this strain BD-62 (see Fig. 9).

The close association of all three Paenibacillus strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 with P. peoriae was confirmed by comparison with the 16S rRNA sequence of P. peoriae strain BD-62, resulting in 99.8% identity values (see Fig. 9).

The ARB package (Nucl. Acids Res. 35, 7188-7196, 2007) was used to build phylogenetic dendrograms: based on evolutionary distances, a phylogenetic tree was built using the neighbor join method (Jukes, T.H. & Cantor C.R. (1969 ) Evolution of protein molecules, In Mammalian protein metabolism, pp. 21-132, Edited by H. N. Munro, New York: Academic press) using corrections from Jukes and Cantor (Mol. Biol. Evol. 4, 406-425, 1987) . The tree root was determined by including the 16S rRNA gene sequence of Cohnella thermotolerans in the analysis. The scale below the dendrogram shows 1 nucleotide substitution per 100 nucleotides. The results are shown in Figure 10.

The phylogenetic dendrogram of these sequences (Fig. 10) shows that the three strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 are most closely related to each other and that their closest relative known to each of them is Paenibacillus peoriae strain NRRL BD-62.

Example 2.2: RiboPrint Analysis

Standardized automatic ribotyping is performed using the Qualicon RiboPrinter system. The RiboPrinter system combines molecular processing steps for ribotization in a stand-alone, automated instrument. The procedure includes cell lysis, cleavage of chromosomal DNA with restriction enzyme EcoRI, separation of fragments by electrophoresis, transfer of DNA fragments to a nylon membrane, hybridization with a probe derived from the E. coli rrnB operon, chemiluminescent detection of the probe in fragments containing sequences of the rrn operon, image detection, and computerized analysis of RiboPrint patterns (Food Technology 50(1), 77-81, 1996; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5229-5233, 1995; Int. Journ. Syst. Bact. 44(3), 454- 460, 1994).

Ribotyping was performed at the DSMZ, Germany with Paenibacillus strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 compared to P. peoriae BD-62 using restriction enzyme EcoRI. The resulting images were compared using software from the RiboPrinter system, DuPont Integrated Identification Library, and BioNumerics software (Applied Maths, Belgium).

The similarity of all three strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 with BD-62 ranged from 0.24 to 0.5 (Fig. 11). The three strains are grouped into two groups, the first contains Lul7015 while the second group contains strains Lu16774 and Lu17007. None of the strains has a similarity greater than 0.84 to any strain in the DuPont Identification Library and therefore was not automatically identified.

Strain BD-62 was identified as Paenibacillus peoriae based on the DuPont Identification Library DUP-13142 entry (based on Paenibacillus peoriae DSM 8320).

Example 2.3: Morphological and physiological characteristics

The strains were characterized in the DSMZ by analogy with the methods described in Gordon, R.E., Haynes, W.C. &Pang. C.H.-N. (1973): The Genus Bacillus, Agriculture Handbook no. 427. Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture. The results are shown in Table 4.

Cellular fatty acid analysis performed at the DSMZ resulted in all strains showing a typical profile for Paenibacillus spp.

Using the available genetic, physiological, and biochemical data, it was shown that strains Lu16774, Lu17007, and Lu17015 belong to the genus Paenibacillus. Because strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015, and BD-62 do produce gas from glucose, none of them are Paenibacillus jamilae.

Phenotypic differentiation between Paenibacillus peoriae and Paenibacillus polymyxa is primarily possible using the characteristics of obtaining acids from certain substrates (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43(2), 388-390, 1993; In. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46( 6), 988-1003, 1996). None of the Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 strains fully matched the characteristics set out in Table 4 to either of these two species, but in combination with the available genetic, physiological and biochemical data, most likely gives reason to indicate the species Paenibacillus peoriae and P polymyxa, or at least another species very closely related to Paenibacillus peoriae and P. polymyxa.

Due to the multitude of Paenibacillus species described so far, it is not possible to determine the correct taxonomic species of the three isolates tested based on the physiological and morphological criteria in Table 4 (Rainer Borriss, Humboldt University Berlin, unpublished results).

However, it has not been possible to fully identify species in this genus. The most closely related species and strain was found to be Paenibacillus peoriae BD-62 based on 16S rDNA analysis (see eg Fig. 11).

Example 2.4: Phylogenetic analysis based on genes encoding DnaN, GyrB, RecF, RecN and RpoA

Nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding DnaN, GyrB, RecF, RecN and RpoA were extracted from complete genome sequences or from public databases (Sequence Listings as indicated in Table 28).

Identity tables (FIGS. 12-16) were created using an all versus all approach where every sequence is aligned with every other sequence. Sequence alignment was performed with a software needle (EMBOSS package 6.6.0; Trends in Genetics 16 (6), 276-277). Standard parameters were used (Gap Creation 10.0; Gap Extension 0.5). Identity Scales Scores are calculated from alignments without any breaks.

For phylogenetic trees (Fig. 17-21), multiple sequence alignments were performed using Clustal Omega (version 1.2.0; Molecular Systems Biology 7: 539, CIO: 10.1038/msb.2011.75). Phylogenetic trees were calculated using the maximum likelihood method using the Dnaml software (implemented in Phylip 3.696; Felsenstein 1981, http://evolution.genetics.washington.edu/philip.html). Dendrograms were established using the F84 distance model using the transition-transversion ratio of two (2). Trees are depicted using the Dendroscope tool (http://dendroscope.org/).

Example 2.5: Comparisons of the core genome and the AAI template

(ВМС Bioinformatics 10, 154, 2009; (https://edgar.computational.bio.uni-giessen.de/cgi-bin/edgar.cgi). Определение основного генома, t филогенетических дендрограмм на основе полных последовательностей генома и значений матрицы AAI было осуществлено с использованием программного пакета EDGAR. Результаты показаны на Фиг. 22.Genome comparison was carried out using the EDGAR software package of the University

(BMC Bioinformatics 10, 154, 2009; (https://edgar.computational.bio.uni-giessen.de/cgi-bin/edgar.cgi). Core genome determination, t phylogenetic dendrograms based on complete genome sequences and matrix values AAI was carried out using the EDGAR software package The results are shown in Fig. 22.

Example 3: Growth (fermentability) of strains for in vivo tests

For greenhouse and field studies, Paenibacillus strains were first grown on ISP2 plates (ready-to-use agar from BD [USA], catalog number 277010). Subsequently, baffled shake flasks containing ISP2 liquid medium were inoculated with a colony from the agar plate and incubated for 5-7 days at 150 rpm. and 25°C. Depending on the test, either whole culture broth or centrifuged and washed with H ₂ O cell pellet or supernatant was applied to the plants. It is possible to increase the volume of fermenters up to 10 l.

Paenibacillus strains were grown in ISP2 liquid medium (10 g/L malt extract, 4 g/L bacterium yeast extract, 4 g/L glucose monohydrate) for 6 days at 22°C at 150 rpm. Indicative of bacterial outgrowth OD _600nm was measured at different time points.

Example 4 - Confrontation Assay of Antifungal Activity in Vitro

The antagonistic activity of Paenibacillus strains against plant pathogens has been shown in an in vitro confrontation assay. The phytopathogenic fungi used are Sclerotina sclerotiorum (SCLSCL), Botrytis cinerea (BOTRCI), Alternaria sp. (ALTESP) and Phytophthora infestans (PHYTIN).

As growth medium for BOTRCI, ALTESP, SCLSCL, ISP2 medium is used containing per liter: 10 g malt extract (Sigma Aldrich, 70167); 4 g bacterium extract (Becton Dickinson, 212750); 4 g glucose monohydrate (Sigma Aldrich, 16301); 20 g agar (Becton Dickinson, 214510), pH approx. 7, bidist. water. As a medium for growing PHYTIN, V8 medium is used containing per liter: 200 ml vegetable juice, 3 g calcium carbonate (Merck Millipore, 1020660250); 30 g Agar (Becton Dickinson, 214510), pH 6.8, bidist. water.

Paenibacillus strains are spot-inoculated on one side of the agar plate. An agar block (about 0.3 cm ² ) containing one actively growing plant pathogen was placed in the center of the plate. After incubation for 7-14 days at 25°C, study the growth of the plant pathogen, especially in relation to zones of inhibition.

Antibiosis is assessed by calculating the diameter of the zone free of fungi (zone of inhibition). Competition is assessed by comparing the growth diameter of the fungal pathogen on plates with bacterial strains compared to control plates. Mycoparasitism can be documented when bacteria outgrow a fungal pathogen and also parasitize pathogens. This can be visualized using microscopy.

Paenibacillus strains showed antifungal activity against all tested plant pathogens.

Example 5 Greenhouse Tests for Activity Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Application example 5.1: Activity against late blight on tomatoes caused by Phytophthora infestans with protective application

») были использованы для описанного испытания в теплице. На обработку применяли 2 повторности (горшки с 1 растением каждый). Растения выращивали в коммерчески доступном субстрате (Universal, Floragard) прибл. при 22°С в теплице. Влажность контролировали с помощью специального устройства (~90% влажность). Растения опрыскивали до образования стекающих капель сырым цельным культуральным бульоном 6-дневных культур соответствующего штамма Paenibacillus (в зависимости от установки) с использованием распылительного шкафа. Культуральные условия для штаммов описаны в Примере 3. Через один день после применения обработанные растения инокулировали суспензией спорангии Phytophthora infestans (PHYTIN). После инокуляции опытные растения немедленно переносили во влажную камеру. Степень поражения грибами на листья оценивали визуально через 5-7 дней после инокуляции. Поражение грибами в необработанном контроле составляло между 80-100% и установлено до 100% для сравнения.Commercially available young tomato seedlings ("Goldene

”) were used for the greenhouse test described. 2 replications were used per treatment (pots with 1 plant each). Plants were grown in a commercially available substrate (Universal, Floragard) for approx. at 22°C in a greenhouse. Humidity was controlled using a special device (~90% humidity). Plants were sprayed dripping with wet whole culture broth of 6 day old cultures of the appropriate Paenibacillus strain (depending on setup) using a spray cabinet. The culture conditions for the strains are described in Example 3. One day after application, the treated plants were inoculated with a suspension of Phytophthora infestans sporangia (PHYTIN). After inoculation, test plants were immediately transferred to a humid chamber. The degree of damage by fungi to the leaves was assessed visually 5-7 days after inoculation. Fungal infestation in the untreated control was between 80-100% and set to 100% for comparison.

Application example 5.2: Activity against gray mold on pepper caused by Botrytis cinerea with protective application

Commercially available young pepper seedlings ("Neusiedler Ideal") were used for the greenhouse test described. 2 replications were used per treatment (pots with 1 plant each). Plants were grown in a commercially available substrate (Universal, Floragard) for approx. at 22°C in a greenhouse. Humidity was controlled using a special device (~90% humidity). Plants were sprayed dripping with wet whole culture broth of 6 day old cultures of the appropriate Paenibacillus strain (depending on setup) using a spray cabinet. The culture conditions for the strains are described in Example 3. One day after application, the treated plants were inoculated with a spore suspension of Botrytis cinerea (BOTRCI). After inoculation, test plants were immediately transferred to a humid chamber. The degree of damage by fungi to the leaves was assessed visually 5-7 days after inoculation. Fungal infestation in the untreated control was between 80-100% and set to 100% for comparison.

Application Example 5.3: Activity against Alternaria blight on tomatoes caused by Alternaria solani with protective application

") были использованы для описанного испытания в теплице. На обработку применяли 2 повторности (горшки с 1 растением каждый). Растения выращивали в коммерчески доступном субстрате (Universal, Floragard) прибл. при 22°С в теплице. Влажность контролировали с помощью специального устройства (~90% влажность). Растения опрыскивали до образования стекающих капель сырым/цельным культуральным бульоном 6-дневных культур соответствующего Paenibacillus штамм (в зависимости от установки) с использованием распылительного шкафа. Культуральные условия для штаммов описаны в Примере 3. Через один день после применения обработанные растения инокулировали суспензией спор Alternaria solani (ALTESO). После инокуляции опытные растения немедленно переносили во влажную камеру. Степень поражения грибами на листья оценивали визуально через 5-7 дней после инокуляции. Поражение грибами в необработанном контроле составляло между 80-100% и установлено до 100% для сравнения.Commercially available young tomato seedlings ("Goldene

") were used for the described greenhouse test. 2 replicates were used per treatment (pots of 1 plant each). Plants were grown in a commercially available substrate (Universal, Floragard) at approx. 22°C in the greenhouse. Humidity was controlled using a special device ( ~90% moisture.) Plants were sprayed to dripping drops with raw/whole culture broth of 6-day-old cultures of the appropriate Paenibacillus strain (depending on setup) using a spray cabinet. Culture conditions for the strains are described in Example 3. One day after application, the treated plants were inoculated with a suspension of Alternaria solani (ALTESO) spores.After inoculation, the test plants were immediately transferred to a humid chamber.The degree of fungal attack on the leaves was assessed visually 5-7 days after inoculation.Infestation by fungi in the untreated control was between 80-100% and set to 100 % for comparison.

Application Example 5.4: Activity Against Soybean Rust on Soybeans Caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi with Protective Application

Commercially available young soybean seedlings ("Mentor") were used for the greenhouse test described. 2 replications were used per treatment (pots with 1 plant each). Plants were grown in a commercially available substrate (Universal, Floragard) for approx. at 22°C in a greenhouse. Humidity was controlled using a special device (~90% humidity). Plants were sprayed until dripping with wet culture broth of 2-6 day old cultures of Paenibacillus spp. (depending on installation) using a spray cabinet. One day after application, the treated plants were inoculated with Phakopsora pachyrhizi (PHAKPA) spore suspension. After inoculation, test plants were immediately transferred to a humid chamber. The degree of damage by fungi to the leaves was assessed visually 5-7 days after inoculation.

Application Example 5.5: Activity against Fusarium rot on wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum with protective application

Commercially available young wheat seedlings were used for the greenhouse test described. 2 replications were used per treatment (pots with 1 plant each). Plants were grown in a commercially available substrate (Universal, Floragard) for approx. at 22°C in a greenhouse. Humidity was controlled using a special device (~90% humidity). Plants were sprayed until dripping with wet culture broth of 2-6 day old cultures of Paenibacillus spp. (depending on installation) using a spray cabinet. The culture conditions are described in Example 3. One day after application, the treated plants were inoculated with a spore suspension of Fusarium graminearum (GIBBZE). After inoculation, test plants were immediately transferred to a humid chamber. The degree of damage by fungi to the leaves was assessed visually 5-7 days after inoculation.

Application Example 5.6: Activity against Septoria leaf spot on wheat caused by Septoria tritici with protective application

Commercially available young wheat seedlings were used for the greenhouse test described. 2 replications were used per treatment (pots with 1 plant each). Plants were grown in a commercially available substrate (Universal, Floragard) for approx. at 22°C in a greenhouse. Humidity was controlled using a special device (~90% humidity). Plants were sprayed until dripping drops with crude culture broth of 2-6 day old cultures of Paenibacillus spp. (depending on installation) using a spray cabinet. The culture conditions are described in Example 3. One day after application, the treated plants were inoculated with a spore suspension of Septoria tritici (SEPTTR). After inoculation, test plants were immediately transferred to a humid chamber. The degree of fungal infection on the leaves was visually assessed 21-28 days after inoculation.

Application Example 5.7: Activity of Paenibacillus cells and supernatant against various pathogens with protective application

Whole culture broth from 6-day-old cultures of Paenibacillus strain Lu17007 was prepared according to Application Example 3 and used in the experimental setup of Application Example 5.1-5.3. Alternatively, such whole culture broth was filtered through a 0.2 μm filter to obtain culture medium and a crude cell fraction. The crude cell fraction can be further washed three times with the original volumes of phosphate buffered saline to obtain washed cells.

Greenhouse trials were carried out as described in Application Examples 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 above for the respective pathogens Phytophthora infestans, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani. The degree of damage by fungi to the leaves was assessed visually 5-7 days after inoculation. Fungal infestation in the untreated control was between 80-100% and set to 100% for comparison.

Example 6 - Enzymatic tests

Application Example 6.1: Chitinase

Chitinase test in solid medium:

2 g/l NaNO ₃ , 1 g/l K ₂ HPO ₄ , 0.5 g/l MgSO ₄ , 0.5 g/l KCl, 0.2 g/l peptone, 15 g/l agar, 10 g/l chitin from crab shells ( Sigma-Aldrich C7170).

The solid medium to be tested is autoclaved and filled into 9 cm Petri dishes. Paenibacillus strains are inoculated into the center of the dishes and incubated for two days at 27°C. Thereafter, the plates are stained with a 1:3 dilute Lugol's solution (Carl Roth N052.2) for 5 to 10 minutes. Lugol's solution is poured out and the bowls are photographed and evaluated. The growth of various strains was no more than 5-10 mm. Unstained zones (correlating with chitinase activity) ranged from 0 mm (no activity; "-" in Table 11) to several cm ("+" in Table 11).

Application example 6.2: Cellulase

Cellulase test in solid medium:

2 g/l NaNO ₃ , 1 g/l K ₂ HPO ₄ , 0.5 g/l MgSO ₄ , 0.5 g/l KCl, 0.2 g/l peptone, 15 g/l agar, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium salt (Sigma-Aldrich 419273 ).

The medium is autoclaved, poured into 9 cm Petri dishes. Paenibacillus strains are inoculated into the center of the dishes and incubated for two days at 27°C. After incubation, the dishes are stained with 1:3 dilute Lugol's solution (Carl Roth N052.2) for 5 to 10 minutes. Lugol's solution is poured out and the bowls are photographed.

Application Example 6.3: Amylase

Solid medium amylase test:

2 g/l NaNO ₃ , 1 g/l K ₂ HPO ₄ , 0.5 g/l MgSO ₄ , 0.5 g/l KCl, 0.2 g/l peptone, 15 g/l agar, 10 g/l soluble starch (Merck 1.01252 ).

The medium is autoclaved, poured into 9 cm Petri dishes. Paenibacillus strains are inoculated into the center of the dishes and incubated for two days at 27°C. After incubation, the dishes are stained with 1:3 dilute Lugol's solution (Carl Roth N052.2) for 5 to 10 minutes. Lugol's solution is poured out and the bowls are photographed.

Example 7 Fusaricidin Type Metabolites Derived from Paenibacillus Strains

Example 7.1: Large Scale Cultivation of Bacterial Isolates and Recovery of Fusaricidin Type Metabolites

a) Cultivation

Paenibacillus strains were cultured on agar plates containing GYM medium (10 g/l glucose, 4 g/l yeast extract, 10 g/l malt extract; pH 5.5 adjusted before autoclaving) and 20 g/l agar. Cultivation was carried out for 10 to 20 days at room temperature. Agar slant with the same medium was used for maintenance and stored at 4°C.

Small scale liquid cultures (250 ml GYM medium in 500 ml flasks) were inoculated with 4-5 pieces of well grown agar culture and cultured on an orbital shaker at 120 rpm. at room temperature (20-23°C).

Large-scale fermentations were carried out in 20 L fermenters with 15 L of GYM medium (the total capacity of the fermenters was not used due to foaming) inoculated with 250 ml of well grown liquid culture and the fermentation was carried out at room temperature (20-23°C) with stirring (120 rpm) and aeration (3 l/min) for 5 to 8 days.

b) Extraction

One equal volume of isopropanol was added to the whole culture broth (separation of the biomass from the liquid culture was not performed). After stirring and incubation for 2 to 16 hours, table salt (sodium chloride - 100 to 200 g/l) was added to the mixture until phase separation into organic and aqueous phases was visible.

The isopropanol phase was concentrated under vacuum. The resulting extract, still containing a large amount of salt, was dissolved in methanol, centrifuged to better precipitate salt residues, and the organic phase was concentrated again. This step was repeated until no more salt precipitate was present.

c) Cleaning

i) Chromatography on silica gel

30 g of the extract was dissolved in methanol and bound with 50 g of silica gel (Merck, K60, 70-230 mesh), dried at 40° C. and applied to 1 kg of silica gel (column 10 cm diameter, approx. 30 cm high).

The elution was carried out in four steps as follows:

Stage 1-4 1 ethyl acetate

Step 2-4 1 ethyl acetate:methanol (3:1, v/v)

Step 3-7 1 ethyl acetate:methanol (1:1, v/v)

Stage 4-4 1 methanol

The third fraction (intermediate 1) containing the active compounds was dried in vacuo and dissolved in 40% methanol (MeOH) in 0.1% formic acid (FA) (concentration: 100 mg/ml). The rest of the factions were dropped.

ii) Fractionation of Chromabond HR-X

20 ml of intermediate 1 was loaded onto a pre-equilibrated (with 40% MeOH in 0.1% FA) Chromabond HR-X cartridge (Macherey-Nagel, 1000 mg, ref. 730941). The cartridge was washed with 100 ml of 40% MeOH in 0.1% FA and eluted with 60 ml of 70% MeOH in 0.1% FA. This intermediate 1-1 was then dried under vacuum.

iii) Preparative HPLC on a Sunfire C18 column

Intermediate 1-1 was dissolved in DMSO (concentration: 200 mg/ml) and 300 µl of intermediate 1-1 was chromatographed on a Sunfire C18 column (19×250 mm, 5 µm, Waters) as follows:

16 min. at 10 ml/min, isocratic 70% 0.2 FA; 30% acetonitrile (ACN),

1 min. at 14 ml/min, gradient to 65% 0.2% FA; 35% ACN

5 minutes. at 14 ml/min, isocratic 65% 0.2% FA; 35% ACN.

Five factions could be identified. All five fractions obtained were dried in vacuo and dissolved in DMSO (concentration: 125 mg/ml). Further purification was performed using the same column and isocratic conditions (flow: 10.5 ml/min) adjusted for each fraction (12.5 mg per pass):

Fraction 1: 69% 0.2 FA; 31% ACN; two peaks detected (1-1 and 1-2)

Fraction 2: 69% 0.2 FA; 31% ACN; two peaks detected (2-1 and 2-2)

Fraction 3: 69% 0.2 FA; 31% ACN; three peaks detected (3-1, 3-2 and 3-3)

Fraction 4/5: 67% 0.2 FA; 33% ACN; one peak detected (4/5)

Fraction 6: 65% 0.2FA; 35% ACN; two peaks detected (6-1 and 6-2)

The purity and quantity of the following samples were sufficient for NMR analysis and structure elucidation: peaks 1-2, 2-1, 3-2, 4/5 and 6-1.

Example 7.2: Structure elucidation of compounds 1A and 1B

From peak 2-1 of fraction 2, a mixture of compounds 1A and 1B (approximately 3:7 ratio) was obtained as a brown oil ([α] _D ²⁵ =+20.9 (c=0.6, DMSO-d ₆ )).

The molecular formula C ₄₇ H ₇₈ N ₁₀ O ₁₂ of the main component, compound 1B, was derived from the HR-ESI-MS spectrum, which gave a peak at m/z 975.5863 [M+H] ⁺ ; ESI-MS: 975.6 (100%, [M+H] ⁺ ), 488.4 (51%, [M+2H] ²⁺ ).

In addition, the mixture also contained, as a minor component, the lighter homologue 1A, and the mass difference between both compounds was 14 amu. This observation is confirmed by the second peak observed in the ESI-MS spectrum at m/z 961.6.

The NMR spectra (Table 12), in addition to proton exchange signals between δ 6.83 and 8.58, included carbonyl resonances in the range δ 166.0-174.5 and methine signals between δ 47.8 and 5 60.4 indicating the peptide.

Extensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data of compound 1B showed the presence of six amino acids, including tyrosine (Tyr), glutamine (Gln), alanine (Ala), two threonines (Thr1 and Thr2) and isoleucine (Ile). Their sequence was found using two or three amide function correlations. Thus, the COZY, NOESY (Fig. 2) and HMBC (Fig. 3) spectra depicted correlations from the nitrogen-proton Thr2 at δ 8.58 to the methine proton signal Thr2 at δ 3.84 and carbonyl at δ 166.7 Tyr, while there were the same ratio was found between the nitrogen-proton Tyr at δ 8.52 and the methylene proton signal Tyr at δ 2.60 and carbonyl at δ 170.4 Ile. In addition, the methane hydrogen Ile at δ 4.16 had a strong correlation with the carbonyl signal Ile at δ 170.4 and weak contact with the Thr1 signal at δ 168.6; the β-methine proton signal at δ 5.30 Thr1 correlated with the carbonyl signal at δ 170.4 Ala. Besides the above correlations, others were reproduced from the N-proton at δ 7.27 Ala to the methine proton at δ 4.20 of the same amino acid, while this last proton had the same interaction with the carbonyl of its amino group and one of Gln. In addition, a cross peak was found from the exchangeable proton at δ 8.20 Gln to the methine hydrogen at δ 3.87 Gln of Thr2 carbonyl at δ 170.6; these aforementioned data suggest a cyclodepsipeptide structure for Compound 1B.

This cyclodepsipeptide 1B contained a guanidine terminal β-hydroxy fatty acid attached to Thr1 as a key correlation was found between its α-methine proton signal at δ 4.39 and the carbonyl resonance at δ 171.9; additionally, NMBC contacts from this carbonyl at δ 171.9 to α-methylene protons at δ 2.35 and β-methine protons at δ 3.77, as well as between methylene protons at δ 3.03 and guanidine carbon at δ 157.2, were additionally found. The side chain was found to contain twelve methylene groups between the β-hydroxy and guanidine group based on the fragment ion observed in the APCI-MS-MS spectrum of the parent [M+H] ⁺ ion at m/z 256.2. Likewise, this spectrum provided information (FIG. 4b) that confirmed the sequence of amino acid compounds and led to the elucidation of the structure of compound 1B as shown in FIG. 1.

The signals of the CH ₂ group at 2.80, 2.52/36.3 in the 1D and 2D spectra presumably corresponded to the β-CH ₂ group of asparagine (Asn) in compound 1A. This conclusion was supported by data (Heterocycles 53, 1533-1549, 2000) in connection with fragments obtained from MS/MS of the parent peak at m/z 961.6 (Fig. 4a). Likewise, the latest analyzes provide information (FIGS. 4a, 4b) that confirmed the sequence of amino acid compounds in both compounds and led to the elucidation of the structure of compounds 1A and 1B, as shown in FIG. 1.

Example 7.3 Structural Identification of Compounds 2A and 2B as Fusaricidins C and D

From peak 1-2 of fraction 1, a mixture of compounds 2A and 2B (approximately 1:1 ratio) was obtained as a brown oil. The molecular formula of the heavier component, compound 2B, was determined to be C ₄₆ H ₇₆ N ₁₀ O ₁₂ based on low resolution mass spectrometry. Analysis of the NMR data (Table 13) identified compound 2B as fusaricidin D. The lighter component of the mixture, compound 2A, was similarly identified as fusaricidin C, in which the Gln residue of fusaricidin C was replaced by Asn.

The mass spectrometry pattern of fragmentation of the parent ions m/z 961.6 and 947.6 for compounds 2B and 2A, respectively (FIGS. 5a, 5b) confirmed that the side chain length of the substituted fatty acid was identical as in compound 1B. Fusaricidins C and D were previously reported by Kajimura et al. (J. Antibiot. 50, 220-228, 1997).

Example 7.4: Structural identification of compound 3 as LI-F08b

From peak 6-1 of fraction 6, compound 3 was isolated as a brown oil and its low resolution was a peak at m/z 925.6 [M+H] ⁺ which, when combined with data (Table 14), resulted in the molecular formula C ₄₄ H ₈₀ N ₁₀ O ₁₁ . Compound 3 showed similar features in NMR spectra as Compound 1B and Compound 2B (Fusaricidin D), except for the presence of aromatic signals (Table 14). Thus, characteristic resonances of the peptide were observed, namely, ten nitrogen-bound proton signals between δ 6.89 and 8.49, eight carbonyl resonances varying between δ 168.1 and 174.3, and six N-methine signals ranging between δ 48.0 and 59.5. A detailed analysis of the HMQC, COZY, and TOCSY spectra showed the presence of six amino acids, including Gln, two Thr units, two Ile units, and Ala. In addition, these spectra showed chemical shifts inherent in the same guanidine-terminated β-hydroxy fatty acid as in compounds 1A, 1B and fusaricidins C (2A) and D (2B). The position of this side chain was determined based on the long range correlation found in the HMBC spectrum between the N-methinine proton signal at δ 4.44 Thr1 and the carbonyl signal at δ 172.1 fatty acid. The amino acid sequence was deduced from the NOESY interaction and fragmentation spectra (FIG. 6).

The combination of NMR data (Table 14) and mass spectrometry led to the identification of the compound 3 metabolite as LI-F08b, also referred to herein as fusaricidin LI-F08b, which was first reported by Kuroda et al. (Heterocycles 53, 1533-1549, 2000).

Example 7.5: Structural identification of compounds 4A and 4B as LI-F06a and LI-F06b and compounds 5A and 5B as fusaricidin A and B, respectively

From peak 4/5 of fraction 4/5, a mixture of two other metabolites, compounds 4A and 4B (approximately 1:3 ratio) was obtained, which gave two peaks at m/z 897.5 (4A) and 911.6 (4B) in the ESI- MS, offering two additional homologous cyclodepsipeptides. Resonance indices for the peptides were observed in their NMR spectra (Table 15) as well as for β-hydroxy fatty acids ending in the guanidine group. The fragmentation spectra of both parent ions found for compounds 4A and 4B (FIGS. 7a, 7b) allowed the amino acid sequence to be determined and the constituents of the mixture to be identified as LI-F06a (4A) and LI-F06b (4B), respectively.

From peak 3-2 of fraction 3, a mixture of compounds 5A and 5B (approximately 1:3 ratio) was analyzed in a similar manner. The ESI mass spectrum of the mixture showed two peaks m/z 883.6 (5A) and 897.5 (5B) and the fragmentation spectra of these parent ions (Fig. 8a, 8b) combined with NMR data (Table 16) allowed the components to be identified as Fusaricidin A (5A ) and fusaricidin B (5B). The data found for 4A, 4B, 5A and 5B are consistent with those previously reported. (J. Antibiot. 50, 220-228, 1997; Heterocycles 53, 1533-1549, 2000).

Hydrolysis experiments to determine the configuration of constituent amino acids were not performed.

Example 8 Metabolites Produced by Paenibacillus Strains

Example 8.1 Production of Metabolites by Paenibacillus Strains

The presence of fusaricidins in general and in particular fusaricidins A, B, C, D, LI-F06a, LI-F06b, LI-F08b, 1A and 1B was determined for strains of Paenibacillus strains following the procedural steps described in Example 7.1 above.

List of symbols:

-, the connection is not detected; +, the connection is detected; ++, the connection is detected at high numbers compared to the + scale.

Whole culture broth of all strains of Paenibacillus Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 contained at least one fusaricidin identified in Example 7 (Table 17). None of these fusaricidins were found in whole culture broth of P. peoriae BD-62 strain.

Whole culture broth of Paenibacillus strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 contained fusaricidins 1A and 1B. In addition, the whole culture broth of Paenibacillus strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 contained fusaricidins A, B, C and D, as well as LI-F08b. In addition, whole culture broth of Paenibacillus strains Lu17007 and Lu17015 contained fusaricidins LI-F06a and LI-F06b.

Fusaricidins 1A and 1B were not detected in whole culture broth of the closely related strain P. peoriae BD-62. Fusaricidins A, B, C, and D, LI-F06a, LI-F06b, and LI-F08b were also not present in the whole culture broth of the P. peoriae BD-62 strain.

Example 9 Activity of Metabolites by Paenibacillus Strains Against Various Fungal Pathogens

The resulting fusaricidins A, B, D, 1A and 1B were used in the following experiments.

Fungal growth tests were performed in 96-well plates with a spore suspension of the pathogen Botrytis cinerea (BOTRCI, in YBA [10 g Bactopeptone (Becton Dickinson 211677), 10 g yeast extract (Becton Dickinson 212750), 20 g sodium acetate, up to 1000 ml bidistyl water] or Alternaria solani (ALTESO, in YBG [10 g Bactopeptone (Becton Dickinson 211677), 10 g yeast extract (Becton Dickinson 212750), 20 g glycerol 99%, to 1000 ml bidistyl water]). Fusaricidins and compounds 1A and 1B were dissolved and diluted in DMSO Various concentrations ranging from 60 μM to 0.3 μM were pipetted into a microtiter plate An aqueous suspension of 104 spores/mL was added The plates were incubated at approximately 18°C Fungal growth was determined by measuring optical density at 600 nm in a microplate reader 3 and 7 days after spore inoculation and compared with an untreated control (DMSO) After that, the IC*50 (concentration [µM] of the corresponding metabolite required for 50% inhibition of fungal growth) was determined.

In particular, compounds 1A and 1B showed the highest antifungal efficacy with IC ₅₀ values of 0.4-0.6 μM (Tab. 18).

In addition, greenhouse trials were performed with Fusaricidins 1A and 1B as described in Application Examples 5.1-5.5 above for the respective pathogens Botrytis cinerea (BOTRCI), Alternaria solani (ALTESO), Phytophthora infestans (PHYTIN), Phakopsora pachyrhizi (PHAKPA) and Fusarium. graminearum (GIBBZE). The degree of damage by fungi to the leaves was assessed visually 5-7 days after inoculation.

In particular, Compounds 1A and 1B were effective against important fungal diseases in crop plants already at dose levels as low as 7.2 ppm and showed higher antifungal efficacy than Fusaricidin A, B and D (Tables 19-21 ).

Example 10: Comparison of the activity of Paenibacillus polymyxa new. species plantarum strains Lu16674 and Lu17007 with Paenibacillus polymyxa new. species plantarum M-1 against various pathogens in greenhouse trials

Whole culture broth from 6-day-old cultures of Paenibacillus strain Lu17007, Lu16674 and M1 was prepared according to Application Example 3 and used in the experimental setup of Application Example 5.1-5.5. Greenhouse trials were carried out as described in Application Examples 5.1-5.5 above for the respective pathogens. The degree of damage by fungi to the leaves was assessed visually 5-7 days after inoculation.

In particular, Paenibacillus strains Lu16774 and Lu17007 were effective against important fungal diseases in agricultural plants even at high dilution ratios and showed higher antifungal efficacy than the closely related strain M-1 (Tables 22-27).

Example 11: Examples relating to mixtures and compositions according to the invention

The active compounds were prepared separately as a 10,000 ppm stock solution in dimethyl sulfoxide. Paenibacillus LU17007 was used as the experimental formulation and diluted with water to the indicated active compound concentration. The picarbutrazox product was used as a commercial formulation and diluted with water to the indicated concentration of active compound.

1. Activity against gray mold Botrytis cinerea in microtiter test (Botrci)

The stock solutions were mixed according to the ratio, pipetted into a microtiter plate (MTP) and diluted with water to the indicated concentrations. The spore suspension of Botrci cinerea was then added to an aqueous solution of biomalt or a solution of yeast-bactopeptone-sodium acetate. The plates were placed in a chamber saturated with water vapor at a temperature of 18°C. By using an absorption photometer, MTP was measured at 405 nm 7 days after inoculation. The results are presented in Table 28.

2. Anti-blast activity of rice Pyricularia oryzae in a micro-titer test (Pyrior)

The stock solutions were mixed according to the ratio, pipetted into a microtiter plate (MTP) and diluted with water to the indicated concentrations. Then, a suspension of Pyricularia oryzae spores was added to an aqueous solution of biomalt or a solution of yeast-bactopeptone-glycerol. The plates were placed in a chamber saturated with water vapor at a temperature of 18°C. By using an absorption photometer, MTP was measured at 405 nm 7 days after inoculation. The results are presented in Table 29.

3. Activity against Septoria leaf spot on wheat caused by Septoria tritici (Septtr)

The stock solutions were mixed according to the ratio, pipetted into a microtiter plate (MTP) and diluted with water to the indicated concentrations. A suspension of Septoria tritici spores in an aqueous biomalt solution or a yeast-bactopeptone-glycerol solution was then added. The plates were placed in a chamber saturated with water vapor at a temperature of 18°C. By using an absorption photometer, MTP was measured at 405 nm 7 days after inoculation. The results are presented in Table 30.

4. Activity against Alternaria caused by Alternaria solani (Alteso)

The stock solutions were mixed according to the ratio, pipetted into a microtiter plate (MTP) and diluted with water to the indicated concentrations. A suspension of Alternaria solani spores in an aqueous biomalt solution or a yeast-bactopeptone-glycerol solution was then added. The plates were placed in a chamber saturated with water vapor at a temperature of 18°C. By using an absorption photometer, MTP was measured at 405 nm 7 days after inoculation. The results are presented in Table 31.

5. Activity against wheat leaf spot caused by Leptosphaeria nodorum (Leptno)

The stock solutions were mixed according to the ratio, pipetted into a microtiter plate (MTP) and diluted with water to the indicated concentrations. Suspension of spores of Leptosphaeria nodorum in an aqueous solution of biomalt or then add a solution of yeast-bactopeptone-glycerol. The plates were placed in a chamber saturated with water vapor at a temperature of 18°C. By using an absorption photometer, MTP was measured at 405 nm 7 days after inoculation. The results are presented in Table 32.

The measured parameters were compared with the growth of the active compound-free control variant (100%) and zero without fungi and without active compounds to determine the relative growth in % of pathogens in the respective active compounds.

These percentages have been converted to efficiency.

Calculation of expected effectiveness (E _Colby ) using the Colby formula

The expected efficacy of active compound combinations was determined using Colby's formula (Colby, S. R. "Calculating synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations", Weeds 15, pp. 20-22, 1967) and compared with observed efficacy.

E _Colby observed efficacy, expressed as % of untreated control, using a mixture of active compounds A and B at concentrations a and b

P _A efficacy, expressed as % of untreated control, using active compound A at concentration a

_PB efficacy, expressed as % of untreated control, using active compound B at concentration b.

Synergy factor (SF) calculation

To determine the synergy, the Synergistic Factor (SF) between the observed experimental potency of mixtures E, _{the measured} and the expected potency of the _Colby mixture E, is calculated as

SF = E _measured / E _Colby

A Synergistic Factor greater than or less than 1 indicates a deviation from the hypothesis of independent action, which means that biologically the two components act together or against each other. If SF>1, then synergism is observed; if SF<1, then antagonism is observed.

Mefenifluconazole is 2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol.

Mefenifluconazole is 2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol.

Mefenifluconazole is 2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol.

Mefenifluconazole is 2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol.

Example 12: Fusaricidin 1a

The active compounds were prepared separately as a 10,000 ppm stock solution in dimethyl sulfoxide.

1. Activity against gray mold Botrytis cinerea in microtiter test (Botrci)

The stock solutions were mixed according to the ratio, pipetted into a microtiter plate (MTP) and diluted with water to the indicated concentrations. The spore suspension of Botrci cinerea was then added to an aqueous solution of biomalt or a solution of yeast-bactopeptone-sodium acetate. The plates were placed in a chamber saturated with water vapor at a temperature of 18°C. By using an absorption photometer, MTP was measured at 405 nm 7 days after inoculation. The results are presented in Table 33.

2. Anti-blast activity of rice Pyricularia oryzae in a micro-titer test (Pyrior)

The stock solutions were mixed according to the ratio, pipetted into a microtiter plate (MTP) and diluted with water to the indicated concentrations. Then, a suspension of Pyricularia oryzae spores was added to an aqueous solution of biomalt or a solution of yeast-bactopeptone-glycerol. The plates were placed in a chamber saturated with water vapor at a temperature of 18°C. By using an absorption photometer, MTP was measured at 405 nm 7 days after inoculation. The results are presented in Table 34.

3. Activity against Septoria leaf spot on wheat caused by Septoria tritici (Septtr)

The stock solutions were mixed according to the ratio, pipetted into a microtiter plate (MTP) and diluted with water to the indicated concentrations. A suspension of Septoria tritici spores in an aqueous biomalt solution or a yeast-bactopeptone-glycerol solution was then added. The plates were placed in a chamber saturated with water vapor at a temperature of 18°C. By using an absorption photometer, MTP was measured at 405 nm 7 days after inoculation. The results are presented in Table 35.

4. Activity against Alternaria caused by Alternaria solani (Alteso)

The stock solutions were mixed according to the ratio, pipetted into a microtiter plate (MTP) and diluted with water to the indicated concentrations. A suspension of Alternaria solani spores in an aqueous biomalt solution or a yeast-bactopeptone-glycerol solution was then added. The plates were placed in a chamber saturated with water vapor at a temperature of 18°C. By using an absorption photometer, MTP was measured at 405 nm 7 days after inoculation. The results are presented in Table 36.

5. Activity against wheat leaf spot caused by Leptosphaeria nodorum (Leptno)

The stock solutions were mixed according to the ratio, pipetted into a microtiter plate (MTP) and diluted with water to the indicated concentrations. Suspension of spores of Leptosphaeria nodorum in an aqueous solution of biomalt or then add a solution of yeast-bactopeptone-glycerol. The plates were placed in a chamber saturated with water vapor at a temperature of 18°C. By using an absorption photometer, MTP was measured at 405 nm 7 days after inoculation. The results are presented in Table 37.

The measured parameters were compared with the growth of the active compound-free control variant (100%) and zero without fungi and without active compounds to determine the relative growth in % of pathogens in the respective active compounds.

These percentages have been converted to efficiency.

Calculation of expected effectiveness (E _Colby ) using the Colby formula

The expected efficacy of active compound combinations was determined using Colby's formula (Colby, S. R. "Calculating synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations", Weeds 15, pp. 20-22, 1967) and compared with observed efficacy.

E _Colby observed efficacy, expressed as % of untreated control, using a mixture of active compounds A and B at concentrations a and b

P _A efficacy, expressed as % of untreated control, using active compound A at concentration a

_PB efficacy, expressed as % of untreated control, using active compound B at concentration b.

Synergy factor (SF) calculation

To determine the synergy, the Synergistic Factor (SF) between the observed experimental potency of mixtures E, _{the measured} and the expected potency of the _Colby mixture E, is calculated as

SF = E _measured / E _Colby

A Synergistic Factor greater than or less than 1 indicates a deviation from the hypothesis of independent action, which means that biologically the two components act together or against each other. If SF>1, then synergism is observed; if SF<1, then antagonism is observed.

Example 13: Fusaricidin lb

The active compounds were prepared separately as a 10,000 ppm stock solution in dimethyl sulfoxide.

1. Activity against gray mold Botrytis cinerea in microtiter test (Botrci)

The stock solutions were mixed according to the ratio, pipetted into a microtiter plate (MTP) and diluted with water to the indicated concentrations. The spore suspension of Botrci cinerea was then added to an aqueous solution of biomalt or a solution of yeast-bactopeptone-sodium acetate. The plates were placed in a chamber saturated with water vapor at a temperature of 18°C. By using an absorption photometer, MTP was measured at 405 nm 7 days after inoculation. The results are presented in Table 38.

2. Activity against Septoria leaf spot on wheat caused by Septoria tritici (Septtr)

The stock solutions were mixed according to the ratio, pipetted into a microtiter plate (MTP) and diluted with water to the indicated concentrations. A suspension of Septoria tritici spores in an aqueous biomalt solution or a yeast-bactopeptone-glycerol solution was then added. The plates were placed in a chamber saturated with water vapor at a temperature of 18°C. By using an absorption photometer, MTP was measured at 405 nm 7 days after inoculation. The results are presented in Table 39.

3. Activity against Alternaria caused by Alternaria solani (Alteso)

The stock solutions were mixed according to the ratio, pipetted into a microtiter plate (MTP) and diluted with water to the indicated concentrations. A suspension of Alternaria solani spores in an aqueous biomalt solution or a yeast-bactopeptone-glycerol solution was then added. The plates were placed in a chamber saturated with water vapor at a temperature of 18°C. By using an absorption photometer, MTP was measured at 405 nm 7 days after inoculation. The results are presented in Table 40.

4. Activity against wheat leaf spot caused by Leptosphaeria nodorum (Leptno)

The stock solutions were mixed according to the ratio, pipetted into a microtiter plate (MTP) and diluted with water to the indicated concentrations. Suspension of spores of Leptosphaeria nodorum in an aqueous solution of biomalt or then add a solution of yeast-bactopeptone-glycerol. The plates were placed in a chamber saturated with water vapor at a temperature of 18°C. By using an absorption photometer, MTP was measured at 405 nm 7 days after inoculation. The results are presented in Table 41.

The measured parameters were compared with the growth of the active compound-free control variant (100%) and zero without fungi and without active compounds to determine the relative growth in % of pathogens in the respective active compounds.

These percentages have been converted to efficiency.

Calculation of expected effectiveness (E _Colby ) using the Colby formula

The expected efficacy of active compound combinations was determined using Colby's formula (Colby, S. R. "Calculating synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations", Weeds 15, pp. 20-22, 1967) and compared with observed efficacy.

E _Colby observed efficacy, expressed as % of untreated control, using a mixture of active compounds A and B at concentrations a and b

P _A efficacy, expressed as % of untreated control, using active compound A at concentration a

_PB efficacy, expressed as % of untreated control, using active compound B at concentration b.

Synergy factor (SF) calculation

To determine the synergy, the Synergistic Factor (SF) between the observed experimental potency of the mixtures, Emeasured, and the expected potency of the _Colby mixture, E, is calculated as

SF = E _measured / E _Colby

A Synergistic Factor greater than or less than 1 indicates a deviation from the hypothesis of independent action, which means that biologically the two components act together or against each other. If SF>1, then synergism is observed; if SF<1, then antagonism is observed.

The documents cited in this application are incorporated herein by reference.

Brief description of the figures:

Figure 1 Compounds 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3, 4A, 4B, 5A and 5B.

Figure 2. Key NOESY and COZY correlations of compound 1B.

Figure 3. HMBC correlation of compound 1B.

Figure 4. Fragmentation spectra of a) compound 1A and b) compound 1B

Figure 5. Fragmentation spectra of a) Compound 2A (Fusaricidin C) and b) Compound 2B (Fusaricidin D).

Figure 6. Fragmentation spectra of compound 3 (LI-F08b).

Figure 7. Fragmentation spectra of a) compound 4A (LI-F06a) and b) compound 4B (LI-F06b).

Figure 8. Fragmentation spectra of a) compound 5A (fusaricidin A) and b) compound 5B (fusaricidin B).

The Figure 9 shows the percent identity of the complete sequence of 16S rDNA strains of Paenibacillus according to the invention with related taxa after multiple sequence alignment.

List of symbols: * Strain numbers: 1=Paenibacillus strain Lul6774; 2=Paenibacillus strain Lul7015; 3=Paenibacillus strain Lul7007; 4=Paenibacillus peoriae NRRL BD-62; 5=Paenibacillus anaericanus MH21; 6=Paenibacillus brasiliensis PB172; 7=Paenibacillus campinasensis 324; 8=Paenibacillus chibensis JCM 9905; 9=Paenibacillus glucanolyticus DSM 5162; 10=Paenibacillus hunanensis FeL05; 11=Paenibacillus jamilae CECT 5266; 12=Paenibacillus kribbensis AM49; 13=Paenibacillus lactis MB 1871; 14=Paenibacillus lautus JCM 9073; 15=Paenibacillus macerans IAM 12467; 16=Paenibacillus massiliensis 2301065; 17=Paenibacilluspabuli HSCC 492; 18=Paenibacillus peoriae DSM 8320 (BD-57); 19=Paenibacillus pini S22; 20=Paenibacillus polymyxa IAM 13419; 21=Paenibacillus purispatii ES MS17; 22=Paenibacillus sediminis GT-H3; 23=Paenibacillus terrae AM141; 24=Paenibacillus terrigena A35; 25=Paenibacillus timonensis 2301032; 26=Paenibacillus turicensis MOL722; 27=Paenibacillus uliginis N3/975; 28=Cohnella thermotolerans CCUG 47242. Strains 6-28 are typical strains for the respective species.

Similarities between strains Lu16774, Lu17007 and Lu17015 with Paenibacillus peoriae (NRRL BD-62 and DSM 8320) are shown in bold.

Figure 10 shows a phylogenetic dendrogram calculated from % sequence identity of the 168-rDNA strains of Paenibacillus according to the invention with other taxa (Figure 9). The tree root was determined by including the 16S rRNA gene of Cohnella thermotolerans in the sequencing analysis. The scale bar under the dendrogram indicates 1 nucleotide substitution per 100 nucleotides.

Figure 11 shows a RiboPrint image obtained from samples of Paenibacillus strains according to the invention compared to a sample of closely related strain P. peoriae BD-62 using the RiboPrinter Microbial Characterization System and a phylogenetic dendrogram derived from it.

The Figure 12 shows the percent identity of the DNA sequence of the dnaN gene of Paenibacillus strains according to the invention with related Paenibacillus strains after multiple sequence alignment.

List of symbols: * Strain numbers: 1=Paenibacillus strain Lu16774; 2=Paenibacillus strain Lu17007; 3=Paenibacillus strain Lu17015; 4=R. peoriae DSM 8320*T=KCTC 3763*T (GenBank Account. No. AGFX00000000; J. Bacteriol. 194, 1237-1238, 2012); 5=P. polymyxa 1-43 (GenBank account no. ASRZ01000000; deposit no. GCMCC 4965; CN 102352332 B); 6=P. polymyxa A18 (GenBank Account No. JWJJ00000000.1; NCBI Project ID 225496); 7=P. polymyxa ATCC 842*T=DSM 36*T=KCTC 3858*T (GenBank Account. No. AFOX00000000; J. Bacteriol. 193(18), 5026-5027, 2011); 8=P. polymyxa CF05 (GenBank accession no. CP009909; Genome Announcement 3(2):e00198-15. Doi:10.1128/genomeA.00198-15); 9=P. polymyxa CICC 10580 (GenBank accession no. JNCB00000000; Genome Announcement. 2(4):e00854-14. CIO:10.1128/genomeA.00854-14); 10=P. polymyxa DSM 365 (GenBank Account. No. JMIQ00000000; J. Biotechnol. 195, 72-73, 2015); 11=P. polymyxa E681 (GenBank Account. No. CP000154; GenomeNet Ref Seq NC 014483.2; J. Bacteriol. 192(22), 6103-6104, 2010); 12=P. polymyxa M-1 (GenBank Account No. HE577054.1; GenomeNet Ref Seq NC_017542.1); 13=P. polymyxa NRRL B-30509 (GenBank accession no. JTHO00000000; Genome Announcement. 2015 Mar-Apr; 3(2): e00372-15); 14=P. polymyxa SC2 (GenBank Account. No. CP002213; J. Bacteriol. 193 (1), 311-312, 2011); 15=P. polymyxa SQR-21 (GenBank Account. No. CP006872; GenomeNet RefSeq NZ_CP006872.1; Genome Announcement. 2014 Mar-Apr; 2(2): e00281-14); 16=P. polymyxa Sb3-1 (GenBank Account. No. СР010268; Genome Announcement. 2015 Mar-Apr; 3(2): e00052-15); 17=P. polymyxa TD94 (GenBank Account. No. ASSA00000000); 17=P. polymyxa WLY78 (GenBank records no. ALJVOOOOOOOO); P. terrae HPL-003 (GenBank census no. CP003107; NCBI Ref Seq NC 016641.1); P. polymyxa CR1 (GenBank Census No. CP006941; Genome Announcement. 2014 Jan-Feb; 2(1): e01218-13).

Figure 13 shows the percentage DNA sequence identity of the complete gyrB gene of Paenibacillus strains according to the invention with related Paenibacillus strains after multiple sequence alignment. Strain numbers are described in the List of Conventions for FIG. 12.

Figure 14 shows the percent DNA sequence identity of the complete recF gene of Paenibacillus strains according to the invention with related Paenibacillus strains after multiple sequence alignment. Strain numbers are described in the List of Conventions for FIG. 12.

Figure 15 shows the percent DNA sequence identity of the complete recN gene of Paenibacillus strains according to the invention with related Paenibacillus strains after multiple sequence alignment. Strain numbers are described in the List of Conventions for FIG. 12.

Figure 16 shows the percentage DNA sequence identity of the complete rpoA gene of Paenibacillus strains according to the invention with related Paenibacillus strains after multiple sequence alignment. Strain numbers are described in the List of Conventions for FIG. 12.

Figure 17 shows a maximum likelihood dendrogram based on the complete dnaN gene sequence of strains of the P. polymyxa complex. The scale represented by 0.1 corresponds to 1% nucleotide exchanges.

Figure 18 shows a maximum likelihood dendrogram based on the complete gyrB gene sequence of strains of the P. polymyxa complex. The scale represented by 0.1 corresponds to 1% nucleotide exchanges.

Figure 19 shows a maximum likelihood dendrogram based on the complete recF gene sequence of strains of the P. polymyxa complex. The scale represented by 0.1 corresponds to 1% nucleotide exchanges.

Figure 20 shows a maximum likelihood dendrogram based on the complete recN gene sequence of strains of the P. polymyxa complex. The scale represented by 0.1 corresponds to 1% nucleotide exchanges.

Figure 21 shows a maximum likelihood dendrogram based on the complete rpoA gene sequence of strains of the P. polymyxa complex. The scale represented by 0.1 corresponds to 1% nucleotide exchanges.

Figure 22 shows the Amino Acid Index (AAI) matrix of representative genomes of the P. polymyxa complex, made in accordance with the invention Example 2.5. Strain numbers are described in the List of Conventions for FIG. 12.

--->

SEQUENCE LIST

<110> BASF CE

<120> strains of Paenibacillus

<130> 160069

<150> 2016-02-09

<151> EP16154807.8

<160> 3

<170> BiSSAP 1.2

<210> 1

<211> 1539

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1539

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus polymyxa spp. plantarum"

/entry="strain Lu16774 complete 16S rDNA"

/mol_type="other DNA"

<220>

<221> unspecified

<222> 37,58,60,65,82,87,89,204,263,645,1020,1264,1457

<400> 1

tttgatcctg gctcaggacg aacgctggcg gcgtgcntaa tacatgcaag tcgagcgngn 60

ttatntagaa gcttgcttct anaattncna gcggcggacg ggtgagtaac acgtaggcaa 120

180

cctgcatggg agaaggagga aagncggagc aatctgtcac ttgtggatgg gcctgcggcg 240

cattagctag ttggtggggt aanggcctac caaggcgacg atgcgtagcc gacctgagag 300

ggtgatcggc cacactggga ctgagacacg gcccagactc ctacgggagg cagcagtagg 360

gaatcttccg caatgggcga aagcctgacg gagcaacgcc gcgtgagtga tgaaggtttt 420

cggatcgtaa agctctgttg ccagggaaga acgtcttgta gagtaactgc tacaagagtg 480

acggtacctg agaagaaagc cccggctaac tacgtgccag cagccgcggt aatacgtagg 540

gggcaagcgt tgtccggaat tattgggcgt aaagcgcgcg caggcggctc tttaagtctg 600

gtgtttaatc ccgaggctca acttcgggtc gcactggaaa ctggngagct tgagtgcaga 660

agaggagagt ggaattccac gtgtagcggt gaaatgcgta gagatgtgga ggaacaccag 720

tggcgaaggc gactctctgg gctgtaactg acgctgaggc gcgaaagcgt ggggagcaaa 780

caggattaga taccctggta gtccacgccg taaacgatga atgctaggtg ttagggggttt 840

cgataccctt ggtgccgaag ttaacacatt aagcattccg cctggggagt acggtcgcaa 900

gactgaaact caaaggaatt gacggggacc cgcacaagca gtggagtatg tggtttaatt 960

cgaagcaacg cgaagaacct taccaggtct tgacatccct ctgaccggtc tagagatagn 1020

cctttccttc gggacagagg agacaggtgg tgcatggttg tcgtcagctc gtgtcgtgag 1080

atgttgggtt aagtcccgca acgagcgcaa cccttatgct tagttgccag caggtcaagc 1140

tgggcactct aagcagactg ccggtgacaa accggaggaa ggtggggatg acgtcaaatc 1200

atcatgcccc ttatgacctg ggctacacac gtactacaat ggccggtaca acgggaagcg 1260

aagncgcgag gtggagccaa tcctagaaaa gccggtctca gttcggattg taggctgcaa 1320

ctcgcctaca tgaagtcgga attgctagta atcgcggatc agcatgccgc ggtgaatacg 1380

ttcccgggtc ttgtacacac cgccgtcac accacgagag tttacaacac ccgaagtcgg 1440

tgaggtaacc gcaaggngcc agccgccgaa ggtggggtag atgattgggg tgaagtcgta 1500

acaaggtagc cgtatcggaa ggtgcggctg gatcacctc 1539

<210> 2

<211> 1545

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1545

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus polymyxa ssp. plantarum"

/entry="strain Lu17007 complete 16S rDNA"

/mol_type="other DNA"

<220>

<221> unspecified

<222> 58,60,65,82,87,645,1020

<400> 2

tttgatcctg gctcaggacg aacgctggcg gcgtgcctaa tacatgcaag tcgagcgngn 60

ttatntagaa gcttgcttct anataancta gcggcggacg ggtgagtaac acgtaggcaa 120

180

cctgcatggg agaaggagga aagacggagc aatctgtcac ttgtggatgg gcctgcggcg 240

cattagctag ttggtggggt aawggcctac caaggcgacg atgcgtagcc gacctgagag 300

ggtgatcggc cacactggga ctgagacacg gcccagactc ctacgggagg cagcagtagg 360

gaatcttccg caatgggcga aagcctgacg gagcaacgcc gcgtgagtga tgaaggtttt 420

cggatcgtaa agctctgttg ccagggaaga acgtcttgta gagtaactgc tacaagagtg 480

acggtacctg agaagaaagc cccggctaac tacgtgccag cagccgcggt aatacgtagg 540

gggcaagcgt tgtccggaat tattgggcgt aaagcgcgcg caggcggctc tttaagtctg 600

gtgtttaatc ccgaggctca acttcgggtc gcactggaaa ctggngagct tgagtgcaga 660

agaggagagt ggaattccac gtgtagcggt gaaatgcgta gagatgtgga ggaacaccag 720

tggcgaaggc gactctctgg gctgtaactg acgctgaggc gcgaaagcgt ggggagcaaa 780

caggattaga taccctggta gtccacgccg taaacgatga atgctaggtg ttagggggttt 840

cgataccctt ggtgccgaag ttaacacatt aagcattccg cctggggagt acggtcgcaa 900

gactgaaact caaaggaatt gacggggacc cgcacaagca gtggagtatg tggtttaatt 960

cgaagcaacg cgaagaacct taccaggtct tgacatccct ctgaccggtc tagagatagn 1020

cctttccttc gggacagagg agacaggtgg tgcatggttg tcgtcagctc gtgtcgtgag 1080

atgttgggtt aagtcccgca acgagcgcaa cccttatgct tagttgccag caggtcaagc 1140

tgggcactct aagcagactg ccggtgacaa accggaggaa ggtggggatg acgtcaaatc 1200

atcatgcccc ttatgacctg ggctacacac gtactacaat ggccggtaca acgggaagcg 1260

aagccgcgag gtggagccaa tcctagaaaa gccggtctca gttcggattg taggctgcaa 1320

ctcgcctaca tgaagtcgga attgctagta atcgcggatc agcatgccgc ggtgaatacg 1380

ttcccgggtc ttgtacacac cgccgtcac accacgagag tttacaacac ccgaagtcgg 1440

tgaggtaacc gcaaggagcc agccgccgaa ggtggggtag atgattgggg tgaagtcgta 1500

acaaggtagc cgtatcggaa ggtgcggctg gatcacctcc tttct 1545

<210> 3

<211> 1547

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1547

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus epiphyticus"

/entry="strain Lu17015 complete 16S rDNA"

/mol_type="other DNA"

<220>

<221> unspecified

<222> 68,87,1024

<400> 3

tgagtttgat cctggctcag gacgaacgct ggcggcgtgc ctaatacatg caagtcgagc 60

ggggttgntt agaagcttgc ttctaancaa cctagcggcg gacgggtgag taacacgtag 120

gcaacctgcc cacaagacag ggataactac cggaaacggt agctaatacc cgatacatcc 180

ttttcctgca tgggagaagg aggaaagacg gagcaatctg tcacttgtgg atgggcctgc 240

ggcgcattag ctagttggtg gggtaaaggc ctaccaaggc gacgatgcgt agccgacctg 300

agagggtgat cggccacact gggactgaga cacggcccag actcctacgg gaggcagcag 360

tagggaatct tccgcaatgg gcgaaagcct gacggagcaa cgccgcgtga gtgatgaagg 420

ttttcggatc gtaaagctct gttgccaggg aagaacgtct tgtagagtaa ctgctacaag 480

agtgacggta cctgagaaga aagccccggc taactacgtg cggcagccg cggtaatacg 540

tagggggcaa gcgttgtccg gaattattgg gcgtaaagcg cgcgcaggcg gctctttaag 600

tctggtgttt aatcccgagg ctcaacttcg ggtcgcactg gaaactgggg agcttgagtg 660

cagaagagga gagtggaatt cccacgtgtag cggtgaaatg cgtagatatg tggaggaaca 720

ccagtggcga aggcgactct ctgggctgta actgacgctg aggcgcgaaa gcgtggggag 780

caaacaggat tagataccct ggtagtccac gccgtaaacg atgaatgcta ggtgttaggg 840

gtttcgatac ccttggtgcc gaagttaaca cattaagcat tccgcctggg gagtacggtc 900

gcaagactga aactcaaagg aattgacggg gacccgcaca agcagtggag tatgtggttt 960

aattcgaagc aacgcgaaga accttaccag gtcttgacat ccctctgacc ggtctagaga 1020

tagncctttc cttcgggaca gaggagacag gtggtgcatg gttgtcgtca gctcgtgtcg 1080

1140

aagctgggca ctctaagcag actgccggtg acaaaccggga ggaaggtggg gatgacgtca 1200

aatcatcatg ccccttatga cctgggctac acacgtacta caatggccgg tacaacggga 1260

agcgaaatcg cgaggtggag ccaatcctag aaaagccggt ctcagttcgg attgtaggct 1320

1380 gcaactcgcc tacatgaagt cggaattgct agtaatcgcg

tacgttcccg ggtcttgtac acaccgcccg tcacaccacg agagtttaca acacccgaag 1440

tcggtggggt aacccgcaag ggagccagcc gccgaaggtg gggtagatga ttggggtgaa 1500

gtcgtaacaa ggtagccgta tcggaaggtg cggctggatc acctcct 1547

<210> 4

<211> 1143

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1143

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus polymyxa spp. plantarum"

/record="strain Lu16774 dnaN"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 4

atgaagatta gcattctgaa aaacgttttg aacgaggcca tacaacatgt atccaaagcg 60

atatccagtc gaacgacaat tccaattttg agtggtatta agctggatgt gaatcaccag 120

ggagtcacac tgaccgccag cgatacagac atctctattc aatcctttat tccgatggag 180

gatggtgacc aaacggtcgt tcagatcgaa caacccggca gtgtagtgct acccgctaaa 240

ttctttgtcg aaattatcaa aaagttgccg tctcaggaga tccgtatgga ggtaaaagac 300

caattccaaa ccttttatctc atccggtgct actgaaattc agatcgttgg tttggaccct 360

gaagaatttc cggtgcttcc caacattgaa gaaaatcaag tgatctctgt gccaggtgat 420

ttgcttaaaa atatgattaa acagacggta ttctccatct ctacccatga aacgacacct 480

attttgactg gtgtattgtg gaatctggct gagggcgaat tgaaatttgt cgcaacggac 540

cgccaccgcc ttgccacccg cagcgctcat ttggagacgt ctgaaggctt gcgttttagc 600

aatgttgtca ttgcaggcaa aacgctcaat gagctgagca gaattattcc ggatcaaaat 660

atgcttgtgg atatcgtcgt agcggacaat caggtattat ttaaggtgga tcgcgtgtta 720

ttttactctc gcatcttgga cggcacctat cctgatactt ctagaattat tccgacttcc 780

tacaaaacag aactgattgt ggacacaaaa agtttgagcg agtctattga ccgtgcttat 840

ttgctgtccc gtgaggaaaa aacgaatatt gtaaaaatgc aatcgttgga aaacggtgat 900

ctagagattt cctccagctc atctgaactt ggtaaagtgc gtgaggaagt aaatgtatcc 960

aaatttgagg gagagccact caaaatctcg ttcaactcca aatatatgct cgacgtgctg 1020

1080

ttaaaaccgg cagattccag caatgcgctg tatatcatcc tgccatatcg cacaaccaac 1140

tag 1143

<210> 5

<211> 1980

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1980

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus polymyxa spp. plantarum"

/record="strain Lu16774 gyrB"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 5

atggtcgaca aaatcgactt gtctgcggga gcttccggta cacagaacgg agcttcagaa 60

tatggcgcgg acgacattca agtgctcgaa gggcttgtgg cagttcgcaa acggccggggc 120

atgtacatcg ggagcaccag ttcttcggga ctgcatcatt tggtatggga aattgtagac 180

aacgcggtgg atgaacatct cgccaagttt tgctctcgca ttgatatcac aatgcataag 240

gacggttctg ttacagtatc agacaacgggg cgcggtattc ctacgggaat gcacaaaatg 300

ggaattccta cgcctcaagt tgtattcacc attttgcacg cgggaggtaa gtttggcggt 360

tcgggatata aaaagtccgg gggtctgcat ggggtaggtg cgtctgtaac gaacgctctt 420

tcggaatggc ttgaagtgga aatctaccgg gacggcaaga ttcaccgtca gcggtttgaa 480

tattggcagg acaagaaggg cgtggagcat gtcggtgaac cgaccacagg ccttgaagtg 540

ctgggcaata ctaacaagac gggctcgaaa attacattta aaccggatat tcgcgttttt 600

660

ctgaattccg gccttcgtat tcagcttaaa gacgaacgca gcggaaagtc agatgaatat 720

ttttatgagg gtggagcaag tcagtttgtt tctttttttga atgagggtaa ggatgtactg 780

catgatgtta ttcactttaa tgccgagaaa gaagacattg aagtggagat tgccatccaa 840

tacaatgccg gctacacaga gacgattgct tcgttcgtta actccattcc gacacgtggc 900

gggggtacgc atgaaacagg cttcaaaacc gcttacactc gtatcatgaa cgactatgca 960

cgcaaaacag cgatgttgaa ggaaaaggat aaaaacctgg aaggtaacga tctgcgtgag 1020

ggtatgatgg ctgtaatcag tgtcaagatg gccgaggttg aatttgtcgg tcagacaaaa 1080

gatcagctgg gtagtgcttc ggcgcggagt acagtggatg ccatcgtatc tgaacaaatg 1140

cagcgctttt tggaggaaaa tccacagata gcgcaaacct tgatcagaaa ggcagttcaa 1200

gcatccaaag cgcgtgaagc tgcacgtaag gctcgggacg aaatgcgttc tggcaagaaa 1260

cgcagtgaaa gttctaattt gaatggcaaa ctgtcgcctg cgcagtctaa ggattttaca 1320

1380

gattccaaaa tccaggcaat tttgccgtta aagggcaagc cgatgaatcc ggaaaaatca 1440

aagttggcgg atattatgaa aaatgatgag tatcgtgcga ttacggcagc gattggcgcg 1500

ggggtaggaa ctgagttcac gctggaagac agcaattatt ccaaaatcat cattatgacc 1560

gatgcagata cagatggcgc gcacattcaa gtactgttgt tgacgttctt ttatcggtac 1620

atgaaagaac tcattgatgc aggacgcata tttattgctc agccgccatt gtataaaata 1680

acccgcaagt cgggtaagct cgaaacggtt cgttatgcct ggactgacga gcagcttgat 1740

aattacttaa aagaatttgg acgaaatttt gagcttcaac gttataaagg actcggggag 1800

atgaaccctg atcagttatg ggaaacgaca atgaatcccg agtcacgcac cctgttgcgc 1860

gttcagattg aggatgctgc caaagctgaa cgccgtgtgt ccacattgat gggtgataag 1920

gtggatccac gtaagcgctg gatcgtggaa aacgtggatt tcacggaata cgtagagtag 1980

<210> 6

<211> 1116

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1116

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus polymyxa spp. plantarum"

/record="strain Lu16774 recF"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 6

gtgtttgtga acaacattgt tttgcagcag taccggaact ataaacagct ggagctgaat 60

gaattcgggc ccgttaattt gctgatcgga caaaatgcgc aaggcaaaac gaatctggtt 120

gaggcgattt ttgtattagc cttaactaaa agtcaccgaa cgtcccgtga caaggaatta 180

atttctttcg gggctacttc cacacatcta gctgctgatg tggataagaa atacgggaaa 240

atcagattgg atctctcgtt atccacacaa ggcaaaaaag caaagatcaa cgggctagag 300

360

ctggaaattg tcaaaggaac accgggggtt cgccgccggt ttcttgacat ggaaattgga 420

caagttgcgc caggatattt gtatcatttg cagcaatatc agaaagtgct ggttcagcgg 480

aataacctgc tcaagcaagc ttgggggaaa gatatggcgt ccgtgcagct gatgctggag 540

gtatggaatg agcaacttgt tgagcatggt gttaaaattg taaaaaagcg gaaacaattt 600

ataacaaagc tacaaaagtg ggcccaagcc attcatgaag ggattgcagg tgggacagaa 660

gagttaaaat tagcctatgt tccctctttc ggtgagccag aggaagaaga tgaagctgtc 720

ttattggagc gatttatgat aaagttatcc caaatgaggg aacaggaaat ccgccgtggc 780

atgactttgg cgggacccca tcgtgatgat ttggcctttg ccattaacgg cagagaagtg 840

catacgtatg gctctcaggg gcagcagcgg acgacggccc tgtctttgaa gctggccgaa 900

atagaattaa ttcatgagga aattggggag tatcctatcc tgctgctgga tgatgtattg 960

tccgagctgg acccctatcg tcagactcag ctgatcgaga ctttccaaag caaggtacag 1020

acctttatca cggcaaccgg gattgagacg ttgaacgcag aacgacttaa gggtgcccat 1080

atttatcacg tccacgacgg gcatgtggaa cactaa 1116

<210> 7

<211> 1719

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1719

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus polymyxa spp. plantarum"

/record="strain Lu16774 recN"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 7

atgctggtca ctttgtctat acggaatttg gcagtcgtag aagctgtcga tgttcatttt 60

tataaaggat ttcatgtatt gagcggagaa actggtgctg gtaaatccat tattatcgac 120

180

aaagccgaaa tggaagcctt gtttgaattg ccggtcaaac atcccgtttg gaatacgttg 240

gaggaacaag ggattaaggc taatccagaa gagcatttgc tgattcgtcg agaacttaca 300

gttcagggga aaagctcatc tcgaattaac ggtcagatgg ttaatttaac gatgctgcgt 360

gaggtaggtg agcaactcgt taatatccac gggcagcatg agcatcaaag cttgctgcgt 420

gcggatcgcc atcttgcgct gctggatacg ttcggtgact cggtcattgg tccagtcaaa 480

gcgctttacc gggagcgcta caatgctttt gtcaaagcgg aaaaagaagt aagagaattg 540

caaagctcca gtcaaaaggc ttatcagcta ttggacatgt atcgcttcca attggaagag 600

atcgctgcgg cggagttaaa attgggtgaa gatgaattat tggcagagga acgggtcaag 660

ctatcccata gtgagaaaat gatggatgga gtatcaggag catacgagct gttaagtggc 720

agaggtggtc tggatacggt caataacgtg ttgtccagat taaatgatgt tcagagctac 780

gacagtaaaa gccttcagcc cattgcggag cagattcaat ctgctttcta tcagttggag 840

gatgcagcgt ttcaattacg ctcttatcgt gaggatattg aatttaatcc gggcaagctg 900

catgaggtgg agcaacgttt gaatcaaatt accgggttac agcgaaaata tggtgatagt 960

atagagcaga ttttggaata ctatagccgt attgagcagg aaaccgatct gttggaaaat 1020

aaagatgagc ggctggagca gctcattgca aagcgggatg agttgctttc gaatttgctg 1080

gagattgctg aagagcttac agaggcacgt gaaatttgtg ctgaagagct tgcagagcaa 1140

gtagagcagg aattaaaaga tcttcaaatg gaaagaacgt cactcaaggt gcgtattgat 1200

ccaattgaag atccacgtgg atatgaatat aaaggtctaa aggtacgacc taccaagcaa 1260

gggatagata atgcggaatt tctgatttcg cccaatccag gtgagccact tcgcccactc 1320

1380

gcgcgtcatg atcaaattcc ggtgctcatt tttgacgagg tggataccgg ggtaagtggt 1440

1500

tccattactc atttgccgca ggtggcatgt atggcagatc atcagtacct gattgagaaa 1560

aatgttcatg acggacggac catgactcaa attgagggac taacggagga aggtcgtgtt 1620

aaggaattgg cacggatgct gggtggggta gaaattaccg aaaaaacatt gcatcacgca 1680

caggaaatgc tgaatttggc ggaaggaaag aaagcctga 1719

<210> 8

<211> 945

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..945

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus polymyxa spp. plantarum"

/entry="strain Lu16774 rpoA"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 8

gtgatagaaa tcgaaaagcc gaaaattgag acggttgacg tcaatgatga tggcacctat 60

ggaaaattcg tagtagaacc gctggaacgc ggatacggta cgacgcttgg gaactcgctt 120

cgccgtattc tgttatcctc gttaccgggg gcagcagtca catcggttca gatcgatggg 180

gttctgcacg agtttgcaac ggttcccggt gtgaaggaag acgtaacgga gatcattctg 240

aacttgaaag ctttatcgct taaaatccac tcagatgaag agaaagtact tgaaatcgat 300

360

cttaatccgg atcttcacat tgcaacgctc ggaccggggtt cgagacttca catgcgtatt 420

tttgccaatc gcggtcgcgg ttacgttaag caggatcgga ataaacgtga tgaccagccg 480

atcggcgtca ttcccgtcga ctccatctac actccgattg cacgcgtgaa ctacggcgta 540

gaaaatacgc gtgtcggcca ggttacgaat tatgacaagc tgacacttga ggtttggact 600

gacggaacta ttcgtcctga agaagctgtg agccttggag ccaaaatttt gaccgagcat 660

gtgatgctat tcgtgggtct cacggatgaa gcaaaagatg cagaaattat ggtcgaaaaa 720

gaagaagaca aaaaagaaaa agttcttgaa atgacgatcg aagagctgga tctctccgtc 780

cgttcctata actgccttaa gcgcgctggt atcaatacgg tacaagaact cacgactaaa 840

tctgaagaag atatgatgaa ggtccgtaac ttgggtcgca aatctttgga agaagtacaa 900

gagaagctcg aggaacttgg tttaggactt cgtacggaag aatag 945

<210> 9

<211> 1143

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1143

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus polymyxa spp. plantarum"

/record="strain Lu17007 dnaN"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 9

atgaagatta gcattctgaa aaacgttttg aacgaggcca tacaacatgt atccaaagcg 60

atatccagtc gaacgacaat tccaattttg agtggtatta agctggatgt gaatcaccag 120

ggagtcacac tgaccgccag cgatacagac atctctattc aatcctttat tccgatggag 180

gatggtgacc aaacggtcgt tcagatcgaa caacccggca gtgtagtgct acccgctaaa 240

ttctttgtcg aaattatcaa aaagttgccg tctcaggaga tccgtatgga ggtaaaagac 300

caattccaaa ccttttatctc atccggtgct actgaaattc agatcgttgg tttggaccct 360

gaagaatttc cggtgcttcc caacattgaa gaaaatcaag tgatctctgt gccaggtgat 420

ttgcttaaaa atatgattaa acagacggta ttctccatct ctacccatga aacgacacct 480

attttgactg gtgtattgtg gaatctggct gagggcgaat tgaaatttgt cgcaacggac 540

cgccaccgcc ttgccacccg cagcgctcat ttggagacgt ctgaaggctt gcgttttagc 600

aatgttgtca ttgcaggcaa aacgctcaat gagctgagca gaattattcc ggatcaaaat 660

atgcttgtgg atatcgtcgt agcggacaat caggtattat ttaaggtgga tcgcgtgtta 720

ttttactctc gcatcttgga cggcacctat cctgatactt ctagaattat tccgacttcc 780

tacaaaacag aactgattgt ggacacaaaa agtttgagcg agtctattga ccgtgcttat 840

ttgctgtccc gtgaggaaaa aacgaatatt gtaaaaatgc aatcgttgga aaacggtgat 900

ctagagattt cctccagctc atctgaactt ggtaaagtgc gtgaggaagt aaatgtatcc 960

aaatttgagg gagagccact caaaatctcg ttcaactcca aatatatgct cgacgtgctg 1020

1080

ttaaaaccgg cagattccag caatgcgctg tatatcatcc tgccatatcg cacaaccaac 1140

tag 1143

<210> 10

<211> 1980

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1980

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus polymyxa spp. plantarum"

/record="strain Lu17007 gyrB"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 10

atggtcgaca aaatcgactt gtctgcggga gcttccggta cacagaacgg agcttcagaa 60

tatggcgcgg acgacattca agtgctcgaa gggcttgtgg cagttcgcaa acggccggggc 120

atgtacatcg ggagcaccag ttcttcggga ctgcatcatt tggtatggga aattgtagac 180

aacgcggtgg atgaacatct cgccaagttt tgctctcgca ttgatatcac aatgcataag 240

gacggttctg ttacagtatc agacaacgggg cgcggtattc ctacgggaat gcacaaaatg 300

ggaattccta cgcctcaagt tgtattcacc attttgcacg cgggaggtaa gtttggcggt 360

tcgggatata aaaagtccgg gggtctgcat ggggtaggtg cgtctgtaac gaacgctctt 420

tcggaatggc ttgaagtgga aatctaccgg gacggcaaga ttcaccgtca gcggtttgaa 480

tattggcagg acaagaaggg cgtggagcat gtcggtgaac cgaccacagg ccttgaagtg 540

ctgggcaata ctaacaagac gggctcgaaa attacattta aaccggatat tcgcgttttt 600

660

ctgaattccg gccttcgtat tcagcttaaa gacgaacgca gcggaaagtc agatgaatat 720

ttttatgagg gtggagcaag tcagtttgtt tctttttttga atgagggtaa ggatgtactg 780

catgatgtta ttcactttaa tgccgagaaa gaagacattg aagtggagat tgccatccaa 840

tacaatgccg gctacacaga gacgattgct tcgttcgtta actccattcc gacacgtggc 900

gggggtacgc atgaaacagg cttcaaaacc gcttacactc gtatcatgaa cgactatgca 960

cgcaaaacag cgatgttgaa ggaaaaggat aaaaacctgg aaggtaacga tctgcgtgag 1020

ggtatgatgg ctgtaatcag tgtcaagatg gccgaggttg aatttgtcgg tcagacaaaa 1080

gatcagctgg gtagtgcttc ggcgcggagt acagtggatg ccatcgtatc tgaacaaatg 1140

cagcgctttt tggaggaaaa tccacagata gcgcaaacct tgatcagaaa ggcagttcaa 1200

gcatccaaag cgcgtgaagc tgcacgtaag gctcgggacg aaatgcgttc tggcaagaaa 1260

cgcagtgaaa gttctaattt gaatggcaaa ctgtcgcctg cgcagtctaa ggattttaca 1320

1380

gattccaaaa tccaggcaat tttgccgtta aagggcaagc cgatgaatcc ggaaaaatca 1440

aagttggcgg atattatgaa aaatgatgag tatcgtgcga ttacggcagc gattggcgcg 1500

ggggtaggaa ctgagttcac gctggaagac agcaattatt ccaaaatcat cattatgacc 1560

gatgcagata cagatggcgc gcacattcaa gtactgttgt tgacgttctt ttatcggtac 1620

atgaaagaac tcattgatgc aggacgcata tttattgctc agccgccatt gtataaaata 1680

acccgcaagt cgggtaagct cgaaacggtt cgttatgcct ggactgacga gcagcttgat 1740

aattacttaa aagaatttgg acgaaatttt gagcttcaac gttataaagg actcggggag 1800

atgaaccctg atcagttatg ggaaacgaca atgaatcccg agtcacgcac cctgttgcgc 1860

gttcagattg aggatgctgc caaagctgaa cgccgtgtgt ccacattgat gggtgataag 1920

gtggatccac gtaagcgctg gatcgtggaa aacgtggatt tcacggaata cgtagagtag 1980

<210> 11

<211> 1116

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1116

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus polymyxa spp. plantarum"

/record="strain Lu17007 recF"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 11

gtgtttgtga acaacattgt tttgcagcag taccggaact ataaacagct ggagctgaat 60

gaattcgggc ccgttaattt gctgatcgga caaaatgcgc aaggcaaaac gaatctggtt 120

gaggcgattt ttgtattagc cttaactaaa agtcaccgaa cgtcccgtga caaggaatta 180

atttctttcg gggctacttc cacacatcta gctgctgatg tggataagaa atacgggaaa 240

atcagattgg atctctcgtt atccacacaa ggcaaaaaag caaagatcaa cgggctagag 300

360

ctggaaattg tcaaaggaac accgggggtt cgccgccggt ttcttgacat ggaaattgga 420

caagttgcgc caggatattt gtatcatttg cagcaatatc agaaagtgct ggttcagcgg 480

aataacctgc tcaagcaagc ttgggggaaa gatatggcgt ccgtgcagct gatgctggag 540

gtatggaatg agcaacttgt tgagcatggt gttaaaattg taaaaaagcg gaaacaattt 600

ataacaaagc tacaaaagtg ggcccaagcc attcatgaag ggattgcagg tgggacagaa 660

gagttaaaat tagcctatgt tccctctttc ggtgagccag aggaagaaga tgaagctgtc 720

ttattggagc gatttatgat aaagttatcc caaatgaggg aacaggaaat ccgccgtggc 780

atgactttgg cgggacccca tcgtgatgat ttggcctttg ccattaacgg cagagaagtg 840

catacgtatg gctctcaggg gcagcagcgg acgacggccc tgtctttgaa gctggccgaa 900

atagaattaa ttcatgagga aattggggag tatcctatcc tgctgctgga tgatgtattg 960

tccgagctgg acccctatcg tcagactcag ctgatcgaga ctttccaaag caaggtacag 1020

acctttatca cggcaaccgg gattgagacg ttgaacgcag aacgacttaa gggtgcccat 1080

atttatcacg tccacgacgg gcatgtggaa cactaa 1116

<210> 12

<211> 1719

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1719

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus polymyxa spp. plantarum"

17

/record="strain Lu17007 recN"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 12

atgctggtca ctttgtctat acggaatttg gcagtcgtag aagctgtcga tgttcatttt 60

tataaaggat ttcatgtatt gagcggagaa actggtgctg gtaaatccat tattatcgac 120

180

aaagccgaaa tggaagcctt gtttgaattg ccggtcaaac atcccgtttg gaatacgttg 240

gaggaacaag ggattaaggc taatccagaa gagcatttgc tgattcgtcg agaacttaca 300

gttcagggga aaagctcatc tcgaattaac ggtcagatgg ttaatttaac gatgctgcgt 360

gaggtaggtg agcaactcgt taatatccac gggcagcatg agcatcaaag cttgctgcgt 420

gcggatcgcc atcttgcgct gctggatacg ttcggtgact cggtcattgg tccagtcaaa 480

gcgctttacc gggagcgcta caatgctttt gtcaaagcgg aaaaagaagt aagagaattg 540

caaagctcca gtcaaaaggc ttatcagcta ttggacatgt atcgcttcca attggaagag 600

atcgctgcgg cggagttaaa attgggtgaa gatgaattat tggcagagga acgggtcaag 660

ctatcccata gtgagaaaat gatggatgga gtatcaggag catacgagct gttaagtggc 720

agaggtggtc tggatacggt caataacgtg ttgtccagat taaatgatgt tcagagctac 780

gacagtaaaa gccttcagcc cattgcggag cagattcaat ctgctttcta tcagttggag 840

gatgcagcgt ttcaattacg ctcttatcgt gaggatattg aatttaatcc gggcaagctg 900

catgaggtgg agcaacgttt gaatcaaatt accgggttac agcgaaaata tggtgatagt 960

atagagcaga ttttggaata ctatagccgt attgagcagg aaaccgatct gttggaaaat 1020

aaagatgagc ggctggagca gctcattgca aagcgggatg agttgctttc gaatttgctg 1080

gagattgctg aagagcttac agaggcacgt gaaatttgtg ctgaagagct tgcagagcaa 1140

gtagagcagg aattaaaaga tcttcaaatg gaaagaacgt cactcaaggt gcgtattgat 1200

ccaattgaag atccacgtgg atatgaatat aaaggtctaa aggtacgacc taccaagcaa 1260

gggatagata atgcggaatt tctgatttcg cccaatccag gtgagccact tcgcccactc 1320

1380

gcgcgtcatg atcaaattcc ggtgctcatt tttgacgagg tggataccgg ggtaagtggt 1440

1500

tccattactc atttgccgca ggtggcatgt atggcagatc atcagtacct gattgagaaa 1560

aatgttcatg acggacggac catgactcaa attgagggac taacggagga aggtcgtgtt 1620

aaggaattgg cacggatgct gggtggggta gaaattaccg aaaaaacatt gcatcacgca 1680

caggaaatgc tgaatttggc ggaaggaaag aaagcctga 1719

<210> 13

<211> 945

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..945

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus polymyxa spp. plantarum"

/entry="strain Lu17007 rpoA"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 13

gtgatagaaa tcgaaaagcc gaaaattgag acggttgacg tcaatgatga tggcacctat 60

ggaaaattcg tagtagaacc gctggaacgc ggatacggta cgacgcttgg gaactcgctt 120

cgccgtattc tgttatcctc gttaccgggg gcagcagtca catcggttca gatcgatggg 180

gttctgcacg agtttgcaac ggttcccggt gtgaaggaag acgtaacgga gatcattctg 240

aacttgaaag ctttatcgct taaaatccac tcagatgaag agaaagtact tgaaatcgat 300

360

cttaatccgg atcttcacat tgcaacgctc ggaccggggtt cgagacttca catgcgtatt 420

tttgccaatc gcggtcgcgg ttacgttaag caggatcgga ataaacgtga tgaccagccg 480

atcggcgtca ttcccgtcga ctccatctac actccgattg cacgcgtgaa ctacggcgta 540

gaaaatacgc gtgtcggcca ggttacgaat tatgacaagc tgacacttga ggtttggact 600

gacggaacta ttcgtcctga agaagctgtg agccttggag ccaaaatttt gaccgagcat 660

gtgatgctat tcgtgggtct cacggatgaa gcaaaagatg cagaaattat ggtcgaaaaa 720

gaagaagaca aaaaagaaaa agttcttgaa atgacgatcg aagagctgga tctctccgtc 780

cgttcctata actgccttaa gcgcgctggt atcaatacgg tacaagaact cacgactaaa 840

tctgaagaag atatgatgaa ggtccgtaac ttgggtcgca aatctttgga agaagtacaa 900

gagaagctcg aggaacttgg tttaggactt cgtacggaag aatag 945

<210> 14

<211> 1143

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1143

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus epiphyticus"

/record="strain Lu17015 dnaN"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 14

atgaagatca gcattctgaa aaacgttttg aacgaggcta tacaacatgt atccaaagcg 60

atatcaagtc ggactacgat tccaattctg agtggtatta agctggatgt gaatcaccag 120

ggagtaacgc tgaccgccag cgatacagac atctccattc aatcctttat tccgatggag 180

gatggtgacc aaactgttgt tcaggtcgaa caacccggca gtgttgtgct gcctgccaaa 240

ttctttgtcg aaattatcaa aaagttgccg tcgcaggaga tccatatgga ggtaaaagac 300

caatttcaaa ccttttatctc gtctggcgca actgaaattc agattgttgg cttggaccct 360

gaagaattcc cggtgcttcc caacattgaa gaaaatcaag tcatctctgt accaggagat 420

ttacttaaaa atatgattaa acagacggta ttctccatct ccacccacga aacgacaccg 480

attttaactg gcgtgttgtg gaatctggct gagggtgaat tgaagtttgt ggcaacggac 540

cgccaccgcc ttgccacccg tagcgctcat ttggagacgt ctgaaggctt gcgttttagc 600

aatgttgtca ttgcgggcaa aacgctgaat gagctgagca gaattattcc agatcaaaat 660

atgcttgtgg atatcgtagt agcggacaat caggtattat tcaaagtaga tcgggtgcta 720

ttttattccc gcatcttgga cggcacctat cctgatactt ctagaattat tccgacctcc 780

tacaaaacag aactgattgt ggatacaaaa agtttaagtg agtcaattga ccgtgcttat 840

ttgctgtccc gtgaggaaaa aacgaatatt gtaaaaatgc agtcgctgga aaatggcggt 900

ttggagattt cctctagttc ctctgagctt ggcaaagtgc gtgaggaagt aactgtgtcc 960

aaatttgagg gagagccgct caaaatttcg ttcaactcta aatacatgct cgacgtgctg 1020

aaggtgattg acagcgagca gctgacgatt gcttttaccg gcattatgag ccccattatt 1080

ttaaaaccgg ctgattccag caatgcgctg tatatcatcc tgccatatcg cacaaccaac 1140

tga 1143

<210> 15

<211> 1980

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1980

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus epiphyticus"

/record="strain Lu17015 gyrB"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 15

atggtcgaca aaatcgactt gtctgcggga gtgtccggca cacaaagcgg agcttcggaa 60

tatggcgcgg acgacattca agtgctcgaa gggcttgtgg cagttcgcaa acggccggggc 120

atgtacatcg ggagcaccag ttcttcgggg ctgcatcatt tggtatggga aattgtagac 180

aacgcggtgg atgaacatct cgccaagttt tgctctcgca ttgatattac aatgcataag 240

gacggttccg ttacagtatc agacaacggg cgcggtattc ctacgggaat gcacaaaacg 300

360

tcgggatata aaaaatccgg gggtctgcac ggtgtaggtg cgtctgtaac gaacgctctt 420

tcggaatggc ttgaagtaga aatttaccgg gacggcaaga ttcaccgtca gcggtttgaa 480

tattggcagg acaagaaggg cgtggagcat gtcggggaac cgaccacagg ccttgaagtg 540

ctgggcaata ctaacaagac gggctcgaaa attacattta aaccggatat tcgtgttttt 600

660

ctaaattcgg gccttcgtat tcaacttaaa gacgaacgca gcggaaagtc agatgagtat 720

ttttatgagg gtggcgcaag tcagtttgtt gcttttctga atgagggcaa ggatgtgctg 780

catgacgtta ttcactttaa tgccgagaaa gaagacattg aagtagagat tgccatccag 840

tacaatgctg gttatacaga gacgattgct tcgttcgtta actccattcc gacacgtgga 900

ggaggtacgc atgaaacggg attcaaaacc gcttacactc gtgtcatgaa cgactatgcc 960

cggaaaacgg tgatgttgaa agaaaaggat aaaaacttgg agggcaacga tctacgtgag

ggcatgatgg ctgtaatcag tgtcaagatg gctgaggttg aatttgtcgg ccagacaaag 1080

1140

cagcgttttt tggaagaaaa tccgcagata gcacaaactt tgatcaagaa ggcagttcaa 1200

gcatccagag cacgtgaagc tgcacgtaaa gctcgggatg aaatgcgttc cggtaaaaag 1260

cgcagtgaaa gttccaattt gaatggtaaa ctatcgcctg cgcagtccaa ggattttaca 1320

cgtaatgagt tgtttattgt ggaaggcgat tcggctggag gatcagccaa gcagggacgg 1380

gattccaaaa ttcaggccat attgccgcta aagggcaagc cgatgaatcc ggaaaaatcc 1440

aaactggcgg atattatgaa gaatgatgag taccgtgcta ttacagcagc tattggtgcg 1500

ggagtaggaa cagagttttc gctggaagac agcaattatt ccaaaatcat cattatgacc 1560

gatgcagata cagatggtgc gcacattcaa gtgctgttgt tgacgttctt ttatcggtac 1620

1680

actcgaaagt cgggtaagct cgaaacggtg cgttatgctt ggactgacga gcagcttgat 1740

aattatttaa aagaatttgg acgaaatttt gagcttcagc gctataaagg acttggggaa 1800

atgaaccctg atcagttatg ggaaacaacg atgaatcccg attcacgcac cttgctacgc 1860

gttcagatag aggatgcagc caaggctgaa cgcagggtgt ccactttgat gggtgataag 1920

gtggatccgc gcaagcgctg gatcgtggaa aacgtagatt ttacggaata cgtagagtag 1980

<210> 16

<211> 1116

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1116

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus epiphyticus"

/record="strain Lu17015 recF"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 16

gtgtttgtga acaacattgt tttgcagcag taccggaact atgaacagct ggagctgaat 60

gaatttgggc ccgttaattt gctgatcgga caaaatgcgc aggcaaaac gaatctggta 120

gaggcaattt ttgtactggc tttaaccaaa agtcatcgaa cgtcccgcga caaggagtta 180

atctctttcg gggctacttc cactcaccta gctgcggatg tggataaaaa atacgggaaa 240

atcagactgg atctcgcgtt atccacacaa ggcaaaaaag caaagatcaa cggactggag 300

cagcgcaaac tgagcgattt tatcggttcg ttaaatgtgg tcatgtttgc acctgaggat 360

ctggaaattg tgaaaggaac accgggggtt cgccgccggt ttcttgacat ggaaatcgga 420

caggttgcgc caggatatct gtatcatttg cagcaatatc agaaagtatt ggttcagcga 480

aacacctgc tcaagcaagc ttggggtaag gatatggcgt cagtgcagct gatgctggag 540

gtatggaatg agcaacttgt tgagcatggt gttaaaattg ttaaaaagcg gaaacaattt 600

ataacaaagc tacaaaagtg ggctcaggcc attcatgaag ggatcgcagg tgggacagaa 660

gagttaaaat taacctatgt tccctccttc agtgagccag aggaagaaga tgaagctgtc 720

ttattggagc gatttatgat aaagttatcc caaatgaggg aacaggaaat ccgccgtggc 780

atgactttgg cgggacccca tcgtgacgat ttggcctttg ccattaacgg cagagaagtg 840

catacgtatg gctctcaggg gcagcagcgg acgacggccc tgtccttgaa gttggccgaa 900

atagagttaa ttcatgagga aattggtgaa tatcctgtct tgctgctgga tgatgttttg 960

tccgagctgg acccctatcg tcagacccag ctgatcgaga ctttccaaag caaggtacag 1020

acctttatca cggcaaccgg ggttgagact ttgaacgcag aacgactcaa ggatgccaat 1080

atttatcacg tccacgacgg gcatgtggaa cactaa 1116

<210> 17

<211> 1719

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..1719

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus epiphyticus"

/record="strain Lu17015 recN"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 17

atgctggtca ctttgtctat acggaatttg gcggtcgtag aggccgtcga tgttcatttt 60

tataaagggt ttcatgtctt gagcggggaa acaggtgctg gtaaatccat tattatcgat 120

gcgcttggcc tgattgcagg cggtaggggc tctgctgatc tagtgcgtta cggttgtgat 180

240

gaggaacaag ggattaaggc caatgcggag gagcatttgc tgattcgtcg cgaacttacg 300

gttcagggga aaagctcttc tcgaattaac ggtcagatgg ttaatttaac gatgctgcgt 360

gaggtaggtg agcagctcgt caatatccac gggcaacatg agcatcaaag cctgctacgt 420

gcagatcgcc atctggcgct gctggatacg ttcggtgatt cggtgatcgg tccagtcaaa 480

acgctttacc gtgagcgtta caatgctttt gtcaaagcgg aaaaagaagt aagagaactg 540

caaagctcca gtcaaaaggc ttatcagctt ttggatatgt accgatttca attagaagag 600

atcgctgcgg cggagttgaa attgggagaa gatgaattat tggcagagga acgggtcaag 660

ctatcccata gtgagaaaat gatggatggg atatcaggag catacgaact gctaagcggc 720

agaggtgggc tggatacgat caataacgta ttgtctagat tgaacgatgt ccaaagctat 780

gacagcaaaa gccttcagcc cattgcggag cagattcagt ctgcttttta ccagttagag 840

gacgcagcat tccaattacg ttcttatcgt gaggatattg aatttaatcc aggcaagctg 900

catgaagtgg agcaacgttt gaatcaaatt accggattac agcgaaaata tggtgatagt 960

atagagcaga ttttggaata ctatagccgt attgagcagg aaaccgatct gctggaaaat 1020

aaagatgagc ggctggagca gctcattgca aaacgggatg agttgctttc cgatttgctg 1080

gagatttcag aagagcttac agaagcacgt gaaatttgtg ctgaagagct tgcagagcaa 1140

gtggagcagg agttaaaaga cctgcagatg gaaagaacgt cactcaaggt gcgcattgat 1200

ccaattgaag atccacgcgg atatgagtat aaaggtctga aggtaaggcc taccaagcaa 1260

1320

ggtaagatcg cttcaggcgg tgagctatca cgtatcatgt tggcgatgaa aagtattttt 1380

gcgcgtcatg atcaaattcc agtactcatt tttgacgagg tggataccgg ggtgagtggt 1440

1500

tccattactc atttgccaca ggtggcatgt atggcagatc atcagtacct tattgagaaa 1560

aatgttcatg atggacggac catgactcaa attgagggac ttacggagga cgggcgtgtc 1620

aaggaattgg cacggatgct gggcggcgtg gaaattaccg aaaaaacatt gcatcacgca 1680

caggaaatgc tgaatttggc ggaaggaaag aaagcctga 1719

<210> 18

<211> 945

<212> DNA

<213> Paenibacillus sp.

<220>

<221> source

<222> 1..945

<223> /organism="Paenibacillus epiphyticus"

/record="strain Lu17015 rpoA"

/mol_type="DNA"

<400> 18

gtgatagaaa tcgaaaagcc gaaaattgag acggttgacg tcaatgatga tggcacctat 60

ggaaaattcg tagtagaacc gctggaacgc ggatacggta cgacgttggg aaactcgctt 120

cgccgtattc tgttatcctc gttaccgggg gcagcagtca catcggttca gatcgatggg 180

gttctgcacg agtttgcaac ggttcccggt gtgaaggaag acgtaacgga gatcattctg 240

aacttgaaag ctttatcgct taaaatccac tcggatgaag agaaagtact cgaaatcgat 300

360

cttaatccgg atcttcacat tgctacgctc ggaccgggtt cgagacttca catgcgtatt 420

tttgccaatc gcggtcgcgg ttacgttaag caggatcgga acaaacgtga tgaccagccg 480

atcggcgtca ttcccgtcga ctccatctac actccgattg cacgcgtgaa ctacggcgta 540

gaaaatacgc gtgtcggcca ggttacgaat tacgacaagc tgacacttga ggtttggact 600

660

gtgatgttgt tcgtgggtct cacggacgag gcaaaagatg ctgaaattat ggttgaaaaa 720

gaagaagaca agaaagaaaa agttcttgaa atgacgatcg aagagctgga tctctccgtc 780

cgttcctata actgccttaa gcgcgctggt atcaatacgg tacaagaact cacgactaaa 840

tctgaagaag atatgatgaa ggtccgtaac ttgggtcgca aatctttgga agaagtacaa 900

gagaagctcg aggaacttgg tttaggactt cgtacggaag aatag 945

<---

Claims (67)

1. Fungicidal mixture against Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, Septoria tritici, Pyricularia oryzae and Leptosphaeria nodorum, containing as active ingredients 1) at least one metabolite of a strain of Paenibacillus, where at least one metabolite is selected from fusaricidins 1A and 1B:

And 2) at least one pesticide II selected from groups A), B), C), D), E), G) and H): A) respiratory inhibitors - inhibitors of complex III at the Q _o site: azoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, oryzastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin; - complex II inhibitors: benzovindiflupyr, bixafen, fluopyram, fluxapiroxad, penflufen, penthiopyrad, sedaxan, silthiofam; B) sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (IHD fungicides) - C14 demethylase inhibitors: difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol, triticonazole, 2-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1-(1,2,4-triazole -1-yl)propan-2-ol, prochloraz; C) nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors - phenylamides or acylamino acid fungicides: metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M; D) inhibitors of cell division and cytoskeleton - tubulin inhibitors: thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl, ethaboxam; E) inhibitors of the synthesis of amino acids and proteins - methionine synthesis inhibitors: pyrimethanil; G) inhibitors of lipid and membrane synthesis - biosynthesis of phospholipids and deposition of the cell membrane: dimethomorph; H) multilateral inhibitors - thio- and dithiocarbamates: thiram; in a synergistically effective amount. 2. The fungicide mixture according to claim 1, wherein at least one strain of Paenibacillus is selected from the group consisting of: a) Paenibacillus strain Lu16774 deposited with the DSMZ under accession number DSM 26969; b) the strain Paenibacillus Lu17007 was deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26970; c) Paenibacillus strain Lu17015 deposited with the DSMZ under accession no. DSM 26971; And d) a mutant of strain a), b) or c), which contains a DNA sequence having d1) 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4, and 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 5, and 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 6, and 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7, and 100.0% identity of the nucleotide sequence with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 8 in the case of mutant a); or d2) 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 9, and 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 10, and 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 11, and 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 12, and 100.0% identity of the nucleotide sequence with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 13 in the case of mutant b); or d3) 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 14, and 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 15, and 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 16, and 100.0% nucleotide sequence identity with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 17, and 100.0% identity of the nucleotide sequence with the DNA sequences of SEQ ID NO: 18 in the case of mutant c). 3. Fungicidal mixture according to any one of paragraphs. 1, 2, wherein said at least one strain of Paenibacillus has antifungal activity against at least two of the plant pathogens selected from the group consisting of Alternaria spp., Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. 4. Fungicidal mixture according to any one of paragraphs. 1-3, in which component 1) is mainly in a purified culture of at least one strain of Paenibacillus, as defined in paragraph 2 or 3. 5. Fungicidal mixture according to any one of paragraphs. 1-4, in which component 1) is included in the whole culture broth, culture medium or cell-free extract of at least one strain of Paenibacillus, as defined in any of paragraphs. 2 or 3. 6. Fungicidal composition against Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, Septoria tritici, Pyricularia oryzae and Leptosphaeria nodorum, containing a fungicidal mixture defined in any of paragraphs. 1-5, and an auxiliary. 7. Composition according to claim 6, additionally containing a pesticide III selected from groups SF and SI: SF) fungicides - inhibitors of complex III at the Q _o site selected from: pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, enestroburin, phenaminestrobin, fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl, mandestrobin, methominostrobin, orysastrobin, pyrametostrobin, pyroxystrobin; - broad spectrum pyridine and pyrazole complex II inhibitors selected from: fluxapiroxad, boscalid, benzovindiflupyr, penflufen, penthiopyrad, sedaxane, fluopyram, bixafen, isopyrazam; basidiomycete-specific complex II inhibitors selected from carboxin, benodanil, fenfuram, flutolanil, furametpyr, mepronil, oxycarboxin, thifluzamide; - ATP production inhibitor: silthiofam; - azole fungicidal compounds selected from ipconazole, difenoconazole, prothioconazole, prochloraz, triticonazole, flutriafol, cyproconazole, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, fluquinconazole, fluzilazole, hexaconazole, imazalil, imibenconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, simeconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol, uniconazole, thiabendazole ; - oomycete-specific fungicides selected from: oxathiapiproline, valifenalate, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, ethaboxam, dimethomorph, zoxamide, flumorph, mandipropamide, pyrimorph, benthiavalicarb, iprovalicarb; - MAP/histidine kinase inhibitor: fludioxonil; - benzimidazole compounds selected from: thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim; - dithiocarbamate compounds selected from: thiram, cyram; SI) insecticides - GABA antagonist compounds selected from: fipronil, ethiprole, vaniliprole, pyrafluprol, pyriprole, 5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-methyl-phenyl)-4-sulfinamoyl-1H-pyrazole-3-amide thiocarboxylic acid; Lepidoptera-specific ryanodine receptor inhibitors selected from: chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide; - cross-spectrum ryanodine receptor inhibitor: cyantraniliprole; pyrethroid sodium channel modulators selected from: tefluthrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, ethofenprox, fenvalerate, flucitrinate, permethrin; - systemically active neonicotinoid compounds: clothianidin, imida-cloprid, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, acetamiprid, flupyradifluron, thiacloprid, triflumesopyrim, nitenpyram; - acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, chloride channel activators and sulfoximines: sulfoxaflor, acephate, chlorpyrifos, thiodicarb, abamectin, spinosad; - other insecticides: thioxazafen. 8. A seed or bulb for plant growth having a coating containing a fungicidal composition as defined in claim 6 or 7. 9. The use of a fungicidal mixture as defined in any one of paragraphs. 1-5, or a composition as defined in claim 6 or 7, for inhibiting plant pathogens selected from Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, Septoria tritici, Pyricularia oryzae and Leptosphaeria nodorum or preventing infection of plants with Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, Septoria tritici, Pyricularia oryzae or Leptosphaeria nodorum, or to protect technical and non-living materials from infestation, destruction by Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, Septoria tritici, Pyricularia oryzae or Leptosphaeria nodorum. 10. A method for suppressing pathogens or preventing infection by pathogens, wherein the pathogens, their habitat, or technical and non-living materials, or plants to be protected from being attacked by pathogens of plants selected from Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, Septoria tritici, Pyricularia oryzae and Leptosphaeria nodorum , or soil or propagation material is treated with an effective amount of the fungicidal mixture defined in any one of paragraphs. 1-5, or an effective amount of a fungicidal composition as defined in claim 6 or 7.

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