RU2789754C1 - Method for preliminary selection of new genotypes of clone rootstocks of apple trees by quantitative determination in the nursery of the growth strength index of graft-rootstock combinations obtained on their basis - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: biotechnology.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of biotechnology, namely, to the production of apple tree planting material in a nursery based on promising clone rootstocks of various growth strengths and the analysis of their growth indicators. The invention is a method of preliminary selection of new genotypes of clone rootstocks of apple trees by quantitative determination in the nursery of the growth strength index of graft-rootstock combinations obtained on their basis, characterized by the fact that based on the measurement results in the nursery of one and/or two-year-old apple seedlings after the completion of their vegetation, the indicator is calculated: the coefficient of growth strength of the variety-rootstock combination, which is for a one-year-old seedling the product of the values of its height and the diameter of the stem, and for a two-year-old seedling the product of these two indicators is additionally multiplied by the value of the total length of the annual growth formed in the second year of the development of the seedling after crowning. According to this coefficient, the studied variety-rootstock combinations of the same age are compared, grown in the same climatic and agrotechnological conditions, in which the graft (variety) is the same, and the rootstock is different genotypes that differ in growth strength. As a standard for comparison, seedlings on zoned rootstocks of known growth strength are used.

EFFECT: method makes it possible to accelerate the preliminary selection of promising clone rootstocks of apple trees of various growth strengths, to determine the technological features of the further use of planting material based on them when laying the garden and as a result, to increase the efficiency of breeding and variety study of new genotypes.

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Description

The invention relates to plant breeding and agriculture, in particular to nursery and fruit growing, and in particular to the preliminary selection in the nursery of the most promising clonal rootstocks of apple trees of different growth strength based on the analysis of the characteristics of quantitative indicators of growth and development of one-year and / or two-year-old seedlings of various rootstock varieties combinations.

Modern industrial horticulture in most countries of the world involves the intensification of perennial production plantations by increasing the density of fruit trees per unit area and optimizing their cultivation technologies. Of great importance in this are low-growing clonal rootstocks, which accelerate the entry of fruit trees into fruiting, increase their resistance to a number of diseases (including quarantine ones, such as bacterial burn) and negative abiotic factors (primarily to unfavorable soil conditions - drought, salinity). , accumulation of heavy metals, freezing of the root layer of the soil, often acting in combination with biotic stress agents - the established communities of phytopathogens with prolonged soil fatigue and the absence of reclamation measures in monoculture conditions, etc.), increase the yield per unit of garden area, and also simplify the main technological operations with plants (pruning, harvesting), contribute to the formation of compact crowns with a restrained growth of branches, improve the air and light regime of intensive plantations, which leads to an increase in the consumer attractiveness of fruits and, as a result, to a significant increase in the profitability of production. kinship. At the same time, more vigorous apple clonal rootstocks remain in demand in a number of special cases - with the accelerated replacement of old plantations with new ones without the possibility of soil reclamation (which requires the use of rootstocks with a developed root system that are more resistant to a complex of soil pathogens under conditions of long-term cultivation of an apple tree monoculture) ; as well as when laying plantations cultivated according to organic resource-saving technologies to obtain environmentally friendly fruit products [1-4]. Thus, for growing a particular type of orchard, it is necessary to select a rootstock based on the strength of growth of the grafted component - a commercial variety. Often, not always a well-established assortment of zoned clonal rootstocks of apple trees in a specific natural and climatic zone of the country helps to successfully make this choice. Promising and relevant is the use of new valuable clonal rootstocks of apple trees with different genetic potential for fruit tree growth.

The most important tasks of selection of apple clonal rootstocks are obtaining new hybrid genotypes of the genus Malus Mill for their mass and individual selection and selection of the most promising forms among them with a complex of economically valuable traits. Upon receipt of new genotypes of clonal rootstocks of an apple tree, as hybrid seedlings grow and develop, they are successively studied in a breeding school, an adventitious mother liquor, a competitive test mother liquor, and then rootstock forms with the highest reproduction and rooting coefficients, as well as with the absence of unfavorable morphological signs of the mother bush ( for successful technological cultivation in the mother liquor) are studied in detail in three fields of the nursery and in the garden of the competitive test. Only based on the results of studying new hybrid apple genotypes at all these stages of the breeding and production cycle, it is possible to identify the best clonal rootstocks recommended for transfer to the state variety testing system, zoning and subsequent widespread introduction into the production of planting material [1].

Ranking rootstocks according to their different genetic potential for growth and development of the graft component is an important and at the same time difficult task. As a result of decades of experimental work, growth reactions and the mutual influence of grafting components as part of a single specific variety-rootstock combination were studied in detail for the historically established regionalized assortment of apple clonal rootstocks as a result of decades of experimental work. For new apple hybrids studied as clonal rootstocks, such a ranking according to the genetic potential of their growth is a long and difficult process. For preliminary express diagnostics of the growth strength of variety-rootstock combinations, it is necessary to use a simple and low-cost method for analyzing grafted plants in a nursery in order to determine the directions for their use in perennial plantations and suitability for planting in a garden of a particular type (supported or unsupported, according to a compacted or sparse planting pattern). and etc.).

The invention is a method for preliminary selection of new genotypes of apple clonal rootstocks by quantitative determination in the nursery of the growth rate of scion-rootstock combinations obtained on their basis, characterized by the fact that annual and/or biennial apple tree seedlings are obtained and grown in the nursery, and then according to the results measurements of their quantitative morphological characteristics at the end of the corresponding growing season, the indicator is calculated - the coefficient of growth strength of the variety-rootstock combination, which is the product of its height and stem diameter for a one-year-old seedling, and for a two-year-old seedling, the product of these two indicators is additionally multiplied by the value of the total length of annual lateral branches formed in the second year of seedling development after its crowning.

In the process of measuring seedlings, all sizes are expressed in centimeters. The height of the seedling is determined from the soil level to the top of the main axial shoot using a ruler or measuring tape. The diameter of the stem of the seedling is measured using a caliper at a height of 10 cm from the grafting site.

According to the calculated growth force coefficient of seedlings, a comparison is made of the studied variety-rootstock combinations of the same age, grown in the same natural, climatic and technological conditions, in which the graft (variety) is the same, and the rootstocks are different genotypes that differ in growth strength. On the example of various variety-rootstock combinations of apple trees grown in nurseries of the Central Black Earth region of the Russian Federation, it was experimentally found that for annual seedlings on superdwarf rootstocks, the growth force coefficient is 70-150 units, on dwarf rootstocks - 100-210, on semi-dwarf rootstocks - 130-250, on medium-sized rootstocks - 150-280.

Most domestic practical research in the field of analysis of the growth and development of apple seedlings in the nursery is devoted to the study of the compatibility of specific variety-rootstock combinations based on the best industrial varieties and zoned or promising clone rootstocks, as well as the optimization of technological methods for their mass cultivation in the nursery (mineral and organic components of the rootstock). and foliar nutrition, the use of biologically active substances, including hormonal growth-regulating drugs, etc.) in order to increase the yield of high-quality planting material, reduce labor costs and material resources [2, 3].

The problem of determining the strength of growth of clonal rootstocks of an apple tree arises only when breeding varieties are tested for new genotypes. Initially, the obtained initial hybrid material is studied in the mother liquor, where it is difficult to determine the genetic potential of seedling growth force. For the first time, such an assessment within the framework of a single selection process of new apple rootstocks can be carried out when they are studied in a nursery.

At the same time, in the industrial nursery as an applied branch of horticulture, there is no task of assessing the growth strength of rootstocks, since only previously studied forms with a complex of known features are used there. In the Russian Federation, the main quantitative and qualitative features of planting material for fruit crops and the technological features of their production are officially regulated in the current national standards - GOST R 53044-2008 “Planting material for fruit and berry crops. Terms and definitions” and GOST R 53135-2008 “Planting material for fruit, berry, subtropical, nut, citrus crops and tea. Specifications” [4, 5].

With the mass production of planting material for fruit crops based on the available technological maps and compliance with all agricultural technologies, there is no need for regular monitoring of the growth and development of seedlings in the nursery. The quality of the obtained annual and biennial seedlings of fruit crops on zoned rootstocks of known growth strength is regulated by the national standard of the Russian Federation - GOST R 53135-2008 [5].

At the same time, in breeding within the framework of variety testing of new genotypes of apple clonal rootstocks, there is no single and generally accepted method for assessing their growth strength when studying planting material obtained in the nursery based on them.

In this regard, a direct existing prototype of the proposed method for determining the growth force of scion-rootstock combinations of apple trees in the nursery has not been established. Most domestic and foreign methods for diagnosing the growth force of apple clonal rootstocks use physiological (concentration and balance of phytohormones, nucleic acids in tissues, etc.) or morphoanatomical (length of suction root hairs, ratio of thickness of xylem and phloem layers, etc.) features of the plants themselves for analysis. rootstocks and variety-rootstock combinations based on them [7].

The closest analogue is the invention RU 2192118 C2, which describes a method for diagnosing the growth strength of seedlings and vegetative cuttings of apple tree rootstocks, which consists in measuring the content of phlorizin in the bark of the zone of transition of roots into the stem of diagnosed plants and comparing them in this indicator with control rootstocks of the same age with a known strength growth. After carrying out biochemical analyzes, the rootstock under study is referred in terms of growth strength to the standard of the group from which it differs least in terms of phlorizin content [7, 8]. The technical result of the invention RU 2192118 C2 is the express diagnostics of the growth strength of clonal rootstocks and hybrid seedlings of the apple tree, which allows them to be objectively ranked according to this indicator. An essential distinguishing feature of this invention is the limited application of the method, which requires the mandatory availability of special equipment and consumables for the spectrophotometric determination of the concentration of phlorizin in plant tissues, as well as the presence of significant labor costs for sample preparation and analysis. This significantly complicates its wide application for the analysis of a large number of plants.

In foreign methods for determining the production and biological productivity of apple variety-rootstock combinations, the trunk cross-sectional area is often used as an analyzed indicator that reflects the intensity of growth of the main axial structure of the fruit tree. However, in the nursery, this indicator is not used to quantify the growth strength of seedlings.

The essence of the proposed method is that using the studied clonal rootstocks in the nursery, one-year and / or two-year-old seedlings of apple trees of the varieties of interest are grown, and then, at the end of the corresponding growing season, their quantitative morphological indicators are measured - the height, trunk diameter, the total length of lateral branches (if any), expressing the values of all sizes in centimeters. Based on the data obtained, the coefficient of growth force of variety-rootstock combinations is calculated - for annual seedlings by multiplying the values of their height and stem diameter; for two-year-old seedlings - by multiplying the values of their height, trunk diameter and the total length of one-year lateral branches formed in the second year of the seedling development after its crowning.

The technical result of the proposed method is to increase the objectivity of the preliminary assessment of the growth strength of any interested variety-rootstock combination according to the habit of the seedling. The technical result in calculating the growth force coefficient is achieved by simultaneously taking into account the values of quantitative indicators of the functioning of various educational tissues of plants - the apical meristem (plant height) and the cambium of the main axis of the seedling shoot (stem diameter); for two-year-old crowned seedlings, in addition to the apical (apical) growth, the functioning of the lateral meristems located in the buds of the main axial shoot of the seedling is additionally taken into account. Accounting for the functioning of all meristematic tissues allows a more objective assessment of the influence of the studied rootstock on the growth force of the seedling.

It should be taken into account that the generally accepted classification of apple clonal rootstocks according to the genetic potential of growth and development of the graft component, dividing them into super-dwarf, dwarf, semi-dwarf, medium-sized and vigorous-growing, nevertheless, is not absolute, but relative. The strength of the growth of the same variety-rootstock combination will be different in different natural and climatic zones of our country and foreign territories due to the significant variability of the initial soil fertility, the sum of active temperatures and the timing of the plant vegetation phases, and will also depend on agrotechnological measures - the use of artificial root and foliar dressings, the use of various biologically active substances and hormonal growth-regulating drugs to change the balance of the functioning of the apical and lateral meristems on the shoot. So, the domestic zoned clonal rootstock of the apple tree 54-118 of the selection of the Michurinsky State Agrarian University (Tambov region, Michurinsk) in the southern zone of horticulture of Russia is medium-sized, in the middle zone - semi-dwarf, and in the northern zone of horticulture, in the territories of Siberia and the Far East It acquires separate features of dwarf stock. Accordingly, another domestic zoned clonal rootstock of the apple tree 62-396, also obtained at the Michurinsky State Agrarian University, in the southern zone of horticulture in Russia (and in most foreign regions of industrial horticulture) is semi-dwarf, in the middle zone - dwarf, and in the northern zone of horticulture, on in the territories of Siberia and the Far East, it is practically not used in the cultivation of seedlings and the laying of industrial gardens by them due to the formation of very low-growing fruit trees that do not reveal their biological and commodity-economic potential in these natural and climatic conditions. In addition, it should be borne in mind that apple tree varieties also differ in growth strength, so their seedlings and subsequently fruit trees on the same clonal rootstock can differ significantly in height and crown habit. Due to the mutual complex influence of the genetic growth potential of the scion and rootstock components, the mechanisms of which have not yet been fully studied, it is possible to obtain ambiguous morphological indicators of plants with a different combination of varieties and rootstocks in the process of obtaining planting material and growing fruit trees. Thus, coeval plants of a vigorous variety on a low-growing clonal rootstock and a variety with restrained growth grafted on a medium-sized clonal rootstock may in some cases be of the same height, but at the same time differ significantly in habitus and crown volume due to the different nature of the branching of the shoots.

According to GOST R 53135-2008, in the southern fruit growing zone of Russia, the height of a one-year unbranched seedling of an apple tree of the first grade on a vigorous rootstock should be at least 170 cm, and the diameter of its trunk should be 1.6 cm; on medium -sized - 160 and 1.5 cm, respectively; on a weak growing one - 140 and 1.3 cm. In the middle fruit growing zone of Russia, the height of an annual unbranched seedling of an apple tree of the first grade on a vigorous rootstock should be at least 130 cm, and the diameter of its trunk should be 1.2 cm; on medium height - 120 and 1.1 cm, respectively; on low-growing - 110 and 1.0 cm. For the north of the European part of Russia, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, the height of an unbranched seedling of the first grade on vigorous or medium-sized rootstocks should be at least 80 cm, and the diameter of its trunk should be 0.9 cm; on a weakly growing rootstock, these indicators are not regulated [5].

Lateral branching for annual apple tree seedlings is characteristic only when they are grown in natural and climatic zones with a milder, more favorable climate with increased values of the sum of effective temperatures, and in most cases also when a high general level of agrotechnical measures is observed and special technological methods are used (root and non-root top dressing with fertilizers, treatment with phytostimulants and hormonal preparations to regulate the balance of apical growth, remove apical dominance and stimulate the formation of lateral branches, etc.). According to GOST R 53135-2008, for branched annual apple tree seedlings, the quantitative values of their height and trunk diameter are identical to the corresponding parameters of unbranched plants of the same commercial variety grown in the same natural and climatic zone, and all differences in planting material consist only in the presence of lateral branches, their quantity and length. So, in the southern fruit growing zone of Russia, for branched annual seedlings of apple trees of the first grade, grafted on any type of rootstock, there should be from 1 to 5 lateral branches of various lengths: on a vigorous rootstock - at least 40 cm; on a medium-sized and low-growing rootstock - at least 30 cm. In the middle fruit growing zone of Russia, for branched annual seedlings of apple trees of the first grade, the number of lateral branches is not regulated, and their length, regardless of the type of rootstock, should be at least 20 cm. For other natural and climatic zones of Russia quantitative indicators of lateral branching of annual seedlings are not regulated [5].

Due to the significant influence of natural-climatic and production-technological conditions on the growth of seedlings in the nursery, in order to increase the objectivity of the results of the analysis carried out using the proposed method, in order to calculate and compare the growth force coefficients of variety-rootstock combinations of apple trees, it is necessary to measure seedlings of the same age, obtained with the participation of only one variety, grafted onto different clonal rootstocks, and grown under identical conditions (preferably on the same plot of the nursery). In this case, each measured seedling of one variety-rootstock combination serves as a repetition for the initial calculation of the average value of the corresponding morphological indicator, and then, based on the obtained quantitative data, the coefficient of growth force of the variety-rootstock combinations of apple trees is calculated. For a more accurate selection of groups of genotypes by growth force, it is necessary to use as a control cultivar-rootstock combinations of apple trees obtained with the participation of clonal rootstocks with a known genetic growth potential released in a given natural-climatic zone. The proposed method allows to differentiate low-growing, medium-sized and vigorous apple rootstocks with previously little-studied or unknown growth strength at the stage of studying their variety-rootstock combinations in the nursery and thereby determine their further breeding and production value.

The proposed method is easy to implement and cost-effective due to the availability of technical means for measuring and calculating the coefficient of growth force of variety-rootstock combinations of apple trees, and also has the potential to automate measurements and calculations in order to speed up analysis.

Application examples.

Example 1

On one land plot of the nursery, located in the city of Michurinsk (Tambov region), under the same conditions, one-year-old seedlings of the Honey Crisp (Hanni Crisp) apple tree were grown. At the end of the growing season in the second field of the nursery, measurements were made of 15 plants in each of 23 variety-rootstock combinations based on new and zoned clonal rootstocks of the Michurinsk State Agrarian University, which differ in growth strength. Zoned clonal rootstocks were selected as a standard: superdwarf - Malysh Budagovsky, 57-491, 71-7-22; dwarf-Budagovsky Paradise, 76-3-6; semi-dwarf 62-396; medium height - 54-118, 70-20-20.

As a result of calculating the growth force coefficient for each of the studied apple variety-rootstock combinations, it was possible to differentiate promising genotypes of clonal rootstocks into 4 groups - superdwarf, dwarf, semi-dwarf, medium-sized (Table 1).

Example 2.

Similarly to the above example, in the same nursery (Michurinsk, Tambov region), annual seedlings of the Lobo variety apple tree were grown, from which two-year crowned plants with lateral branches of various lengths were obtained the next year. At the end of the growing season in the second and third fields of the nursery, measurements of the biometric parameters of these seedlings were carried out (Tables 2, 3).

As a result of calculating the growth force coefficient of the studied apple variety-rootstock combinations, it was possible to differentiate promising genotypes of clonal rootstocks into 4 groups - superdwarf, dwarf, semi-dwarf, medium-sized (Tables 2, 3).

Example 3. According to the initial biometric indicators of annual seedlings of the apple tree varieties Antonovka ordinary, Melba, Sinap Orlovsky, grafted onto zoned clonal rootstocks of different growth strength and grown in a nursery located in the city of Michurinsk (Tambov region), the growth force coefficients of the variety were calculated. Forest combinations (Fig. 1). The variability of this indicator for one variety on rootstocks of different growth strength and for different varieties on the same rootstock reflects the genetic growth potential of both the scion and rootstock components, as well as their mutual influence as part of a single variety-rootstock combination.

For the claimed method, as it is described in the stated claims, there are no obstacles to its implementation in practice using modern technical means. Thus, the claimed invention meets the condition of "industrial applicability".

The proposed method allows, within the framework of the selection evaluation of the initial plant material, to significantly accelerate the preliminary selection of promising clonal rootstocks of apple trees of different growth strength at reduced labor costs, to determine the technological features of the further use of planting material based on them when laying the garden and, as a result, to increase the efficiency of breeding and variety study of new hybrid genotypes .

List of used literature

1. Promising clonal rootstocks of apple trees for intensive orchards / Yu.V. Trunov, A.V. Soloviev, R.V. Papikhin, M.L. Dubrovsky, I.N. Shamshin // Horticulture and viticulture. - 2020. - No. 2. - S. 34-40.

2. Vekhov Yu.K. Optimization of the propagation technology of clonal and seed rootstocks and the selection of variety-rootstock combinations of fruit crops for the intensification of horticulture in the Central region of Russia: Abstract of the thesis. dis.… doc. s.-x. Sciences. - Michurinsk, 2005. - 47 p.

3. Analysis of the state and perspective directions of development of nursery and horticulture: scientific. analyte review / V.F. Fedorenko, N.P. Mishurov, O.V. Kondratieva, A.D. Fedorov, O.V. Slinko. - M.: FGBNU "Rosinformagrotech", 2019. - 88 p.

4. Development of organic gardening: analyte. review - M.: FGBNU "Rosinformagrotech", 2020. - 64 p.

5. GOST R 53135-2008 Planting material for fruit, berry, subtropical, nut, citrus crops and tea. Specifications: Ed. official - M.: Standinform, 2009 .-- 45 p.

6. GOST R 53044-2008 The material of fruit and berry crops is planting. Terms and definitions: ed. official - M.: Standinform, 2009 .-- 16 p.

7. Tarasov A.M. Diagnosis of the growth force of cloning inflorescences: abstract. dis. … cand. s.-x. Sciences. - Michurinsk, 2005. - 23 p.

8. RF patent for invention No. 2192118 C2 “Method for diagnosing the growth force of apple rootstocks” / authors: Palfitov V.F., Potapov V.A., Tarasov A.M. Registered in the State Register of Inventions of the Russian Federation 10.11.2002. Application No. 2000106515/13 dated March 15, 2000. Published: 11/10/2002. Patentee: Michurinsk State Agricultural Academy.

Claims (1)

A method for preliminary selection of new genotypes of clonal rootstocks of an apple tree, which involves measuring the height and diameter of the bole for one-year-old seedlings and additionally for two-year-old seedlings - the total length of one-year growth formed in the second year of seedling development, determining the growth force coefficient for annual seedlings by multiplying their height and diameter values stem; for two-year-old seedlings - by multiplying the values of their height, trunk diameter and the total length of one-year growth formed in the second year of seedling development, while the selection of new genotypes of clonal apple rootstocks according to the coefficient of growth force for annual seedlings is carried out according to tables 1 and 2, and for two-year-old - According to table 3.

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