RU2783638C1 - Combination break lock with knife for on-board separation systems - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: rocket and space technology.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of rocket and space technology, in particular to detonation separation devices. Combined burst lock with a knife for airborne detonation separation systems contains a lock and a flat knife. The lock includes a housing in which a piston with a rod is placed. In the annular charging chamber above the piston on the rod side there is a working charge of an explosive. In the cavities of the side tides of the body, an electric detonator is installed on one side and an end element of an indestructible detonation command translator. Transfer charges of explosives are placed in the channels connecting the cavities of the side tides with the charging chamber. Inside the body of the device there is a flat knife rigidly fastened to the piston with a straight sharp edge. In the end threaded plug of the housing there is an anvil in the form of a metal disk, the diameter of which is equal to the inner diameter of the housing, with a flat working surface parallel to the plane of the knife. A through window is made in the body of the device between the edge of the knife and the anvil.

EFFECT: increase in reliability is achieved.

1 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to on-board automation devices that use the energy of explosive transformations of energy-saturated condensed systems - explosives, more specifically, to detonation means for separating and separating parts of the structure and communications of a space object, rocket or rocket block.

Widespread (Calculation and design of missile stage separation systems: Textbook / K.S. Kolesnikov, V.V. Kokushkin, S.V. Borzykh, N.V. Pankova. - M .: Publishing house of MSTU named after N. .E Bauman, 2006. - pp. 40-41, Fig. 1.23) in practice, there are quite simple and reliable devices for connecting and subsequent rapid separation of structural elements, called explosive bolts (RB), sometimes not quite correctly called pyrobolts. They consist of a head part ("head") in the form of a hexagon and a tail part ("rod") of a cylindrical shape with cut threads. On the side of the head part, the RB has an internal coaxial cavity into which an initiating device (for example, an electric detonator) is screwed, sometimes supplemented with an explosive charge in the form of a pressed or cast checker (column). The main disadvantages of such a device are:

1) the formation of uncontrollably flying metal fragments when triggered, which can damage nearby structural elements, devices and assemblies;

2) the occurrence of high shock loads, as a result of the impact of high-pressure gaseous detonation products on nearby components and assemblies, precision equipment and structural elements;

3) the ability to perceive only axial loads and not perceive lateral loads, which are always present, especially when separating elements of shell structures of a large perimeter;

4) high power consumption when separating large-diameter shell structures and the associated increase in capacity and, as a result, the weight and size of onboard power sources, the weight and complexity of the cable network, the complexity and cost of the control system, since additional telemetry cells for monitoring the condition are needed pyrounits, additional units for converting low-current command pulses of the control system into "power" commands with a current value of at least 2A for each bridge of the incandescent electric detonators of the RB.

It is known (patent RU 2679520 C1, IPC B64G 1/64, F42B 3/00, F42B 15/36, publ. 02/11/2019) a device for separating structural elements, which can significantly reduce the level of shock loads when actuated on the separable structural elements, and localize unguided flying high-speed fragments of the rod of the bursting bolt. At the same time, despite the measures taken, the author of this technical solution failed to reduce the shock loads acting on the divided structural elements (especially precision) and on-board equipment to values that would be less than the values defined by regulatory documents as acceptable during transportation of products. rocket and space technology (RST) by land, sea and air transport, which can cause the occurrence of parasitic torques applied to the separable structural elements, in addition to restrictions on the placement of sensitive equipment and precision structural elements near the separation zone, leading to a deterioration in the overall mass characteristics of the object RCT in general. In addition, the design of the claimed device partially eliminates the third drawback of the above analogue and does not completely remove the restrictions associated with the fourth drawback.

Known (Efanov V.V., Gorovtsov V.V. Design and calculation of systems and devices for separating spacecraft: Textbook. - M .: MAI Publishing House, 2015. - p. 97-99, fig. 7.2-7.4 ) non-shattering, practically pulseless, hermetic “point” devices for connection and subsequent separation of the detonation type, called by the authors detonation locks (in practice they are often called explosive pulseless locks) of the piston type (“pushing” or “pulling”), capable of withstanding axial and lateral loads up to 80 kN and even up to 250 kN (patent RU 2729494 C1, IPC 64G 1/64; F42B 15/38, publ. 08/07/2020). In addition, these devices are able to operate not only from the initiating device - an electric detonator, but also from non-destructible detonation command translators (for example, the “traner” type) and transmit a detonation pulse to each other. As a result, the number of detonation initiators (electric detonators) can be kept to a minimum (eg, up to two in one separation system).

A device for connecting and subsequent separation of structural elements - a detonation lock of a "pulling" type contains a strong cylindrical body made of a structural alloy with attachment points to structural elements, equipped with an internal coaxial cavity, in which a piston with a rigidly fastened rod ending in a threaded part with a nut is placed, extending beyond the body, with a calibrated annular groove on the rod in the region of the separation plane, sealing rings made of polymer material on the rod and on the piston, and an annular explosive charge placed in the charging chamber above the piston. In the zone of the charging chamber, the housing is provided with two diametrically located side bosses with cavities inside, in which, for example, an electric detonator is installed on one side, and on the other, an end element of an indestructible detonation command translator, and these cavities are connected to the charging chamber by channels in which transfer charges of explosives with amplifying caps at the ends. A collapsible damping element is installed in the piston space of the housing, which is pressed against the piston by the end cap.

The device, designed for large (up to 250 kN) axial and lateral loads, can be additionally equipped in the area of the annular groove on the rod with a bushing and a ball lock.

This design makes it possible to minimize the mass of explosives in the device and the level of shock loads during its operation, while maintaining high reliability of operation and ensuring the optimal level of mass and size characteristics of the entire separation system.

In practice, almost always, when separating spent components, assemblies or structural elements of rocket and space technology objects, it is required to separate the cable network (trunk of a transit cable or bundle of electrical wires). For this, well-known (Calculation and design of rocket stage separation systems: Textbook / K.S. Kolesnikov, V.V. Kokushkin, S.V. Borzykh, N.V. Pankova. - M .: From - MSTU named after N.E. Bauman, 2006. - pp. 91-93, Fig. 1.72) detachable connections - discontinuous electrical circuits. The disadvantages of these devices are excessive bulkiness, the installation of connectors on cables that reduce the reliability of the onboard cable network. In addition, a board that is completely identical in design will have significantly different (which differ by several times) undocking forces depending, for example, on the slack of the cable and the angle of undocking. Also, to reduce the perturbation of the separated objects in terms of angular velocities, the connectors must have the same forces and the course of undocking, while they must be installed diametrically opposite to each other. All this practically excludes the possibility of using burst boards in space technology, especially on small spacecraft.

Known (Efanov V.V., Gorovtsov V.V. Design and calculation of systems ... - p. 25-27, Fig. 3.7, 3.8 or Calculation and design of separation systems ... - p. 93-94, Fig. 1.74) and pyrotechnic knives (often called pyrocutters) are widely used at RCT facilities. Structurally, they are all made according to the same scheme and consist of the following main units:

- strong, as a rule, cylindrical case;

- a piston located inside the body coaxially to it with a rigidly connected in the central part, most often, a flat knife with a sharp edge, sharpened as a symmetrical wedge and made of hardened steel;

- mild steel anvils with a flat working surface parallel to the plane of the knife;

- an initiator in the form of a pyroenergy sensor - SEM (sometimes they are called in the special literature squib cartridges or housing electric igniters);

- sheared studs - elements that fix the knife in the initial (cocked) state.

The trunk of a transit cable or a bundle of electrical wires to be cut is laid in advance in the housing window between the knife and the anvil and securely fastened with brackets or clamps.

Despite the simplicity and high reliability of the design of pyrotechnic knives, they also have significant drawbacks associated with the fact that pyroelectric sensors have not detonating, but burning equipment. The volume, composition and pressure of the products of combustion of the equipment (pyrocharge) of the SEM, as well as the time of its burning, depend on the factors of the surrounding space (first of all, temperature, as well as ambient pressure). In real conditions at RCT facilities, the initial temperature of the pyrocharge can be in the range of 223 ... 323K, which will inevitably lead to significant fluctuations in the maximum pressure acting on the piston with a knife, and, consequently, on the work performed by it. In addition, the values of the electric current supplied to each bridge of the SEM incandescence are significantly higher than for the electric detonator (6 ... 9A versus 1.5 ... 2A). This exacerbates the problem of electric current deficit on board a space object, requires the installation of batteries with a larger capacity and, as a rule, more bulky and heavy.

In addition to the disadvantages listed above, it should be noted that the installation of additional pyrotechnic knives in the immediate vicinity of the separation zone on detonation locks connected by indestructible detonation translators worsens the layout and mass-dimensional characteristics of the separation system and the RCT product as a whole, complicates and weighs the onboard cable network, complicates and increases the cost of the control system (in particular, the time-program device) of the space object, since before the command to separate, it is necessary to enter one more command - to cut and separate the cable line - and strictly control the sequence of passing commands to the separation devices.

The objective of the invention is to create a device for connecting and then quickly and reliably separating structural elements, which additionally combines the function of a cable knife or electrical wire harness and a distributor of detonation commands to other devices.

It becomes especially relevant for small-sized spacecraft with a shortage of an onboard control system.

The technical result achieved by using the invention is:

- in a significant expansion of the functionality of the device and its unification;

- in reducing the mass-dimensional and in improving the design and layout characteristics of the separation unit and the entire product as a whole;

- to increase the reliability of the device;

- in reducing the level of shock loads on sensitive components and assemblies, precision structural elements and equipment;

- in reducing energy consumption, simplifying and facilitating the onboard cable network and power supplies;

- in simplifying and reducing the load on the onboard control complex of the space object (in particular, on the program-time device).

Below, when presenting the essence of the invention, other types of technical result achieved will be named.

To achieve the specified technical result, the device according to the invention, like the above-mentioned bursting (detonation) locks of the “pulling” type, contains a strong cylindrical body made of structural material with attachment points to structural elements, equipped with an internal coaxial cavity in which a piston with a rigidly fastened rod ending with a threaded part extending beyond the dimensions of the body, and flanges of structural elements to be separated (frames), while a calibrated annular groove is made on the rod in the region of the separation plane, in addition, there are annular grooves on the rod and piston, in which sealing rings made of polymeric materials are installed, and in the charging annular chamber above the piston around the rod there is a working charge of explosive.

In the zone of the charging chamber on the housing on one axis perpendicular to the axis of the housing, two lateral lugs are made with cylindrical cavities inside, in which, on the one hand, an initiating device (for example, an electric detonator) is placed, and on the other, an end element (tip) of an indestructible detonation translator commands, while the cavities are connected to the charging chamber by channels densely filled with explosive transfer charges with reinforcing caps at the ends. On the side of the piston volume, the housing is equipped with a threaded end cap.

In contrast to known analogs, in the proposed device in the lower part of the housing in the piston space there is a flat knife rigidly connected to the piston in its middle part with a straight sharp edge in the form of a symmetrical wedge. An anvil in the form of a disk with a flat working surface parallel to the knife is mounted in the end threaded plug, and in the side wall of the housing between the knife and the anvil, a through window (hole) is made perpendicular to the axis of the device, through which the cable or bundle to be cut is passed and firmly fixed on the device in advance electrical wires.

Placing a knife for cutting transit cables, wires, bundles in the piston space of the body of the device simultaneously with the initiation of an explosive transformation in an indestructible detonation command translator and with the destruction of the mechanical connection between the detachable structural elements contributes to the expansion of the functionality of the device due to the combination of functions and discontinuous ( detonation) lock, and a detonation distributor, and a knife, unifying it, reducing weight and improving the overall layout characteristics of both the claimed device itself and the structure as a whole due to the fact that it is mounted on a structural element (for example, a frame) on one flange with fewer fasteners (bolts, nuts, washers). By reducing the number of initiating devices (for example, the SEM and the electric detonator), on-board power consumption is reduced, since both the lock with the detonation distributor and the knife are triggered by one common initiating device - the electric detonator, the cable network is facilitated and simplified, the on-board control system is simplified by reducing the number of cells that form temporary settings, since the operation of the knife must be carried out strictly after the operation of the lock. In addition, PEDs equipped with burning pyrotechnic compositions require for their activation electrical signals that are two to three, or even four times higher in current than the signals necessary to trigger electric detonators filled with explosives.

Such important parameters for practice as the time and spread of the response time, the pressure created in a closed volume, for electric detonators are much more stable than for SEM, in addition, they do not depend on environmental parameters (mainly on temperature and pressure). Therefore, the refusal to use in the proposed device from the SEM with burning equipment also contributes to improving the reliability of the device, greater stability of its performance.

The rejection of the second initiating device, which activates the knife, also leads to a decrease in the range of shock loads on the structural elements when the separation system is triggered.

Combining in the claimed device the functions of a lock, a knife and a distributor of detonation signals also provides a strict sequence of these operations, which increases the reliability of the device, reduces the load on the onboard control system, which is significantly simplified and cheaper.

In the claimed device, the knife, piston and rod are firmly connected to each other (it is possible to manufacture them even as a single part). The rod, with the help of a nut screwed onto its threaded part, rigidly tightens the flanges of the structural elements to be separated. With such a mounting scheme, there is no need to use any locking elements (for example, sheared pins) that fix the knife in the cocked state. The rejection of such elements simplifies and reduces the cost of the device, increases its reliability both due to the fact that part of the energy of the working charge of the explosive will not be spent on the work of cutting the studs (the efficiency of the device increases), and by reducing the number of parts (assembly units).

In addition, the claimed device allows the use of a flat knife with an asymmetric sharp edge, as well as a cylindrical knife. Not only a cable or a bundle of electrical wires can be cut, but along with them also the tubes of the hydro-pneumatic system of the product, the lines of the parachute system, for example, descent or landing vehicles, tapes (harnesses) that fasten inflatable brake or shock-absorbing devices in the transport position.

The invention is illustrated in the drawing shown in FIG. 1. Here 1 is the body of the device; 2 - initiating device (electrodetonator); 3 - stock; 4 - piston; 5 - knife; 6 - anvil; 7 - end threaded plug; 8 - working charge of explosive; 9 - end element (tip) of an indestructible detonation command translator; 10 - transfer charges with amplifying caps at the ends.

The proposed device is used and operates as follows. When an electrical signal is supplied from the program-time device of the onboard control system to the incandescence bridges of the initiating device, for example, an electric detonator (2), the latter is activated. Under the influence of the explosion products of its equipment, metal fragments of the bottom of the shell (sleeve) of the electric detonator and the resulting shock wave, detonation is initiated in the nearby transfer explosive charge with an amplifying cap at the end (10) and from it to the working explosive charge (8) located in the annular charging chamber above the piston (4). The working charge (8) spends most of its energy when triggered to perform mechanical work to set the piston in motion. Due to the rigid connection of the piston (4) with the rod (3), the latter is destroyed in the place of the calibrated annular groove (in a weakened section) and removes the force connection between the flanges of the detachable structural elements. Another part of the energy of the working charge of the explosive (8) activates the second transfer charge with an amplifying cap at the end (10), which excites detonation in the end element (tip) of the indestructible detonation command translator. When the piston (4) moves down (in Fig. 1), the knife (5), rigidly fastened to the piston, is introduced into the cable or electrical wire harness passed through the through window of the housing (1) in advance, cutting it. In this case, the knife (5) is introduced into a flat anvil (6) placed in the end threaded plug (7).

The authors of the present invention have manufactured prototypes of the proposed device and carried out their bench tests. As an initiating device, electric detonators ED-U-1 were used, the working and transfer charges were a hardened elastic explosive EVV-75 V with a passport detonation velocity of 7300 m/s, a density of 1.62⋅10 ³ kg/m ³ , a critical detonation diameter of 0 .5 mm. The total weight of the charges was not more than 5.0 g. For cutting, we used segments of electrical wire harnesses MKSE 2×0.7, KMV 10×0.5. We evaluated the completeness and reliability of detonation initiation in indestructible detonation command translators (traner type), cutting the bundles, and also measured the impact load spectra (shock spectra) acting on structural elements, sensitive precision equipment near the device. In all experiments, there was a reliable initiation of detonation in the segments of "traners", guaranteed cutting of bundles of electrical wires (the depth of the groove in the anvil after cutting the bundles with a knife was 1.0÷1.5 mm), the maximum values of shock impulses did not exceed 8 units, which is less than the values , determined by regulatory documents as acceptable during the transportation of on-board equipment of rocket and space technology. From this we can conclude about the practical feasibility of the proposed device. In addition, it does not impose restrictions on the placement of onboard equipment near its location.

Claims (1)

Combined breaking lock with a knife for on-board separation systems, containing a piston-type lock, including a strong cylindrical metal case that is not destroyed when triggered, with attachment points to structural elements with two side lugs diametrically located relative to the case in its lower part with an internal cavity coaxial to the case, in which contains a piston with a rigidly fastened rod ending with a threaded part extending beyond the dimensions of the housing, and flanges of the structural elements to be separated, equipped with a calibrated annular groove in the separation plane, while sealing rings made of polymeric materials are installed on the piston and rod, and in the annular charging chamber above the piston around the rod there is a working charge of an explosive, in the cavities of the side tides, an initiating device is installed on one side, on the other - the end element of an indestructible detonation command translator, and in the channels connecting the cavities of the side tides with a charging chamber, the transfer charges are pressed in or filled, limited from the side of the cavities of the lateral tides by reinforcing caps, characterized in that inside the body in the piston space there is a flat knife rigidly fastened to the piston in its middle part with a straight sharp edge in the form of a symmetrical wedge, and in the end threaded plug of the body there is an anvil in the form of a disk, the diameter of which coincides with the inner diameter of the body, with a flat working surface parallel to the knife, while in the body of the device between the edge of the knife and the anvil there is a through hole perpendicular to the axis of the device - a window through which and firmly attached to the device, the cable or electrical harness to be cut.

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