RU2777379C1 - Carbon nanotube dispersion, dispersion preparation method, cathode paste, cathode production method and cathode - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: cathode manufacturing.

SUBSTANCE: inventions group relates to a method for preparing a dispersion of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates, a method for preparing a cathode paste, a cathode paste, a method for manufacturing a cathode and a cathode. The dispersion contains a solvent, most of whose molecules are electrically neutral, hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber and single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes in an amount of 0.2 to 2 wt.% and the mass ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to hydrogenated nitrile rubber is not less than 0.1 and not more than 10.

EFFECT: high stability during storage and transportation and at the same time low viscosity in various technological processes.

42 cl, 10 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

TECHNICAL AREA

The invention relates to dispersions of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates in the liquid phase, having both high stability and moderate viscosity, to methods for preparing such dispersions, to the use of such dispersions for the preparation of cathode pastes, to cathode pastes, and to methods for manufacturing lithium-ion cathodes. ion batteries.

PRIOR ART

Dispersions of single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes can be used to introduce these carbon nanomaterials into various coatings and composite materials, including cathode pastes used for the manufacture of lithium-ion battery cathodes. The presence of single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes in the cathodes of lithium-ion batteries can improve their technical characteristics: lower internal resistance, increase specific capacity, improve cyclability (that is, increase battery capacity after a certain number of charge-discharge cycles). However, to achieve this technical result, it is necessary that single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes are optimally dispersed and distributed in the cathode material of the lithium-ion battery.

Single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes tend to combine into bundles and agglomerates of more complex geometry. Agglomeration of carbon nanotubes into long and thick bundles is desirable in a number of applications, including, for example, to ensure high electrical conductivity of the cathode, but leads to an increase in the sedimentation rate of dispersed carbon nanotube agglomerates, i.e., to a decrease in the stability of the dispersion or cathode paste. A decrease in the stability of the dispersion reduces the storage time of the dispersion, leads to restrictions in possible logistical and technological schemes, increases the risk of heterogeneity of subsequent mixing with the cathode paste material and, as a result, defects in the production of a lithium-ion battery. To an even greater extent, these risks are associated with a decrease in the stability of the cathode paste containing single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates.

In the state of the art, methods are known to improve the stability of dispersions by preventing the agglomeration of dispersed particles, such as carbon nanotubes, using dispersing agents and surfactants. For single-walled carbon nanotubes, it is known, for example, that chlorosulfonic acid completely shifts the equilibrium of the sintering process towards individual nanotubes [A.N.G. Parra-Vasquez, N. Behabtu, M.J. Green, C.L. Pint, C.C. Young, J. Schmidt, E. Kesselman, A. Goyal, P.M. Ajayan, Y. Cohen, Y. Talmon, R.H. Hauge, M. Pasquali “Spontaneous Dissolution of Ultralong Single- and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes” ACS Nano 2010 4 (7), 3969-3978]. This approach, however, has the disadvantage that the dispersion reduces or completely eliminates the presence of long beams of carbon nanotubes, the presence of which in some applications provides advantages by lowering the electrical percolation threshold and increasing the electrical conductivity of a coating or composite material obtained using such a dispersion, for example, a lithium cathode. -ion battery.

On the other hand, dispersions of single-walled or double-walled carbon nanotubes are characterized by high viscosity, which increases with increasing concentration of nanotubes and their bundles, as well as the ratio of their length to thickness [A.N.G. Parra-Vasquez, J.G. Duque, M.J. Green, M. Pasquali, “Assessment of length and bundle distribution of dilute single-walled carbon nanotubes by viscosity measurements.” AIChE J., 60 (2014) 1499-1508.]. Additional agglomeration of carbon nanotube bundles into complex agglomerates leads to a very high viscosity of the dispersion, which creates technological difficulties in further use of the dispersion, for example, in coating or in pumping through technological lines in the production process.

At the same time, the high viscosity of the dispersion reduces the mobility of carbon nanotubes and their bundles, as well as the rate of sedimentation of agglomerates and thus increases the stability of the dispersion and, conversely, in dispersions with low viscosity, the mobility and sedimentation rate of agglomerates are higher. Thus, when choosing dispersions of carbon nanotubes, one has to find a compromise between the high stability of the dispersion and its low viscosity.

In this regard, there is a technical problem of obtaining a dispersion in which the high stability of the dispersion and the possibility of its long-term storage without delamination and change in properties would be combined with the low viscosity required for the use of the dispersion, including in the production of cathode paste for lithium-ion batteries. A similar technical problem exists with regard to cathode paste containing single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes: it is necessary to ensure its high viscosity during storage before use (application to the cathode current collector), high viscosity after application to the current collector without spreading to ensure the quality of the edge of the cathode active material layer and at the same time low viscosity of the cathode paste under the conditions of the technological process of its application to the current collector.

There are solutions in which gels with very high viscosity are obtained, containing carbon nanotubes in a dispersed state. In the application for invention [WO2006112162A1, NISSHINBO IND INC, MASUDA GEN, KATO YASUHARU 26.10.2006; IPC: C08F2 / 44, C08F20 / 34, B82B1 / 00, C01B31 / 02, C08F12 / 22] offer a gel containing dispersed carbon nanotubes based on an ionic liquid, for example, obtained by the neutralization reaction of benzoic acid or its derivatives and a base. Such a gel containing carbon nanotubes provides the possibility of indefinitely long storage without nanotube agglomeration and sedimentation of their agglomerates. However, the use of an ionic liquid as a dispersion medium imposes significant restrictions on the areas of application of the dispersion. In the vast majority of applications, including the preparation of cathode pastes, such a gel cannot be used directly, and before use, it will be necessary to obtain a dispersion from it based on an aqueous and/or organic solvent, predominantly containing electrically neutral molecules. The stability of such a dispersion will no longer be ensured by the stability of the original gel, just as the stability of the cathode paste will not be ensured. In addition, for many applications, including use in cathode paste preparation processes and lithium ion battery cathode fabrication, ionic liquid precursors may not be desirable even after being diluted and dispersed in a solvent.

Solutions are known in which the composition of the dispersion is chosen such that the viscosity of the dispersion and/or its complex modulus are in a narrow range, which is a compromise between the high viscosity required to maintain the high quality of the carbon nanotube dispersion and the low viscosity desired for pumping manufacturability and processing this dispersion into the final product. For example, the patent [EP 3333946B1; LG CHEM LTD, 17-03-2021; H01M4/62, H01M4/13, H01M10/0525, H01M4/139, H01M4/04, H01M4/02] claims a dispersion of carbon nanotube bundles in a dispersion medium also containing hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber containing units obtained by hydrogenation of a conjugated diene from 1 to 15 wt. %, additionally characterized by a complex modulus of elasticity at a frequency of 1 Hz from 20 to 500 Pa. The complex modulus of elasticity at a frequency of 1 Hz is used by the authors of the cited patent as a measure of the viscosity of a liquid: with a low value of the complex modulus of elasticity, the viscosity of the liquid is too low, with a high value of the complex modulus of elasticity, the viscosity of the liquid is too high and the further production process (forming electrodes) ceases to be technological. As described in the cited patent, the viscosity of the dispersion with the above complex modulus of elasticity is from 2 to 20 Pa ^. s at a shear rate of 1/(6.3 s). The cited invention does not set the task of ensuring high stability of the dispersion, however, the viscosity is limited below 20 Pa ^. c is insufficient for the dispersion to remain stable for a long time, which is a disadvantage that prevents the effective organization of the production process, including efficient storage and transportation of the dispersion. This invention is selected for the Prototype.

TECHNICAL PROBLEM

Thus, there is a technical problem of obtaining a dispersion of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, which is characterized by high stability during storage and transportation and, at the same time, low viscosity of this dispersion under the conditions of various technological processes of its use, including in the process of preparing a cathode paste and then a lithium cathode. -ion battery. A similar technical problem exists with regard to cathode paste containing single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes: it is necessary to obtain a cathode paste characterized by high viscosity during storage before use (applied to the cathode current collector), high viscosity after application to the current collector without spreading to ensure the quality of the edge of the layer the active material of the cathode and at the same time the low viscosity of the cathode paste under the conditions of the technological process of its application to the current collector. As a result, there is a problem of manufacturing a lithium-ion battery cathode of high quality, which manifests itself in high specific capacity and stability in successive charge-discharge cycles. Known solutions, including the invention [EP 3333946B1], chosen as a prototype, do not allow to solve the technical problem.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

To solve the technical problem, it is necessary that the dispersion in the still state during storage manifest itself as a highly viscous liquid, i.e. that the viscosity of the dispersion is more than 20 Pa ^. s at a shear rate equal to or less than 1/6.3 s ^-1 , which provides the possibility of long-term storage and/or transportation of the dispersion without agglomeration and/or sedimentation of carbon nanotubes, and at the same time, so that the viscosity of the dispersion in the process stream is significantly lower: less than 2 Pa ^. s at a shear rate equal to or more than 18.6 s ^-1 , that is, low enough to carry out a technological process in which this dispersion is used, including for the technological process of preparing cathode paste. Hereinafter, when describing the essence of the invention and in examples of its use, the term "viscosity" refers to dynamic viscosity at a temperature of 25 ^o C. The conditions for storage and use of the dispersion may be characterized by a different temperature. It is important to note that the values of the characteristic shear rates during storage and transportation (< 1/6.3 s ^-1 ) and shear rates during the technological process (> 18.6 s ^-1 ) indicated here and used below are not absolute and are conditionally accepted for in order to enable a quantitative description of the viscosities of the dispersions. For some transport conditions, shear rates may exceed 1/6.3 s ^-1 , and for some processes using dispersion, shear rates may be below 18.6 s ^-1 , which does not negate the advantages that the dispersion proposed by the invention has.

Studies conducted by the authors of the present invention have shown that it is possible to obtain dispersions of single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates, which are non-ideal pseudo-plastic liquids and obey the Ostwald-de Waale power law known for some non-ideal liquids [W. Ostwald, "Ueber die rechnerische Darstellung des Strukturgebietes der Viskosität". Kolloid-Zeitschrift 47 (1929) 176–187]

(1)

(one)

In accordance with this law, their viscosity depends on the shear rate in the fluid flow and the less, the greater the shear rate. Pseudoplastic fluids are characterized by values n < 1. The lower the value of the fluid behavior index, n, the more strongly the viscosity of the pseudoplastic fluid depends on the shear rate. Further studies have shown that the value of the liquid behavior index can be significantly reduced by adding a gelling agent (gelling agent) to the composition of the dispersion of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, as which, in organic solvents, a particularly significant effect can be achieved when using hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR , Hydrogenated nitrile-butadiene rubber, Hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber). Simultaneous introduction of HNBR and single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes allows to achieve a synergistic effect, which is expressed in a decrease in the liquid behavior index, n, (i.e., in a greater difference of the dispersion from an ideal Newtonian liquid), relative to the liquid behavior indices for the corresponding carbon nanotube dispersions in a solvent and solution or suspension of HNBR in a solvent.

The synergistic effect is a consequence of the formation in the suspension of HNBR gel regions interconnected by bundles of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes. The resulting network provides a very high dispersion viscosity at low shear loads, however, intermolecular bonds between carbon nanotubes and HNBR molecules are so weak that an increase in shear load destroys them and leads to a decrease in viscosity.

The present invention proposes a dispersion containing a solvent, most of whose molecules are electrically neutral, hydrogenated nitrile rubber and single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, characterized in that the content of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes is from 0.2 to 2 wt. % and the mass ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber is not less than 0.1 and not more than 10.

A dispersion of this formulation has the advantage of a very high low shear dispersion dynamic viscosity and low shear dynamic viscosity (e.g., less than 1/6.3 s ^-1 ) characteristic of the process (e.g., greater than 18.6 s ^-1 ) due to the synergistic effect on the viscosity of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and HNBR.

Hydrogenated nitrile rubber, HNBR, refers to a polymer obtained by hydrogenating nitrile rubber, that is, a polymer obtained by copolymerizing acetonitrile and butadiene. HNBR contains acetonitrile units with the formula "-CH ₂ -CH(CN)-", polybutadiene units and hydrogenated polybutadiene units. The term "polybutadiene units" refers to the units of the polymer chain with the formula "-CH ₂ -CH=CH-CH ₂ -" (1,4-polybutadiene units) or with the formula ">CH-CH=CH ₂ "(1,2- polybutadiene units), the term "hydrogenated polybutadiene units" refers to the units of the polymer chain with the formula "-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -" or ">CH-CH ₂ -CH ₃ ", respectively, that is, saturated links obtained by hydrogenation of polybutadiene units. In some applications, it is preferable to use as a fully hydrogenated rubber containing less than 1 wt. % residual polybutadiene units, for example, Therban ^® 3406 or Therban ^® 3404. In some other applications, it is preferable to use partially hydrogenated rubber with a residual content of polybutadiene units of more than 3 wt. %, or more than 5 wt. %, or more than 17 wt. %, e.g. ^Therban® 3496.

Preferably, the content of hydrogenated polybutadiene units in HNBR was more than 15 wt. %. Most preferably, the content of hydrogenated polybutadiene units in HNBR was more than 40 wt. %.

In some cases, it is preferable that the HNBR contains more than 20 wt. % acetonitrile units. In some cases, it is preferable that the viscosity of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber ML ₍₁₊₄₎ 100 ° C was less than 50 units. Muni. For some applications, it is preferable that such low viscosity nitrile butadiene rubber be fully hydrogenated, that is, contain less than 1 wt. % residual polybutadiene units, eg ^Therban® 3404.

The presence of HNBR in the dispersion results in an increase in the flow density coefficient, K, and a decrease in the liquid behavior index, n. The presence of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and/or their agglomerates in the dispersion also leads to an increase in the flow density coefficient, K, and a decrease in the liquid behavior index, n. The simultaneous presence of HNBR and single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and/or their agglomerates in the dispersion leads to a synergistic effect, which is expressed in a significant decrease in the liquid behavior index, n (i.e., in a greater difference of the dispersion from an ideal Newtonian liquid) relative to the liquid behavior indexes for the corresponding dispersions of carbon nanotubes in a solvent and HNBR in a solvent.

The content of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes in the dispersion, at which it is possible to achieve a technical result, is from 0.2 to 2 wt. %. The preferred content of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes in the dispersion is determined by the technological equipment used and logistics features. Preferably, the content of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes is from 0.3 to 1.4 wt. %. For some applications, it is preferable that the content of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 wt. %, most preferably for these applications the content is from 0.35 to 0.45 wt. %. For some other applications, it is preferable that the content of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes in the dispersion ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 wt. %, most preferably for these applications the content is from 0.7 to 1 wt. %

Preferably, the weight ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to HNBR in the dispersion is not less than 0.2 and not more than 5. Most preferably, the weight ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to HNBR in the dispersion is not less than 0.5 and not more than 3. However, a synergistic effect leading to the achievement of a technical result can also be achieved with a mass ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to HNBR in a dispersion in the range from 0.1 to 0.5. For some applications, the most preferable is the mass ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to HNBR in the dispersion was not less than 0.5 and not more than 5. double-walled carbon nanotubes to HNBR in a dispersion ranging from 3 to 10.

The presence of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes in the composition of the dispersion is a necessary condition for achieving a technical result. It is known that single-walled carbon nanotubes are characterized by a small diameter, which for stable single-walled carbon nanotubes is less than 4 nm, for example, 1.5 nm, and at the same time, a large length, which can exceed 5 μm. Thus, single-walled carbon nanotubes have a very large ratio of their length to diameter, which can exceed 3000. It is also known that for double-walled carbon nanotubes, the outer diameter does not exceed 6 nm, for example, it can be 2.8 nm, and their length can also be exceed 5 µm. Combining single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes into agglomerates can be accompanied by the formation of an agglomerate with a length-to-diameter ratio that is either somewhat smaller or larger than that of individual nanotubes in its composition. Preferably, the single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotube agglomerates comprise bundles of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes with a length:diameter ratio greater than 100, more preferably, the length:diameter ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes is greater than 500, most preferably, so that the length:diameter ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes is greater than 1000.

The ability of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to interact with each other by van der Waals forces (π-π interaction) and combine into agglomerates (bundles) is also very important for achieving a technical result. The presence of defects in the composition of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes reduces this ability. Therefore, it is desirable that single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes contain as few defects as possible. A quantitative indicator that characterizes the content of defects in the structure of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes is the ratio of the intensities of the G and D lines in the Raman spectrum—the larger this ratio, the fewer defects the carbon nanotubes contain. Preferably, the intensity ratio of the G and D lines in the 532 nm Raman spectrum is at least 10, more preferably, the intensity ratio of the G and D lines in the 532 nm Raman spectrum is at least 40, more more preferably, the intensity ratio of the G and D lines in the 532 nm Raman spectrum is at least 60, and most preferably, it is at least 80.

For many applications, including use in the preparation of cathode paste and further manufacture of the cathode, it is preferable that single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes in the composition of the dispersion be agglomerated and the mode of distribution of the number of carbon nanotube agglomerates over their hydrodynamic diameter ranges from 100 nm to 1 µm, most preferably, the distribution mode of the number of carbon nanotube agglomerates over their hydrodynamic diameter is from 300 nm to 800 nm. In this case, the distribution of the number of carbon nanotube agglomerates over their hydrodynamic diameter can be characterized by more than one mode: for example, it can be bimodal or trimodal. The distribution of the number of suspended particles (for example, carbon nanotube bundles) according to their size is usually determined by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method, which makes it possible to determine the diffusion coefficient of suspended particles D _diff , which is related to the effective hydrodynamic diameter D _h according to the well-known Stokes-Einstein relation.

As noted above, the ability of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to interact with each other by van der Waals forces (π-π interaction) and combine into agglomerates (bundles) is also very important for achieving a technical result, but this is especially important for ensuring the stability of the cathode paste, for the preparation of which the dispersion is used. Preferably, the length of a significant portion of the beams exceeds the characteristic size of the cathode active material, for example, exceeds 10 μm. In this regard, it should be noted that the length of bundles of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes significantly exceeds the hydrodynamic diameter. The Stokes-Einstein relation for cylindrical particles (nanotubes and their bundles) with length L and diameter d, taking into account averaging over all possible orientations, is expressed by equation (2)

(2)

(2)

[N.Nair, W.Kim, R.D. Braatz, M.S. Strano, “Dynamics of Surfactant-Suspended Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in a Centrifugal Field” Langmuir, 2008, Vol.24, pp.1790-1795 doi: 10.1021/la702516u] or, if particles are assumed to be prolate ellipsoids, then equation (3)

(3)

(3)

[J. Gigault, I. Le Hécho, S. Dubascoux, M. Potin-Gautier, G. Lespes Single walled carbon nanotube length determination by asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation hyphenated to multi-angle laser-light scattering. J Chromatogr. A, 2010, Vol. 1217, pp. 7891-7897].

Two models (2) and (3) lead to very close values of the shape factor, which shows how many times the beam length is greater than its effective hydrodynamic diameter. Taking into account that the length-to-diameter ratio of the vast majority of nanotube bundles in suspension is in the range from 100 to 10000, the shape factor lies in a narrow range from 5 to 10. In this regard, the length of the carbon nanotube bundle, L, can be estimated up to the coefficient 2 from the value of the effective hydrodynamic diameter according to inequalities (4):

(4)

(four)

In this regard, it is preferable that the distribution of agglomerates of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes (their bundles) along the hydrodynamic diameter is characterized by more than one mode and/or at least one mode is more than 2 μm.

The presence of agglomerates of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes with a size of more than 10 μm manifests itself in another property of the dispersion of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and HNBR, i.e., rapid segregation of the dispersion during oscillating shear deformation in a narrow slot channel, the size of which is comparable to the size of the agglomerate. In this regard, it is preferable that the dispersion has the ability to segregate into a solvent with a low content of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and a highly concentrated gel of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and HNBR when applying an oscillating shear strain with a frequency of 1 Hz and a relative shear amplitude ( shear strain) 100% in a rheometer cell with a “plane-cone” geometry, for example, in a rheometer cell “plane-cone” with a cone angle of 1 ^o .

In addition to single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, the dispersion in its composition may contain impurities of other allotropic modifications of carbon, including amorphous carbon and/or graphite and/or multi-walled carbon nanotubes, without being limited to the examples given. The influence of these impurities on the rheology of the dispersion is insignificant and therefore the presence of these impurities does not affect the technical result.

The dispersion of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and/or their agglomerates may contain impurities of metals of 8-11 groups of the Periodic system of chemical elements or metal carbide used as a catalyst in the production of carbon nanotubes, for example, iron or cobalt or other metals, bimetallic particles or their alloys, the presence of which is due to the method of obtaining these carbon nanotubes. For some applications, including use in the preparation of cathode paste and further manufacture of the cathode, it is desirable that the content of metal impurities of groups 8-11 of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements in single-walled and / or double-walled carbon nanotubes and / or their agglomerates is less than 1 mass . %. For some applications, it is more preferable that the content of impurities of metals of groups 8-11 of the Periodic system of chemical elements in single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and/or their agglomerates is less than 0.1 wt. %. For other applications, on the contrary, there is no reason to so severely limit the content of impurities of metals of groups 8-11 of the Periodic system of chemical elements and their content in single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and/or their agglomerates can be up to 15 wt. %.

To maximize the synergistic effect of achieving the minimum values of the liquid behavior index, n, it turned out to be preferable that the surface of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes contains functional groups. For some applications, it is preferred that single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes contain carbonyl and/or hydroxyl and/or carboxyl groups on the surface. For other applications, it is preferable that carbon nanotubes contain chlorine-containing groups on the surface, not limited to the examples given. In this case, the interaction between carbon nanotubes and acetonitrile units of rubber molecules is stronger, and the synergistic effect of HNBR and nanotubes on lowering the liquid behavior index is most pronounced. Functional groups can be obtained on the surface of carbon nanotubes by various methods known from the state of the art. For example, carboxyl functional groups can be obtained on the surface of carbon nanotubes by heat treatment in a solution of nitric acid, and chlorine-containing functional groups can be obtained using one of the methods described in the invention [RU2717516C2; MCD TECH, 23-03-2020; IPC: C01B32/174, B82B3/00, B82B1/00], not limited to the examples given. Methods for the functionalization of carbon nanotubes are not the subject of the present invention. Preferably, the content of functional groups on the surface of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes was not less than 0.1 wt. %. For some applications, it is preferable that single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes contain at least 0.1 wt. % carbonyl and/or hydroxyl and/or carboxyl groups. Most preferably, the chlorine content on the surface of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes is not less than 0.1 wt. %. However, the technical result can also be achieved using single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes that do not contain functional groups on the surface, for example, specially heated in an inert atmosphere to remove functional groups that may have been present on the surface.

The choice of solvent is determined by the requirements for the subsequent process of using the dispersion. For example, the solvent in the dispersion is an organic solvent, such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethylene carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, or a mixture thereof or others, or solutions of two or more solvents, as well as solutions of organic solvents. in water. At the same time, from the point of view of the safety of production and operation of the dispersion, it is preferable that the flash point of the solvent is at least 70 ^o C. For some applications, it is preferable that the flash point of the organic solvent is at least 80 ^o C, for example N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone ( flashpoint 89 ^° C) or dimethylacetamide (flashpoint 87°C) or other solvents, not limited ^to the examples given.

Dispersions containing a solvent, HNBR, and single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes are pseudoplastic and, due to the synergistic interaction of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and HNBR in the composition of the dispersion, they are characterized by a very strong dependence of the viscosity of the dispersion on the shear rate in the flow. This makes it possible to solve a technical problem for a large part of applications, in which it is necessary to ensure, on the one hand, a high viscosity of the unperturbed dispersion (during its storage and / or transportation) and, on the other hand, the required viscosity under specific conditions of using the dispersion - when the dispersion flows through a pipe or when spraying the dispersion through a nozzle or in other applications, characterized by a given shear rate in the stream. To solve the problem, it is preferable that the value of the fluid behavior index, n, be sufficiently small: no more than 0.37, and the flow density coefficient, K, be at least 3.2 Pa ^. with ⁿ . More preferably, the value of the fluid behavior index, n, is not more than 0.30, most preferably, the value of the fluid behavior index, n, is not more than 0.2.

The fluid behavior index, n, and the flow density coefficient K are understood as the parameters of the dependence of the dynamic viscosity of the dispersion, μ _eff , on the shear rate, γ, described by the Ostwald-de Waale equation (1). It is important to note that the dependence of dispersion viscosity on shear rate does not have to exactly follow the Ostwald-de Waal power law. If the behavior of the dispersion viscosity versus the shear rate differs from a power law, the fluid behavior index, n, and the flow density coefficient, K, are taken to be the parameters corresponding to the best linear approximation in the graph of the dependence of the logarithm of the viscosity on the logarithm of the shear rate, drawn, for example, by the least squares criterion.

Preferably, the fluid behavior index, n, and the flow density coefficient, K, satisfy the condition n < 1.25 ^. lg (K / (Pa ^. with ⁿ )) - 0.628. In this case, the viscosity of the dispersion in a quiescent state during storage remains high, more than 20 Pa ^. s at a shear rate equal to or less than 1/6.3 s ^-1 , which enables long-term storage and/or transportation of the dispersion without agglomeration and/or sedimentation of carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates.

It is preferable that the fluid behavior index, n, and the flow density coefficient, K, satisfy the condition n < 1.24 - 0.787 ^. log(K/(Pa ^. with ⁿ )). In this case, the viscosity of the dispersion in the flow is below 2 Pa ^. s at a shear rate equal to or greater than 18.6 s ^-1 and, therefore, low enough to carry out the technological process in which this dispersion is used, including for the preparation of cathode paste.

Another approach to describe the viscous properties of a fluid is to measure the complex modulus of elasticity G* under oscillating shear deformation and its real component, the storage modulus, G’, and the imaginary component, the loss modulus, G.” These values are usually measured in thermostatically controlled at a temperature of 20 +/- 1^oC cells with a "plane-to-plane" geometry or, preferably, in cells with a "plane-to-cone" geometry, since the latter provide the same shear rate throughout the volume of the cell. For a cone with an angle of 1^aboutoscillation of the cone relative to the plane by 1^about with a frequency of 1 Hz means a shear strain amplitude of 100% and a shear rate of 1 s^-one. As noted above, in order to achieve a technical result, it is necessary that at stationary shear rates of less than 1 s^-one, for example, at (1/6.3) s^-one, the dispersion manifested itself as a nonideal pseudoplastic viscoelastic liquid with a dynamic viscosity of more than 20 Pa^.With. Such shear rate values correspond to a shear strain amplitude of less than 16% at an oscillation frequency of 1 Hz. Unfortunately, for dispersions containing carbon nanotubes, it is impossible to establish a direct correspondence between the dynamic viscosity under steady flow conditions and the components of the complex modulus determined in an oscillating system. However, it is obvious that a larger loss modulus, G”, means a higher viscosity, and in order for the dispersion to be characterized as a viscoelastic liquid, the phase angle δ = arctan(G”/G’) must be greater than 15^o, preferably more than 18^o. In this regard, it is preferable that the dispersion be characterized by a loss modulus of more than 27 Pa when applying oscillating shear strain with a frequency of 1 Hz and a relative shear strain amplitude in the range from 5 to 10% in a rheometer cell with a “cone-plane” geometry and a phase angle of more than eighteen^owhen applying oscillating shear deformation with a frequency of 1 Hz and a relative amplitude of shear deformation in the range from 5 to 10% in a rheometer cell with a “cone-plane” geometry.

The present invention proposes a method for preparing a dispersion containing a solvent, most of whose molecules are electrically neutral, from 0.2 to 2 wt. % of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber with a mass ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber of not less than 0.1 and not more than 10, characterized in that it includes a sequence of alternating between each other at least three stages of dispersion (D) and at least two stages of rest (P), where any of the stages of dispersion (D) is either a stage of mechanical processing of the dispersion at a shear rate of at least 10000 s ^-1 with a specific input energy of at least 10 ^W. h/kg or an ultrasonic treatment stage at a frequency of at least 20 kHz with a specific input energy of at least 1 ^W. h/kg, and the resting stage (P) is maintaining the dispersion between two successive dispersion stages (D) under conditions with a shear rate of less than 10 s ^-1 for at least 1 minute.

The proposed method for preparing the dispersion makes it possible, on the one hand, to disperse single-walled carbon nanotubes due to high shear rates at stages (D), and, on the other hand, to form a segregated structure of a two-component gel (self-sorting) containing gel regions containing predominantly HNBR and a solvent that are bound into a single network of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, during the stages of rest (P). It should be noted that this method of preparation makes it possible to achieve better dispersion and distribution of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes. Due to the fact that the resulting dispersion is pseudoplastic during mechanical or ultrasonic processing of the dispersion, it is possible to form local zones of low viscosity in areas with high shear rate and local zones of high viscosity in areas of low shear rate and low intensity or almost no mass transfer. between these zones. In this regard, in the proposed method, in order to achieve a technical result, it is necessary to repeat the stages of mechanical or ultrasonic treatment more than twice, and between periodically repeating stages of mechanical or ultrasonic treatment, the dispersion was at rest, or under conditions of relatively low shear rates of less than 10 s ^-1 for interval of at least 1 minute.

Machining can be carried out using a variety of dispersing or mixing apparatus providing the desired shear rate in the dispersion stream, including, for example, rotor-stator type dispersers and homogenizers (dissolvers), colloid mills, bead mills, planetary mills, high pressure homogenizers (high -pressure homogenizer, HPH), rotary pulsation apparatus (RPA). In some applications, it is sufficient and preferred that the mechanical activation be carried out using a disk dissolver, ie a vertical type mixer with a disk impeller, preferably with a toothed disk impeller (cutter). In the case of a bead mill or high pressure homogenizers, which involve passing the dispersion stream through a zone with a very high shear rate, the dispersion step (E) involves pumping the entire volume of the dispersion through the mill or homogenizer. In this case, the resting stage (P) implies the presence of a dispersible mixture containing a solvent, HNBR and single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, between dispersion cycles in a container, where it is subjected to only slow mixing at a shear rate of less than 10 s ^-1 .

The choice of equipment for mechanical or ultrasonic treatment, specific power, duration of treatment at each stage, is determined by the available equipment, the composition of the dispersion: the selected solvent, the concentration of carbon nanotubes, the concentration and brand of the selected HNBR, the presence of other fillers and additives. In this regard, for some dispersion compositions, some equipment options may not be applicable.

In some cases, it is preferable that the method includes a sequence of alternating between at least five stages of dispersion (D) and at least four stages of rest (P), where any of the stages of dispersion (D) is either a stage of mechanical processing of the dispersion at a shear rate not less than 10,000 s ^-1 with a specific input energy of not less than 10 ^W. h/kg or an ultrasonic treatment stage at a frequency of at least 20 kHz with a specific input energy of at least 1 ^W. h/kg, and the resting stage (P) is maintaining the dispersion between two successive dispersion stages (D) under conditions with a shear rate of less than 10 s ^-1 for at least 1 minute. In other applications, it is preferable that the method includes a sequence of alternating at least 10 stages of dispersion (D) and at least 9 stages of rest (P). In other applications, it is preferable that the method includes a sequence of alternating at least 30 stages of dispersion (D) and at least 29 stages of rest (R).

In some applications, a sequence of alternating at least three stages (D) and at least two stages (P) is realized by circulating the dispersion between one or more apparatuses in which the stages of mechanical processing or ultrasonic processing are carried out, and a vessel in which the dispersion is kept under slow stirring. at shear rates less than 10 s ^-1 . At the same time, it is preferable that the multiplicity of such circulation of the dispersion during the preparation of the dispersion is at least 5. In some embodiments of the method, the multiplicity of the circulation of the dispersion during the preparation can be at least 10. In other applications, it is preferable that the multiplicity of circulation of the dispersion during the preparation time is at least 30. The preferred number of circulation cycles is determined by the composition of the dispersion, the type of dispersing equipment used, the specific input power at the dispersion stage.

For some applications, preferably, the method of preparation included circulation of the dispersion between the rotary-pulsation apparatus at a shear rate of at least 10,000 s ^-1 with a specific input energy of at least 10 W ^. h/kg, ultrasonic treatment apparatus with a sonotrode (ultrasound probe, ultrasonic activator) immersed in it with a frequency of at least 20 kHz with a specific input energy of at least 1 ^W. h/kg, with a circulation rate from 100 to 10,000 kg/h and a container in which the dispersion is kept under slow stirring at shear rates of less than 10 s ^-1 and a residence time in the container of at least 1 min. The residence time is the ratio of the volume of the vessel to the circulation rate, that is, the average residence time of the dispersion in the vessel in the approximation of an ideal mixing apparatus (residence time). For some applications, it is preferred that the shear rate between the rotor and stator of the rotary pulsation apparatus be at least 20,000 s ^-1 , most preferably at least 50,000 s ^-1 . For some applications, it is preferable that the specific input energy during the passage of the dispersion of the rotary-pulsation apparatus is not more than 30 ^W. h / kg, however, the technical result can be achieved with a specific input energy when the dispersion passes through the rotary pulsation apparatus from 10 to 30 ^W. h/kg dispersion. It is also preferable that ultrasonic treatment be carried out with a frequency of at least 40 kHz, and the input specific energy is more than 2 ^W. h / kg, however, the technical result can be achieved at a frequency of 20 to 40 kHz and with an input specific energy of 1 to 2 ^W. h/kg, this will require more cycles.

For some applications, it is preferred that the preparation method comprises circulating the dispersion at a circulation rate of 100 to 10,000 kg/hr between a high pressure homogenizer (HPH) at a shear rate of at least 10,000 s ^-1 with a specific input energy of at least 10 ^Tue. h/kg and a container in which the dispersion is kept with slow stirring at shear rates of less than 10 s ^-1 with an average residence time in the container of at least 1 min. The pressure before the disperser valve may be more than 30 MPa, for example, more than 60 MPa, and is determined by the design of the disperser. The nozzle diameter is also determined by the design of the disperser, which is not the subject of the present invention, and may be less than 2 mm, such as 700 microns. For some applications, it is preferable that the shear rate at in the dispersant is greater than 70,000 s ^-1 , most preferably it is greater than 500,000 s ^-1 . For some applications, it is preferred that the specific energy input in each dispersion step is greater than 20 ^W. h/kg, most preferably, the specific input energy at each dispersion stage is more than 30 ^W. h/kg. However, the technical result can also be achieved with an input specific energy of 10 to 20 W at each dispersion stage ^. h/kg dispersion, this will require more cycles.

The present invention proposes a method for preparing a cathode paste (cathode paste, cathode slurry) containing an active material, a solvent, hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber and not less than 0.005 wt. % of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, characterized in that it includes the steps of (1) mixing a lithium-containing active component and a dispersion described above, that is, containing a solvent, most of whose molecules are electrically neutral, hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber and single-walled and/ or double-walled carbon nanotubes when the content of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes in the dispersion is from 0.2 to 2 wt. % and mass ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber in the composition of the dispersion is not less than 0.1 and not more than 10 and (2) mixing the resulting mixture to a homogeneous paste.

The present invention provides a cathode paste containing an active material, a solvent, hydrogenated nitrile rubber and single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, characterized in that it contains at least 0.005 wt. % single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and prepared as described above. Preferably, the cathode paste contains at least 0.01 wt. % single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes.

In step (2), mixing the mixture obtained in step (1) until a homogeneous suspension is formed can be carried out by any known mixing method and mixing equipment, for example, using vertical type mixers (also known as dissolvers), planetary mixers, rotor mixers -stator", twin screw mixers, not limited to the examples given. In some applications, it is preferable that the mixing is carried out using a disk dissolver, ie a vertical type mixer with a disk impeller, preferably with a toothed disk impeller (cutter). Most preferably, planetary mixers are used in step (2). It should be noted that the choice of mixing method in step (2) and the choice of equipment for carrying out this step is not the subject of this invention.

By cathode paste active material is meant any lithium-containing material suitable as a cathode active material, that is, a material having the following set of properties (as reviewed by [MS Wittingham, Lithium Batteries and Cathode Materials, Chem. Rev. 2004, Vol. 104, pp. 4271-4301]): (1) contains a readily reducible/oxidizable ion, such as a transition metal cation; (2) is able to enter into a reversible interaction with lithium, which does not lead to a fundamental change in its structure; (3) the reaction of interaction of the material with lithium has a high free energy (Helmholtz potential) of the reaction; (4) the reaction of interaction of the material with lithium proceeds at a high rate. For example, the active material of the cathode paste can be one of the following: LiTiS ₂ , LiVSe ₂ , LiCoO ₂ , LiNiO ₂ , LiFePO ₄ (also called LFP), LiNi _x Mn _y Co _z O ₂ (where x, y, z are positive numbers , less than 1, such that x+y+z=1, also called NMC, for example, NMC 811 for LiNi _0.8 Mn _0.1 Co _0.1 O ₂ ), or another, not limited to the examples given, or a mixture of several such materials.

The simultaneous presence of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and HNBR in the cathode paste, due to a synergistic effect similar to that described above for dispersion, leads to a significant difference in the rheological properties of the paste from an ideal (Newtonian) liquid, which is expressed in the fact that the value of the liquid behavior index, n , for cathode paste is not enough. It is preferable that it is not more than 0.3 with a flow density factor, K, of at least 10 Pa ^. with ⁿ , which means that the cathode paste simultaneously has, on the one hand, a very low viscosity, for example, not more than 1 Pa ^. s at shear rates of 100 s ^-1 or greater, typical for the subsequent process of applying the cathode paste on the conductive electrode plate, and on the other hand, high viscosity, for example, not less than 10 Pa ^. s at a shear rate of 1 s ^-1 . This combination of properties of the cathode paste is preferable and allows solving the technical problem of providing high viscosity during storage before use (applied to the cathode current collector), high viscosity after application to the current collector without spreading to ensure the quality of the edge of the cathode active material layer and at the same time low viscosity of the cathode paste under conditions technological process of its application to the current collector.

The cathode paste may contain one or more organic solvents or an aqueous solution of organic solvents. Among the organic solvents, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is most preferred, but other solvents such as ethylene carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide or others can also be used, without being limited to the examples given. Obviously, the cathode paste must contain the solvent or solvents included in the dispersion described above, i.e. containing the solvent, the majority of whose molecules are electrically neutral, HNBR and single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes used in the preparation of the cathode paste. However, the cathode paste may additionally contain another solvent if this provides any advantages from the point of view of the process. An additional solvent, the same chemical nature as that in the composition of the dispersion, or different, may be added at the stage of mixing (1) lithium-containing active cathode material and a dispersion containing single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and HNBR, or may be added in an additional mixing stage preceding the mixing stage (1), or may be added in a separate mixing stage, after the mixing stage (1) and before the stage (2).

Binders can additionally be added to the cathode paste to provide the required plasticity and strength of the cathode material after drying. These additives, which are most often high molecular weight (polymeric) materials, can be introduced in the form of solutions or in the form of suspensions, for example, in the form of aqueous suspensions, in the form of suspensions based on N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, or on the basis of another solvent, the choice of which is determined by the features of the technological process used. As such additives, for example, suspensions of fluoroplastics, latexes of various rubbers, polyacrylic acid or its salts, such as Na or Li salt, can be used. Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber, of the same brand as in the dispersion or of a different brand, can be additionally added to the cathode paste as a binder. The binders may be added in the mixing step (1) of the lithium-containing active cathode material and the dispersion containing single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and HNBR, or can be added in an additional mixing step preceding the mixing step (1), or can be added in a separate mixing step, after mixing step (1) and before step (2).

To achieve a technical result, it is important that the dispersion used to prepare the paste in step (1) contains both HNBR and single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, that is, it is not enough that the dispersion used to prepare the paste contains single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, and HNBR was added to it already during the preparation of the cathode paste.

In summary, for some applications it is preferred that the cathode paste preparation process includes one or more additional mixing steps with a solvent and/or one or more binders and/or electrically conductive additives prior to step (2). For some applications, it is preferred that in the mixing step (1) a solvent and/or one or more binders and/or electrically conductive additives are also added to the mixture.

It is preferred that the weight ratio of single wall and/or double wall carbon nanotubes to HNBR in the cathode paste be no less than 0.05 and no more than 10. For some applications it is preferred that the weight ratio of single wall and/or double wall carbon nanotubes to HNBR in the cathode paste be not less than 0.1 and not more than 5. Most preferably, the mass ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to HNBR in the cathode paste was not less than 0.33 and not more than 3. However, the synergistic effect leading to the achievement of a technical result can be achieved with a mass ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to HNBR in cathode paste in the range from 0.03 to 0.33. For some applications, the most preferable is the mass ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to HNBR in the cathode paste is not less than 0.5 and not more than 2. carbon nanotubes to HNBR in cathode paste in the range from 2 to 10.

In some applications, it is preferable that the cathode paste additionally contains at least 0.01 wt. % electrically conductive additives other than single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, for example, graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, carbon fibers of various morphology, thickness and length, for example, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, or metal particles, but not limited to the examples given, for example, the presence of such additives may have the additional benefit of lowering the internal resistance of the cathode.

The cathode paste may contain particles of metals of 8-11 groups of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements, which are impurities in single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes due to the carbon nanotube production process. The presence of these electrically conductive additives, including metal particles, does not affect the achievement of the technical result. It should be noted, however, that for most applications the presence of metal particles is undesirable and that for most applications it is preferable that the content of impurities of metals of 8-11 groups in the composition of the cathode paste was less than 1 wt. % of the content of single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes. For some applications, it is preferable that the content of impurities of metals 8-11 groups in the composition of the cathode paste was less than 0.1 wt. % of the content of single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes.

The present invention proposes a method for manufacturing a lithium-ion battery cathode, characterized in that it includes a sequence of steps for preparing the cathode paste described above: (1) mixing a lithium-containing active component and a dispersion described above, that is, containing a solvent, most of whose molecules are electrically neutral , hydrogenated butadiene-nitrile rubber and single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, and the content of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes in the dispersion is from 0.2 to 2 wt. % and the mass ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber in dispersion is not less than 0.1 and not more than 10 and (2) mixing the resulting mixture to a homogeneous paste, as well as the stage (3) applying the resulting paste to the current collector , (4) drying the deposited paste until the cathode is formed; and (5) compacting the cathode to the desired density. The method for manufacturing the cathode may include additional steps of adding a binder and/or an additional solvent, the same in its chemical nature as in the composition of the dispersion, or different, which can be added at the stage of mixing (1) a lithium-containing active cathode material and dispersion containing single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and HNBR, or can be added in a separate mixing step preceding the mixing step (1), or can be added in a separate mixing step after the mixing step (1) to step (2).

The present invention provides a lithium ion battery cathode, characterized in that it is manufactured by a method comprising the steps of preparing the cathode paste described above: (1) mixing a lithium-containing active ingredient and a dispersion described above, i.e. containing a solvent, the majority of whose molecules are electrically neutral, hydrogenated butadiene-nitrile rubber and single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, and the content of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes in the dispersion is from 0.2 to 2 wt. % and the mass ratio of single-walled and / or double-walled carbon nanotubes to hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber is not less than 0.1 and not more than 10 and (2) mixing the resulting mixture to a homogeneous paste, as well as stage (3) applying the resulting paste to the current collector, ( 4) drying the deposited paste until the cathode is formed; and (5) compacting the cathode to the required density.

Due to the simultaneous presence in the cathode paste of HNBR and single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, which affect the dependence of viscosity on shear rate and simultaneously ensure the stability of the cathode paste and moderate viscosity under the conditions of its application to the current collector, the lithium-ion battery with the cathode of the invention has a high stable operation in successive charge-discharge cycles. For example, a battery's capacity after 400 1C charge and discharge cycles can be more than 80% of the original battery capacity, more than 90% in some applications, and more than 95% in some applications. The achievable battery stability depends on the active material used in the cathode of the battery, as well as on the anode used in the battery.

The invention is illustrated by the following Examples and Figures, which are given for illustrative purposes only and do not limit the possible applications of the invention. For convenience, the basic information on the examples given is also summarized in a Table containing data on the compositions and properties of the dispersions.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES AND DRAWINGS

Fig 1. Micrographs of transmission electron microscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes Tuball ^TM included in the composition of the dispersions of Examples 1 and 4, as well as Comparative Example 9.

Fig 2. Dynamic light scattering data on the distribution of the volume fraction of particles (nanotubes and their beams), %, by hydrodynamic diameter, D _h , μm, in dispersions according to Example 1 (circles), Example 2 (triangles) and Example 5 (squares) ).

Fig 3. Dependences of dynamic viscosity, Pa ^. s, variances from Example 1 (circles), Example 2 (squares), Example 3 (diamonds), Comparative Example 8 (dark triangles) and Solution from Comparative Example 9 (light triangles, these values are multiplied by 100 for presentation convenience) on shear rate , with ^-1 .

Fig 4. Dependence of dynamic viscosity, Pa ^. s, cathode paste according to Example 1 (circles), according to Example 2 (squares), according to Example 3 (diamonds) and according to Comparative Example 8 (dark triangles) on shear rate, s ^-1

Fig. 5. Photographs of the applied layer of paste on the current collector according to Example 1 (left) and Comparative Example 9 (right).

Fig 6. Dependence of the capacity, referred to the initial capacity, %, on the number of charge-discharge cycles (charge current 1C, discharge current 1C) for a lithium-ion battery with a cathode according to Example 1.

Fig 7. Dependence of the capacity related to the initial capacity, %, on the number of charge-discharge cycles (charge current 1C, discharge current 1C) for a lithium-ion battery with cathodes according to Examples 2 and 3.

Fig. 8. Micrographs of transmission electron microscopy of single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes that are part of the dispersions according to Example 3.

Fig 9. Dependence of the capacity, referred to the initial capacity, %, on the number of charge-discharge cycles (charge current 0.5 C, discharge current 1C) for a lithium-ion battery with a cathode according to Example 4.

Fig. 10. Dispersion segregation after applying to the dispersion according to Example 5 oscillating shear deformation with a frequency of 1 Hz with an amplitude of 100% in the rheometer cell of the “cone-plane” geometry: on the left is the measuring plane, on the right is the measuring cone, the cone angle is 1 ^o .

Table. Summary data on the compositions and properties of the dispersions of Examples 1-9.

EXAMPLES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INVENTION

Example 1

The dispersion contains 0.8 wt. % partially hydrogenated butadiene-nitrile rubber brand Therban ^® 3496 with a viscosity of ML(1+4) 100 ^o C 55 units. Mooney with the content of nitrile units 34 wt. %, with a residual content of polybutadiene units of 18 wt. % and the content of units obtained by hydrogenation of conjugated diene units, 48 wt. %. The dispersion also contains 0.4 wt. % single-walled carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates. N-methyl-2-pyrollidone (NMP) was used as a solvent. Single-walled carbon nanotubes used to prepare the dispersion - SWCNT Tuball ^TM . The SWCNT diameter is distributed in the range from 1.2 to 2.1 nm and the average diameter is 1.54 nm (the diameter was determined by TEM methods of the dry residue of the suspension, as well as by the positions of the absorption bands S _1-1 in the optical absorption spectrum of the suspension). Raman spectroscopy at 532 nm shows the presence of a strong G band at ca. 1580 cm ^-1 characteristic of single-walled carbon nanotubes, and the band D at ca. 1330 cm ^-1 characteristic of other allotropic forms of carbon and defects of single-walled carbon nanotubes. The intensity ratio of the G/D bands is 80.5. The specific surface area determined from nitrogen adsorption isotherms is 1220 m ² /g. Micrographs of the transmission electron microscopy of the used SWCNTs are shown in Fig. 1. The SWCNTs used to prepare the dispersion were further modified with chlorine by the method described in the invention [RU2717516C2; MCD TECH, 23-03-2020; IPC: C01B32/174, B82B3/00, B82B1/00]. According to energy dispersive spectroscopy, the content of chlorine in SWCNT Tuball is 0.25 wt. %. According to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the SWCNTs used contain an impurity of 0.46 wt. % metal of the 8th group - iron. The mass ratio of single wall carbon nanotubes to HNBR is 0.5.

The dispersion was prepared by mixing NMP, HNBR and SWNTs in the required proportions and repeating 8 times the alternating stages of dispersion in a Chaoli GJB500 high pressure homogenizer (D) and keeping at rest in a 65-liter vessel with slow stirring with a frame mixer and a shear rate of about 2 s ^-1 (P). Dispersion was carried out at a pressure of 60 MPa, a volumetric dispersion pumping rate of 300 kg/h, and a shear rate in the homogenizer valve nozzle of about 2.3 ^. 10 ⁵ s ^-1 . The measured power consumption was 16 kW, the specific input energy in stage (D) was about 53 ^W. h/kg. The residence time of the dispersion in the vessel at stage (P) was about 13 minutes.

The size distribution of the number of carbon nanotube bundles was determined by the method of dynamic light scattering (DLS) of a dispersion diluted with water to a SWCNT concentration of 0.001 wt. %. The distribution of the volume fraction of particles (nanotubes and their agglomerates) in a dilute dispersion over the hydrodynamic diameter, obtained by the DLS method on a Malvern Zetasizer ZS device, is shown in Fig. 2 curves with round markers. According to Fig. 2, the size distribution of the volume fraction of nanotubes and their agglomerates is bimodal with hydrodynamic diameters in the ranges of 100–1000 nm and 4–7 μm. The first and most intense maximum is described by the lognormal distribution of the volume fraction of nanotubes and their agglomerates over the hydrodynamic diameter with a mode at D _hm = 380 nm, the second mode D _{h2m is} about 5 μm.

Measurements of the complex modulus carried out on an Anton Paar MCR302 rheometer on a cell with a “cone-plane” geometry with a cone angle of 1 ^o , an oscillation frequency of 1 Hz showed that with an oscillation amplitude in the range from 0.05 to 0.1 ^o , corresponding to shear deformations from 5 to 10%, the loss modulus G” lies in the range from 53 to 75 Pa, which means a high viscosity of the dispersion in a state of relative rest, and the phase angle is 27.5 ^o , which characterizes the dispersion as a viscoelastic non-ideal liquid.

The dispersion is characterized by the dependence of viscosity (Pa ^. s) on the shear rate (s ^-1 ), represented in Fig 3 by circles (curve 1). Viscosity was measured at a constant temperature ^of 25° C. using a Brookfield DV2-TLV viscometer with SC4-21 spindle. The dependence of viscosity on shear rate is well described by the Ostwald-de Waale power law in the range from 0.093 s ^-1 to 47 s ^-1 . The fluid behavior index, n is 0.15 and the flow density factor is 22.5 Pa ^. from ^0.15 . In the region of low shear rates less than 1/6.3 s ^-1 the viscosity of the dispersion is more than 100 Pa ^. s, and in the range of shear rates over 18.6 s ^-1 - less than 1.95 Pa ^. With. Power law extrapolation makes it possible to estimate the viscosity of the dispersion at a shear rate of 100 s ^-1 as 0.8 Pa ^. With.

The main dispersion parameters are given in the summary table.

The dispersion was used to prepare a cathode paste containing 98.83 wt. parts of LiNiCoAlO ₂ (NCA) active material, 29.82 wt. parts of NMP solvent, 1 mass part of binder polyvinylidene fluoride, 1 mass part of acetylene black, 0.12 mass. parts of hydrogenated butadiene-nitrile rubber brand Arlanxeo and 0.06 mass. parts of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

The preparation of the cathode paste was carried out by the sequence of stages:

- adding 10 g of a solution containing 1 g of Solef 5130 polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder and 9 g of NMP to 15 g of the dispersion, stirring on an overhead stirrer for 30 minutes, - an additional stage of introducing a binder and a solvent carried out before stage (1);

- mixing the resulting mixture with 98.83 g of the active component LiNiCoAlO ₂ (NCA) stirring 30 min - stage (1);

- adding 1 g of acetylene black and an additional 6 g of NMP solvent to the resulting mixture - an additional stage of introducing electrically conductive additives and a solvent carried out after stage (1);

- mixing for 16 hours until a homogeneous paste is obtained - stage (2).

Due to the simultaneous presence of SWCNTs and HNBR, the resulting cathode paste also has a pronounced dependence of the paste viscosity on shear rate, as shown by the round markers (curve 1) in Fig. 4. The fluid behavior index, n, is 0.19, and the flow density factor is 33.1 Pa ^. from ^0.16 . Approximation of the dependence allows us to estimate that at a shear rate of 100 s ^-1 the viscosity of the paste is less than 0.8 Pa ^. c, which provides the technological possibility of applying a current collector to the plate. At shear rates less than 1 s ^-1, its viscosity is more than 33 Pa ^. c, which ensures the stability of the paste during storage until use, as well as the stability of the paste layer on the current collector before drying.

The storage stability of the paste was determined by the change in the distribution of the solids content along the height of the paste layer after storing the paste in a 50 ml cylindrical test tube with a diameter of 30 mm. To do this, the paste was placed in a test tube, closed with a lid and kept for 7 days under standard conditions (atmospheric pressure, 25 ^o C). After that, the upper third, middle third, and lower third of the test tube were taken with a pipette, and the mass fractions of the solvent and solid non-volatile components in the samples were determined by drying. For the cathode paste according to this Example, the solvent content in the original paste was 22.8 wt. %, after storage for a week, the solvent content in the lower third was 23.2 wt. %, in the middle part - 22.7 wt. %, in the upper part - 22.5 wt. %. The difference from the initial content of the solvent does not exceed 2 rel. %, which is significantly less than for the paste described below in Comparative Example 8, and indicates the high stability of the resulting paste. The paste can be used to prepare the cathode after storage for 7 days.

The cathode of a lithium-ion battery was prepared by applying the resulting paste to the current collector (step 3), drying the applied paste to form a cathode (step 4), and compacting the cathode to the desired density of 3.8 g/cm ² . A photograph of the layer of cathode paste deposited on the current collector is shown in Fig. 5 (left photo). To determine the characteristics of the cathode, a cell was assembled with a Li anode and a Li reference electrode and an electrolyte, which is a 1 M solution of LiPF ₆ in a mixture of solvents propylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1 with the addition of 1% vol. vinyl carbonate. The initial specific capacity of the cathode at a discharge current of 0.02 A/g of the cathode material is 210 mA ^. h/g cathode material.

A lithium ion battery was assembled from the obtained cathode and an anode whose active material is silicon monoxide with a loading of 4.3 mg/cm ² . A 25 µm thick polypropylene separator was used. As an electrolyte, a 1.2 M solution of LiPF ₆ was used in a mixture of solvents propylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1 with the addition of 10% vol. fluoroethylene carbonate. The initial battery capacity at a discharge current of 0.1 C was 1500 mA ^. h. The dependence of the capacity, referred to the initial capacity, on the number of charge-discharge cycles (charge current 1500 mA, discharge current 1500 mA) is shown in Fig. 6. After 400 cycles, the battery capacity is 86% of the initial capacity, and after 800 cycles, the battery capacity is 80% of the initial capacity.

The obtained high stability of the final battery product in charge-discharge cycles confirms the achieved technical result at the dispersion level: dispersion stability in combination with its processability in the process of obtaining cathode paste, at the cathode paste level: cathode paste stability (no delamination) and processability during application on the current collector (including smooth edges of the coating without material spreading onto the current collector), at the cathode level: high quality of the cathode, its high specific capacity and high stability during cycling.

Example 2

The dispersion contains 0.6 wt. % hydrogenated nitrile rubber grade low viscosity Therban® 3404 with a viscosity of ML ₍₁₊₄₎ 100 ^o C 39 units. Mooney, the content of nitrile units 34 wt. %, with a residual content of polybutadiene units less than 0.9 wt. % and the content of hydrogenated polybutadiene units 65 wt. %. The dispersion also contains 0.4 wt. % single wall carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates. The solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) - an organic solvent with a flash point of 89 ^o C. Single-walled carbon nanotubes used to prepare the dispersion - SWCNT Tuball ^TM -99. The SWCNT diameter is distributed in the range from 1.2 to 2.1 nm and an average diameter of 1.58 nm (the diameter was determined by TEM methods of the dry residue of the suspension, as well as by the positions of the absorption bands S _1-1 in the optical absorption spectrum of the suspension). Raman spectroscopy at a wavelength of 532 nm shows the presence of a strong G band at 1580 cm ^-1 characteristic of single wall carbon nanotubes and a D band at ca. 1330 cm ^-1 characteristic of other allotropic forms of carbon and defects in single-walled carbon nanotubes. The band intensity ratio G/D is 56. The specific surface area determined from nitrogen adsorption isotherms is 1160 m ² /g. According to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the SWCNTs used contain an impurity of 0.4 wt. % metal of group 8 - Fe. The mass ratio of SWCNT to HNBR in the paste is 0.667.

The dispersion was prepared by mixing NMP, HNBR and SWNTs in the required proportions and dispersing 10 times in a NETZSCH Omega 500 high pressure homogenizer at a pressure of 65 MPa and a dispersion pumping speed of 300 kg/h (stage E). Estimated shear rate in the nozzle is about 9 ^. 10 ⁵ s ^-1 . The power consumption was 8 kW, the specific input energy at stage (D) was about 27 ^W. h/kg. Between each two dispersion steps (D), the dispersion was kept in a 50 L container at rest with slow stirring with a frame mixer and a shear rate of about 1 s ^-1 for 10 minutes (stage P).

The distribution of the number of carbon nanotube bundles over their size was determined by the method of dynamic light scattering (DLS) of a dispersion diluted with water to a SWCNT concentration of 0.001 wt %. The distribution of the volume fraction of particles (nanotubes and their agglomerates) in a dilute dispersion over the hydrodynamic diameter, obtained by the DLS method on a Malvern Zetasizer ZS device, is shown in Fig. 2 curves with triangular markers. According to Fig. 2, the size distribution of the volume fraction of nanotubes and their agglomerates is bimodal with hydrodynamic diameters in the ranges of 100–1000 nm and 4–8 μm. The first and most intense maximum is described by the lognormal distribution of the volume fraction of nanotubes and their agglomerates over the hydrodynamic diameter with a mode at D _hm = 500 nm, the second mode D _{h2m is} about 6.5 μm.

The dispersion is characterized by the dependence of viscosity (Pa ^. s) on shear rate (s ^-1 ) presented in FIG. 3 square markers. The fluid behavior index, n, is 0.22 and the flow density factor is 15.3 Pa ^. from ^0.22 . In the region of low shear rates less than 1/6.3 s ^-1 the viscosity of the dispersion is more than 65 Pa ^. s, and in the range of shear rates over 18.6 s ^-1 - less than 1.54 Pa ^. With. Power law extrapolation makes it possible to estimate the viscosity of the dispersion at a shear rate of 100 s ^-1 as 0.41 Pa ^. With.

Measurements of the complex modulus carried out on an Anton Paar MCR302 rheometer on a cell with a “cone-plane” geometry with a cone angle of 1 ^o , an oscillation frequency of 1 Hz showed that with an oscillation amplitude in the range from 0.05 to 0.1 ^o , corresponding to shear deformations from 5 to 10%, the loss modulus G” lies in the range from 38 to 50 Pa, which means a high viscosity of the dispersion in a state of relative rest, and the phase angle lies in the range from 23 ^o to 25 ^o , which characterizes the dispersion as a viscoelastic non-ideal liquid .

The main dispersion parameters are given in the summary table.

The dispersion was used to prepare a cathode paste containing 75.3 wt. % LiNi _0.8 Mn _0.1 Co _0.1 O ₂ (NMC811) active material, 23.9 wt. % solvent NMP, 0.79 wt. % binder polyvinylidene fluoride, 0.012 wt. % HNBR, and 0.008 wt. % single wall carbon nanotubes. The weight ratio of single wall carbon nanotubes to HNBR is 0.67. The preparation of the cathode paste was carried out by the sequence of stages:

- making a 2.53 g dispersion of 10 g of a solution containing 10 wt. % polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in NMP, and stirring on an overhead stirrer for 30 min, an additional stage of introducing a binder and solvent carried out before stage (1);

- mixing the resulting mixture with 95 g of the active ingredient NCM811 and additionally 18 g of NMP solvent - stage (1);

- mixing for 16 hours until a homogeneous paste is obtained - stage (2).

Due to the simultaneous presence of SWCNTs and HNBR, the resulting cathode paste also exhibits a pronounced viscosity-shear rate dependence, as shown in FIG. 4 square markers. The fluid behavior index, n is 0.16 and the flow density factor is 17.6 Pa ^. from ^0.16 . Measured at a shear rate of 46.5 s ^-1, the viscosity is 0.69 Pa ^. s, and extrapolation of the dependence to a shear rate of 100 s ^-1 gives an estimate of the viscosity of about 0.37 Pa ^. c, which provides the technological possibility of applying a current collector to the plate. At shear rates less than 1 s ^-1, its viscosity is more than 17.6 Pa ^. c, which ensures the stability of the paste during storage until use, as well as the stability of the paste layer on the current collector before drying.

The storage stability of the paste was determined by the change in the distribution of the solids content along the height of the paste layer after storing the paste in a 50 ml cylindrical test tube with a diameter of 30 mm. To do this, the paste was placed in a test tube, closed with a lid and kept for 7 days under standard conditions (atmospheric pressure, 25 ^o C). After that, the upper third, middle third, and lower third of the test tube were taken with a pipette, and the mass fractions of the solvent and solid non-volatile components in the samples were determined by drying. For the cathode paste according to this Example, the solvent content in the original paste was 23.9 wt. %, after storage for a week, the solvent content in the upper third was 24.4 wt. %, in the middle part - 23.7 wt. %, in the lower part - 23.5 wt. %. The difference from the initial content of the solvent does not exceed 2 rel. %, which is significantly less than for the paste described below in Comparative Example 8, and indicates the high stability of the resulting paste.

The cathode of a lithium-ion battery was prepared by applying the resulting paste to the current collector (stage 3), drying the applied paste to form a cathode (stage 4), and compacting the cathode to the required density of 3.7 g/cm ² (stage 5). To determine the characteristics of the cathode, a cell was assembled with a Li cathode and a Li reference electrode and an electrolyte, which is a 1 M solution of LiPF ₆ in a mixture of solvents propylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1 with the addition of 5% vol. vinyl carbonate. The initial specific capacity of the cathode at a discharge current of 0.02 A/g of the cathode material is 185 mA ^. h/g cathode material.

The lithium-ion battery was assembled from the resulting cathode and an anode whose active material is graphite. A 25 µm thick polypropylene separator was used. As an electrolyte, a 0.8 M solution of LiPF ₆ was used in a mixture of solvents propylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1 with the addition of 1% vol. vinyl carbonate. The initial capacity of the battery at a discharge current of 0.1 C was 1520 mA ^. h. The dependence of the capacity related to the initial capacity on the number of charge-discharge cycles (charge current 1500 mA, discharge current 1500 mA) is shown in Fig. 7, set of points 2. After 500 cycles, the battery capacity is more than 90% of the initial capacity.

Example 3. A dispersion similar to that described in Example 2, but containing a mixture of single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes with diameters from 1.2 to 2.8 nm and an average diameter of 1.8 nm (the diameter was determined by TEM methods of the dry residue of the suspension, as well as by positions respiratory mode bands in Raman spectra). The intensity ratio of the G/D bands in the Raman spectrum of light with a wavelength of 532 nm is 34. The presence of double-walled carbon nanotubes bundled together with single-walled carbon nanotubes is confirmed by electron micrographs shown in Fig. 8. The concentration of carbon nanotubes in the dispersion is 0.4 mass. %. The dispersion also contains mass. 0.6%. hydrogenated butadiene-nitrile rubber brand Therban ^® 3406. The mass ratio of single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes to HNBR in the paste is 0.667.

The dispersion was prepared by mixing NMP, HNBR and a mixture of SWNTs and DWNTs in the required proportions and dispersing 32 times in a NETZSCH Omega 500 high pressure homogenizer at a pressure of 65 MPa and a dispersion pumping speed of 300 kg/h (stage E). Estimated shear rate in the nozzle is about 9 ^. 10 ⁵ s ^-1 . The power consumption was 8 kW, the specific input energy at stage (D) was about 27 ^W. h/kg. Between each two dispersion steps (E), the dispersion was kept in a 50 liter container at rest with slow stirring with a frame mixer and a shear rate of about 1 s ^-1 for 10 minutes (stage P).

The dispersion is characterized by the dependence of viscosity (Pa ^. s) on the shear rate (s ^-1 ), represented in Fig 3 by rhombuses (curve 3). Viscosity was measured at a constant temperature ^of 25° C. using a Brookfield DV2-TLV viscometer with SC4-21 spindle. The dependence of viscosity on shear rate is well described by the Ostwald-de Waale power law in the range from 0.093 s ^-1 to 46.5 s ^-1 . The fluid behavior index, n is 0.13 and the flow density factor is 7.3 Pa ^. from ^0.13 . In the region of low shear rates less than 1/6.3 s ^-1 the viscosity of the dispersion is more than 37 Pa ^. s, and in the range of shear rates over 18.6 s ^-1 - less than 0.6 Pa ^. With.

Measurements of the complex modulus, carried out on an Anton Paar MCR302 rheometer on a cell with a “cone-plane” geometry with a cone angle of 1 ^o , an oscillation frequency of 1 Hz, showed that with an oscillation amplitude in the range from 0.05 ^o to 0.1 ^o , corresponding to shear deformations from 5 to 10%, the loss modulus G” lies in the range from 35 to 40 Pa, which means a high viscosity of the dispersion in a state of relative rest, and the phase angle lies in the range from 20 ^o to 26 ^o , which characterizes the dispersion as a viscoelastic non-ideal liquid.

The main dispersion parameters are given in the summary table.

The dispersion was used to prepare a cathode paste containing 73.9 wt. % active material LiNi _0.8 Mn _0.1 Co _0.1 O ₂ (NMC811), 25.2 wt. % NMP solvent, 0.75 wt. % binder polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF, 0.09 wt. % hydrogenated nitrile rubber brand Therban ^® 3406 and 0.06 wt. % of single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes. The preparation of the cathode paste was carried out by the sequence of stages:

- adding 100 g of a solution containing 6 g of polyvinylidene fluoride binder (PVDF) and 94 g of NMP to 120 g of the dispersion, stirring on an overhead stirrer for 30 minutes, - an additional stage of introducing a binder and a solvent carried out before stage (1);

- mixing the resulting mixture with 300 g of the active component LiNi _0.8 Mn _0.1 Co _0.1 O ₂ (NMC811), stirring for 30 minutes, adding another 292.8 g of the active component LiNi _0.8 Mn _0.1 to the resulting mixture Co _0.1 O ₂ (NMC811) - stage (1);

- mixing for 16 hours until a homogeneous paste is obtained - stage (2).

Due to the simultaneous presence of single-walled/double-walled carbon nanotubes and HNBR in the dispersion used to prepare the paste, the resulting cathode paste also has a pronounced dependence of viscosity on shear rate, as shown in Fig. 4 (rhombic markers, curve 3). An indicator of fluid behavior, n is 0.1 and the flow density factor is 13 Pa ^. from ^0.1 . Measured at a shear rate of 46.5 s ^-1, the viscosity is 0.41 Pa ^. s, and extrapolation of the dependence to a shear rate of 100 s ^-1 gives an estimate of the viscosity of about 0.21 Pa ^. c. Such a low viscosity provides the technological possibility of applying a current collector to the plate. At shear rates less than 1 s ^-1 its viscosity is more than 13 Pa ^. c, which ensures the stability of the paste during storage until use, as well as the stability of the paste layer on the current collector before drying.

The storage stability of the paste was determined by the change in the distribution of the solids content along the height of the paste layer after storing the paste in a 50 ml cylindrical test tube with a diameter of 30 mm. To do this, the paste was placed in a test tube, closed with a lid and kept for 7 days under standard conditions (atmospheric pressure, 25 ^o C). After that, the upper third, middle third, and lower third of the test tube were taken with a pipette, and the mass fractions of the solvent and solid non-volatile components in the samples were determined by drying. For the cathode paste according to this Example, the solvent content in the original paste was 25.2 wt. %, after storage for a week, the solvent content in the upper third was 25.7 wt. %, in the middle part - 25.0 wt. %, in the lower part - 24.8 wt. %. The difference from the initial content of the solvent does not exceed 2 rel. %, which is significantly less than for the paste described below in Comparative Example 8, and indicates the high stability of the resulting paste.

The cathode of a lithium-ion battery was prepared by applying the resulting paste to the current collector (stage 3), drying the applied paste to form a cathode (stage 4), and compacting the cathode to the required density of 3.8 g/cm ² (stage 5). To determine the characteristics of the cathode, a cell was assembled with a Li anode and a Li reference electrode and an electrolyte, which is a 1 M solution of LiPF ₆ in a mixture of solvents propylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1 with the addition of 5% vol. vinyl carbonate. The initial specific capacity of the cathode at a discharge current of 0.02 A/g of the cathode material is 197 mA ^. h/g cathode material.

The lithium-ion battery was assembled from the resulting cathode and an anode whose active material is graphite. A 25 µm thick polypropylene separator was used. As an electrolyte, a 0.8 M solution of LiPF ₆ was used in a mixture of solvents propylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1 with the addition of 1% vol. vinyl carbonate. The initial battery capacity at a discharge current of 0.1 C was 1650 mA ^. h. The dependence of the capacity related to the initial capacity on the number of charge-discharge cycles (charge current 1650 mA, discharge current 1650 mA) is shown in Fig. 7, set of points 3. After 500 cycles, the battery capacity is more than 85% of the initial capacity.

Example 4. The dispersion contains 0.3 wt. % hydrogenated nitrile rubber brand Therban ^® 3406 with a viscosity of ML (1+4) 100 ^o C 63 units. Mooney, the content of nitrile units 34 wt. %, with a residual content of polybutadiene units less than 0.9 wt. % and the content of units obtained by hydrogenation of conjugated diene units, 65 wt. % and 0.9 wt. % single-walled carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). To prepare the dispersion, the same chlorine-modified Tuball ^TM SWCNTs were used as in Example 1. The SWCNT diameter is distributed in the range from 1.2 to 2.1 nm and an average diameter of 1.54 nm, the intensity ratio of the G/D bands is 81, the specific surface area determined from nitrogen adsorption isotherms is 1220 m ² /g, the content of chlorine in SWCNT Tuball is 0.24 wt. %. According to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the SWCNTs used contain an impurity of 0.46 wt. % metal of group 8 - Fe. The transmission electron microscopy micrographs of the used SWCNTs are shown in Figure 1. The mass ratio of SWCNTs to HNBR in the paste is 3.

The dispersion was prepared by mixing DMSO, HNBR and SWCNT in the required proportions and repeating the alternating stages 15 times: dispersion in a RPA rotary pulsation apparatus with a power input of 32 kW, a rotor diameter of 190 mm, a gap between the rotor and stator of 700 μm, and a rotor rotation speed of 2940 rpm. min, ultrasonic treatment in a 100 l apparatus with a frequency of 40 kHz in the embedded acoustic power of the sonotrode 1600 W and rest in a 220 l tank with slow stirring with an anchor stirrer at a speed of 30 rpm and a shear rate of about 2 s ^-1 . The circulation rate of the dispersion between the RPA, the ultrasonic dispersion apparatus and the tank is 1000 kg/h, at the stage (E) of the dispersion in the RPA apparatus, about 32 W energy is put into the dispersion ^. h/kg, at the stage (E) ultrasonic treatment in the dispersion put energy about 1.8 ^W. h/kg, in stage (P) the average residence time of the dispersion in the container at a shear rate of about 2 s ^-1 is about 13 minutes.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes are agglomerated into bundles. The size distribution of particles (carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates) was determined by the method of dynamic light scattering (DLS) diluted to a SWCNT concentration of 0.001 wt %. dispersion. The size distribution of the volume fraction of nanotube bundles is bimodal with hydrodynamic diameters in the ranges of 300–1100 nm and 4–8 µm. The first and most intense maximum is described by a log-normal distribution of the beam volume fraction over the hydrodynamic diameter with a mode at D _hm = 520 nm, the second mode D _hm2 ca. 5.5 µm

The viscosity of the dispersion was measured at a constant temperature ^of 25° C. using a Brookfield DV2-TLV viscometer with an SC4-21 spindle. The dependence of viscosity on shear rate is well described by the Ostwald-de Waale power law in the range from 0.093 s ^-1 to 186 s ^-1 . The fluid behavior index, n is 0.16 and the flow density factor is 21 Pa ^. from ^0.16 . In the region of low shear rates less than 1/6.3 s ^-1 the viscosity of the dispersion is more than 98 Pa ^. s, and in the range of shear rates over 18.6 s ^-1 - less than 1.8 Pa ^. With.

Measurements of the complex modulus, carried out on an Anton Paar MCR302 rheometer on a cell with a “cone-plane” geometry with a cone angle of 1 ^o , an oscillation frequency of 1 Hz, showed that with an oscillation amplitude in the range from 0.05 ^o to 0.1 ^o , corresponding to shear deformations from 5 to 10%, the loss modulus G” is in the range from 74 to 102 Pa, which means a high viscosity of the dispersion in a state of relative rest, and the phase angle is in the range from 41 ^o to 50 ^o , which characterizes the dispersion as a viscoelastic non-ideal liquid.

The main dispersion parameters are given in the summary table.

The dispersion was used to prepare a cathode paste containing 71.4 wt. % active material LiNi _0.6 Mn _0.2 Co _0.2 O ₂ (NMC622), 28.5 wt. % DMSO, 0.021 wt. % hydrogenated nitrile rubber brand Therban® 3406 and 0.064 wt. % single wall carbon nanotubes. The preparation of the cathode paste was carried out by the sequence of stages:

- mixing 120 g of the active component LiNi _0.6 Mn _0.2 Co _0.2 O ₂ (NMC622) with 20 g of the dispersion and 60 g of DMSO (adding an additional amount of solvent carried out in step (1)), stirring for 30 minutes, adding in the resulting mixture, another 80 g of the active component LiNi _0.6 Mn _0.2 Co _0.2 O ₂ (NMC622) - stage (1);

- mixing for 16 hours until a homogeneous paste is obtained - stage (2).

Mass ratio of single-walled carbon nanotubes to HNBR = 1. Due to the simultaneous presence of single-walled carbon nanotubes and HNBR, the resulting cathode paste has a pronounced dependence of viscosity on shear rate. The liquid behavior index is 0.14, the flow density coefficient is 22 Pa ^. from ^0.14 . Measured at a shear rate of 46.5 s ^-1, the viscosity is 0.82 Pa ^. s, and extrapolation of the dependence to a shear rate of 100 s ^-1 gives an estimate of the viscosity of about 0.42 Pa ^. c, which provides the technological possibility of applying a current collector to the plate. At shear rates less than 1 s ^-1 its viscosity is more than 22 Pa ^. c, which ensures the stability of the paste during storage until use, as well as the stability of the paste layer on the current collector before drying.

The storage stability of the paste was determined by the change in the distribution of the solids content along the height of the paste layer after storing the paste in a 50 ml cylindrical test tube with a diameter of 30 mm. To do this, the paste was placed in a test tube, closed with a lid and kept for 7 days under standard conditions (atmospheric pressure, 25 ^o C). After that, the upper third, middle third, and lower third of the tube were taken with a pipette, and the mass fractions of water and solid non-volatile components in the samples were determined by drying. For the cathode paste according to this Example, the content of DMSO in the original paste was 28.5 wt. %, after storage for a week, the solvent content in the lower third was 27.8 wt. %, in the middle part - 28.4 wt. %, in the upper part - 29.3 wt. %. The difference from the initial content of the solvent does not exceed 3 rel. %, which indicates the high stability of the resulting paste.

The cathode of a lithium-ion battery was prepared by applying the resulting paste to the current collector (stage 3), drying the applied paste to form a cathode (stage 4), and compacting the cathode to the required density of 3.6 g/cm ² (stage 5). To determine the characteristics of the cathode, a cell was assembled with a Li anode and a Li reference electrode and an electrolyte, which is a 1 M solution of LiPF ₆ in a mixture of solvents propylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1 with the addition of 5% vol. vinyl carbonate. The initial specific capacity of the cathode at a discharge current of 0.017 A/g of the cathode material is 176 mA ^. h/g cathode material.

The lithium-ion battery was assembled from the obtained cathode and an anode, the active material of which is graphite. A 25 µm thick polypropylene separator was used. As an electrolyte, a 0.8 M solution of LiPF ₆ was used in a mixture of solvents propylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1 with the addition of 1% vol. vinyl carbonate. The initial battery capacity at a discharge current of 0.1 C was 1200 mA ^. h. The dependence of the capacity related to the initial capacity on the number of charge-discharge cycles (charge current 600 mA, discharge current 1200 mA) is shown in Fig. 9. After 400 cycles, the battery capacity is more than 80% of the initial capacity.

Example 5. The dispersion contains 0.4 wt. % partially hydrogenated butadiene-nitrile rubber brand Therban ^® LT 2057 with a viscosity of ML(1+4) 100 ^o C 67 units. Mooney with the content of nitrile units 21 wt. %, with a residual content of polybutadiene units of 5.5 wt. % and the content of units obtained by hydrogenation of conjugated diene units, 73.5 wt. % and mass. 0.4% single wall carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates in dimethylacetamide (DMAA). The dispersion was prepared using Tuball ^TM SWCNTs subjected to multistage chemical purification and boiling in nitric acid for 4 hours. According to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the content of Fe in the used SWCNTs is 600 ppm or 0.06 wt. %. According to the data of potentiometric titration, the SWCNT surface after such treatment contains about 0.62 wt. % carboxyl groups. The SWCNT diameter is distributed in the range from 1.2 to 2.1 nm and the average diameter is 1.60 nm, the G/D band intensity ratio is 24, and the specific surface area determined from nitrogen adsorption isotherms is 1280 m ² /g. The mass ratio of SWCNT to HNBR in the paste is 1.

The dispersion was prepared by mixing DMAA, HNBR and SWNTs in the required proportions and dispersing 6 times in a NETZSCH Omega 500 high pressure homogenizer at a pressure of 45 MPa and a dispersion pumping speed of 500 kg/h. Estimated shear rate in the nozzle is about 10 ⁶ s ^-1 . The power consumption was 5.8 kW, the specific energy input at stage (D) was about 11.6 ^W. h/kg. Between each two dispersion steps, the dispersion was kept in a 65 liter vessel at rest with slow stirring with a frame mixer and a shear rate of about 3 s ^-1 for 7 minutes.

Viscosity was measured at a constant temperature ^of 25° C. using a Brookfield DV2-TLV viscometer with SC4-21 spindle. The dependence of viscosity on shear rate is well described by the Ostwald-de Waale power law in the range from 0.093 s ^-1 to 186 s ^-1 . The fluid behavior index, n is 0.26 and the flow density factor is 14.5 Pa ^. from ^0.26 . In the region of low shear rates less than 1/6.3 s ^-1, the viscosity of the dispersion is more than 56 Pa ^. s, and in the range of shear rates over 18.6 s ^-1 - less than 1.7 Pa ^. With.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes in dispersion are agglomerated into bundles. The size distribution of carbon nanotube bundles was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) of a dispersion diluted with NMP to a SWCNT concentration of 0.001 wt. %. The distribution of the number of particles (nanotubes and their bundles) in the dispersion over the hydrodynamic diameter, obtained by the DLS method on a Malvern Zetasizer ZS instrument, is shown in Fig. 2 by a curve with square markers. According to Fig 2, the size distribution of the volume fraction of nanotubes and their agglomerates is trimodal with hydrodynamic diameters in the ranges of 100-600 nm, 600-1100 and 5-9 µm. The first and most intense maximum is described by the lognormal distribution of the volume fraction of nanotubes and their agglomerates over the hydrodynamic diameter with a mode at D _hm = 295 nm, the second maximum with a mode D _{h2m of} about 900 nm, and the third mode D _{h3m of} about 6.5 μm characterizes large agglomerates ( beams) of single-walled carbon nanotubes having a length of more than 30 microns.

The presence of agglomerates of single-walled carbon nanotubes with a size of more than 10 μm is manifested by rapid segregation of the dispersion into a solvent with a low content of single-walled carbon nanotubes and a highly concentrated gel of single-walled carbon nanotubes and HNBR, during oscillating shear deformation with a frequency of 1 Hz in a rheometer cell with a “plane-cone” geometry, for example, in a “plane-cone” rheometer cell with a cone angle of 1 ^o with a relative amplitude of shear strain (shear strain) of 100% or more, as shown in Fig. 10 (on the left is the measuring plane, on the right is the measuring cone).

The main dispersion parameters are given in the summary table.

The dispersion was used to prepare a cathode paste containing 60.8 wt. % active material LiNi _0.33 Mn _0.33 Co _0.33 O ₂ (NMC11), 38.2 wt. % solvent dimethylacetamide (DMAA), 0.91 wt. % binder polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF, 0.024 wt. % hydrogenated nitrile rubber brand Therban® LT 2057 and 0.024 wt. % single wall carbon nanotubes. The preparation of the cathode paste was carried out by the sequence of stages:

- adding 272.5 g of a solution containing 7.5 g of a polyvinylidene fluoride binder (PVDF) and 265 g of DMAA to 50 g of the dispersion, stirring on an overhead stirrer for 30 minutes, - an additional stage of introducing a binder and a solvent carried out before stage (1);

- mixing the resulting mixture with 300 g of the active component LiNi _0.33 Mn _0.33 Co _0.33 O ₂ (NMC11), stirring for 30 minutes, adding another 200 g of the active component LiNi _0.33 Mn _0.33 Co ₀ to the resulting mixture _,33 O ₂ (NMC11) - stage (1);

- mixing for 16 hours until a homogeneous paste is obtained - stage (2).

The cathode of a lithium-ion battery was prepared by applying the obtained paste to the current collector (stage 3), drying the applied paste to form a cathode (stage 4) and compacting the cathode to the required density of 3.5 g/cm ² (stage 5). To determine the characteristics of the cathode, a cell was assembled with a Li anode and a Li reference electrode and an electrolyte, which is a 1 M solution of LiPF ₆ in a mixture of solvents propylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1 with the addition of 5% vol. vinyl carbonate. The initial specific capacity of the cathode at a discharge current of 0.015 A/g of the cathode material is 151 mA ^. h/g cathode material.

The lithium-ion battery was assembled from the obtained cathode and an anode, the active material of which is graphite. A 25 µm thick polypropylene separator was used. As an electrolyte, a 0.8 M solution of LiPF ₆ was used in a mixture of solvents propylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1 with the addition of 1% vol. vinyl carbonate. The initial battery capacity at a discharge current of 0.1 C was 950 mA ^. h. After 500 charge-discharge cycles (charge current 950 mA, discharge current 950 mA), the battery capacity is 85.3% of the initial capacity.

Example 6. The dispersion contains 2 wt. % partially hydrogenated butadiene-nitrile rubber brand Therban ^® LT 2057 with a viscosity of ML(1+4) 100 ^o C 67 units. Mooney with the content of nitrile units 21 wt. %, with a residual content of polybutadiene units of 5.5 wt. % and the content of units obtained by hydrogenation of conjugated diene units, 73.5 wt. % and 0.2 wt. % single wall carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates in ethylene carbonate. Single-walled carbon nanotubes used to prepare the dispersion - SWCNT Tuball ^TM . The SWCNT diameter is distributed in the range from 1.2 to 2.1 nm and the average diameter is 1.54 nm, the intensity ratio of the G/D bands is 63, the specific surface area determined from the nitrogen adsorption isotherms is 1240 m ² /g. SWCNTs used to prepare the dispersion were additionally modified with chlorine by the method described in the invention [RU2717516C2; MCD TECH, 23-03-2020; IPC: C01B32/174, B82B3/00, B82B1/00]. According to energy dispersive spectroscopy, the content of chlorine in SWCNT Tuball is 0.15 wt. %. According to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the content of Fe in the used SWCNTs is 0.68 wt. %. The weight ratio of SWCNT to HNBR in the paste is 0.1.

The dispersion was prepared by mixing 4890 g of ethylene carbonate, 100 g of HNBR and 10 g of SWCNT in ^a container thermostated at 50°C and alternating 35 stages of ultrasonic dispersion (D) with a sonotrode immersed in the dispersion with an ultrasound frequency of 22 kHz and an acoustic power of 800 W for 2 minutes and 34 stages of rest (P) lasting 2 minutes each, during which the ultrasound was turned off, and the dispersion was slowly stirred with a paddle mixer with a shear rate of less than 0.5 s ^-1 . The specific input energy at each stage (D) was about 5.3 ^W. h/kg.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes are agglomerated into bundles. The distribution of the number of carbon nanotube bundles over their size was determined by the method of dynamic light scattering (DLS) diluted to a SWCNT concentration of 0.001% wt. dispersion. The distribution of the volume fraction of particles (nanotubes and their bundles) in the dispersion over the hydrodynamic diameter is wide with hydrodynamic diameters ranging from 200 nm to 3 μm with a mode at D _hm = 380 nm.

The viscosity of the dispersion was measured at a constant temperature ^of 40+/-1°C (above the melting point of ethylene carbonate) using a Brookfield DV2-TLV viscometer with SC4-21 spindle. The dependence of viscosity on shear rate is described by the Ostwald-de Waale power law in the range from 0.093 s ^-1 to 100 s ^-1 . The fluid behavior index, n is 0.03 and the flow density factor is 3.4 Pa ^. from ^0.03 . In the region of low shear rates less than 1/6.3 s ^-1, the viscosity of the dispersion is more than 20.3 Pa ^. s, and in the range of shear rates over 18.6 s ^-1 - less than 0.2 Pa ^. With.

The main dispersion parameters are given in the summary table.

The dispersion was used to prepare a cathode paste containing 65.93 wt. % active material LiNi _0.33 Mn _0.33 Co _0.33 O ₂ (NMC111), 32.6 wt. % solvent ethylene carbonate, 0.67 wt. % hydrogenated nitrile rubber brand Therban ^® LT 2057 and 0.07 wt. % single wall carbon nanotubes. The preparation of the cathode paste was carried out by the sequence of stages:

- mixing at a temperature of 50 ° C 73.35 g of the dispersion with 100 g of the active component LiNi _0.33 Mn _0.33 Co _0.33 O ₂ (NMC11), stirring for 30 minutes, adding another 48.35 g of the active component LiNi to the resulting mixture _0.33 Mn _0.33 Co _0.33 O ₂ (NMC11) - stage (1);

- mixing for 16 hours at a temperature of 50°C until a homogeneous paste is obtained - stage (2).

The cathode of a lithium-ion battery was prepared by applying the resulting paste to the current collector, drying the applied paste to form a cathode, and compacting the cathode to the required density of 3.5 g/cm ² . To determine the characteristics of the cathode, a cell was assembled with a Li anode and a Li reference electrode and an electrolyte, which is a 1 M solution of LiPF ₆ in a mixture of solvents propylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1 with the addition of 5% vol. vinyl carbonate. The initial specific capacity of the cathode at a discharge current of 0.015 A/g of the cathode material is 152 mA ^. h/g cathode material.

The lithium-ion battery was assembled from the resulting cathode and an anode whose active material is graphite. A 25 µm thick polypropylene separator was used. As an electrolyte, a 0.8 M solution of LiPF ₆ was used in a mixture of solvents propylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1 with the addition of 1% vol. vinyl carbonate. The initial battery capacity at a discharge current of 0.1 C was 2230 mA ^. h. After 500 charge-discharge cycles (charge current 2230 mA, discharge current 2230 mA), the battery capacity is 85.8% of the initial capacity.

Example 7. The dispersion contains 0.2 wt. partially hydrogenated butadiene-nitrile rubber brand Therban ^® 3496 with a viscosity of ML(1+4) 100 ^o C 55 units. Mooney with the content of nitrile units 34 wt. %, with a residual content of polybutadiene units of 18 wt. % and the content of units obtained by hydrogenation of conjugated diene units, 48 wt. % and 2 wt. % single-walled carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates in a solution containing N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in a ratio of 1:1 wt. Single-walled carbon nanotubes used to prepare the dispersion - SWCNT Tuball ^TM . The SWCNT diameter is distributed in the range from 1.2 to 2.1 nm and the average diameter is 1.62 nm, the G/D band intensity ratio is 46, and the specific surface area determined from nitrogen adsorption isotherms is 580 m ² /g. According to thermogravimetry in a flow of 5% oxygen in Ar, the ash residue after material oxidation at 950 ^o C is about 20 wt. %. Ash residue contains mainly iron oxide Fe ₂ O ₃ . According to X-ray diffraction data, the SWCNTs used contain a phase of nanodispersed metallic iron. According to energy dispersive spectroscopy, the content of Fe in the used SWCNTs is 14.2 wt. %, which is consistent with the data on the mass of the ash residue. The mass ratio of SWCNT to HNBR in the paste is 10.

The dispersion was prepared by mixing water, polyvinylpyrrolidone and SWCNT in the required proportions and circulating the dispersion 32 times at a dispersion pumping speed of 200 kg/h between a Chaoli GJB500 high-pressure disperser (stage (E)) at a pressure of 30 MPa and a 65-liter container, in which the dispersion is at rest (stage (P)) under slow stirring with a frame mixer and a shear rate of about 2 s ^-1 . Estimated shear rate in the disperser is more than 150,000 s ^-1 measured power consumption was 11.4 kW. The specific input energy in the dispersion cycle is about 57 ^W. h/kg. The average residence time in the vessel at stage (P) was about 20 minutes.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes in dispersion are agglomerated into bundles. The size distribution of particles (carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates) was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) diluted to a SWCNT concentration of 0.001 wt %. dispersion. The size distribution of the volume fraction of nanotube bundles is bimodal with hydrodynamic diameters in the ranges of 300–1100 nm and 5–9 µm. The first and most intense maximum is described by a log-normal distribution of the beam volume fraction over the hydrodynamic diameter with a mode at D _hm = 560 nm.

The viscosity of the dispersion was measured at a constant temperature ^of 25° C. using a Brookfield DV2-TLV viscometer with an SC4-21 spindle. The dependence of viscosity on shear rate is described by the Ostwald-de Waale power law in the range from 0.093 s ^-1 to 100 s ^-1 . The fluid behavior index, n, is 0.37 and the flow density factor is 12 Pa ^. from ^0.37 . In the region of low shear rates less than 1/6.3 s ^-1 the viscosity of the dispersion is more than 38 Pa ^. s, and in the range of shear rates more than 18.6 s ^-1 - less than 1.9 Pa ^. With.

Measurements of the complex modulus, carried out on an Anton Paar MCR302 rheometer on a cell with a “cone-plane” geometry with a cone angle of 1 ^o , an oscillation frequency of 1 Hz, showed that with an oscillation amplitude in the range from 0.05 ^o to 0.1 ^o , corresponding to shear deformations from 5 to 10%, the loss modulus G” ranges from 90 to 112 Pa, which means a high viscosity of the dispersion in a state of relative rest, and the phase angle lies in the range from 32 ^o to 35 ^o , which characterizes the dispersion as a viscoelastic non-ideal liquid.

The main dispersion parameters are given in the summary table.

The dispersion was used to prepare a cathode paste containing 57.04 wt. % active material LiNi _0.33 Mn _0.33 Co _0.33 O ₂ (NMC11), 41.4 wt. % mixture of solvents N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in a ratio of 1:1 wt, 1.17 wt. % binder polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF, 0.01 wt. % hydrogenated nitrile rubber brand Therban ^® LT 2057 and 0.09 wt. % single wall carbon nanotubes. The preparation of the cathode paste was carried out by the sequence of stages:

- adding to 702 g of a solution containing 7.5 g of a binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and 700 g of a mixture of NMP and DMSO solvents in a ratio of 1: 1, mass 6.82 g, stirring on an overhead stirrer for 30 minutes, - an additional stage of introducing a binder and solvent, carried out before stage (1);

- mixing the resulting mixture with 700 g of the active component LiNi _0.33 Mn _0.33 Co _0.33 O ₂ (NMC11), stirring for 30 minutes, adding another 273.5 g of the active component LiNi _0.33 Mn _0.33 to the resulting mixture Co _0.33 O ₂ (NMC11) - stage (1);

- mixing for 16 hours until a homogeneous paste is obtained - stage (2).

The cathode of a lithium-ion battery was prepared by applying the obtained paste to the current collector (stage 3), drying the applied paste to form a cathode (stage 4) and compacting the cathode to the required density of 3.5 g/cm ² (stage 5). To determine the characteristics of the cathode, a cell was assembled with a Li anode and a Li reference electrode and an electrolyte, which is a 1 M solution of LiPF ₆ in a mixture of solvents propylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1 with the addition of 5% vol. vinyl carbonate. The initial specific capacity of the cathode at a discharge current of 0.015 A/g of the cathode material is 149 mA ^. h/g cathode material.

The lithium-ion battery was assembled from the obtained cathode and an anode, the active material of which is graphite. A 25 µm thick polypropylene separator was used. As an electrolyte, a 0.8 M solution of LiPF ₆ was used in a mixture of solvents propylene carbonate: ethyl methyl carbonate: dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1 with the addition of 1% vol. vinyl carbonate. The initial battery capacity at a discharge current of 0.1 C was 3500 mA ^. h. After 700 charge-discharge cycles (charge current 3500 mA, discharge current 3500 mA), the battery capacity is 82.4% of the initial capacity.

Example 8 (comparisons)

The dispersion contains 1.2 wt. % single-walled carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates in N-methyl-2-pyrollidone (NMP). For the preparation of the dispersion used the same single-walled carbon nanotubes SWCNT Tuball ^TM that were used to prepare the dispersions of Examples 1 and 4: average diameter of 1.54 nm; the intensity ratio of the G/D bands in the spectrum of Raman scattering of light with a wavelength of 532 nm is 80; the specific surface area is 1220 m ² /g; the chlorine content is 0.25 wt. %; the iron impurity content is 0.46 wt. %. The dispersion does not contain HNBR. The dispersion was prepared by a procedure similar to Example 1.

The dispersion is characterized by the dependence of viscosity (Pa ^. s) on shear rate (s ^-1 ), represented in Fig 3 by dark triangles (curve 8). The dependence of viscosity on shear rate is well described by the Ostwald-de Waale power law in the range from 0.093 s ^-1 to 93 s ^-1 . The fluid behavior index, n, is 0.63 and the flow density factor is 3.0 Pa ^. from ^0.63 . The index of liquid behavior is much higher than for dispersions containing both SWCNTs and HNBR. This manifests itself in a much flatter dependence of viscosity on shear rate. In the region of low shear rates of about 1/6.3 s ^-1, the viscosity of the dispersion is about 13 Pa ^. s, and in the region of shear rates of about 18.6 s ^-1 - about 2.2 Pa ^. With. Thus, the viscosity at high shear rates is much higher than for dispersions containing both SWCNTs and HNBR, and at low shear rates it is much lower than for dispersions containing both SWCNTs and HNBR. As Example 9 below demonstrates, the observed difference cannot be explained by a simple additive effect of adding HNBR to the dispersion, but is due to the synergistic effect of the simultaneous presence of SWCNTs and HNBR on the rheological properties of the dispersion.

Measurements of the complex modulus, carried out on an Anton Paar MCR302 rheometer on a cell with a “cone-plane” geometry with a cone angle of 1 ^o , an oscillation frequency of 1 Hz, showed that with an oscillation amplitude in the range from 0.05 ^o to 0.1 ^o , corresponding to shear deformations from 5 to 10%, the loss modulus G” is in the range from 21 to 26 Pa, which means insufficient viscosity of the dispersion in a state of relative rest, and the phase angle is in the range from 14 ^o to 17 ^o .

The dispersion was used to prepare a cathode paste, the composition and preparation sequence of which is similar to Example 1, except for the hydrogenated nitrile rubber in the dispersion. Due to the higher concentration of SWCNTs in the dispersion, the amount of introduced dispersion was 3 times less to maintain the same ratio of SWCNTs to the active component of the cathode, the corresponding amount of solvent was added additionally.

The preparation of the cathode paste was carried out by the sequence of stages: adding an additional 10 g of a solution containing 1 g of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in 9 g of NMP to 5 g of the dispersion, stirring on an overhead stirrer for 30 min; mixing the resulting mixture with 98.83 g of the active component LiNiCoAlO ₂ (NCA) stirring 30 min; adding 1 g of acetylene black and an additional 15 g of solvent to the resulting mixture and stirring for 16 hours until a homogeneous paste is obtained.

The dependence of the viscosity of the obtained anode paste on the shear rate is illustrated by dark triangles (curve 8) in Fig. 4. The observed dependence is described by the Ostwald-de Waale power law with the liquid behavior index, n = 0.43, and the flow density coefficient is 4.7 Pa ^. from ^0.43 . At shear rates of about 1 s ^-1 the viscosity of the paste is about 4.7 Pa ^. c. This viscosity, as shown by studies of the stability of the paste during storage and experiments on applying the cathode, is insufficient to achieve the required technical result - the absence of stratification of the cathode paste during storage and the high quality of the cathode obtained by applying it to the current collector.

The storage stability of the paste was determined by the change in the distribution of the solids content along the height of the paste layer after storing the paste in a 50 ml cylindrical test tube with a diameter of 30 mm. To do this, the paste was placed in a test tube, closed with a lid and kept for 7 days under standard conditions (atmospheric pressure, 25 ^o C), and analyzed similarly to the procedure described in Example 1. After 7 days, a cloudy supernatant layer with a thickness of about 4 mm. For the cathode paste according to this Example, the solvent content in the original paste was 22.3 wt. %, after storage for a week, the solvent content in the upper third was 34.0 wt. %, in the middle part - 17.5 wt. %, in the lower part - 15.4 wt. %. There was a significant stratification of the cathode paste, excluding its use after 7 days.

When trying to prepare a cathode using the obtained cathode paste, it is not possible to obtain a high-quality coating of the current collector with cathode paste - see Fig. 5 (photo on the right). The resulting dispersion without HNBR in its composition and the cathode paste prepared using such a dispersion do not allow achieving the required technical result.

Example 9 (comparisons).

The solution contains 1.2 wt. % partially hydrogenated butadiene-nitrile rubber brand Therban ^® 3496 c content of nitrile units 34 wt. %, with a residual content of polybutadiene units of 18 wt. % and the content of units obtained by hydrogenation of conjugated diene units, 48 wt. % in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The same hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber used to prepare the dispersion of Example 1 was used to prepare the solution/dispersion.

The solution is characterized by a very weak dependence of viscosity (Pa ^. s) on shear rate (s ^-1 ), represented in Fig 3 by light triangles (curve 9). For clarity, the viscosity values of the solution shown in the graph are multiplied by a factor of 100. The dependence of viscosity on shear rate can be approximated by the Ostwald-de Waale power law in the range from 0.093 s ^-1 to 100 s ^-1 . The fluid behavior index, n is 0.89 and the flow density factor is 6.1 MPa ^. from ^0.89 . The fluid behavior index is very high, that is, the solution is close in its behavior to the Newtonian fluid.

Comparison of the viscosity versus shear rate dependences of the HNBR solution (Comparison Example 9) and the dispersion of SWCNTs without HNBR (Comparison Example 8) with the viscosity versus shear rate dependences of dispersions containing both SWCNTs and HNBR shows a synergistic effect of the simultaneous presence of SWCNTs and HNBR on dispersion rheology. .

Claims (42)

1. Dispersion of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates for cathode pastes of lithium-ion batteries, containing a solvent, most of whose molecules are electrically neutral, hydrogenated nitrile rubber and single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, characterized in that the content of single-walled and /or double-walled carbon nanotubes is from 0.2 to 2 wt. % and the mass ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber is not less than 0.1 and not more than 10. 2. The dispersion according to claim 1, characterized in that the hydrogenated nitrile rubber contains more than 15 wt. % hydrogenated polybutadiene units. 3. The dispersion according to claim 2, characterized in that the hydrogenated nitrile rubber contains more than 40 wt. % hydrogenated polybutadiene units and/or less than 1 wt. % residual polybutadiene units. 4. The dispersion according to claim 1, characterized in that the hydrogenated nitrile rubber contains more than 20 wt. % acetonitrile units. 5. Dispersion according to claim 1, characterized in that the solvent is an organic solvent with a flash point of at least 70°C. 6. The dispersion according to claim 5, characterized in that one of the organic solvents from the series is used as a solvent: N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, or a mixture thereof. 7. The dispersion according to claim 1, characterized in that single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes contain at least 0.1 wt. % functional groups. 8. The dispersion according to claim 7, characterized in that single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes contain at least 0.1 wt. % chlorine. 9. The dispersion according to claim 7, characterized in that single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes contain at least 0.1 wt. % carbonyl and/or hydroxyl and/or carboxyl groups. 10. Dispersion according to claim 1, characterized in that single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes in its composition are agglomerated and the mode of distribution of the number of carbon nanotube agglomerates along their hydrodynamic diameter is from 100 nm to 1 μm. 11. The dispersion according to claim 10, characterized in that the mode of distribution of the number of carbon nanotube agglomerates over their hydrodynamic diameter is from 300 to 800 nm. 12. Dispersion according to claim 10, characterized in that the distribution of the number of carbon nanotube agglomerates over their hydrodynamic diameter is characterized by more than one mode. 13. Dispersion according to claim 12, characterized in that the distribution of the number of carbon nanotube agglomerates over the hydrodynamic diameter has a mode at more than 2 μm. 14. Dispersion according to claim 1, characterized in that it segregates into a solvent and a highly concentrated gel of single-walled and / or double-walled carbon nanotubes and hydrogenated nitrile rubber when applying oscillating shear deformation with a frequency of 1 Hz and a relative shear deformation amplitude of 100% in the cell rheometer with “plane-cone” geometry. 15. Dispersion according to claim 1, characterized in that the ratio of the intensities of the G and D lines in the spectrum of Raman scattering of light with a wavelength of 532 nm is at least 10. 16. The dispersion according to claim 15, characterized in that the ratio of the intensities of the G and D lines in the spectrum of Raman scattering of light with a wavelength of 532 nm is at least 40. 17. Dispersion according to claim 16, characterized in that the ratio of the intensities of the G and D lines in the spectrum of Raman scattering of light with a wavelength of 532 nm is at least 60. 18. The dispersion according to claim 17, characterized in that the ratio of the intensities of the G and D lines in the spectrum of Raman scattering of light with a wavelength of 532 nm is at least 80. 19. Dispersion according to claim 1, characterized in that single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and/or their agglomerates contain impurities of metals of 8-11 groups of the Periodic system of chemical elements. 20. The dispersion according to claim 19, characterized in that the content of impurities of metals of groups 8-11 of the Periodic system of chemical elements in single-walled and / or double-walled carbon nanotubes and / or their agglomerates is less than 1 wt. %. 21. The dispersion according to claim 20, characterized in that the content of impurities of metals of groups 8-11 of the Periodic system of chemical elements in single-walled and / or double-walled carbon nanotubes and / or their agglomerates is less than 0.1 wt. %. 22. Dispersion according to claim 1, characterized in that it is a pseudoplastic liquid with a liquid behavior index, n, not more than 0.37, and a flow density coefficient, K, not less than 3.2 Pa⋅s ⁿ . 23. The dispersion according to claim 1, characterized in that the dependence of its viscosity on the shear rate follows the Ostwald-de Waale power law and the fluid behavior index, n, and the flow density coefficient, K, satisfy the condition n < 1.25*lg(K /(Pa⋅s ⁿ )) - 0.628. 24. The dispersion according to claim 1, characterized in that the dependence of its viscosity on the shear rate follows the power law of Ostwald - de Waale and the fluid behavior index, n, and the flow density coefficient, K, satisfy the condition n < 1.24 - 0.787 * lg (K/(Pa⋅s ⁿ )). 25. Dispersion according to claim 1, characterized in that it is characterized by a loss modulus of more than 27 Pa when applying oscillating shear deformation with a frequency of 1 Hz and a relative amplitude of shear deformation in the range from 5 to 10% in a rheometer cell with a “cone-plane” geometry and phase angle over 18° when applying oscillating shear strain with a frequency of 1 Hz and a relative amplitude of shear strain in the range from 5 to 10% in a rheometer cell with a “cone-plane” geometry. 26. A method for preparing a dispersion of single-walled and / or double-walled carbon nanotubes and their agglomerates for electrode pastes of lithium-ion batteries, containing a solvent, most of whose molecules are electrically neutral, from 0.2 to 2 wt. % of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes and hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber with a mass ratio of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes to hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber of not less than 0.1 and not more than 10, characterized in that it includes a sequence of alternating between themselves at least three stages of dispersion (D) and at least two stages of rest (P), where any of the stages of dispersion (D) is either a stage of mechanical processing of the dispersion at a shear rate of at least 10000 s ^-1 with a specific input energy of at least 10 Wh/kg or an ultrasonic treatment stage at a frequency of at least 20 kHz with a specific input energy of at least 1 Wh/kg, and the rest stage (P) is the maintenance of dispersion between two successive dispersion stages (D) under conditions of co shear rate less than 10 s ^-1 for at least 1 min. 27. The method according to claim 26, characterized in that it includes a sequence of alternating at least 10 stages of dispersion (D) and at least 9 stages of rest (P). 28. The method according to claim 27, characterized in that it includes a sequence of alternating at least 30 stages of dispersion (D) and at least 29 stages of rest (P). 29. The method according to p. 26, characterized in that the sequence of alternating stages (D) and (P) is implemented by circulating the dispersion between one or more apparatuses in which the stages of mechanical processing or ultrasonic processing are carried out, and a container in which the dispersion is kept at slow stirring at shear rates less than 10 s ^-1 . 30. The method according to p. 29, characterized in that the circulation rate of the dispersion during the preparation time is at least 10. 31. The method according to p. 30, characterized in that the circulation rate of the dispersion during the preparation time is at least 30. 32. The preparation method according to claim 29, characterized in that it includes circulation of the dispersion at a circulation rate of 100 to 10,000 kg/h between a rotary pulsation apparatus at a shear rate of at least 10,000 s ^-1 with a specific input energy of at least 10 W ⋅h/kg, with a sonotrode immersed in it with a frequency of at least 20 kHz with a specific input energy of at least 1 Wh/kg and a container in which the dispersion is kept under slow stirring at shear rates of less than 10 s ^-1 and time stay in the container for at least 1 min. 33. The preparation method according to claim 29, characterized in that it includes circulation of the dispersion at a circulation rate of 100 to 10,000 kg/h between a high-pressure disperser at a shear rate of at least 10,000 s ^-1 with a specific input energy of at least 10 W⋅ h/kg and a container in which the dispersion is kept under slow stirring at shear rates of less than 10 s ^-1 with a residence time in the container of at least 1 min. 34. A method for preparing a cathode paste containing an active material, a solvent, hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber and at least 0.005 wt. % of single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, characterized in that it includes the steps of (1) mixing the lithium-containing active component and the dispersion according to claim 1 and (2) mixing the resulting mixture to a homogeneous paste. 35. The method according to p. 34, characterized in that at the stage of mixing (1) a solvent and/or one or more binders and/or electrically conductive additives are also added to the mixture. 36. The method according to p. 34, characterized in that it includes one or more additional stages of mixing with a solvent and / or one or more binders and / or electrically conductive additives, carried out before the implementation of stage (2). 37. A cathode paste containing an active material, a solvent, hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber and single-walled and/or double-walled carbon nanotubes, characterized in that it contains at least 0.005 wt. % single-walled and / or double-walled carbon nanotubes and prepared by the method according to p. 34. 38. The cathode paste according to claim 37, characterized in that its dynamic viscosity at a shear rate of 1 s ^-1 is at least 10 Pa⋅s and its dynamic viscosity at a shear rate of 100 s ^-1 is not more than 1 Pa⋅s. 39. The cathode paste according to claim 37, characterized in that it is a pseudoplastic liquid with a liquid behavior index, n, not more than 0.3, and a flow density coefficient, K, not less than 10 Pa⋅s ⁿ . 40. The cathode paste according to claim 37, characterized in that it additionally contains at least 0.01 wt. % of one or more electrically conductive additives from the range: multi-walled carbon nanotubes, soot, graphite, metals of 8-11 groups of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. 41. A method for manufacturing a lithium-ion battery cathode, characterized in that it includes a sequence of steps (1) mixing a lithium-containing active component and a dispersion according to claim 1, (2) mixing the resulting mixture to a homogeneous paste, (3) applying the resulting paste on the current collector, (4) drying the deposited paste until the cathode is formed, and (5) compacting the cathode to the required density. 42. The cathode of a lithium-ion battery, characterized in that it is made by the method according to claim 41.

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