RU2773941C1 - Alkylation process in a slurry reactor - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: slurry reactor alkylation process.

SUBSTANCE: claimed invention relates to a slurry reactor alkylation process. The method includes the supply of a solid acid catalyst to the first inlet of the reaction zone catalyst and the supply of olefins to the inlet of the olefins of the reaction zone, while the catalyst and olefins react in the reactor of the reaction zone at temperatures from -50°C to 200°C, pressure from 1 to 200 atm, while the ratio of isobutane:olefin at the inlet to the reaction zone is from 1:1 to 500:1, wherein the space velocity of the supply of olefins (OSV) is from 0.02 to 5.0 h^-1, in addition, the particle size of the catalyst is from 1 to 500 mcm, the bulk density of the catalyst is in the range from 0.65 g/cm³ to 2.95 g/cm³. The method is characterized by the fact that a suspension consisting of a catalyst, isobutane and alkylate comes from the outlet of the suspension of the reaction zone to the intermediate zone and then to the separation zone, which is a common zone for maintaining the activity of the catalyst, while in the intermediate zone create a hydrodynamic mode of maintaining the catalyst in suspension; in the general zone of maintaining catalyst activity, the concentration of alkylate is maintained at the level of 7–50% wt.; the time of contact of the catalyst with the reaction product in the absence of the supply of olefins in the common zone of maintaining the activity of the catalyst is from 5 to 2 h, while the concentration of the catalyst in the suspension is not more than 1000 g/l; in the general catalyst activity maintenance zone, the suspension is at a temperature from -50°C to 200°C, pressure from 1 to 200 atm, the catalyst has a particle size from 1 to 500 microns and a bulk density from 0.65 g/cm³ to 2.95 g/cm³.

EFFECT: proposed method allows to increase the life of the catalyst and the quality of the resulting alkylate.

1 cl, 2 dwg, 6 tbl, 8 ex

Description

Technical field

The claimed technical solution relates to the field of the oil refining industry, namely to the method of alkylation of C4-C5 saturated hydrocarbons with C2-C5 unsaturated hydrocarbons in a suspension-type reactor in the presence of a solid acid catalyst.

The level of technology.

Known, for example, a method of alkylation of olefins with branched alkanes to obtain an alkylate using a solid acid catalyst (US 2004158113, C07C 2/58, C10G 29/20, C10G 45/04, "Catalysts and process for converting fuel gases to gasoline", SRINIVAS GIRISH , GEBHARD STEVEN CHARLES, HOOVER THEODORE SIDNEY, 12.08.2004, [1]). In the process, the acid catalyst has an H° of less than -12 (superacid), the sulfated zirconia has an H° of -16. The catalyst is suspended in liquid isobutane for the reaction. The lifetime of the catalyst is increased by promoting it with precious metals.

The disadvantage of analogue [1] is that the unknown concentration of the suspension, the concentration of the active phase of the catalyst and the time of contact of the catalyst with the reaction product in the absence of olefins. The process does not recycle the alkylate stream, which reduces efficiency. In addition, the method [1] uses an expensive catalyst with precious metals.

Also known is the alkylation process (US 5856606, C07C 2/58, C07C 2/66, "Turbulent bed solid catalyst hydrocarbon alkylation process", UOP LLC, 01/05/1995, [2]), which includes the following steps:

- suspension of the solid catalyst in the hydrocarbon liquid in the reaction zone;

passing a vapor phase stream containing isobutane and butenes into the reaction zone so that during the reaction the gaseous feed promotes the formation of bubbles which agitate the liquid and cause the catalyst to agitate so that the catalyst fluidizes in the liquid without mechanical agitation.

The catalyst may be any solid acid catalyst that is relatively stable and has the required activity and selectivity for the desired reaction.

A known method for the alkylation of isoparaffins with olefins (US 5489728, B01J 27/053, C07B 61/00, C07C 2/62, C07C 9/16, C10G 35/06, "Catalyst for alkylation of C4-C5 isoparaffin by at least one C3-C6 olefin”, INST FRANCAIS DU PETROLE, 13.12.1993, [3]), which includes suspending the catalyst in a liquid phase containing an olefin, an alkylation reaction product (alkylate) and an inert diluent. Thus, the process is known to use an inert diluent (eg, propane or normal butane) in the liquid phase to suspend the alkylation reaction catalyst, where the liquid phase also includes an olefin and an alkylate.

A common disadvantage of analogs [2, 3] is that the concentration of the suspension, the concentration of alkylate in recirculation flows, the contact time of the catalyst with the reaction product in the absence of olefins, and the concentration of the active phase of the catalyst are unknown. At the same time, the above parameters affect the efficiency of the process.

Known, for example, isoparaffin alkylation with olefin (RU 2031900, IPC C07C 2/58, C07C 2/60, "METHOD FOR ALKYLATION OF ISOPARAFFIN WITH OLEFIN", Mobile Oil Corporation, March 27, 1995), [4]). As in the claimed technical solution, the method [4] is carried out in the reactor. A zeolite is used as a solid catalyst, which is activated with a Lewis acid. The operating temperature of the alkylation process can be in a wide range, for example from -40 to 400° C., lower temperatures being used when Lewis acid is present as promoters. With a Lewis acid promoter, the process temperature is preferably from -20 to 100°C, in the absence of a Lewis acid promoter, the process temperature should be from -25 to 400°C. The pressure in the method [4] can be in a wide range, for example, from subatmospheric to 34580 kPa, preferably 100-7000 kPa. The molar ratio of all isoparaffins to all olefins is 0.5:1-500:1. The space velocity (WHSY) of the olefin ranges from 0.01 to 100, preferably from 0.1 to 20.

The disadvantage of analog [4] is that it is not indicated how the catalyst is separated from the product mixture and, accordingly, it is not known how long and at what concentration of alkylate the catalyst is before regeneration, these parameters are important for the life of the catalyst. According to the authors, in the preferred method, the catalyst is directly sent for regeneration and only then returned to the reactor. This method significantly reduces the overall service life of the catalysts.

Also known is a method for the alkylation of paraffins (EP 0647473, B01J 27/12; B01J 8/22; C07B 61/00; C07C 2/08; C07C 2/58; C07C 2/60; C07C 2/62; C07C 9/16, " CATALYST FOR PARAFFIN ALKYLATION, CHEMICAL RES & LICENSIN, 12.04.1995, [5]). The method takes place in a slurry reactor with an upward flow, at a temperature from -50°C to +100°C, preferably within the range from -40°C to +50°C, pressure from 1 atm to 68 atm. At the entrance to the reaction zone, the ratio of isobutane to olefin may vary from about 2 to 1 to about 1000:1, preferably from 5 to 500:1. The process uses a solid catalyst which is acid-washed silica treated with antimony pentafluoride and preferably low temperature activated with an alkane or isoalkane. The granulometric composition of the catalyst is in the range of 35-240 microns, the bulk density is from 14.4 to 1600 kg/m ³ . The concentration of antimony pentafluoride is from 5 to 80% of the mass. from the total. The residence time of the catalyst in the wash zone can vary from about 5 seconds to about 1 hour, but is preferably between 30 seconds and 5 minutes. The washed catalyst plus a portion of the appropriate washing liquid is withdrawn as a slurry from the wash zone and transferred to the reaction zone where the slurry is contacted and reacted with the original olefin.

The disadvantage of the prototype [5] is the mandatory presence of a zone for washing the catalyst with isoparaffin (isobutane), which complicates the process, and there is no data on the residence time of the catalyst outside the olefin supply zone, namely from the reaction zone to the separation zone and in the separation zone itself.

The specified analog [5] is the set of essential features the closest analogue of the same purpose to the claimed technical solution. Therefore, it is adopted as a prototype.

Solved technical problem is the need to improve the efficiency of the method.

Disclosure of the claimed technical solutions.

The technical result provided by the claimed technical solution is to increase the life of the catalyst for solid catalysts for the alkylation of paraffins due to the influence of the parameters of the zone from the outlet of the reactor to the separation zone, including the separation zone itself, on the life of the catalyst and the quality of the resulting alkylate.

The essence of the claimed technical solution is that the method of alkylation in a slurry reactor includes the supply of a solid acid catalyst to the first inlet of the catalyst of the reaction zone and the supply of olefins to the inlet of the olefins of the reaction zone. While the catalyst and olefins react in the reactor of the reaction zone under conditions of temperature from -50°C to 200°C, pressure from 1 to 200 atm. At the same time, the ratio of isobutane:olefin at the inlet to the reaction zone is from 1:1 to 500:1, and the space velocity of supply of olefins (OSV) is from 0.02 to 5.0, in addition, the particle size of the catalyst is from 1 to 500 microns , the bulk density of the catalyst is in the range from 0.65 g/cm ³ to 2.95 g/cm ³ . It differs in that

- a suspension consisting of a catalyst, isobutane and alkylate comes from the outlet of the suspension of the reaction zone to the intermediate zone and then to the separation zone, which is a common zone for maintaining the activity of the catalyst, while in the intermediate zone a hydrodynamic mode is created to maintain the catalyst in suspension.

- in the general zone of maintaining the activity of the catalyst, the concentration of alkylate is maintained at the level of 7-50% wt., while the total content of C8 hydrocarbons is in the range from 2.5 to 45% wt.;

- the time of contact of the catalyst with the reaction product in the absence of supply of olefins in the common zone of maintaining the activity of the catalyst is from 5 to 2 h, while the concentration of the catalyst in the suspension is not more than 1000 g/l;

- in the general zone of maintaining the activity of the catalyst, the suspension is at a temperature from -50°C to 200°C, a pressure of 1 to 200 atm, the catalyst has a particle size of 1 to 500 microns and a bulk density of 0.65 g/cm ³ to 2 .95 g / cm ³ .

The above entity is a set of essential features of the claimed technical solution, ensuring the achievement of the claimed technical result.

The authors of the claimed technical solution produced a prototype of this solution, the tests of which confirmed the achievement of the technical result.

Brief description of the drawings.

In FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the proposed method; in fig. 2 is a diagram of the implementation of the method according to example 4.

Implementation of a technical solution.

The alkylation process in the slurry reactor (FIG. 1) is carried out in the reaction zone (1), the intermediate zone (2) and the separation zone (3).

The reaction zone (1) contains a slurry reactor. The intermediate zone (2) is the section from the outlet of the reactor to the separation zone (3). The intermediate zone (2) and the separation zone (3) represent a common zone for maintaining the activity of the catalyst while maintaining a high quality of the alkylate.

In the present invention, fresh and/or regenerated catalyst (17) is fed to the first catalyst inlet (4) of the reaction zone (1).

The catalyst is supplied in the form of a finely dispersed powder, including in a suspended form. The slurry can be represented as an isobutane catalyst, an isobutane alkylate catalyst, an isobutane alkylate olefin catalyst, and the like.

The reaction of interaction of isobutane with olefin occurs in devices that support the suspension mode.

The supply of olefin raw materials (11), pre-mixed with recycled isobutane (20), is carried out at the inlet of olefins (5) of the reaction zone (1). In this case, the reaction zone (1) may contain several inputs of olefins (5). Olefin inlets (5) can be equipped with devices to ensure uniform distribution of the feed stream in the reactor volume (a system of distributors in the form of pipes with nozzles located along the length of the pipe, ejection distributors, etc.).

The reaction is carried out under the following parameters:

- the temperature of the method is from -50°C to 200°C, preferably from -25°C to 100°C;

the pressure is from 1 to 200 atm, preferably from 1 to 30 atm;

- the ratio of isobutane:olefin at the inlet to the reaction zone is from 1:1 to 500:1;

the space velocity of the supply of olefins (OSV) is from 0.02 to 5.0, preferably from 0.1 to 1.0;

- in the presence of a solid acid catalyst with a particle size of 1 to 500 µm, preferably 7 to 150 µm;

- the density of the catalyst is in the range from 0.65 g/cm ³ to 2.95 g/cm ³ .

Unlike the prototype [5], the suspension (12) consisting of a catalyst, isobutane and alkylate comes from the outlet of the suspension (6) of the reaction zone (1) to the intermediate zone (2) and then to the separation zone (3).

In the intermediate zone (2) and the separation zone (3) (mainly in zone 2), the reaction of hydride transfer from isobutane to the carb cation located on the catalyst surface and the replacement of heavy _С10 + components blocking active sites on the catalyst surface with alkylate take place.

In the intermediate zone (2) a hydrodynamic regime is created to maintain a stable suspension.

In the separation zone (3), the hydrodynamic regime can be radically different depending on the catalysts and apparatus used. Such devices may include gravity separators, hydrocyclones, centrifuges, etc.

In contrast to the prototype [5], in the general zone of maintaining the activity of the catalyst, the concentration of alkylate is maintained at the level of 7-50% wt., while the total content of C8 hydrocarbons can be in the range from 2.5 to 45% wt.

The contact time of the catalyst with the reaction product in the absence of olefin supply in the intermediate zone (2) and the separation zone (3) is from 5 s to 2 h, while the concentration of the catalyst in the suspension is not more than 1000 g/l.

The authors experimentally found (examples 5-8) that when the catalyst concentration in the suspension is more than 1000 g/l, side sequential and/or parallel reactions (cracking reactions, disproportionation, etc.) of C ₈ hydrocarbons develop, which leads to a simultaneous increase in the content C ₅ -C ₇ components and C ₁₀₊ heavy hydrocarbons, which, in turn, degrades the quality of the alkylate and shortens the life of the catalyst.

In the intermediate zone (2) and the separation zone (3), the suspension is at a temperature of from -50°C to 200°C, preferably from -25°C to 100°C, a pressure of 1 to 200 atm, preferably from 1 to 30 atm , the catalyst has a particle size of 1 to 500 µm, preferably 7 to 150 µm and a bulk density of 0.65 g/cm ³ to 2.95 g/cm ³ .

The regeneration of the catalyst (18) is carried out by well-known methods such as soft regeneration with hot isobutane, oxidative burnout, hydrogen regeneration.

From the separation zone (3), the catalyst-free stream (16) is directed to the inlet of the purified stream (7) of the reaction zone (1).

Examples of specific implementation.

Example 1 Catalyst (17) is fed to the inlet of the catalyst (10) of the separation zone (3).

Example 2 A stream containing mainly catalyst (15) from separation zone (3) is fed to the second catalyst inlet (8) of reaction zone (1). At the same time, an additional catalyst stream (17) is fed into the stream containing mainly the catalyst (15) between the separation zone (3) and the reaction zone (1).

Example 3. From the separation zone (3), part of the catalyst-free stream (19) is additionally sent to column (9) to separate n-butane (22) and alkylate (21). From the column (9) isobutane (20) is sent to the reaction zone (1) and/or for regeneration of the catalyst with hot isobutane, and/or for mixing with the feedstock.

Example 4 Suspension (12) flows from the suspension outlet (6) of the reaction zone (1) to the zone from the reactor outlet to the separation zone (2) through the alkylate concentration device (23) (Fig. 2). This device can be used in cases where it is not possible to achieve the required concentrations of alkylate and the density of the suspension in the common zone of maintaining catalyst activity.

Example 5. The catalyst prepared according to the method described in patent RU 2736047 C1 is tested on a suspension-type pilot plant according to the proposed method.

Initially, the system is filled with isobutane. Then set the required level of circulation flows and cool the system to 5°C.

Next, the required amount of catalyst is loaded into the system through the catalyst supply tank.

Next, the system is kept in the recirculation mode for at least 15 minutes in order to evenly distribute the catalyst in the system.

Start the supply of raw materials with a given flow rate. The composition of raw materials is shown in Table 1.

Table 1 - Composition of raw materials Component Content, % wt. Propane 0.20 i-Bhutan 36.60 n-butane 10.71 trans-butene 32.28 1-Butene 3.27 i-Butene 0.36 cis-butene 16.33 i-Pentane 0.17 ΣС ₆₊ 0.08

The process conditions are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 - Test conditions Parameter Meaning Catalyst loading, g 100 Feed flow consumption, g/h 63.8 Olefin feed rate (OSV), h ^-1 0.3 Isobutane/olefin ratio at the entrance to the reaction zone 10/1 Catalyst concentration in suspension, g/l thirty Flow rate of the recycle flow of the reactor, ml/min 460 Pressure, atm 3.5 Temperature, °С 5

The concentration of alkylate in the intermediate zone (2) and the separation zone (3), support at 10% of the mass. by diverting a portion of the slurry-free flow from the system.

The contact time of the catalyst with the alkylate in the absence of olefin supply in the zone from the reactor outlet to the separation zone, including the separation zone itself, is 5 minutes.

The process is controlled by analyzing running samples taken from the discharge stream from the suspension separation zone by gas chromatography using a capillary column. This method of analysis determines the detailed hydrocarbon composition of the samples taken. Based on the obtained analytical data, the main indicators of the quality of the resulting product (alkylate), as well as the main process parameters, are calculated. The results obtained and the data calculated on their basis are presented in Table 3.

Table 3 - Test results Olefins supplied per gram of catalyst, g 1.5 3.0 4.5 5.5 Olefin conversion, % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 OCHIM, p. 99.1 99.1 99.3 99.0 OCMM, p. 94.9 94.9 95.1 94.8 Yield of alkylate g/g 2.15 2.12 2.12 2.11 Detailed HC composition, % wt. Σ C ₂ -C ₃ 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.29 Isobutane 84.41 84.30 84.13 84.10 n-butane 5.37 5.40 5.49 5.57 Σ C ₅₊ alkylate 9.97 10.05 10.11 10.04 Normalized composition of C5+ alkylate, % wt. Σ C ₅ -C ₇ 10.19 9.88 9.54 9.15 Σ С ₈ 86.10 86.29 86.58 85.95 TMP 82.10 82.43 82.70 81.37 DMG 3.57 3.43 3.45 4.28 Σ C ₉ 0.58 0.63 0.62 0.72 Σ С ₁₀₊ 3.13 3.2 3.26 4.17

Example 6. The experiment was carried out similarly to Example 5, differing in that the concentration of the catalyst in the suspension is 1250 g/l.

The results obtained and the data calculated on their basis are presented in Table 4.

Table 4 - Test results Olefins supplied per gram of catalyst, g 1.5 2.9 Olefin conversion, % 100.0 100.0 OCHIM, p. 96.7 96.9 OCMM, p. 93.5 93.8 Yield of alkylate g/g 2.03 2.01 Detailed HC composition, wt %. Σ C ₂ -C ₃ 0.45 0.41 Isobutane 83.8 83.47 n-butane 5.84 6.14 Σ C ₅₊ alkylate 9.91 9.98 Normalized composition of C ₅₊ alkylate, % wt. Σ C ₅ -C ₇ 18.49 16.51 Σ С ₈ 75.03 76.64 TMP 69.84 70.93 DMG 4.66 5.07 Σ C ₉ 0.96 1.03 Σ С ₁₀₊ 5.53 5.83

During the experiment, an increase in the concentration of hydrocarbons C ₅ -C ₇ and C ₁₀₊ compared with Example 5 was observed, which is due to the development of side reactions.

Example 7. The experiment was carried out similarly to Example 5, differs in that:

a) the contact time of the catalyst with the reaction product in the absence of olefin supply in the zone from the reactor outlet to the separation zone, including the separation zone itself, was 3 s.

During the experiment, a decrease in the life of the catalyst was observed compared to Example 5.

b) the contact time of the catalyst with the reaction product in the absence of olefin supply in the zone from the reactor outlet to the separation zone, including the separation zone itself, was 7250 s.

During the experiment, a decrease in the catalyst life was observed, as well as a deterioration in the quality of the alkylate compared to Example 5.

The results obtained and the data calculated on their basis are presented in Table 5.

Table 5 - Test results Example 7a Example 7b Olefins supplied per gram of catalyst, g 1.5 3.0 3.9 1.5 2.4 Contact time*, sec 3 3 3 7250 7250 Olefin conversion, % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 OCHIM, p. 97.3 97.5 97.2 96.5 96.3 OCMM, p. 94.0 94.1 93.9 93.4 93.4 Yield of alkylate g/g 2.09 2.07 2.07 2.03 2.02 Detailed HC composition, % wt. Σ C ₂ -C ₃ 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.45 0.39 Isobutane 84.2 84.44 84.38 83.86 84.1 n-butane 5.64 5.42 5.47 5.61 5.57 Σ C ₅₊ alkylate 9.97 9.93 9.95 10.08 9.94 Normalized composition of C ₅₊ alkylate, % wt. Σ C ₅ -C ₇ 8.75 8.52 8.82 18.55 17.27 Σ С ₈ 86.39 86.53 86.17 74.13 75.31 TMP 77.98 79.28 78.98 68.31 68.93 DMG 7.80 6.61 6.58 5.25 5.74 Σ C ₉ 0.69 0.74 0.75 1.10 1.11 Σ С ₁₀₊ 4.16 4.21 4.26 6.21 6.31 * - time of contact of the catalyst with the reaction product in the absence of olefin supply in the zone from the reactor outlet to the separation zone, including the separation zone itself

Example 8. The experiment was carried out similarly to Example 5, differs in that:

a) the concentration of alkylate in the zone from the outlet of the reactor to the separation zone, including the separation zone itself, is 5.6% of the mass.

During the experiment, it was found that the lifetime of the catalyst is higher than in patent RU 2736047 C1, this is due to the presence of a zone where the catalyst contacts the alkylate in the absence of olefins, in which hydride transfer reactions from isobutane to the carb cation located on surface of the catalyst, and the heavy components C ₁₀₊ blocking the active sites on the surface of the catalyst are replaced by alkylate.

At the same time, the life of the catalyst is lower compared to Example 5.

b) the concentration of alkylate in the zone from the outlet of the reactor to the separation zone, including the separation zone itself, is 52.5% of the mass.

During the experiment, it was found that there is a significant reduction in the life of the catalyst and an increase in the content of heavy components, which reduces the quality of the alkylate.

The results obtained and the data calculated on their basis are presented in Table 6.

Table 6 - Test results Example 8a Example 8b Olefins supplied per gram of catalyst, g 1.5 3.0 4.7 1.5 2.1 Contact time*, sec 300 300 300 300 300 Olefin conversion, % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 OCHIM, p. 98.7 98.9 98.5 96.7 96.5 OCMM, p. 94.3 94.5 94.1 93.5 93.4 Yield of alkylate g/g 2.16 2.14 2.11 2.04 2.02 Detailed HC composition, % wt. Σ C ₂ -C ₃ 0.22 0.19 0.20 0.43 0.40 Isobutane 89.30 89.10 89.10 40.43 40.56 n-butane 4.96 5.10 5.12 6.71 6.54 Σ C ₅₊ alkylate 5.52 5.61 5.58 52.43 52.5 Normalized composition of C ₅₊ alkylate, % wt. Σ C ₅ -C ₇ 10.26 10.14 9.95 17.06 15.97 Σ С ₈ 85.71 85.87 85.39 76.27 77.09 TMP 81.05 81.55 80.54 70.93 69.53 DMG 4.05 3.71 4.24 4.73 6.95 Σ C ₉ 0.63 0.65 0.72 1.01 1.04 Σ С ₁₀₊ 3.39 3.34 3.94 5.67 5.90 * - time of contact of the catalyst with the reaction product in the absence of olefin supply in the zone from the reactor outlet to the separation zone, including the separation zone itself

The implementation of the proposed technical solution is not limited to the above examples.

Industrial applicability.

The proposed technical solution is implemented using commercially available devices and materials and will find wide application in the processes of alkylation of isobutane with olefins.

Claims (5)

A method for isobutane alkylation with an olefin in a slurry reactor, including the supply of a solid acid catalyst to the first inlet of the catalyst of the reaction zone and the supply of olefins to the inlet of the olefins of the reaction zone, while the catalyst and olefins react in the reactor of the reaction zone at temperatures from -50 ° C to 200 ° C, pressure from 1 to 200 atm, while the ratio of isobutane:olefin at the inlet to the reaction zone is from 1:1 to 500:1, and the volumetric flow rate of olefins (OSV) is from 0.02 to 5.0 h ^-1 , except In addition, the particle size of the catalyst is from 1 to 500 microns, the bulk density of the catalyst is in the range from 0.65 g/cm ³ to 2.95 g/cm ³ , characterized in that - a suspension consisting of a catalyst, isobutane and alkylate flows from the outlet of the suspension of the reaction zone to the intermediate zone and then to the separation zone, which is a common zone for maintaining the activity of the catalyst, while in the intermediate zone a hydrodynamic regime is created to maintain the catalyst in suspension; - in the general zone of maintaining catalyst activity, the concentration of alkylate is maintained at the level of 7–50% wt.; - the contact time of the catalyst with the reaction product in the absence of supply of olefins in the general catalyst activity maintenance zone is from 5 s to 2 h, while the concentration of the catalyst in the suspension is not more than 1000 g/l; - in the general zone of maintaining the activity of the catalyst, the suspension is at a temperature from -50 ° C to 200 ° C, pressure from 1 to 200 atm, the catalyst has a particle size of 1 to 500 microns and a bulk density of 0.65 g / cm ³ to 2 .95 g / cm ³ .

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