RU2772760C1 - Floating craft - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: shipbuilding.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to shipbuilding and to the field of road organization, in particular to bridge crossings and floating facilities, namely: to pontoons intended for the construction of collapsible and stationary roads on soft soils (peat bogs, marshy and frozen, including permafrost), subjected to the action of increased alternating static and dynamic loads, for example, pavement or pavement bases, organization of crossings by building pontoon bridges on rivers and swampy areas with open areas of water and designed to serve year-round, and can be used to transport goods and passengers in places where conventional bridges are absent or cannot work, for example, when arranging water intakes, performing work on the water surface (when lifting and moving goods, clearing and deepening the bottom, drilling wells, cleaning the water surface from pollution in closed reservoirs, in shallow water, in swampy and hard-to-reach places), etc.

EFFECT: increasing the spatial rigidity and flexural strength of the floating craft under alternating static and dynamic loads, as well as improving the manufacturability of its manufacture and assembly.

20 cl, 6 dwg

Description

The present invention relates to shipbuilding and to the field of road organization, in particular, to bridge crossings and floating facilities, namely: to pontoons intended for the construction of collapsible and stationary roads on soft soils (peat bogs, swampy and frozen, including permafrost) exposed to increased alternating static and dynamic loads, for example, pavement or pavement bases, organization of crossings by building pontoon bridges on rivers and swampy areas with open areas of water and designed to serve year-round, and can be used to transport goods and passengers in places where conventional bridges are absent or cannot work, for example, when arranging water intakes, performing work on the water surface (when lifting and moving loads, clearing and deepening the bottom, drilling wells, cleaning the water surface from pollution in closed reservoirs, in shallow water, in swampy and difficult to access other places), etc.

The introduction of new materials in road construction is relevant all over the world. This is due not only to the growth of the road network, the ever-increasing requirements for their quality, but also to the increase in requirements for environmental protection measures, the increase in areas for construction with difficult geological conditions, the complication of the climatic situation in nature and the constant growth of competition in the construction business. Therefore, it is very important to search for and analyze new developments in the field of application of new building structures, including cheaper and more technologically advanced materials. The latter is important for business due to the need to increase the speed of construction while meeting ever-increasing requirements for the quality and durability of roads and maintaining their operational characteristics.

One of the promising areas that increase both the strength and temporal characteristics of roads is the use of reinforcing structures in road construction. In the last decade, polymer reinforcing structures have been increasingly used in the construction of roads. Modern polymers are not only more corrosion resistant than metals, but also have strength characteristics close to them. In addition, they are more technologically advanced both when creating reinforcing structures and when they are installed in the roadway. At the same time, not only primary, but also secondary raw materials can be used as materials, after appropriate processing of industrial and domestic waste.

The quality of the pavement of highways is one of the main factors of traffic safety, and the increase in the service life of pavements is one of the strategic tasks of road science. During operation, various damages to the roadway inevitably appear, such as cracks of various origins, for example, reflected, temperature, power, technological, etc., as well as rutting, potholes, pits, etc. The main impact on the operation of road surfaces and directly on the formation processes cracks, rutting, pits, potholes are caused by traffic loads, a complex of weather and climatic conditions and non-compliance with technological processes when laying all layers of the road surface. There is a significant amount of research that analyzes the possible causes of the destruction of the roadway. At the same time, damage to the road surface occurs from the complex influence of external and internal factors [1-3].

In particular, excessive water saturation of the underlying and working layers of the base, as well as the difference in the thermophysical characteristics of all materials with climatic temperature differences, leads to cracking of the road surface and to the formation of swelling on it. Therefore, the canvas must have a filtering and draining ability [4].

One of the main causes of destruction (formation of cracks and rutting) of the roadway is deflection associated with insufficient rigidity of the underlying surface. Standard layers of sand and gravel evenly distribute pressure, but are not able to withstand heavy loads. This problem can be solved by reinforcing the layer of the underlying surface. This method increases the cost of construction. However, from the point of view of improving the efficiency and transport and operational characteristics, reinforcement is more appropriate than obtaining a one-time cost savings [5-9].

An analysis of the literature data shows that in the United States and Western European countries, where concrete is most often used as a pavement, steel reinforcement is most often used when laying the foundation [10-13]. Currently, this method, although it is very expensive, helps to solve the problems of improving the efficiency and transport and operational characteristics, but does not solve the problems of durability due to metal corrosion and its high cost [14].

In recent decades, due to the emergence of different grades of asphalt concrete and the development of the production of new reinforcing materials from polymers, as well as taking into account the diversity of their properties and manufacturing technologies, various types of geosynthetics and composite reinforcement have been used in reinforcing pavements, both separately and in combinations. These are different types of geotextiles, geogrids, geogrids. In their production, various types of polymers are used: polyester (PET), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE and HDPE), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), etc. For the manufacture of composites, glass, basalt, carbon and aramid fibers are used . In the manufacturing technology, gluing, fastening with a sewing thread, fusion, interlacing, knitting, etc. are used [15, 16].

A floating facility is known, consisting of a number of assembled floating elements made of steel, each of which in its lower part for assembly with another element is equipped with a double bottom and double walls extending at a distance inside the element, tubular channels arranged in parallel and at a distance from each other in cavity of the double bottom and double side walls and extending from the inner end connection with another floating element of the surface of the cavity and perpendicular to its outer end, while the floating structure inside the double bottom and double walls and outside the tubular channels is filled with a pressure-resistant material, preferably concrete, tension cables or rods and the like are located in tubular channels and extend from the inner end surface of the element to the corresponding inner end surface of the second element, whereby the tubular channels, after assembly and tension of the tension cables and the like, are filled with injected concrete. The internal surfaces in the cavity of the floating element can be provided with shear ribs for the interaction of steel and concrete [17].

The disadvantage of this technical solution is the complexity of the design and weighting and increasing the cost of the design of the materials used (steel).

Closest to the claimed technical solution (prototype) is a floating craft made composite in the form of a fully or partially cellular, porous structure, reinforced with at least one stiffener, a reinforcing structure, partitions and containing sealed cavities, made with the possibility of filling them by means of a channel closed by a lid that connects the cavities with the outer surface of the cellular structure, a filler in the form of a hardened foam or gas material with a density less than the density of water, and including a connecting means in the form of a binder, a fixing frame and an outer coating in the form of fiberglass or carbon fiber [18].

The disadvantage of this technical solution is the complexity of the structure itself, which consists of a variety of elements (a mixture of bulk materials in the form of fibers, textiles, fragments of minerals, hollow elements, for example, in the form of hollow spheres, stiffeners, etc.) and the materials used (epoxy resin , glass-filled polyamide, minerals, metal rods, meshes, springs, carbon fibers or cloth, etc.). The rigidity of the structure, at the same time, is provided by a reinforcing structure, also consisting of various elements in the form of hollow spheres, metal rods or metal mesh, fiberglass or fiberglass, carbon fibers or carbon fabric, and other materials. As a result, the known technical solution is technologically difficult in the manufacture of these various elements themselves, as well as mixtures that require heating to 150°C for 6 hours.

A new achieved technical result of the proposed invention is to increase the spatial rigidity and flexural strength under alternating static and dynamic loads, as well as the manufacturability of their manufacture and assembly.

The new technical result is achieved by the fact that in the floating vehicle, made composite in the form of a cellular structure, reinforced with a reinforcing structure and containing cavities, made with the possibility of filling them through a channel closed by a lid, connecting the cavities with the outer surface of the cellular structure with a filler connecting the means fixing the frame and the outer coating, in contrast to the prototype, the reinforcing structure is made in the form of at least one vertically and/or horizontally middle element containing obliquely arranged reinforcing rods made of a polymeric material of a wave-like shape, forming in space oppositely oriented regular tetrahedral pyramids, each the cellular structure is made with upper and lower elements in the form of a grid consisting of squares formed by the intersection of horizontally placed reinforcing rods made of polymeric material, and the points of intersection of the axes of horizontally placed reinforcing bars the rods are located on the central axes of the corresponding regular tetrahedral pyramids, and with the shape of a cell formed by the corresponding inclined reinforcing rods, with a possible deviation of the angles of its regular triangles formed by the corresponding inclined reinforcing rods, while the straight sections of the inclined reinforcing rods are inclined to each other at angles corresponding to angles of a regular triangle in the range of (60°±5°), and to the central axis of regular tetrahedral pyramids at an angle corresponding to the angle of inclination of the faces of regular tetrahedral pyramids, in the range of (35°26'±5°), the axis of inclined reinforcing bars at their straight sections are located on inclined planes passing through the corresponding opposite faces of the corresponding regular tetrahedral pyramids and inclined to the central axis of the regular tetrahedral pyramids at an angle corresponding to the angle of inclination of the faces of the regular tetrahedral pyramids, while the number of faces the cells correspond to the number of faces of the corresponding regular tetrahedral pyramid, the cavities are located between the inclined reinforcing rods of the middle element, the connecting means is made in the form of nodal elements formed by the intersection of the inclined reinforcing rods with the corresponding horizontally placed reinforcing rods, the fixing frame is fixed around the largest row of cellular structures in area, the outer coating is made in the form of a hollow truncated tetrahedral pyramid, corresponding in shape and covering the set of rows of cellular structures, and fixed on the fixing frame, and at least the ends of a part of horizontally placed and/or inclined reinforcing bars around the largest row of cellular structures in terms of area can be made with connecting elements that provide the ability to connect individual cellular structures into a single block vertically and/or horizontally.

Reinforcing rods in cross section can be made round or rectangular.

Inclined wavy reinforcing bars can be obtained by bending straight reinforcing bars with kinks at the top and bottom of the wave.

The bending points of the inclined reinforcing rods in the upper and lower parts of the corresponding wave can be made straight or arcuate.

At least some of the places of bending of the inclined reinforcing rods can be made of thrust elements.

At least a portion of the horizontally placed reinforcing bars may be provided with slots, the slots being spaced at distances corresponding to the pitch of the grid consisting of squares.

Horizontally placed reinforcing rods, in contact with the places of inflection of the inclined reinforcing rods of a wavy shape, can be located between the places of inflection or with the possibility of supporting the grooves on the tops of the places of inflection, or with the possibility of relying on thrust elements.

At least part of the nodal elements can be made with reinforcing retainers or a plastic polymer that fasten them.

As a filler, foam concrete or aerated concrete, foamed or extruded polystyrene foam, foam glass can be used.

Reinforcing rods of the middle and/or upper and/or lower elements and/or nodal elements can be made of composite materials based on basalt or carbon, or fiberglass, or polymeric materials, or polymeric materials with reinforcing additives.

The floating facility can be made with at least one removable anchor element.

The floating means may be provided with at least one removable float.

The fixing frame can be made with docking slots, which provide the possibility of docking floating facilities through docking connecting elements installed in the corresponding slots.

Docking connecting elements can be made in the form of corresponding inserts, which provide the possibility of docking floating facilities with rotation relative to each other at a certain angle and/or with a slope relative to each other.

In the cavities between the inclined reinforcing rods of the middle element, tubular channels for tension cables can be placed, made with the possibility of providing their pre-tensioning.

The floating means can be made in the form of a pontoon.

The floating means can be made in the form of a roadway by docking the respective floating means.

The floating means, at least partially, can be made monolithic, in a single design.

The floating facility is monolithic, in a single design it can be made by casting.

A hollow truncated tetrahedral pyramid can be made with a flat or convex bottom.

In FIG. 1-6 is a schematic diagram of a floating craft.

Fig. 1 - assembly of a floating craft without a fixing frame.

Fig. 2 - assembly of a floating craft with a fixing frame without pretensioning.

Fig. 3 - assembly of a floating device with a fixing frame to provide pre-tensioning.

In FIG. 4-6 shows the assembly of a floating craft, depending on its purpose as a whole:

1) a roadbed intended for the movement of medium and light vehicles, without sections of open water (Fig. 4);

2) a roadbed designed for the movement of heavy vehicles and the possible presence of road sections with open water (Fig. 5);

3) a roadbed with a complex terrain: the presence of descents - ascents, turns, turns with a slope (Fig. 6).

The floating facility is made composite in the form of a cellular structure, strengthened by a reinforcing structure in the form of at least one vertically and/or horizontally middle element 1 (Fig. 1), containing obliquely arranged reinforcing rods 2 (upper level) and 3 (lower level). level) from a polymeric material of a wave-like shape, forming in space oppositely oriented regular tetrahedral pyramids 4, each cellular structure is made with upper and lower elements in the form of a grid 5 (Fig. 1, callout 1-1, callout 1-2), consisting of squares , formed by the intersection of horizontally placed reinforcing rods 6 (longitudinal rods) and 7 (transverse rods) made of polymeric material, and the points of intersection of the axes of horizontally placed reinforcing rods 6 and 7 are located on the central axes 8 of the corresponding regular tetrahedral pyramids 4 (Fig. 1, callout 1 -2), and with the shape of the cell formed by the corresponding inclined reinforcing and rods 2 and 3, with a possible deviation of the angles of its regular triangles formed by the corresponding inclined reinforcing rods 2 and 3, while the straight sections of the inclined reinforcing rods are inclined to each other at angles corresponding to the angles of the regular triangle in the range of (60°±5° ), and to the central axis of regular tetrahedral pyramids at an angle corresponding to the angle of inclination of the faces of regular tetrahedral pyramids, in the range of values (35°26'±5°), the axes of inclined reinforcing rods 2 and 3 on their straight sections are located on inclined planes passing through the corresponding opposite faces of the corresponding regular tetrahedral pyramids 4 and regular tetrahedral pyramids 4 inclined to the central axis at an angle corresponding to the angle of inclination of the faces of the regular tetrahedral pyramids 4, while the number of cell faces corresponds to the number of faces of the corresponding regular tetrahedral pyramid 4, between the inclined reinforcing rods of the middle element, cavities 9 are located (Fig. 1, callout 1-3) with the possibility of filling them through a technological hole (channel) 10 made in the cover 11 (Fig. 2) and connecting the cavity 9 with the outer surface of the cellular structure with a porous filler 12 (Fig. 1, callout 1-3) , the connecting means is made in the form of nodal elements 13 (Fig. 1, callout 1--4), formed by the intersection of inclined reinforcing rods 2 and 3 with the corresponding horizontally placed reinforcing rods 6 and 7, the fixing frame 14 (Fig. 1, callout 1- 5) is fixed around the largest row of cellular structures in terms of area with the possibility of installing a cover 11 in it, and the outer coating is made in the form of a hollow truncated tetrahedral pyramid 15, corresponding in shape and covering the set of rows of cellular structures, and fixed on the fixing frame 14 (Fig. 1, callout 1-6).

In the floating vehicle in the middle element 1, the faces of the regular tetrahedral pyramids 4 are inclined to its center at an angle of 35°26', corresponding to the angle of inclination of the faces of the regular tetrahedral pyramids 4, across the formed floating vehicle, for example, the roadway, which eliminates the problem of additional loads during drops temperatures in the external environment.

Deviation of the angles of regular triangles, formed by inclined reinforcing bars 2 and 3, of a regular tetrahedral pyramid 4 from values (60°) leads to a decrease in the uniform distribution of loads and, as a rule, to a decrease in the strength of the floating craft. Depending on the materials used and manufacturing technologies of the floating craft elements, technological deviations (±5°) from the optimal parameters (60°) are possible, which are observed in the manufacture of the elements and assembly of the floating craft. These deviations must be taken into account when calculating the structural strength of a floating facility based on regular tetrahedral pyramids 4, taking into account the loads exerted on them and the safety factors, the materials used, the selected scheme for assembling the elements of a spatial reinforcement module, the shape of the road relief, etc.

Nodal elements 13 can be formed by the intersection of the corresponding horizontally placed 6 and 7 and inclined 2 and 3 wave-shaped reinforcing bars, the place of inflection 16 (Fig. 1, callout 1-1) of inclined reinforcing bars 2 and 3 in the upper and lower parts of the corresponding wave can be made in a straight or curved shape. In FIG. 1 (reference 1-4) shows options for the implementation of the nodal elements 13. At the same time, at least in part of the places of inflection 16 of the inclined reinforcing rods 2 and 3, if necessary, thrust elements 17 can be made.

If necessary, at least part of the horizontally placed reinforcing bars 6 and 7 can be made with support grooves 18, with the support grooves 18 located at distances corresponding to the pitch of the grid 5 consisting of squares (Fig. 2). In particular, a crosshair is shown in the nodes of horizontally placed reinforcing rods 6 and 7 with a support groove 18 (Fig. 1, callout 1-4).

If necessary, horizontally placed reinforcing rods 6 and 7, in contact with the places of inflection 16 of the inclined reinforcing rods 2 and 3 of a wave-like shape, can be located between the places of inflection 16 (Fig. 1, 13a callout 1-4) or with the possibility of support by support grooves 18 on the tops of the inflection points 16 (Fig. 1, 136, callout 1-4), or with the possibility of relying on the thrust elements 17 (Fig. 1, 13c, callout 1-4).

In the cavities 9 between the inclined reinforcing rods 2 and 3 of the middle element 1, tubular channels 19 for tension cables 20 can be placed, made with the possibility of providing their pre-tension, while on the fixing frame 14 inspection hatches (recesses) 21 are made (Fig. 1, callout 1-5, Fig. 3) to enable installation or diagnostics of the condition of the tension cables 20.

As materials for cables 20, rods and ropes made of metal, polymers (carbon, lavsan), carbon fiber can be used.

Reinforcing rods 2, 3, 6, 7 of the middle 1, upper and lower elements in the form of a grid 5 and nodal elements 13 can be made of composite materials based on basalt or carbon or fiberglass, or polymeric materials, or polymeric materials with reinforcing additives.

As a polymer material for reinforcing rods 2, 3, 6, 7 and tubular elements, ABS plastics, high-impact polystyrene, polypropylene, etc. can be used.

As a composite material for reinforcing rods 2, 3, 6, 7 and tubular elements, for example, “Composite polymer reinforcement for reinforcing concrete structures” GOST 31938-2012, for example, based on ABP-6 grade basalt, can be used.

As a polymeric material with reinforcing additives for reinforcing rods 2, 3, 6, 7 and tubular elements, for example, filled polypropylene with chalk additives, or a composite material based on polytetrafluoroethylene with additives of basalt fiber production wastes can be used [5, 6].

Reinforcing rods 2, 3, 6, 7 in cross section can be made round or rectangular (not shown in the figures).

At least part of the nodal elements 13 can be fastened with clamps or a plastic polymer (Fig. 1, 13 g, callout 1-4).

As a retainer for reinforcing rods 2, 3, 6, 7, for example, a stamped retainer made of polypropylene, specially designed for the selected node element 13, can be used. In addition, nylon or plastic clamps can also be used.

As a plastic polymer for fixing the reinforcing bars 2, 3, 6, 7 and the tubular elements, for example, thermoplastic elastomer based on polypropylene (TPE), RUBBER plastic (rubber-like) can be used.

The cavities 9 between the inclined reinforcing rods 2 and 3 of the middle element 1 of the floating craft can be filled with a filler 12 made of foam or gas material with a density less than that of water (not shown in the figures).

As a filler 12, a foam or gas material (with a density less than the density of water, for example, from foam concrete or aerated concrete, foamed or extruded polystyrene foam, foam glass, other foamed and aerated materials), for example, granulated foam glass "Penosital", etc., can be used.

The fixing frame 14a (Fig. 2) and 146 (Fig. 3) can be made with docking slots 22, which provide the possibility of docking floating facilities through docking connecting elements 23 installed in the corresponding docking slots 22.

In the manufacture of pontoons in the form of truncated tetrahedral pyramids 15 with a convex bottom 24, they do not interfere with soil freezing. The pontoons sink into the soil from a third to a half of their height. And there is space between them. Through them, cold air enters under the body of the roadway, allowing the soil to completely freeze through in winter. The shape of the pontoons in the form of truncated tetrahedral pyramids 15 with a convex bottom 24, their buoyancy and thermal insulation when the ground freezes, does not allow them to freeze into the ground. On swampy soils, the shape of the pontoons in the form of truncated tetrahedral pyramids 15 with a convex bottom 24 and their buoyancy do not allow sinking into the ground below the design line. The shape of the pontoons in the form of truncated tetrahedral pyramids 15 with a convex bottom 24 and the depth of their immersion do not prevent the free movement of water flows, which is especially important in the rainy season.

To reinforce these corner and side grooves, they can be installed, for example, by gluing, inserts 25 (Fig. 2, callout 2-2), made, for example, of metal. During the subsequent assembly of the roadbed from many floating facilities, corner and side metal embedded elements 26 and fixed by pivots are installed in them (Fig. 2, callout 2-3). Embedded elements to simplify docking when assembling the roadbed from many floating facilities are made along the side lines and corners with fillets.

If necessary, at least part of the nodal elements 13 can be made with reinforcing retainers or a plastic polymer that fasten them.

If necessary, the floating means can be made with at least one removable float 27 (Fig. 5).

If necessary, a hollow truncated tetrahedral pyramid 15 can be made with a fixing rim 28 (Fig. 1, callout -6), which provides support for the fixing frame 14 on it.

If necessary, a hollow truncated tetrahedral pyramid 15 can be made with a flat 29 or convex 24 bottom (Fig. 1, callout 1-6).

The ends of a part of horizontally placed 6 and 7 and inclined 2 and 3 reinforcing rods are made with additional connecting elements, for example, with removable connecting elements in the form of crimp sleeves, which make it possible to join individual elements of cellular structures and cellular structures as a whole into a single block (not shown in the figures). shown).

If necessary, the floating facility can be made with at least one removable anchor element 30 (Fig. 5, 6).

If necessary, the thrust elements 17 at the places of inflection 16 inclined reinforcing elements 2 and 3 wave-shaped on horizontally placed 6 and 7 and inclined 2 and 3 reinforcing bars can be made in a single design. At the same time, in a single design, if necessary, both inclined reinforcing rods 2 and 3 and nodal elements 13 can be made. Also, the upper and lower (in the form of a grid 5) and the middle 1 elements when they are made of composite materials based on basalt or carbon, or fiberglass, or polymeric materials, or polymeric materials with reinforcing additives, if necessary, can be made monolithic, for example, by casting in an appropriate matrix.

The use of compensating inserts 31 (Fig. 6) between the floating means allows, when assembling the roadbed, to follow changes in the ground relief, and to create rises, descents, turns, turns with a slope on the roadbed. The shape of the recesses in the compensating inserts 31 ensures reliable fixation of parts of the roadway both without applying tension by means of tension cables 20, and with them.

The float works as follows.

The proposed design of a floating facility, including those applicable for the construction of a roadway, bridges, etc., begins with the assembly of the largest row of cellular structures of the middle element 1 in terms of area on a special device that allows you to fix the location of horizontal rods and not interfere with the installation of connecting elements 23 (Fig. .1, callout 1---7). The middle element 1 is assembled in the form of a cellular structure (Fig. 1) according to the principle of regular tetrahedral pyramids 4 into a single block containing inclined reinforcing rods 2 and 3 made of wavy polymer material, forming in space oppositely oriented regular tetrahedral pyramids 4 (Fig. 1, callouts 1-1 and 1-2).

The assembly of the lower grid 5 is carried out on the device. First, horizontally placed longitudinal rods 6 are installed, and then horizontally placed transverse rods 7 are installed on top of the support grooves 18. In this case, the connecting elements 23 form a structure of four parts, which are installed on four sides around the largest the area of a number of cellular structures and which have holes for installing the free ends of horizontal rods 6 and 7 and tubular elements in them, and threaded holes for the final assembly of all components of the floating craft (Fig. 1, callouts 1---5, 1--- 6 and 1---7).

Next, inclined reinforcing wave-like rods 2 are installed on the lower mesh 5. In this case, the places of inflection 16 of the inclined reinforcing rods 2 and 3 are aligned with the nodal elements 13 of the mesh 5, and the thrust elements 17 rest on horizontally placed transverse rods 7. When the nodal element 13 a is formed, horizontally placed reinforcing bars 6 and 7, in contact with the places of inflection 16 of inclined reinforcing bars 2 and 3 of a wave-like shape, can be located between the places of inflection 16 (Fig. 1, 13 a, callout 1---4) or when forming a nodal element 13 b - with the possibility of support by support grooves 18 on the tops of the inflection points 16 (Fig. 1, 13 b, callout 1---4), or when forming a nodal element 13 in - with the possibility of relying on thrust elements 17 (Fig. 1, 13 c, callout 1---4).

At least a part of the nodal elements 13 set clamps, for example, from a plastic polymer (Fig. 1, 13 g callout 1---4). In this case, the clamps are installed on all extreme nodal elements 13 of the grid 5 and then on the middle nodal elements 13. Horizontally placed longitudinal rods 6 of the second grid 5 are installed on the thrust elements 17 of the places of inflections 16 and then horizontally placed transverse rods 7 are installed. On the free ends of the horizontally placed rods 6 and 7 of the lower grid 5 install connecting elements 23.

The next higher level of a multi-level (multi-story) assembly is assembled in a similar way. In this case, the clamps are installed on all the extreme nodal elements 13 of the mesh 5 and on a part of the middle nodal elements 13.

On top of the cellular structure, the outer coating is lowered, made in the form of a hollow truncated tetrahedral pyramid 15, corresponding in shape and covering the set of rows of cellular structures, fixed on a fixing frame 14 made of polymer material with a wall thickness of 4-8 mm (Fig. 1) and multi-level ( multi-storey) assembly is tilted by 180 °. If necessary, a single block is installed in a special formwork.

As a material for the manufacture of the outer coating, ABS plastics, high-impact polystyrene, polypropylene, polydicyclodiene (polymer material, the advantages of which are a combination of high strength characteristics with chemical resistance, the possibility of manufacturing parts of various shapes and large dimensions from it, low density, good coloring surfaces, which makes it possible to use the polymer in various fields of mechanical engineering, chemical production and construction).

The floating facility operates under conditions of complex alternating static and dynamic loads while ensuring its buoyancy. The operating characteristics of a floating craft are determined by its design features, weight and size characteristics and the quality of a multi-level (multi-storey) assembly.

The deviation of the angles of regular triangles formed by inclined reinforcing bars 2 and 3 of a regular tetrahedral pyramid 4 from the values (60°) and the angles of inclination of the faces of regular tetrahedral pyramids 4, in the range of values (35°26'±5°) leads to a decrease in the uniformity of distribution of loads and as a rule, to reduce the strength of the floating craft. Depending on the materials used and manufacturing technologies of the elements of the floating craft, technological deviations (± 5°) from the optimal parameters are possible, which is possible in the manufacture of components of the floating craft and its assembly. These deviations must be taken into account when calculating the structural strength of a floating facility based on regular tetrahedral pyramids 4, taking into account the loads exerted on them and safety factors, the materials used, the selected scheme for assembling the components of a spatial reinforcement module, the shape of the road relief, etc.

The cellular structure, assembled according to the principle of regular tetrahedral pyramids 4 into a single block, consists of a large number of repeating stiffness nodes, similar to the structure of crystals - semi-octahedrons, with different options for their pairing through nodal elements 13, which creates multi-point supports and distribution of dynamic and static loads.

Reinforcing assembly of tetrahedral pyramids 4 ensures the distribution of the load from one node to many neighboring ones, that is, to a greater distance than in monolithic bodies. As a result, the specific load is reduced.

The non-rigid fastening of the nodes provides additional degrees of freedom and due to this it dampens vibrations, which is very important for a long-term roadway with proper quality of operation. Vibration is reduced not only on the roadway itself, but also in the surrounding soil.

The presence in the floating vehicle of reinforcing rods 2, 3, 6 and 7 made of polymeric material and porous filler 12 provide an increase in spatial rigidity and bending strength under alternating static and dynamic loads while ensuring the buoyancy of the floating vehicle, thus creating conditions for long-term with proper quality operation of the roadway on soft soils and on water. In addition, the porous filler 12 provides thermal insulation and thus improves the ability to operate the roadway on frozen soils.

The outer cover, made in the form of a hollow truncated tetrahedral pyramid 15 with a flat 28 or convex 24 bottom (Fig. 1, callout 1---6), closes the set of rows of cellular structures, has a number of holes 10 for installing tubular channels 19 and conducting assemblies with a fixing frame with 14 connecting bolts.

Rounding 24 of the bottom of the outer cover in the form of a hollow truncated tetrahedral pyramid 15 provides a push-out effect when water or soil freezes.

In the lower part of the rectangular base of the outer cover in the form of a hollow truncated tetrahedral pyramid 15, there is in its widest part a rectangular reinforcing rim with a height of one level of the reinforcing structure, in which there are holes for installing assembly elements and, if necessary, tubular elements 19, and on which the fixing frame 14 rests during its assembly with a hollow truncated tetrahedral pyramid 15 (not shown in the figures).

The design of the floating facility in the form of a truncated tetrahedral pyramid 15 provides a more uniform possible freezing of the soil in winter and thawing in the spring under the roadbed. Floating facilities sink into the soil from a third to half of their height and there is free space between them. It is through them that cold or warm air enters under the body of the roadway, allowing the soil to freeze more evenly in winter and thaw more evenly in summer, which reduces the problem of antinodes of the roadway. On swampy soils and in open water, the shape of the floating facility in the form of truncated tetrahedral pyramids 15 and their buoyancy do not allow sinking into the ground below the design line. The free space between them contributes to the free movement of water flows, which is especially important during the rainy season.

The fixing frame 14 is intended to provide structural strength and fixation of all components of the floating craft during its final assembly and to assemble many floating aids into a single roadbed and is fixed around the largest row of cellular structures in terms of area. At the same time, depending on the category of the roadway, the relief and the characteristics of the underlying surface of the roadway (for example, the presence of open water areas), the fixing frame is made in two versions: 14a (with the movement of medium and light vehicles, without open water areas (Fig. 1, callout 1---5 and Fig. 2) and 14b (for roads with heavy traffic and the presence of road sections with open water) (Fig. 1, callout 1---5 and Fig. 3).

To reinforce the structure of the fixing frame 14, a border of welded metal corners can be installed on it (Fig. 2, callout 2---1).

A cover 11 (Fig. 2, section A---A) is preliminarily installed on the assembled single block, in which there is a technological hole (channel) 10 for filling cavities 9 with filler 12 (foam or gas material with a density less than the density of water) cavities 9, and then the fixing frame 14 is lowered onto the multi-level (multi-storey) assembly. In FIG. 2 (section A---A) shows a section of the side wall of the fixing frame 14a, on which there is a docking groove 22 for installing a rectangular base of a truncated tetrahedral pyramid 15 of the outer coating and a recess for installing connecting elements 23 with a protrusion for fixing the cover 11.

On the rectangular base of the truncated tetrahedral pyramid 15 of the outer cover, there is a reinforcing rim 27, on which the fixing frame 14 rests. Then, all components of the floating craft are coupled with connecting bolts.

In the walls of the fixing frame 14a, holes are also made for installing assembly bolts in them for tightening the side walls of the fixing frame 14a (Fig. 2, section A---A), the rectangular base of the truncated tetrahedral pyramid 15 of the outer cover and the connecting elements 23. frame 14a and on its outer side surfaces, corner and side grooves 22 are made for the subsequent assembly of the roadbed from many floating facilities.

On the upper surface of the fixing frame 14, a number of holes are made, used in the subsequent assembly of the roadbed from many floating facilities and installation, for example, fences and other building elements (not shown in the figures). To strengthen the structure, various bushings are glued into the holes, for example, from metal (Fig. 2, callout 2---4). If necessary, some bushings can be threaded.

To enable the subsequent disassembly of the floating craft, if necessary, anti-adhesive lubricants are applied to the connecting bolts to prevent porous filler 12 from sticking to them and so that they can be easily removed later (Fig. 2, section A---A). Anti-adhesion lubricants are dispersions of silicones and paraffins in various solvents (white spirit, gasoline, kerosene, etc.). The dispersed phase are silicone or wax materials. They are easy to apply with a spray gun or brush.

When assembling a floating craft with a fixing frame 14b (Fig. 3) and to ensure pre-tensioning between the inclined reinforcing rods 2 and 3, tubular channels 19 are laid through the technological holes 10 made in the fixing frame 146, in a truncated tetrahedral pyramid 15 of the outer coating and in the connecting elements 23. In this case, the ends of the tubular channels 19 can be glued into the holes of the rectangular base of the truncated tetrahedral pyramid 15 of the outer coating (Fig. 3, section A---A).

On the upper surface of the fixing frame 14, a number of holes 10 are made, used in the subsequent assembly of the roadbed from a plurality of pontoons and installation, for example, fences and other building elements (not shown in Fig. 2). To carry out pre-stressing in the side walls of the fixing frame 14b (Fig. 3, section A---A), holes are made for installing tubular channels 19, in which tension cables 20 are installed, and inspection hatches (recesses) 21 for installing turnbuckles.

In FIG. 4 shows a version of the assembly of the roadbed with the movement of medium and light vehicles, without areas with open water under the roadbed, from floating facilities without pretensioning.

During the construction of the roadbed from floating facilities, they are installed on a pre-leveled appropriate frozen soil, waterlogged soil, water surface.

Floating facilities can be assembled both sequentially and, for example, in a “matting” (Fig. 4, callout 4---1) for a more rigid and stable state of a large assembly of the roadbed, while the length and width, for example, of the corresponding floating facilities are like 1:2. This reduces the effect of capsizing in a strong side wind, or when rolling on the water, since with such an assembly, the gaps between the fixing frames 14 of the floating facilities are reduced and there is no direct movement of air (the so-called aerodynamic tube) between the bevels of the fixing frames 14.

To connect floating facilities, corner and side embedded elements are used, they are installed in the corresponding grooves in the fixing frame 14a, with inserts that are fixed with pins through the corresponding holes (Fig. 4, callout 4-2). To each side surface of the fixing frame 14a with installed embedded elements, the side surfaces of the following floating facilities without embedded elements are connected in series. At the same time, they are aligned with the corresponding grooves, so that embedded elements with rounded ends installed in the first floating vehicle are inserted into them, which, in turn, are also fixed in the holes by pins in the second (subsequent) floating means. This procedure is repeated further for all subsequent joints of the side surfaces of the respective fixing frames 14a.

When constructing a roadway on soft soils and marshy soils, to ensure the stability of the assembly in places where there are strong winds, stabilize the roadway and reduce the influence of both the uneven distribution of loads from transport and the overturning effect of lateral wind loads, anchoring 29 of a floating facility is used to reduce influence of wind loads.

As anchoring elements 30 and connecting rods, you can use steel reinforcement or various types of angle or other types of beams that go deep into the soil, depending on its condition, to the estimated depth.

Also, if necessary, the floating means can be made with at least one removable float 27 installed using connecting rods.

As materials for connecting rods, rods, pipes or other rolled metal can be used.

Anchor elements 30 and floats 27 additionally reinforce the float assembly. Otherwise, with a strong side wind, a capsizing effect occurs due to the shape of the floating craft. The capsizing effect can also occur due to uneven distribution of loads on the surface of the floating craft.

In some sections of the roadway, if necessary, the road can be widened by installing additional floating facilities to organize parking spaces and turning pockets (not shown in the figures).

In FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the assembly of the roadbed with the movement of heavy vehicles and the possible presence of road sections with open water under the roadbed.

The design of structures with reinforcing structures provides for such an important feature as the creation of prestressing due to cables, which significantly increases the strength of structures under multidirectional loads (similar to the Ostankino TV tower), and also ensures the creation of structures with protruding elements and complex arched shapes. Thus, the field of application of reinforcing modules is not limited to the construction and repair of roads, but can be used in the construction of bridges, overpasses, elevated and underground passages, metro facilities, railways, monorail supports, traffic interchange structures, ground and underground pedestrian structures. transitions, sandwich panels and ceilings.

The assembly of the roadbed from many floating means with tension by means of many tension cables 20, which, when assembled in series, creates the effect of tension with one long cable, is carried out in the following order.

The assembly of the roadbed from separate floating facilities with cables 20 is carried out on a leveled underlying surface. To increase the strength of the roadway formed from floating facilities, each floating facility is performed with tubular channels 19 for tension cables 20, which provide the possibility of pre-tensioning the tension cables 20 placed in the tubular channels 19 by means of, for example, anchors and tensioning devices installed on the corresponding site.

At the same time, tension cables 20 with 20 turnbuckles installed on the rings of the cables are introduced into the tubular channels 19. The scheme for assembling cables with lanyards is shown in Fig. 5 (callout 5---1).

The cables 20 can pass through only one floating facility, or through several. The length of the cables 20 is determined by the size and number of floating facilities through which each individual cable 20 passes (Fig. 5, callout 5---1).

Then all other floating facilities and/or their individual assemblies are connected in series. At the same time, the lanyard rings are fixed by means of anchors on the previous fixing frame 14b, on the other hand, the lanyard and cable 20 rings are connected. The floating facilities themselves are connected to each other by connecting elements 30 and fixing them with pins. The anchor is installed in a hole made on the side walls of the fixing frame 14b. On the side surface of the fixing frame 14b under the inspection hatches 21, grooves are made to drain condensate from the inspection hatches 21 (Fig. 3, section A-A).

The pre-tensioning of the roadbed is carried out with lanyards due to the tension of the cables 20 inserted into the tubular channels 19. The lanyards with the adjusting rings are located in the recesses of the inspection hatches 21, made in the fixing frame 146.

In the walls of the inspection hatches 21, ledges are made for installing the plugs of the inspection hatches 21. The inspection hatches, made in the fixing frame 146, are used to ensure installation, as well as, if necessary, diagnosing the condition of the tension cables 20. After assembling the floating facilities and tensioning the cables 20, inspection hatches 21 are closed with plugs. The plugs are provided with threaded recesses for their installation and removal in the process of assembling the roadway or controlling the tension of the cables 20. The plugs are installed flush with the surface of the cover 11 of the floating facility (Fig. 5, section A---A).

Then, on the sides of the fixing frame 14b of the extreme floating means of the roadbed, edge side plugs are installed in the form of plates with holes and grooves for installing edge anchors, and after tensioning the cables 20, upper edge plugs are installed (Fig. 5, callout 5---2).

When assembling the roadway with tension, anchoring 30 can also be used (for which anchor rods 30 are installed in succession in the fixing frame 14 of floating facilities), removable floats 27 and additional floating facilities for organizing temporary parking places for vehicles.

After assembling the roadbed, a flooring 32 is installed on its surface (Fig. 5, section A---A). At the same time, for assembly with tension in the deck 32, removable sections are made to provide, if necessary, the possibility of controlling the tension of the cables 20 during the operation of the roadbed.

In FIG. 6 shows a version of the assembly of the roadbed with a complex terrain: the presence of "descents - ascents", turns, turns with a slope.

The use of compensating inserts 31 (Fig. 6) between the floating means allows, when assembling the roadbed, to follow changes in the ground relief and create uphills, descents, turns, turns with a slope on the roadbed. The shape of the recesses in the compensating inserts 31 (Fig. 6, callout 6---4) ensures reliable fixation of parts of the roadway both without applying tension by means of tension cables 20, and with them.

To protect the surface of floating facilities on the surface of the roadbed after their assembly during the construction of the roadway, docked floating facilities are laid on top of, for example, modular road surfaces ACONIT-MPDP-M 20 mm thick (load up to 20 tons), modular road surfaces ACONIT-MPDP- L thickness 35 mm (load up to 60 tons) or DCS20T, DCS20B, DCS20G composite coating based on: environmentally friendly bio-material - 60%, HDPE - 35%, adhesives - 5% (standard size: 2800 mm × 450 mm × 20 mm) or Hungarotek Epi'toipari Kft.

At the same time, removable sections can be made in the places of installation of the plugs of the inspection hatches 21 in the road surface (Fig. the technological hole (channel) 10 for filling with filler 12 must also be located at the level of the pavement surface, or a temporarily removable part of it must be provided in it.

A particular difficulty in assembling roads is the need to follow the terrain, i.e. take into account the presence of turns, turns with a slope, sections with ascent and descent. When assembling roads from many floating facilities, compensating inserts 31 (Fig. 6) can be installed between the elements with corresponding deviations in the position of the mating surfaces.

As a material for the manufacture of compensating inserts 31, ABS plastics, high-impact polystyrene, polypropylene, polydicyclodiene can be used.

The mating surfaces of the compensating inserts 31 are made with the corresponding inclinations of the side surfaces: the angle α corresponds to the angle of ascent or descent, the angle β corresponds to the angle of rotation, the angle Ω corresponds to the angle of bevel of the road section when turning through the angle α. In FIG. 6 examples of assembly are shown: callout 6---1 - for assembly of floating facilities with an ascent or descent of a road section; callout 6---2 - for the assembly of floating facilities with a turn of the road section; callout 6---3 - for the assembly of floating facilities with a turn of the road section and a simultaneous slope.

Compensating inserts 31 are installed on at least one of the mating side surfaces of the fixing frame 14 or on both of its surfaces, for example, using glue and/or fasteners with self-tapping screws.

To ensure the assembly of all elements of the road in the compensating inserts 31, the corresponding grooves are made for the assembly of floating facilities without tension, and grooves and recesses for inspection hatches 21 can also be made. changed connection geometry, as shown in Fig. 6 (callout 6- -4). In FIG. 6 (reference 6-5) shows an example of changing the geometry of the embedded element when using compensating inserts 31.

In FIG. 6 (stepped section A---A) shows an example of the assembly of floating facilities with tension when the road section is raised at an angle a.

In the manufacture of, for example, a floating or pontoon bridge based on floating facilities, a monolithic flooring 32 is installed in the upper part of the bridge (Fig. 5, section A---A)

Based on the foregoing, the new achievable technical result of the proposed invention is provided by the following technical advantages compared to the prototype.

1. The use of wave-shaped inclined reinforcing bars 2 and 3 in the design of the floating craft, which form regular tetrahedral pyramids in space, increases the spatial rigidity of the floating craft structure and the characteristics of its bending strength by at least 20% due to the uniform distribution of the existing vibration and shock-wave alternating static and dynamic loads on the key elements 13 throughout the volume of the floating facility. As a result, the floating facility is more resistant to a larger range of this type of load.

2. The proposed floating craft is at least 20% more technologically advanced both in production and during its assembly directly at the facility, due to the repeatability of reinforcing bars 2, 3, 6, 7 and nodal elements 13, a unified range of elements of a floating craft, the use of high-performance equipment for casting, stamping of elements, nodal elements 13, etc., compactness, speed of assembly and installation of elements of a floating craft, which provide the possibility of full automation, scaling the factory production of industrial structures of such floating craft. At the same time, the variety of structural forms and areas of application of these floating craft is provided by a minimum set of initial types and sizes of elements of the floating craft, the possibility of their transportation by any mode of transport and ease of assembly at the facilities.

3. Allows you to increase the profitability of the construction of roads, significantly reduce the costs of construction, reconstruction and operation of roads and increase the service life of the roadway by at least 5 years due to the distribution of static and dynamic loads, as well as the strength of the reinforcing structure due to the reinforcement of the roadway on weak soils (peat bogs, marshy and frozen, including permafrost).

4. The assembly of floating facilities that make up the roadbed on soft soils and in permafrost areas is carried out directly on the soil after leveling their surface without additional installation of an earthen embankment. This makes it possible not to install support piles in weak soils, which is associated with increased buoyancy of pontoons, and allows not only to significantly reduce the time and cost of construction, but also to reduce environmental damage to the environment, since soils for embankments are not delivered to the foundation of such roads. .

5. The proposed floating facility allows you to reduce the stress-strain state in the lower layers of pavement; reduce the thickness of the roadway structure, rutting due to shear deformations, and the effect of heterogeneity of soft soil layers and the thickness of the pavement structure; provide reliable drainage; increase the bearing capacity of the roadway; reduce the impact of mechanical impacts from passing vehicles on roadside areas; increase the distribution capacity of loads on the road structure; prevent mixing of roadbed words.

6. The main properties of structures made on the basis of the proposed floating facility (increased strength due to its design features; uniform distribution of the load over the entire bearing area of the structure, regardless of the location of the applied load on the upper structure, for example, the roadbed: whether it be a distributed load over the entire the surface of the roadway or, if the load is distributed only on the surface of one floating facility; the damping of vibration and shock-wave alternating static and dynamic loads inside the floating facility itself) allow:

a) in the construction of roads:

- distribute the weight of all vehicles evenly along its entire length. Accordingly, the specific weight of the load on a weak underlying base (soil, ground) is determined by the area of \u200b\u200bsupport for the entire structure from the totality of floating facilities, for the weight of all vehicles currently on this roadway;

- dampen vibration and shock-wave alternating static and dynamic loads inside the roadway structure from floating facilities, arising from traffic, and other possible external loads. At the same time, the loads arising from the movement of vehicles are not transferred to the territory surrounding the roadway;

- to assemble floating facilities in the factory, which not only allows to automate the process of their assembly, but also to reduce the construction time of the roadway by assembling it from large-sized elements;

- carry out repair work and construction of tunnels under the roadway without stopping traffic;

- reduce the problem of vibration in buildings next to the roadway. These effects are provided by the three-dimensional geometry of the proposed floating facility. Its structure consists of a large number of repeating stiffness nodes, similar to the structure of crystals - semioctahedrons, with different options for their nodal conjugation, creating multipoint supports and distribution of dynamic or static loads.

7. The advantage of a floating facility is that it is not necessary to build an embankment under the road. Floating facilities in the form of pontoons are laid directly on the ground. This not only saves money and time, but also does not harm the environment. Pontoons filled with foam or gas material insulate the soil in summer. At the same time, such a road does not have thawing earthen bevels, as in the case of the construction of an embankment. On the contrary, the thermally insulated slopes of the pontoons are directed inward, creating a shadow during certain periods from the sun. In winter, with existing construction methods, the thermal insulation of the roadbed and its slopes does not allow the soil under the road to freeze normally.

8. The structure of the craft and its buoyancy allow the use of the craft on the water surface.

9. This design uses modern polymeric materials (including those made from recycled materials), allows you to create high-strength, earthquake-resistant, vibration- and wind-resistant collapsible structures of a floating craft of considerable length. The most important technological advantage is that no welding, soldering or gluing of materials is used during the assembly/dismantling of the structures of the floating facility. The fill factor of floating craft structures with reinforcing elements ranges from 0.2 to 0.4. The assembly of floating craft structures can be carried out both in the factory on automated lines, and on the construction site with special machines.

10. The design of a floating facility provides for such an important feature as the creation of prestressing due to cables, which dramatically increases the strength of structures under multidirectional loads (similar to the Ostankino television tower), and also ensures the creation of structures of complex arched shape, for example, during the construction of bridge crossings (with landfall) or when the soft ground surface is raised/lowered accordingly.

11. The proposed sequence of assembly of a floating facility provides the possibility of creating a roadbed and other multi-kilometer multi-link structures that function as a single prestressed structure, which is impossible with a different assembly method due to limitations imposed by the strength of prestressed reinforcement and its length, as well as the difficulty of passing prestressed reinforcement through a multi-kilometer assembly. In addition, such an assembly can be, if necessary, disassembled at one of the sites, for example, for repair, and reassembled, which is impossible when stressing a multi-kilometer roadbed with one prestressed reinforcement.

Multi-link floating facilities can be used in the construction of temporary roads and roads of high categories in permafrost conditions, on weak foundations and in flood zones, in the construction of earthquake-resistant structures in earthquake-prone areas, in the arrangement of hiking trails, for example, by building single-span bridges across small rivers and ravines in park areas.

Floating facilities can be produced at Russian enterprises and using domestic raw materials, and most importantly, they correspond to the real needs of the national economy, the goals of the Transport Strategy [21] and other conceptual documents of the economic development of the Russian Federation.

At present, the enterprise "SPETSOSNASHCHENIE MO" has carried out computer modeling, manufacturing and testing of the proposed floating craft, and on their basis, design and technological documentation for the proposed floating craft has been issued.

Sources used

1. Verenko V.A. Deformations and destruction of road surfaces: causes and solutions. Minsk: Belarusian Encyclopedia named after P. Brouki, 2008. 304 p.

2. Nunn, M. An investigation of reflection cracking in composite pavements in the United Kingdom, Proceedings of 1st International RILEM Conference on Reflective Cracking in Pavements, Assessment and Control, Liege University, Belgium, Edited by J. M. Rigo et al., 1989.

3. Analysis of the causes of cracks in road surfaces and criteria for their crack resistance. URL: https://bsc.by/ru/story/analiz-prichin-vozniknoveniya-treshchin-v-dorozhnyh-pokrytiyah-i-kriterii-ih

4. Lytton R.L. Use of Geotextiles for Reinforcement and Strain Relief in Asphaltic Concrete. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 1989, vol. 8, pp. 217-237.

5. Filippova Yu.F. Analysis of the force interaction of the elements of the core systems of the working equipment of advanced technical systems and machine complexes. Krasnoyarsk. URL: https://revolution.allbest.ru/physics/01040083_0.html

6. Peschansky P.S., Pugachevskaya L.M. Metal lattice spatial structures abroad: M.: TsINIS Gosstroya USSR. 1974. 74 p.

7. Demidov N., Melikova V. Spatial bar structures. URL: https://in-regional.ru/realizatsiya-stroitelstva/proektnaya-dokumentatsiya/prostranstvennye-sterzhnevye-konstruktsii.html

8. Cross-rod spatial structures (CSPK) of the MARHI system. URL: https://opalubka-lesa.ru/produkciya/stalnyie-metallokonstruktsii/perekrestno-sterzhnevyie-prostranstvennyie-konstruktsii-pspk-sistemyi-marhi/

9. Mikhailov V.V., Sergeev M.S. Spatial bar structures of coatings (structures): a tutorial. Vladimir. 2011.

10. Vector-active constructs. Spatial rod systems. URL: https://mtmrt.ru/news/metallokonstrukcii-v-arhitekture/konstrukcii-aktivnye-po-vektoru-prostranstvennye-sterznevye-sistemy.html

11. Kozhin A.G. Foreign experience in the development of road construction // Economic Sciences. 2013. Issue 2(9). pp. 71-74. URL: https://research-joumal.org/economical/zarubezhnyj-opyt-razvitiya-dorozhnogo-stroitelstva/

12. How roads are built in Russia, Europe, Asia and the USA. Magazine about Russia and Russians. 11/17/2017. URL: https://zen.yandex.ru/media/moiamssia.ru/kak-stroiat-dorogi-v-rossii-evrope-azii-i-ssha-5a0f18ca9b403cf97ebbb44e

13. How roads are made in different countries. URL: https://pikabu.ru/story/kak_delayut_dorogi_v_raznyikh_stranakh_4211666

14. Kuleshov V.N., Moksyakov A.I., Filin S.A., Vorobyov N.E. Device for electrochemical protection of metal structures against corrosion. Patent for invention RU 2019578 C1, 09/15/1994. Application No. 92009863/26 dated 11/30/1992.

15. Mukhtar, M. Interlayer Stress Absorbing Composite (ISAC) for Mitigating Reflection Cracking in Asphalt Concrete Overlays, Project IHR-533, Report No. UILU-ENG-96-2006, Illinois Cooperative Highway Research Program, Illinois Department of Transportation, M. Mukhtar, B. Dempsey, 1996.

16. Repair and maintenance of highways: a reference book inzh.-dor. / Ed. A.P. Vasiliev. M.: Transport. 1989.

17. Patent RU 2 388 647, 2010, MKI V63V 35/38, E02V 17/00.

18. Patent RU 57 237, 2006, MKI V63V 35/38, V66S 23/52.

19. Osama al Helo, Osipchik B.C., Kravchenko T.P. Obtaining composite materials based on filled polypropylene with improved performance characteristics (due to the addition of chalk) // Advances in chemistry and chemical technology. 2007. Volume XXI. No. 5(73). With. 66-70.

20. Vasiliev SV, Gogoleva O.V. Investigation of the properties of a polymer composite material based on polytetrafluoroethylene and basalt fiber production waste // Nauka i obrazovanie. 2016. №3. pp. 63-67.

21. Transport strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030. Approved Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 22, 2008 No. 1734-r. URL: https://www.mintrans.ru/documents/7/1009

Claims (20)

1. Floating means, made composite in the form of a honeycomb structure, reinforced with a reinforcing structure and containing cavities, made with the possibility of filling them by means of a channel closed by a lid, connecting the cavities with the outer surface of the honeycomb structure, with a filler connecting the means, the fixing frame and the outer coating, characterized in that that the reinforcing structure is made in the form of at least one vertically and/or horizontally middle element containing obliquely arranged reinforcing rods made of a polymeric material of a wave-like shape, forming in space oppositely oriented regular tetrahedral pyramids, each cellular structure is made with an upper and lower elements in the form of a grid consisting of squares formed by the intersection of horizontally placed reinforcing rods made of polymeric material, and the points of intersection of the axes of horizontally placed reinforcing rods are located on the central axes of the corresponding regular tetrahedral pyramids, and with the shape of a cell formed by the corresponding inclined reinforcing rods, with a possible deviation of the angles of its regular triangles formed by the corresponding inclined reinforcing rods, while the straight sections of the inclined reinforcing rods are inclined to each other at angles corresponding to the angles of the regular triangle in the range values (60±5°), and to the central axis of regular tetrahedral pyramids at an angle corresponding to the angle of inclination of the faces of regular tetrahedral pyramids, in the range of (35°26'±5°), the axes of inclined reinforcing rods on their straight sections are located on inclined planes passing through the corresponding opposite faces of the corresponding regular tetrahedral pyramids and inclined to the central axis of the regular tetrahedral pyramids at an angle corresponding to the angle of inclination of the faces of the regular tetrahedral pyramids, while the number of cell faces corresponds to the number of faces of the corresponding regular tetrahedral pyramid, the cavities are located between the inclined reinforcing rods of the middle element, the connecting means is made in the form of nodal elements formed by the intersection of the inclined reinforcing rods with the corresponding horizontally placed reinforcing rods, the fixing frame is fixed around the largest row of cellular structures by area, the outer coating is made in the form a hollow truncated tetrahedral pyramid, corresponding in shape and covering a set of rows of cellular structures, and fixed on a fixing frame, and at least the ends of a part of horizontally placed and / or inclined reinforcing bars around the largest row of cellular structures by area are made with connecting elements, providing the possibility of connecting into a single block of individual cellular structures vertically and / or horizontally. 2. Floating facility according to claim 1, characterized in that the reinforcing rods are round or rectangular in cross section. 3. Floating facility according to claim. 1, characterized in that the inclined reinforcing rods of a wave-like shape are obtained by bending straight reinforcing rods with places of inflection in the upper and lower parts of the wave. 4. Floating facility according to claim. 1, characterized in that the places of inflection of the inclined reinforcing rods in the upper and lower parts of the corresponding wave are made straight or arcuate. 5. Floating facility according to claim. 1 or 4, characterized in that, at least in part of the places of inflection of the inclined reinforcing rods, thrust elements are made. 6. Floating facility according to claim 1, characterized in that at least part of the horizontally placed reinforcing rods is made with grooves, while the grooves are located at distances corresponding to the step of the grid consisting of squares. 7. The floating facility according to claim 1, characterized in that the horizontally placed reinforcing rods in contact with the places of inflection of the inclined reinforcing rods of a wavy shape are located between the places of inflection or with the possibility of being supported by grooves on the tops of the places of inflection, or with the possibility of relying on thrust elements. 8. Floating facility according to claim 1, characterized in that at least part of the nodal elements is made with reinforcing clamps or a plastic polymer that fasten them. 9. Floating facility according to claim 1, characterized in that foam concrete or aerated concrete, foamed or extruded polystyrene foam, foam glass are used as a filler. 10. Floating facility according to claim 1, characterized in that the reinforcing rods of the middle and/or upper and/or lower elements and/or nodal elements are made of composite materials based on basalt, or carbon, or fiberglass, or polymeric materials, or polymeric materials with reinforcing additives. 11. Floating facility according to claim. 1, characterized in that it is made with at least one removable anchor element. 12. Floating means according to claim 1, characterized in that it is made with at least one removable float. 13. Floating means according to claim 1, characterized in that the fixing frame is made with docking grooves, which make it possible to dock the floating means by means of docking connecting elements installed in the corresponding grooves. 14. Floating means according to claim 13, characterized in that the docking connecting elements are made in the form of corresponding inserts, which make it possible to dock the floating means with rotation relative to each other at a certain angle and / or with a slope relative to each other. 15. Floating means according to claim 1, characterized in that in the cavities between the inclined reinforcing rods of the middle element there are tubular channels for tension cables, made with the possibility of providing their pre-tensioning. 16. A floating facility according to claim 1, characterized in that it is made in the form of a pontoon. 17. A floating facility according to claim 1, characterized in that it is made in the form of a roadway by docking the corresponding floating facilities. 18. A floating craft according to claim 1, characterized in that it is, at least partially, monolithic, in a single design. 19. A floating facility according to claim 18, characterized in that it is monolithic, in a single design it is made by casting. 20. Floating facility according to claim. 1, characterized in that the hollow truncated tetrahedral pyramid is made with a flat or convex bottom.

Images