RU2764230C2 - Pad systems of roller bearing adapter of railway car trolley - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: railways.

SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to the field of a railway rolling stock, in particular to options of pads of an axle bearing adapter, as well as to an adapter pad. The pad contains upper and lower plates and an elastomeric element between them. Plates contain central sections, two upward-directed sections and two transverse flanges. Flanges protrude outward from upward-directed sections. An adapter pad system contains an axle bearing adapter and an adapter pad.

EFFECT: increase in car speed, when passing curves, is achieved.

25 cl, 91 dwg, 3 tbl

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This patent application claims priority to U.S. Non-Provisional Application No. 15/152,860 filed May 12, 2016 entitled "Railcar Truck Roller Bearing Adapter Pad Systems" and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/161,139 filed May 13, 2015, this application is also a continuation in part of U.S. Patent Application No. 14/585,569, filed December 30, 2014, which in turn claims priority for U.S. Provisional Applications Serial Numbers 61/921,961 and 62/065,438 filed on December 30, 2013 and October 17, 2014, respectively; and this patent is also related to U.S. Patent Application No. 14/561,897 filed December 5, 2014, U.S. Patent Application No. 14/562,005 filed December 5, 2014, and U.S. Patent Application No. 14/562,082 filed December 5, 2014 years, each of which in turn claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Applications, serial numbers 61/921,961 and 62/065,438, filed December 30, 2013 and October 17, 2014, respectively. The descriptions of each of the aforementioned applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY TO WHICH THE INVENTION RELATES

[0002] The present invention relates to railcar bogies, and more particularly to roller bearing adapter and adapter pad systems that can improve stiffness, damping, and displacement characteristics to match both curve-driving and high-speed performance of a three-piece railway wagon bogies.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] In use in North America for many decades, the traditional railroad freight car bogie is a three-piece bogie comprising a pair of parallel side frames connected transversely by a bolster. The bolster is supported on the side frames by spring sets consisting of several individual springs. Bogie wheel pairs are adopted in bearing adapters located in the front and rear axlebox jaws in the side frames, so that the axles of the wheel pairs are parallel in a transverse or lateral position relative to the two rails. The railway car is mounted on the bearing of the bolster, which allows the rotation of the bogie relative to the car. The gaps from the spring sets and side frames to the bolster allow some movement of the side frames relative to the bolster around the longitudinal, vertical and transverse or lateral axes.

[0004] For a long time, there has been a need to improve the performance of the three-piece bogie. The resistance to transverse and longitudinal loads and the performance of the truck can be characterized in terms of one or more of the following well-known phenomena.

[0005] "Parallelogram-shaped deformation" occurs when one side frame is moved longitudinally forward relative to the other so that the front and rear wheelsets remain parallel to each other, but they are not perpendicular to the rails, as occurs when a railcar bogie travels a curve. This parallelogram-shaped deformation of the side frames is also called bogie skew.

[0006] "Wobbling" describes the oscillatory sinusoidal longitudinal and lateral movement of the wheelsets, which causes the wagon body to rock from side to side. This sinusoidal movement is a harmonic oscillation associated with the conical profile of the wheelset. While the tapered profile contributes to the wheelset's natural oscillation, it is also the primary feature that allows the wheelsets to provide rolling radius differences and handle curves. The wobbling becomes dangerous when the vibrations reach the resonant frequency. Wobble most commonly occurs when the bogie is not properly aligned during manufacture, or developed over time due to various operating conditions such as wear on bogie components. Wobble can also often occur when the car is moving at higher speeds. The speed at which wobbling occurs is called the wobbling threshold.

[0007] Several attempts have been made to improve the stability of the standard three-piece bogie to prevent parallelogram deformation and wobble while ensuring that the bogie can have the right geometry to accommodate the different wheel distances inside and outside the turn, respectively. Further improvement is needed both to meet the requirements for bogie wobble and to simultaneously improve the stiffness, damping and displacement characteristics, which provide good performance at high speeds and when passing curves.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The present description in a simplified form provides an introduction to some of the general concepts related to the present invention, which are further described below in the "Description of Preferred Embodiments" section.

[0009] Aspects of the present invention relate to railcar bogies, roller bearing adapters, and adapter pads.

[0010] In one example of the invention, a roller bearing adapter pad is provided for use with a three piece bogie having AAR (Association of American Railroad) geometry, the adapter pad being operable to interact with the side frame pedestal arch. The roller bearing adapter pad may include a continuous top plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions extending upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward portion, the first transverse flange having a first transverse flange. an edge, and a second transverse flange projecting outward from the second upward portion, the second transverse flange having a second transverse edge, the continuous top plate having first and second longitudinal edges; a continuous bottom plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward portion, the first transverse flange having a first transverse edge, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward portion, the second transverse flange having a second transverse edge, the continuous bottom plate having first and second longitudinal edges; an elastomeric element located between the top and bottom plates. The first transverse edge of the top plate and the second transverse edge of the top plate may form an inward-curving or inward-angled edge from the outer surface of the top plate to the inner surface of the top plate in a side view, and the first transverse edge of the bottom plate and the second transverse edge of the bottom plate form an inward-curling or an inwardly angled edge from the outer surface of the bottom plate to the inner surface of the bottom plate in side view. The first longitudinal edge of the top plate and the second longitudinal edge of the top plate form an inward-folding or inward-angled edge from the outer surface of the top plate to the inner surface of the top plate in side view, and the first longitudinal edge of the bottom plate and the second longitudinal edge of the bottom plate form an inward-folding or an inwardly angled edge from the outer surface of the bottom plate to the inner surface of the bottom plate in side view. The first transverse edge of the top plate and the second transverse edge of the top plate comprise curved portions in plan view, and the first transverse edge of the bottom plate and the second transverse edge of the bottom plate comprise curved portions in plan view. The elastomeric element extends outward in the transverse direction past the first and second transverse edges of the top and bottom plates; and the elastomeric member extends outward in the longitudinal direction past the first and second longitudinal edges of the top and bottom plates.

[0011] The first transverse edge of the top plate and the second transverse edge of the top plate may have a continuous radius in plan view, measured from the vertical axis at the center point of the center portion of the top plate, and the first transverse edge of the bottom plate and the second transverse edge of the bottom plate have a continuous radius at top view, measured from the vertical axis at the center point of the center section of the bottom plate.

[0012] The elastomeric element may extend outward in the transverse direction beyond the first and second transverse edges of the top and bottom plates for at least 0.05 inches, and the elastomeric element may extend outwardly in the longitudinal direction beyond the first and second longitudinal edges of the top and bottom plates along at least 0.05 inches. The elastomeric element located between the central portions of the upper and lower plates may have a substantially uniform thickness.

[0013] In another example, a roller bearing adapter pad system is disclosed for use with a three piece bogie having an AAR standard geometry. The roller bearing adapter pad system may include a roller bearing adapter configured to engage with the roller bearing, the roller bearing adapter comprising: a convex top surface; a bottom surface configured to interact with the roller bearing; and first and second vertical shoulders that project upward from opposite transverse edges of the top surface. The roller bearing adapter pad system may also include an adapter pad cooperating with the roller bearing adapter and configured to engage with the side frame pedestal arch. The adapter pad may include a continuous top plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward portion, the first transverse flange having a first transverse edge, and a second transverse flange projecting outward from the second upward portion, the second transverse flange having a second transverse edge, the continuous top plate having first and second longitudinal edges; a continuous bottom plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward portion, the first transverse flange having a first transverse edge, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward portion, the second transverse flange having a second transverse edge, the continuous bottom plate having first and second longitudinal edges; and an elastomeric element located between the top and bottom plates. The first and second transversely projecting flanges of the top plate and bottom plate are located entirely above the vertical shoulders of the roller bearing adapter.

[0014] The first transverse edge of the top plate and the second transverse edge of the top plate may include curved portions in plan view, and the first transverse edge of the bottom plate and the second transverse edge of the bottom plate comprise curved portions in plan view. The first transverse edge of the top plate and the second transverse edge of the top plate may also have a continuous radius in plan view measured from the vertical axis at the center point of the center portion of the top plate, and the first transverse edge of the bottom plate and the second transverse edge of the bottom plate may also have a continuous radius at top view, measured from the vertical axis at the center point of the center section of the bottom plate.

[0015] The first transverse edge of the top plate and the second transverse edge of the top plate form an inward-curving or inward-angled edge from the outer surface of the top plate to the inner surface of the top plate in side view, and the first transverse edge of the bottom plate and the second transverse edge of the bottom plate form an inwardly curving or inwardly angled edge from the outer surface of the bottom plate to the inner surface of the bottom plate in side view.

[0016] The first longitudinal edge of the top plate and the second longitudinal edge of the top plate form an inward-curving or inward-angled edge from the outer surface of the top plate to the inner surface of the top plate in side view, and the first longitudinal edge of the bottom plate and the second longitudinal edge of the bottom plate form an inwardly curving or inwardly angled edge from the outer surface of the bottom plate to the inner surface of the bottom plate in side view.

[0017] The elastomeric member may extend outward transversely past the first and second transverse edges of the top and bottom plates; and the elastomeric member may extend outwardly in the longitudinal direction past the first and second longitudinal edges of the top and bottom plates.

[0018] The greatest values of deformation can occur towards the inside of the outer edges of the elastomeric element when the top plate is offset relative to the bottom plate by 0.234 inches in the transverse direction. The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element together provide less than 80% deformation when the top plate is offset from the bottom plate by 0.234 inches in the transverse direction. The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element together provide less than 90% deformation when the top plate is offset from the bottom plate by 0.234 inches in the transverse direction.

[0019] The greatest values of deformation occur towards the inside of the outer edges of the elastomeric element when the top plate is offset relative to the bottom plate by 0.139 inches in the longitudinal direction. The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric member together provide less than 80% deformation when the top plate is offset from the bottom plate by 0.139 inches in the longitudinal direction. The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element together provide less than 90% deformation when the top plate is offset from the bottom plate by 0.139 inches in the longitudinal direction.

[0020] The thickness of the sections of elastomeric elements located between the first and second transverse flanges of the upper and lower plates is pre-compressed relative to the static state.

[0021] The roller bearing adapter pad system may also include a first compression shim located between the first transverse flange of the bottom plate and the first vertical shoulder of the roller bearing adapter; and a second compression spacer positioned between the second transverse flange of the bottom plate and the second vertical shoulder of the roller bearing adapter.

[0022] The portion of the elastomeric element located between the central portions of the upper and lower plates may have a substantially uniform thickness.

[0023] In another example of the invention, a roller bearing adapter pad is provided for use with a three-piece AAR geometry bogie, the adapter pad being operable to interact with a side frame pedestal arch. The adapter pad may include a continuous top plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward portion, the first transverse flange having a first transverse edge, and a second transverse flange projecting outward from the second upward portion, the second transverse flange having a second transverse edge, the continuous top plate having first and second longitudinal edges; a continuous bottom plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward portion, the first transverse flange having a first transverse edge, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward portion, the second transverse flange having a second transverse edge, the continuous bottom plate having first and second longitudinal edges; and an elastomeric element located between the top and bottom plates. The first transverse edge of the top plate and the second transverse edge of the top plate form an inward-folding or inward-angled edge from the outer surface of the top plate to the inner surface of the top plate in side view, and the first transverse edge of the bottom plate and the second transverse edge of the bottom plate form an inward-folding or an inwardly angled edge from an outer surface of the bottom plate to an inner surface of the bottom plate in a side view; and the first longitudinal edge of the top plate and the second longitudinal edge of the top plate form an inward-folding or inward-angled edge from the outer surface of the top plate to the inner surface of the top plate in side view, and the first longitudinal edge of the bottom plate and the second longitudinal edge of the bottom plate form an inward-turning edge or an inwardly angled edge from the outer surface of the bottom plate to the inner surface of the bottom plate in side view. The adapter pad may also include a first compression pad located under the first transverse flange of the bottom plate; and a second compression pad located under the second transverse flange of the bottom plate.

[0024] The first transverse edge of the top plate and the second transverse edge of the top plate may include curved portions in plan view, and the first transverse edge of the bottom plate and the second transverse edge of the bottom plate may include curved portions in plan view.

[0025] The first transverse edge of the top plate and the second transverse edge of the top plate have a continuous radius in the plan view, measured from the vertical axis at the center point of the central portion of the top plate, and the first transverse edge of the bottom plate and the second transverse edge of the bottom plate have a continuous radius in the view top, measured from the vertical axis at the center point of the center portion of the bottom plate. Any point on the transverse edge as the top plate is rotated relative to the bottom plate up to 41 milliradians from the neutral position may have a linear offset less than or equal to 0.234 inches.

[0026] The elastomeric member may extend outward in the transverse direction past the first and second transverse edges of the top and bottom plates, and the elastomeric member extends outwardly in the longitudinal direction beyond the first and second longitudinal edges of the top and bottom plates.

[0027] The thickness of the sections of elastomeric elements located between the first and second transverse flanges of the upper and lower plates may be pre-compressed relative to the static state.

[0028] The elastomeric element located between the central portions of the upper and lower plates may have a substantially uniform thickness.

[0029] The adapter pad may have an overall longitudinal length of about 6.5 inches to about 8.5 inches, and the adapter pad may have an overall transverse length of about 9 inches to about 11 inches.

[0030] The elastomeric element may have a durometer hardness of 65 to 80 Shore A.

[0031] In another example of the invention, a roller bearing adapter pad system is provided for use with a three piece bogie having AAR geometry. The roller bearing adapter pad system may include a roller bearing adapter configured to engage with the roller bearing, the roller bearing adapter having a top surface; and a bottom surface configured to engage with the roller bearing. The roller bearing adapter pad system may also include an adapter pad cooperating with the roller bearing adapter and configured to engage with the side frame pedestal arch. The adapter pad may include a top plate; bottom plate; and an elastomeric element located between the top and bottom plates. The top plate, bottom plate, and elastomeric element together can provide a longitudinal stiffness of at least 45,000 lbs./in., with a longitudinal displacement of the top plate relative to the bottom plate up to 0.139 inches from the center position, a lateral stiffness of at least 45,000 lbs. inch, with a transverse displacement of the top plate relative to the bottom plate up to 0.234 inches from the center position, and a rotational stiffness of at least 250,000 lb.in. per radian of rotation, with a rotational displacement of the top plate relative to the bottom plate up to 41 milliradians from the center position when exposed to vertical load of 35,000 pounds on the adapter pad center portions. The roller bearing adapter may also include a first compression shim located under the first transverse flange of the bottom plate; and a second compression pad located under the second transverse flange of the bottom plate.

[0032] The greatest values of deformation occur towards the inside of the outer edges of the elastomeric element when the top plate is offset relative to the bottom plate by 0.234 inches in the transverse direction. The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element together provide less than 90% deformation when the top plate is offset from the bottom plate by 0.234 inches in the transverse direction.

[0033] The greatest values of deformation occur towards the inside of the outer edges of the elastomeric element when the top plate is offset relative to the bottom plate by 0.139 inches in the longitudinal direction. The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element together provide less than 90% deformation when the top plate is offset from the bottom plate by 0.139 inches in the longitudinal direction.

[0034] The portion of the elastomeric element located between the central portions of the upper and lower plates may have a substantially uniform thickness.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0035] Figure 1A is a perspective view of a standard three piece cart.

[0036] Figure 1B is an exploded view of a standard three piece cart.

[0037] Figure 2 is a perspective view of a roller bearing adapter and adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0038] Figure 3 is a sectional view of a roller bearing adapter, adapter pad, and side frame in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0039] Figure 3A is a detailed view of the area shown in FIG. 3.

[0040] Figure 3B is a detailed view of the area shown in FIG. 3.

[0041] Figure 4 is a perspective view of a roller bearing adapter in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0042] Figures 5A-5D are general views of roller bearing adapters in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0043] Figure 6 is a sectional view of the roller bearing adapter shown in FIG. 4 taken along the center line.

[0044] Figure 7 is a plan view of the roller bearing adapter shown in FIG. 4.

[0045] Figure 8 is a side view of the roller bearing adapter shown in FIG. 4.

[0046] Figure 9 is a front view of the roller bearing adapter shown in FIG. 4.

[0047] Figure 10 is a sectional view taken along the line A-A shown in FIG. eight.

[0048] Figure 11 is a plan view of an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0049] Figure 11A is a sectional view taken along line A-A shown in FIG. eleven.

[0050] Figure 11B is a sectional view taken along line B-B shown in FIG. eleven.

[0051] Figure 11C is a detailed view of the G portion shown in FIG. eleven.

[0052] Figure 12 is a side view of the bottom plate of an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0053] Figure 13A is a plan view of an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0054] Figure 13B is a sectional view taken along the longitudinal line shown in FIG. 13A.

[0055] Figure 13C is a sectional view, taken along the longitudinal center line, of an adapter pad and a portion of a roller bearing adapter in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0056] Figure 13D is a perspective view of an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention, including a ground strap, with elastomeric material removed.

[0057] Figure 13E is a perspective view of an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention, including a ground jumper.

[0058] Figure 14 is an exemplary graph illustrating the relationship between lateral force and displacement for an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0059] Figure 15 is an exemplary graph illustrating the relationship between temperature and time when an adapter pad is loaded in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0060] Figure 16A is a plan view of an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention without a top plate.

[0061] Figure 16B is a sectional view of an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0062] Figure 17A is a plan view of an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0063] Figure 17B is a plan view of the adapter pad shown in FIG. 17A illustrating longitudinal displacement.

[0064] Figure 17C is a plan view of the adapter pad shown in FIG. 17A illustrating lateral displacement.

[0065] Figure 17D is a plan view of the adapter pad shown in FIG. 17A illustrating rotational displacement.

[0066] Figure 18 is an illustration of a method for manufacturing an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0067] Figure 19 is a perspective view of an elastomeric adapter pad element in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0068] Figures 20A-C are vertical sectional views of a portion of an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention illustrating various geometries for a plurality of gaps, with the adapter pad having an unloaded configuration.

[0069] Figures 21A-C are views of the respective Figures 20A-20C, schematically illustrating the geometry of the gaps changed when a load is applied to the adapter pad.

[0070] Figure 22 is a sectional view of a pad portion of an adapter in accordance with aspects of the present invention illustrating a typical alignment of multiple gaps in an elastomeric portion.

[0071] Figure 23 is a sectional view of a portion of an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention, illustrating a plurality of gaps extending only a partial thickness of the elastomeric layer.

[0072] Figure 24 is an illustration of a method for manufacturing an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0073] Figure 25 is an illustration of a method for manufacturing an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0074] Figures 25A-25I are general views of adapter pads in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0075] Figure 26 is an illustration of a method for manufacturing an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0076] Figure 27 is an exemplary graph illustrating the testing of an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0077] Figure 28 is a perspective view of an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0078] Figure 29A is a plan view of the adapter pad shown in FIG. 28.

[0079] Figure 29B is a plan view of the adapter pad shown in FIG. 28 illustrating the plates in dotted lines.

[0080] Figure 30 is a sectional view taken along the line A-A shown in FIG. 29.

[0081] Figure 31 is a detailed view of a portion of FIG. thirty.

[0082] Figure 31A is a detailed view of another embodiment of the adapter pad portion similar to FIG. 31.

[0083] Figure 31B is a detailed view of another embodiment of the adapter pad portion similar to FIG. 31.

[0084] Figure 32 is a sectional view taken along line B-B of FIG. thirty.

[0085] Figure 33 is a detailed view of a portion of FIG. 32.

[0086] Figure 33A is a detailed view of another embodiment of the adapter pad portion similar to FIG. 33.

[0087] Figure 33B is a detailed view of another embodiment of the adapter pad portion similar to FIG. 33.

[0088] Figure 34A is a screenshot of computer finite element analysis simulation results illustrating deformation in the elastomeric region when the top plate is transversely displaced relative to the bottom plate, in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0089] Figure 34B is a screenshot of a portion of the finite element analysis simulation results shown in FIG. 34A.

[0090] Figure 35A is a screenshot of computer finite element analysis simulation results illustrating deformation in the elastomeric region when the top plate is longitudinally displaced relative to the bottom plate, in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0091] Figure 35B is a screenshot of a portion of the finite element analysis simulation results shown in FIG. 35A.

[0092] Figure 36A is a perspective view of an adapter pad and a roller bearing adapter in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0093] Figure 36B is a side view of an adapter pad and a roller bearing adapter in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0094] Figure 36C is a plan view of the adapter pad and roller bearing adapter shown in FIG. 36A.

[0095] Figure 36D is a sectional view of the adapter pad and roller bearing adapter shown in FIG. 36C taken along line A-A.

[0096] Figure 36E is a front view of the adapter pad and roller bearing adapter shown in FIG. 36A.

[0097] Figure 37 is a perspective view of an adapter pad in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[0098] Figure 38 is a plan view of the adapter pad shown in FIG. 37.

[0099] Figure 39 is a bottom view of the adapter pad shown in FIG. 37.

[00100] Figure 40 is a front view of the adapter pad shown in FIG. 37.

[00101] Figure 41 is a rear view of the adapter pad shown in FIG. 37.

[00102] Figure 42 is a side view of the adapter pad shown in FIG. 37.

[00103] Figure 43 is a side view of the adapter pad shown in FIG. 37.

[00104] Figure 44 is a perspective view of an adapter in accordance with aspects of the present invention.

[00105] Figure 45 is a front view of the adapter shown in FIG. 44.

[00106] Figure 46 is a side view of the adapter shown in FIG. 44.

[00107] Figure 47 is a rear view of the adapter shown in FIG. 44.

[00108] Figure 48 is a side view of the adapter shown in FIG. 44.

[00109] Figure 49 is a plan view of the adapter shown in FIG. 44.

[00110] Figure 50 is a bottom view of the adapter shown in FIG. 44.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[00111] In the following description of various exemplary structures in accordance with the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part thereof, and which show by way of illustration various exemplary devices, systems, and environments in which aspects of the invention may be practiced. It should be understood that other specific designs of parts, exemplary devices, media systems may be used, and that structural and functional modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. Also, although the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "reverse", "side", "rear", etc., may be used herein to describe various exemplary elements and features of the invention, these expressions are used for convenience, for example, based on the exemplary orientations shown in FIG. or orientation in normal use. In addition, the expression "set" in this context indicates any number greater than one, either conjunctively or disjunctively, if necessary, up to an infinite number. Nothing in this specification is to be construed as requiring a particular three-dimensional orientation of structures to fall within the protection scope of the present invention. Also, the reader should understand that the accompanying drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.

[00112] In general, aspects of the present invention relate to a railroad car bogie and roller bearing adapters and adapter pads of a railroad car bogie. In accordance with various aspects and embodiments, the railroad car bogie and the roller bearing adapters and adapter pads of the railroad car bogie may be made from one or more of a variety of materials, such as metals (including metal alloys), polymers, and composite materials, and may be made in one of many configurations without deviating from the scope of protection of the invention. It should be understood that the roller bearing adapters and railcar bogie adapter pads may comprise components made from several different materials. In addition, the components can be formed in various ways. For example, metal components may be formed by forging, molding, casting, stamping, machining, and/or other known techniques. In addition, polymeric components, such as elastomers, can be made using polymer processing techniques, such as various molding and casting techniques and/or other known techniques.

[00113] The various figures in this application illustrate examples of railcar bogies, railroad bogie roller bearing adapters, and adapter pads in accordance with the present invention. When the same reference numeral appears in more than one drawing, that reference numeral is used in the present specification in a similar manner and the drawings refer to the same or similar parts.

[00114] As shown in FIG. 1A and 1B, a typical railway freight car bogie includes an assembly consisting of two wheelsets 1 each including two wheels 2, two side frames 4, one bolster 6, two spring sets 8, a friction damping system and four adapters 10. Figures 1A and 1B illustrate an exemplary dolly assembly.

[00115] The side frames 4 are arranged longitudinally, for example, in the direction of the rails on which the cart runs. The bolster 6 is aligned transversely or laterally with respect to the side frames 4 and passes through the middle of each side frame 4.

[00116] The bolster pad 12 is a circular portion of the bolster 6 that includes an upwardly protruding rim. The heel of the car body rests on the thrust bearing 12 of the bolster and serves as a pivot point for the bogie and the car body. At this boundary, the freight car exerts most of its vertical load. Usually, the bolster bearing 12 is equipped with wear plates or a wear-resistant bushing, so that wear of the bolster casting 6 during the service life of the freight car is prevented. Also located on the top surface of the bolster 6 and 25 inches from the center line are side bearings 14 which can help stabilize the car body and can prevent wobbling of the bogie to some extent if they are of the constant contact type. The side bearings 14 shown in FIG. 1B are not of the permanent contact type, but consist of rollers and a cage.

[00117] The bolster 6 rests on top of the spring sets 8 which are supported under the side frame spring seat. Additional springs, often referred to as damping or side springs 17, may also be part of the spring assembly and are supported by a spring seat extending upward to the bottom of the friction wedges 16, which may be part of the friction damping system.

[00118] The friction wedges 16 may be located in pockets at the end and each side of the bolster 6. The friction wedge pockets of the bolster 6 may be angled, typically at about 60° from horizontal, corresponding to the corner surface of the friction wedges. The opposite surface of the friction wedge 16 is generally vertical and contacts the so-called column surface of the side frame. The elastic force of the damping springs 17 pushes the friction wedge 16 against the angled surface of the friction wedge pocket of the bolster, which generates an opposing force against the vertical surface of the side frame column.

[00119] As the bolster 6 moves up and down under the load of the freight car supported by the bogie, sliding the friction wedge 16 over the surface of the column can create frictional damping of the column. This damping can provide energy dissipation that prevents unwanted vibrations/oscillations of the freight car during rail travel. It also creates forces acting between the bolster 6 and the side frame 4 through the friction wedges 16, which prevents the parallelogram-shaped bogie from deforming during operation. Rigid stops such as ribs and rotation stops help prevent the cart from deforming into a parallelogram shape. This resistance to parallelogram deformation is often referred to as skew stiffness.

[00120] As shown in FIG. 1A and 1B, the wheelsets 1 of the bogie assembly consist of two wheels 2, an axle 3 and two roller bearings 5. The wheels are seated on protruding axle hubs. The axle pins extend beyond the wheels and provide a mounting surface for the roller bearings 5. The roller bearings 5 are seated on the axle pins. The boundary between the roller bearings 5 and the side frames 4 may consist of a bearing adapter 7. Typically, rail freight car bogies are equipped with metal adapters that are precision machined to fit the roller bearings fairly tightly and provide a looser fit on the steel axle box side frames that wrap around the boundary between the roller bearings and the side frames. This boundary provides a small amount of movement between the wheelsets and side frames, which is controlled by the vertical load from the freight car and the frictional forces between the sliding metal surface on the top of the adapter, called the convex surface of the adapter, and the bottom of the steel pedestal roof, which is usually equipped with a steel wear plate.

[00121] Since the vertical load depends on the weight of the cargo contained in the freight car and on the rocking motion of the freight car on the bogie, in a conventional car, the friction forces on the metal convex surface of the adapter and the steel pedestal arch wear plate can vary significantly and are not under control. This metal-to-metal bonding requires large wheel pair forces to induce sliding on the boundary surface due to the intermittent sliding nature of metal sliding joints. Newer bogie designs, such as bogies certified to Association of American Railroads ("AAR") M-976 specification, include an adapter pad at the interface between the steel adapter and the pedestal box.

[00122] Some adapter pad systems have been able to reduce wheelset forces when the car is traversing curves by providing low stiffness between the side frame and the axle. This additional compliance provided by the adapter pad also reduces the force required to pull or push the car along the curve as required by specification M-976, which is incorporated here by reference. On the other hand, these structures have reduced the speed at which the car resonates when moving tangentially along the tracks, in other words, they have reduced the wobbling speed of the cars. Decreased wobble speed is disadvantageous because it limits the operating speeds of trains and increases the risk of derailment or track damage. Other designs use additional devices to straighten the side frames, such as crossbeams, frame bracing, swingarms, spring mounts, yaw dampers, lateral bracing, or additional friction wedges to improve wobbling performance. These systems, collectively referred to as add-on bogie technologies, typically increase the forces of the wheel sets and therefore the traction resistance when traversing curves. In addition to increasing resistance in curves, these designs typically add to the cost of bogie maintenance due to additional wear components and system complexity.

[00123] The adapter pad system embodiments described herein can meet the curve handling performance criteria set forth in M-976 without reducing the critical wobble threshold. The adapter pad systems described in this document also do not require the addition of any additional side frame straighteners, such as crossbeams, frame bracing, pivot arms, spring mounts, yaw dampers, lateral bracing, or additional friction wedges, to the standard three piece trolley. The resulting bogie system described herein can increase the life of wheelsets, maintain a high wobbling threshold, improve wear resistance of the cushion system, and minimize wear and stress on the rails.

[00124] As a prerequisite, there are many different types and types of wagons specific to the North American railroad industry that require different sizes of bogies. Cars rated at 70 tons have a GVW of 220,000 pounds and typically use 28" or 33" wheels with 6" by 11" bearings. Cars rated at 100 tons have a gross car weight of 263,000 pounds and typically use 36-inch wheels with 6.5" by 12" bearings. Cars rated at 110 tons have a gross car weight of 286,000 pounds and must meet the M-976 performance specification as noted above. These 110 ton wagons typically use 36" wheels with 6.5" x 9" bearings. The last wagon type, typical of North America, is rated at 125 tons and has a gross wagon weight of 315,000 pounds. This type of wagon typically uses 38" wheels with 7" x 12" bearings. Other sizes of bogies (70 tons, 100 tons and 125 tons) are not subject to this strict performance standard and therefore do not currently require the use of pads.

[00125] The present application focuses on a roller bearing adapter and corresponding adapter pad. Embodiments of the disclosed adapter system and corresponding adapter pad can be used in 110 ton cars and can be adapted to use and improve the performance of bogies for all car capacities (including 70 tons, 100 tons, 110 tons and 125 tons). ), including trolleys that do not require M-976.

[00126] One embodiment of adapter pad system 198 is shown in at least FIG. 2 and 3. The adapter pad system 198 may include a roller bearing adapter 199 and an adapter pad 200 configured to be positioned between the wheelset roller bearing or roller bearing 5 and the pedestal arch 152 of the side frame of the three-piece railcar bogie. The side frame may include first and second outer sides 154, 156. The adapter pad 200 also includes an elastomeric member 360 that supports vertical load and allows for slight longitudinal, lateral, and rotational movement of the top plate 220 (engaging with the side frame) relative to the bottom plate 240 (cooperating with a roller bearing adapter) compared to a traditional steel-to-steel sliding adapter system.

[00127] In some embodiments, as shown in at least FIG. 2-3, the adapter pad system 198, when installed in a bogie system, is compressed with a constant vertical load by the weight of the car and bogie components that are supported by the adapter pad 200 and are eventually carried on the track over the wheelsets. Although the vertical load transferred to the center portion of adapter pad 200 naturally varies with different car loads, it is anticipated that the vertical load could be about 35,000 pounds per adapter pad for a corresponding total car weight of about 286,000 pounds.

[00128] During testing, it was determined that the performance of the dolly system is greatly influenced by the stiffness of the adapter pad 200. In particular, in some embodiments, it has been determined that the performance of the dolly can be improved with improved performance of the adapter pad system. The performance of the adapter pad system can be improved by increasing the stiffness of the adapter pad system 198 (measured in pounds-force per inch of displacement). In addition, for example, it has been determined that an acceptable life expectancy (measured in distance traveled under load of a bogie system that includes an installed adapter pad 200 that has a life of 1 million miles of car travel) of an adapter pad 200 such as those discussed in the present document embodiments, is expected when the longitudinal stiffness is at least 45,000 psi or is in the range of about 45,000 psi to about 80,000 psi, and/or when the lateral stiffness is at least 45,000 psi, or in the range of about 45,000 psi to about 80,000 psi, and/or when the rotational stiffness (i.e., stiffness for yaw resistance) is at least 250,000 lbs. ×inch per radian or is in the range of about 250,000 lb⋅in per radian to about 840,000 lb⋅in per radian (each measured when subjected to a vertical load of 35,000 pounds on the center portion of the adapter 200). These unique stiffness combinations can maximize the threshold yaw rate while still maintaining curve resistance below 0.40 lb/tonne/degree of curvature as required by specification M-976, without the use of additional bogie technologies such as crossbeams, interframe mount, swing arms, spring mounts, yaw dampers, cross bracing, or optional friction wedges to improve performance.

[00129] The stiffness of the adapter pad system is quantified by measuring the resistance of the adapter assembly to the relative shear displacement of the top plate (which interacts with the side frame) and the bottom plate (which interacts with the roller bearing adapter). To determine the stiffness, the adapter assembly can be offset relative to the side frame in a variety of directions, for example, in the longitudinal direction (in the direction of travel of the car), the transverse direction (across the rail tracks), the yaw direction (pivot and in line with the axial center line ) and vertical direction (between the pedestal arch of the side frame and the top surface of the adapter pad). To simulate a loaded wagon scenario, a vertical load of 35,000 pounds must be maintained during the shear stiffness test.

[00130] During the test, the force to displace the top plate relative to the bottom plate can be measured using load cells attached to the power actuator. Displacement measurements can be obtained using displacement transducers, dial gauges, potentiometers, or other displacement measuring instruments. As described in more detail below, force and displacement are plotted, with the slope of the hysteresis loop indicating stiffness in the respective direction. The area inside the loop is proportional to the energy transferred during load cycling.

[00131] The embodiments of the adapter pad system 198 described herein provide the width and spacing of the shoulder pad holes sufficient to not restrict displacement within AAR values, even when high stiffness sliding pads are used as described herein. The disclosed adapter design may use target adapter offsets shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1

NEW COMPONENTS WITH CLEARANCE BETWEEN ADAPTER AND SIDE FRAME ACCORDING TO AAR STANDARD signs Nominal Maximum Minimum Longitudinal clearance
(Each direction from center: inches) 0.047 0.139 0.017 Cross clearance
(Each direction from center: inches) 0.156 0.234 0.126 Rotational gap
(Each direction from center: mrad) 26.1 41.0 9.2

[00132] The disclosed embodiments of the adapter pad system 198 with expanded longitudinal, lateral, and rotational shear stiffness as described herein may provide an advantageous combination of high speed stability and low curve resistance for a three-piece bogie system. The disclosed embodiments of the adapter pad system 198 may improve the skew containment of the three-piece dolly system compared to other adapter pad designs. This may provide improved stability at high speeds. In addition to high-speed stability improvements, the adapter pad system 198 embodiments described herein can promote fore-aft of the wheelset when traversing curves, allowing the front and rear axles of the bogie assembly to develop a yaw center angle proportional to the curve, which can reduce wheel forces. steam. Together, the adapter pad system 198 promotes lateral shear of the wheelsets to develop an optimal rolling radius difference when traversing curves. The stiffness and offset ranges of the adapter pad system disclosed herein can provide optimum center yaw angle and wheel set lateral shear, helping to reduce wheel set force in curves. Reduced effort in curves and improved stability at high speeds can help extend the life of wheelsets and rails.

[00133] Some adapter pad designs use a plurality of elastomeric layers to reduce shear strain. The multiple layers can add significant thickness to the adapter system and, when used in traditional bogies, increase the height of the car. Increasing the height of the wagon creates problems when coupling with other wagons, and also raises the center of gravity. As a result, some designs require the use of special, non-traditional side frames to minimize height differences. The embodiments discussed herein can provide improved dynamic performance without the need for special, non-traditional bogie components.

[00134] The embodiments discussed herein can be used with side frames having AAR geometry, including AAR pedestal geometry and AAR lug clearances, as described in the Association of American Standards and Recommended Practices Handbook. Railways, Section Sll (10/25/2010), Specification S-325 (6/11/2009) entitled "Side Frame, Narrow Pedestal - Limiting Dimensions", which is incorporated here by reference. AAR pedestal geometry can be described as including a nominal longitudinal lug spacing of about 7.25 to about 8.25 inches; a nominal shoulder width of about 3.5 to about 3.75 inches; a nominal longitudinal jaw spacing of about 8.88 to about 11.06 inches; and a nominal pedestal height above the axle centerline of about 5.38 to about 6.89 inches. Embodiments of adapter pad system 198 disclosed herein may be used with existing and/or standard three-piece bogie systems, including bogie systems having AAR geometry as described in the Association of American Railroad Standards and Recommended Practices Handbook and, in in particular, section H (1/1/2012), specification M-924 (2/1/2014) entitled "Journal Roller Bearing Adapters for Freight Cars", which is incorporated here by reference. The AAR lug clearance can be found in Table 1 above for new casting production sizes. The clearance between the thrust lugs is determined by the distance between the pedestal area and the holes of the roller bearing adapter. Adapter dimensions according to the AAR standard may include a nominal longitudinal distance between the bearing surfaces of the thrust lugs, which is from about 7.156 to about 8.656 inches; and a nominal thrust lug transverse bore of about 3.812 to about 4.062 inches. The adapter pad system 198 embodiments described herein may also conform to the Association of American Railroads ("AAR") Specification M-976 (AAR Standards and Recommended Practices Handbook, Section D (9/1/2010), Specification M-976 ( 12/19/2013) under the name "Truck Performance for Rail Cars"), which is incorporated here by reference. For example, embodiments of the adapter pad system 198 can be used in existing and/or standard three-piece bogie systems without the use of additional elements such as crossbeams, frame bracing, or spring supports. In addition, for example, adapter pad systems 198 disclosed herein may be installed between roller bearing 5 and pedestal box 152 of existing bogies. Thus, the adapter pad systems 198 disclosed herein may have an overall height, measured between the upper surface of the roller bearing 5 and the pedestal housing 152, of about 1.3 inches, or ranging from about 1.1 inches to about 1. 5 inches. Although the embodiments described herein refer to a 110 ton bogie, the disclosed adapter system and associated adapter pad can be adapted to use and improve the performance of bogies for all wagon capacities (70 tons, 100 tons, 110 tons and 125 tons) , including trolleys that do not require M-976.

[00135] A roller bearing adapter 199 in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. 4-10. As shown in FIG. 4, the roller bearing adapter 199 includes a pedestal convex surface 102. In some embodiments, the pedestal convex surface or top surface 102 may be a convex or curved surface such that the central portion of the pedestal convex surface is above the transverse edges. Thus, the pedestal convex surface 102 may be generally flat in the longitudinal direction and curved in the transverse direction. The pedestal convex surface 102 may be an AAR pedestal convex surface, but may have a thinner section than a typical roller bearing adapter. For example, in some embodiments, the thickness of the roller bearing adapter may be from about 0.6 inches (measured from the bearing surface 117 to the centerline of the pedestal boss 102) to about 0.75 inches, and in some embodiments, less than about 0.75 inches. inches.

[00136] As shown in FIG. 4-8, the roller bearing adapter 199 may have an overall height of about 4.83 inches, or in the range of about 4 inches to about 6 inches; an overall length of about 9.97 inches, or in the range of about 9 inches to about 11 inches; and an overall width of about 10 inches, or at least 7.5 inches, or in the range of about 9 inches to about 11 inches.

[00137] The roller bearing adapter 199 may include features to restrict movement of the adapter pad 200 relative to the roller bearing adapter 199. For example, a roller bearing adapter may include longitudinal stops 104 of the adapter pad. As shown in FIG. 4, the pad longitudinal stops 104 may vertically protrude relative to the transverse edges of the axle box convex surface 102. The adapter pad longitudinal stops 104 are configured to engage with slots, recesses, or edges of the bottom plate 240 of the adapter pad 200 and can engage with the adapter pad 200 such that longitudinal movement adapter pad 200 can be limited or adjusted to a certain value without limiting the lateral movement of the adapter pad. Although in FIG. 4 shows four longitudinal pad stops 104 of the adapter, any number or design of longitudinal pad stops may be used, including continuous longitudinal pad stops that extend the entire length of the transverse edge of the pedestal boss 102. Examples of other possible longitudinal pad stops 104 are shown in FIG. 5A-5D. For example, the longitudinal stops 104 may include two protrusions on the transverse sides, as shown in FIG. 5A. Longitudinal stops 104 shown in FIG. 5A may interact with relief features in the bottom plate 240 of adapter pad 200 that may engage these stops 104 so that longitudinal movement may be limited. Like FIG. 5A in FIG. 5B shows three stops 104 that can limit longitudinal movement of the adapter pad 200 relative to the adapter 199 in a similar manner.

[00138] Longitudinal stops may be built into other areas of the adapter pad. For example, as shown in FIG. 5C and 5D, longitudinal restraints 104 may be incorporated into the upper surface of the vertical shoulder 106. Similarly, in these examples, relief features in the adapter pad bottom plate 240 may encircle these restraints 104, or projections, and provide longitudinal restraint for the bottom plate 240 relative to the top plate 220. .

[00139] Various other combinations of sizes, shapes, and locations may be used for the longitudinal restraints 140 to provide the desired restriction of movement.

[00140] As shown in FIG. 4-8, the roller bearing adapter 199 also includes vertical shoulders 106. The vertical shoulders 106 can protrude vertically from the longitudinal edges of the axle box convex surface 102. The vertical shoulders 106 are configured to improve the bending strength of the adapter 199 and to minimize distortion of the adapter 199 when exposed to large efforts from the pillow 200 adapter. By minimizing the deflection of the adapter pad 200 under load, the vertical shoulders 106 can improve load distribution on the roller bearing components and can increase bearing life. The vertical shoulders 106 are configured to engage with slots, recesses, edges or surfaces of the bottom plate 240 of the adapter pad 200 such that the lateral movement of the bottom plate 240 is limited or controlled to a certain value. In addition to restricting movement of the bottom plate, in some embodiments, the vertical shoulders may provide vertical support for the transversely protruding flanges 116, 118 of the adapter pad 200. The vertical shoulders 106 may extend laterally 10 inches wide for a 6.5 inch by 9 inch adapter and vertically about 1 inch above the standard pedestal camber. In some embodiments, the upper surface of the vertical shoulders 106 may extend up to about 0.75 inches, or up to about 3 inches, above the pedestal bulge surface 102. The vertical shoulders may also extend up to about 8 inches in the longitudinal direction. Vertical shoulders can be molded in one piece with the adapter and are used on standard adapters for 70 tons, 100 tons, 110 tons or 125 tons. Although continuous vertical shoulders are shown, any number of vertical shoulders may be used. The width of the vertical shoulders may be at least 0.5 inches.

[00141] The roller bearing adapter 199 may also include features such as vertical shoulders 106 to improve the bending strength or sectional moment of inertia of the adapter 199 to minimize distortion of the adapter 199 when high forces from the adapter pad 200 are applied. For example, for the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 and 6-10 and, in particular, shown in FIG. 8 and 10, the cross section of the adapter 199 can be taken approximately through the longitudinal center of the roller bearing adapter 199 as shown in FIG. 8 and 10. As shown in FIG. 10, the neutral Y-axis 108 may extend vertically through the transverse center of the adapter 199. The neutral Z-axis 110 may extend transversely about 5.2 inches, or in the range of about 5.0 inches to 5.5 inches above the center. axis 111. The moment of inertia of the section shown in FIG. 10 around the neutral Z-axis 110, I zz at the center of the adapter may be about 1.4 inches ^{4 ,} or in the range of about 1.0 to about 2.0 inches ⁴ . The moment of inertia of the section about the neutral Y-axis 108 at the center of the adapter, I yy, may be about 86.8 inches ^{4 ,} or in the range of about 50 to about 100 inches ⁴ . Adapter designs that do not use vertical shoulders have a significantly lower moment of inertia in sections. For example, the design of the adapter, which is shown in Fig. 10 but without vertical shoulders 106 of the same cross-centerline section may have a moment of inertia about the neutral Z-axis of about 0.2 inches ⁴ and may have a moment of inertia about the neutral Y-axis of about 32.9 inches ⁴ . The resulting lower moment of inertia compared to an open adapter can result in lower stiffness and higher stresses in the adapter under the same load configurations and possibly degraded roller bearing performance.

[00142] The roller bearing adapter 199 may be made from one or more different types of steel alloys that have suitable strength and other characteristics. For example, the roller bearing adapter 199 can be made from ASTM A-220, A-536 cast iron or ASTM A-148, A-126 A-236, or A-201 cast or forged steel. In some embodiments, the entire roller bearing adapter 199 is formed (by casting, machining, extrusion, or other suitable metal forming operation) from a single monolithic element.

[00143] Next, we turn to the adapter pad 200 of the adapter system 198, which is configured to be placed between the roller bearing adapter 199 and the pedestal arch 152 of the side frame 4 and can interact with them. As shown in FIG. 11-11C and especially in FIG. 11A, adapter pad 200 generally includes a top member or top plate 220 having an inner surface 222 and an outer surface 224, a bottom member or bottom plate 240 having an inner surface 242 and an outer surface 244, and an elastomeric member 360 located between the inner surfaces 222, 242 of the upper and lower plates 220, 240 along the section of the pad 200 of the adapter. Adapter pad 200 includes a center portion 210 that is located below the bottom surface of pedestal roof 152, with each plate 220, 240 having a respective center portion 226, 246. Adapter pad 200 further includes first and second upward portions 212, 214 and first and second transverse flanges 216, 218. The top plate 220 has respective first and second upward portions 228, 230 projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion 226 of the top plate 220, a first transverse flange 232 protruding outward from the first upward portion, and a second transverse flange 234 protruding outward from the second upward portion 230. Similarly, the bottom plate 240 has respective first and second upward portions 248, 250 protruding upward from opposite edges of the central portion 246 of the bottom plate 240, the first transverse flange 252 protruding outward from the first nap upward portion and a second transverse flange 254 projecting outward from the second upward portion 250. As shown in FIG. 3, in the assembled state of the bogie system, the transverse flanges 216, 218 extend transversely beyond the pedestal roof 152, and the central section 210 is located under the pedestal arch 152. The first and second upward sections 212, 214 are located between the central section 210 and the respective first and second transverse flanges 216, 218 and provide a transition between them.

[00144] Let us first turn to the central portion 210, which in some embodiments may comprise mainly three parts, including the central portion 226 of the upper plate, the central portion 246 of the lower plate, and the elastomeric element 360 located between them. As discussed above, the adapter pad 200 is positioned between the side frame pedestal roof 152, which generally has a substantially flat horizontal contact surface, and the roller bearing adapter 199, which may have a generally curved or convex arch. As shown in FIG. 11A and 12, the central portion 246 of the bottom plate 240 may have a curved bottom surface 244 such that the outer surface 244 generally follows the curvature or bulge of the adapter 199. In particular, in some embodiments, the central portion 246 may have a greater thickness towards the edges 261 , 262 of center portion 246 than at the center of center portion 246. For example, as shown in FIG. 12, the thickness at the center of the center portion 246 may be about 0.15 inches, or in the range of about 0.06 inches to about 0.35 inches, and the thickness at the edges 261, 262 may be about 0.26 inches, or in the range of about 0.15 inch to about 0.5 inch.

[00145] In some embodiments, the central portion 226 of the top plate 220 may include an outer surface 224 and an inner surface 222 that are substantially horizontal and parallel as shown in FIG. 11A. The thickness of the center portion 226 of the top plate 220 may be about 0.28 inches, or in the range of about 0.15 inches to about 0.4 inches. In such a system, the thickness of the elastomeric portion 360 may be substantially uniform throughout the central portion 210, which may improve performance in some embodiments.

[00146] It has been found that an elastomeric region having a uniform thickness may have some advantages in some cases. For example, in some embodiments, linear thermal shrinkage may be constant across the length and width of the pad if the plurality of elastomeric layers have the same length and width dimensions across the elements. For example, in some molding embodiments, the rubber forming the elastomeric element may be introduced into the mold at about 300 degrees Fahrenheit and then it may be cooled to room temperature. Linear thermal shrinkage along the normal to the shear plane can be related to the thickness "T" of the section, temperature change and coefficient of thermal expansion. Uneven elastomer thickness can lead to uneven shrinkage during cooling. Uneven shrinkage can lead to residual tensile stresses in areas that are the last to cool, which can adversely affect fatigue life.

[00147] With additional reference to FIG. 11-11C and especially in FIG. 11C, in some embodiments, the first and second upward portions 228, 230 of the top plate 220 may include an outer flat portion 228a, 230a (only the first upward portion is shown in FIG. 11C) and an inner flat portion 228d, 230d. In some embodiments, the flat portions 228a, 230a and 228d, 230d may extend at an angle Δ with respect to a plane P that extends along the outer surface 224 of the central portion 226. In some embodiments, the angle Δ may be an obtuse angle, and in some embodiments, the angle may range from about 95 degrees to about 115 degrees, such as 105 degrees, or any other angle within this range. As described in more detail below, in embodiments in which the first and/or second upward portions 212, 214 include a toe, the flat surface may surround one or both sides of the toe or may alternatively be positioned relative to the toe. The first and second upward portions 228, 230 of the upper plate 220 may also include lower curved portions 228b, 230b and 228e, 230e, which represent the transition between the central portion 226 and the flat portions 228a, 230a and 228d, 230d. Similarly, the first and second upward portions 228, 230 of the top plate 220 may also include upper curved portions 228c, 230c and 228f, 230f, which represent the transition between the transverse flanges 232, 234 and flat portions 228a, 230a and 228d, 230d. The upper or lower curved portions 228b, 230b, 228e, 230e, 228c, 230c, 228f, and 230f may be formed with constant curvature and/or variable curvature. The bottom plate 240 may include similar flat portions and upper and lower curved portions. In some embodiments, the upward portions 212, 214 may not include a flat portion and may be formed with a constant curvature and/or a variable curvature.

[00148] With additional reference to FIG. 11A, the first and second transverse flanges 216, 218 may extend transversely beyond the side frame 4 and are located at a vertical height or in a plane that is different from or located above the central portion 210 located below and in contact with the pedestal arch 152. Accordingly, the first and second transverse flanges 216, 218 are positioned in a vertically elevated position relative to the central portion 210. The transverse raised flanges 216, 218 can provide more elastomer area and, as discussed below, can increase the stiffness of the adapter pad. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 13B, the outer surface 244 of the first and second transverse flanges 252, 254 of the bottom plate 240 may be about 0.92 inches higher than the outer surface 244 of the bottom edge of the bottom plate 240, or in the range of about 0.25 inches to about 2 inches. In some embodiments, the first and second transverse flanges 216, 218 may include flat and horizontal outer surfaces 224, 244 that may be parallel to the outer surface 244 of the central portion 226. In some embodiments, the outer surface 244 of the first and second transverse flanges 252 , 254 of the bottom plate 240 may rest on the vertical shoulders 106 of the roller bearing adapter 199. In other embodiments, the outer surface 244 of the first and second transverse flanges 252, 254 of the bottom plate 240 does not contact the vertical shoulders 106. In other embodiments, the outer surface 244 of the first and second transverse flanges 252, 254 of the bottom plate 240 may indirectly contact the vertical shoulders 106 through another element, such as a compression pad. As will be discussed in more detail below, in some embodiments, from about 10 percent to about 30 percent of the vertical force from the pedestal arch 152 may be distributed to each of the transverse flanges 216, 218 of the adapter pad when the vertical force is applied to the central portion 210 of the adapter pad.

[00149] Although the embodiment of the adapter pad 200 shown in at least FIG. 11-13 includes upward portions 212, 214 and transverse flanges 216, 218, these portions are optionally included in all embodiments. In some embodiments, the central section 210 may be used without the transverse flanges 216, 218 and/or without the upward sections 212, 214, although performance may be affected by such constructions. In an embodiment, the transverse flanges 216, 218 may extend from the central portion without upward portions and without degrading performance. Similarly, in some embodiments, the transverse flanges may extend beyond the center section, but in the same plane as the center section. In other embodiments, adapter pad 200 may include downwardly directed portions that may engage with transverse flanges.

[00150] Top plate 220 may be formed from one or more different types of alloys with suitable strength and other characteristics. For example, the top plate 220 may be made from ASTM A36 steel plate or from steel with a strength equal to or greater than that of ASTM A-572. In some embodiments, the entire top plate 220 is formed (by casting, machining, pressing, rolling, stamping, forging, or other suitable metal forming operation) from a single monolithic element. In some embodiments, the top plate 220 may be made of a material with a constant thickness. In other embodiments, top plate 220 has a variable thickness. For example, in some embodiments, transverse flanges 232, 236 of top plate 220 may have a thickness that is greater than or less than that of center portion 226. Similarly, and as previously discussed, bottom plate 240 may have a constant or variable thickness. In some embodiments, one, several, or all of the corners 233 of the top plate 220 may be rounded.

[00151] In some embodiments, the outer surface 226 of the top plate 220 may be coated with an elastomeric material 265, which is the material that contacts the axle box 152. As discussed herein, the elastomeric layer 265 may provide damping and calibrated flexibility to the cushion, and also a compressible surface to minimize wear between the adapter pad 200 and the pedestal 152. The elastomeric coating 265 may be formed with a flat outer surface that follows the geometric profile of the steel portion of the top plate 220 and may have a uniform thickness either across the entire top plate 220 or in in other embodiments, a uniform thickness within the individual sections of the cushion, for example, a uniform thickness in the central section 210, a uniform thickness (possibly different or possibly the same) on one or both transverse flanges 232, 234 of the upper sections, a uniform thickness (possibly different yu or possibly the same) on one or both upward sections 228, 230, etc.

[00152] When used in the pad 200, the adapter may generate heat as a result of pad 200 rubbing and sliding against the pedestal arch 152 of the side frame and/or against the bearing adapter 199; and/or hysteresis damping of the elastomeric element 360 of the pad 200 of the adapter. These heat sources can cause the adapter pad to rise in temperature, which can result in reduced wear resistance and reduced stiffness.

[00153] In some embodiments, the first and second transverse flanges 216, 218 may include top and bottom surfaces exposed to air outside the side frame envelope curve in the pedestal region (when the adapter pad is installed within the pedestal pedestal opening). The exposed surfaces can easily provide heat loss to the adapter pad during the movement of the car (acting as a fin) and can induce net heat flow from the central portion 210 of the adapter pad 200 towards the transverse flanges 216, 218. As will be understood, and as discussed below, heat is released in the adapter pad 200 during operation of the car for various reasons, such as friction that resists relative movement or rotation between the adapter pad 200 and the side frame and between the adapter pad 200 and the bearing adapter 199. In addition, since the adapter pad 200 is in surface contact with the side frame 4 and the bearing adapter 199, the adapter pad 200 can receive heat that is generated elsewhere and transferred to the adapter pad 200. Also, cyclic damping of the elastomer section produces heat. This heat must eventually be removed to prevent the components of the adapter pad 200 from becoming too hot to increase component life, as well as to reduce possible design constraints that may be necessary if the adapter pad 200 (or portions of the adapter pad 200) is continuously operated. at higher temperatures in the absence of heat dissipation. This heat flux from the adapter pad 200 can contribute to the thermal design of the adapter pad 200 and the rest of the truck system, which can have various design benefits, such as expanding the choice of possible elastomeric materials, as well as increasing the life of the elastomeric material by lowering its operating temperature as other possible benefits.

[00154] In some embodiments, adapter pad 200 may include additional features that can improve its ability to reduce heat in adapter pad 200. For example, in some embodiments, the first and/or second transverse flanges 216, 218 may include a portion that extends transversely from the side walls of the side frame pedestal region. In use, the transversely protruding flanges are in direct contact with the airflow generated by the movement of the car, as opposed to the central area, which is insulated by a metal roller bearing adapter and the steel axle box area of the side frame. These transversely protruding flanges may provide free surface area for transferring heat to the atmosphere from adapter pad 200. This can facilitate heat dissipation due to elastomer hysteresis cycling, roller bearing temperature rise, and any other heat in adapter pad 200. In some embodiments, the presence of the first and/or second transverse flanges 216, 218 operating temperature of the adapter pad system 198 can be reduced. For example, during normal lateral cycling operation as described below, the temperature difference between the transverse flanges 216, 218 and the center of the cushion using a constant 5 mph airflow over the first and second transverse flanges 216, 218 may be about 15 degrees. Fahrenheit, or in the range of about 5 degrees Fahrenheit to about 25 degrees Fahrenheit. Improved heat transfer from the center of the pad to the transverse flanges can further improve heat transfer to the atmosphere and therefore improve wear resistance.

[00155] In some embodiments, one or both of the outer surface 224 of the central portion 226 or the inner surface 244 of the central portion 246 may include one or more different surface features and, in some embodiments, a pattern of surface features to make these surfaces non-smooth. For example, the top surface may include one or more bumps, protrusions and depressions, rough surfaces, sticky surfaces, and the like. These surfaces can be obtained in a number of ways, including surface shot blasting, surface machining, applying various materials such as various types of rubber to the surface, and the like. If present, these surface features may reduce the possibility of transverse and/or longitudinal sliding and/or relative rotation of the adapter pad relative to the axle box 152, which can improve the dynamic load and strength characteristics of the adapter pad 200, and can also reduce localized heat generation in the adapter pad 200 due to friction between adapter pad 200 and pedestal box 152, which must be removed from adapter pad 200 (as discussed herein). Similarly, the top or bottom plates 220, 240 may be coated with a thermal barrier coating such as ceramic or porcelain. Optionally, a thermal barrier plate can be used to thermally isolate the heat generated as a result of frictional sliding at high amplitudes. This can be done in combination with a wear plate, which is usually used with adapter steel plates. The plate may be formed such that an air gap is maintained and the contact areas are located on the outer edges of the adapter.

[00156] The bottom plate 240 may be similarly constructed and made from the same materials as the top plate 220. Similarly, the outer surface 244 of the bottom plate may include machined surfaces and coatings of elastomeric material 265 as the top plate.

[00157] In some embodiments, all or most of the adapter pad 200 may include a cover of elastomeric material 265, as shown, for example, in FIG. 13C and FIG. 13E. In some embodiments, for example, a coating of elastomeric material may contact the pedestal roof 152, side frame 4, and roller bearing adapter 199, including the pedestal convex surface 102 and vertical shoulders 106. In other embodiments, for example, portions of the adapter pad 200 that in contact with the axle box 152, the side frame 4 and the roller bearing adapter 199 may not be covered with elastomeric material. As discussed herein, the elastomeric layer 265 can provide cushioning and calibrated pad flexibility, as well as a compressible surface to minimize wear between the adapter pad 200, the axle box 152, and the roller bearing adapter 199. The elastomeric coating 265 may follow the shape of the outer surfaces of the adapter pad 200 and may have a uniform thickness along the outer surfaces of the adapter pad 200, or in other embodiments, a uniform thickness within individual sections of the pad, for example, a uniform thickness in the central section 210, a uniform thickness (possibly different or possibly the same) on one or both transverse flanges 232, 234, a uniform thickness (possibly different or possibly the same) on one or both upward sections 228, 230, and the like.

[00158] In some embodiments, it is possible to use an electrically conductive additive in the elastomeric materials discussed herein to provide electrical conductivity and shunt capability to the top and bottom plates 220, 240. These additives may include materials such as nickel-plated graphite, silver-plated aluminum, or silver plated copper. To ensure sufficient electrical conductivity, the amount of these additives can be as low as 0.5% of the total volume of the elastomer. Similarly, to create an electrical connection between the side frame of the truck and the adapter in the elastomeric pad can be molded flexible conductor connecting the top plate and bottom plate. The conductor sheath can protect the conductor from atmospheric corrosion. Its flexibility allows it to flex when elastomeric (e.g. rubber) material is deformed. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 13D-13E, electrical continuity between side frame 4 and adapter 199 is provided by using a ground wire 266. As shown in FIG. 13D-13E, ground wire 266 may be attached to top and bottom plates 220, 240 using holes 267 that may be located less than about 0.20 inches from the edge of the plate. Ground wire 266 extends through openings 267 in top and bottom plates 220, 240. The edges of the plates may have cutouts or notches 268 to crimp or secure ground wire 266. In some embodiments, ground wire 266 may be a stainless steel braid of diameter about 0.100" but may be as small as 0.050" in diameter.

[00159] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 11, the adapter pad 200 is configured to be symmetrical about a transverse vertical plane that passes through the geometric center C of the adapter pad (shown as line B of passage in FIG. 11) and/or symmetrical about a longitudinal vertical plane that extends through the geometric center C of the adapter pad 200 (shown as a passage line A in FIG. 11).

[00160] In some embodiments, each of the outer transverse edges 281, 282 of the transverse flanges of the top and bottom plates 220, 240 are aligned along the same vertical plane, as best shown in FIG. 11c. In these embodiments, the transverse length of the transverse flange of the bottom plate 240 is less than the transverse length of the transverse flange of the top plate 220.

[00161] This application shows and describes the approximate dimensions of the adapter pad 200; however, other sizes may be used for the adapter pad portions depending on the fixed dimensions of the side frame and bearings used with the particular railcar bogie system.

[00162] In some embodiments, as shown, for example, in FIG. 3 and 11-11C, the adapter pad 200 may also include pads or hooks on the top and bottom adapter pad plates 220, 240 that can be configured to position the adapter pad 200 relative to the side frame pedestal arch 152 and the bearing adapter 199, and also interactions and restrictions on the movement of the adapter pad 200 relative to the pedestal arch 152 and the bearing adapter 199, which can focus the movement (i.e., shear) of the adapter pad 200 on the elastomeric member 360. Connecting the adapter pad 200 to the roller bearing adapter 199 can cause the pad to be properly centered. 200 adapter relative to the roller bearing adapter 199 and bearing by using vertical shoulders 106 and the inclusion of hooks. In addition, the adapter pad system 198 assists in returning the adapter 199 and wheelset to a centered position or center position with near zero force.

[00163] For example, adapter pad 200 may include a first adapter transverse lug 270 positioned between a first vertical shoulder 106 of adapter 199 and a first upward portion 248 of bottom plate 240; and a second cross hook 271 of the adapter located between the second vertical shoulder 106 of the adapter 199 and the second upward section 250 of the bottom plate 240. The transverse hooks 270, 271 of the adapter may extend along the entire longitudinal length of the pad 200 of the adapter or along the section of the longitudinal length of the pad 200 of the adapter. In other embodiments, transverse hooks 270, 271 may comprise a plurality of transverse adapter tabs that extend along the entire transverse length of the adapter pad 200 or any portion thereof.

[00164] The transverse hooks 270, 271 of the adapter pad may be integral with the bottom plate 240, including integral with any elastomeric coating 265 on the adapter pad 200. In other embodiments, the transverse hooks 270, 271 of the adapter pad may be integral with the adapter 199. In other embodiments, the transverse hooks 270, 271 may be attached to the adapter 199 and/or the adapter pad 200 using adhesives or other known methods.

[00165] Adapter pad 200 may also include a first side frame transverse hook 272 located on outer surface 224 of first upward portion 228 of top plate 220; and a second side frame transverse hook 273 located on the outer surface 224 of the second upward portion 230 of the top plate 220. In some embodiments, the first side frame transverse hook 272 may be located on the outer surface 224 of the first transverse flange 232 of the top plate 220; and the second transverse hook 273 of the side frame is located on the outer surface 224 of the second transverse flange 234 of the top plate 220. The transverse hooks 272, 273 of the side frame may extend along the entire longitudinal length of the adapter pad 200 or along a section of the longitudinal length of the adapter pad 200. In other embodiments, the transverse side frame tabs 272, 273 may comprise a plurality of transverse side frame tabs that extend along the entire transverse length of the adapter pad 200 or any portion thereof.

[00166] The hooks 270, 271, 272, 273 may be made of an elastomeric material or any other suitable material and, in some embodiments, may serve to properly position the adapter pad 200 relative to the side frame pedestal arch 152 and the adapter 199. In addition, the first and the second transverse hooks 270, 271 of the adapter may be configured to reduce or prevent slipping between the adapter 199 and the bottom plate 240 of the pad 200 of the adapter. Likewise, the first and second side frame traverses 272, 273 may be configured to reduce or prevent sliding between the outer surface 224 of the top plate 220 and the pedestal 152. In some embodiments, this may reduce or prevent sliding between the mating surfaces of the adapter 199 and pads 200 of the adapter and between the mating surfaces of the pedestal arch 152 of the side frame and the pad 200 of the adapter during operation of the system. In addition, in some embodiments, this reduction in slip between contact surfaces may reduce the amount of heat generated by such slip.

[00167] As discussed above, the engagement elements can significantly reduce relative movements between the horizontal surfaces of the adapter pad system by maintaining intimate contact between the vertical mating surfaces of the adapter pad assembly. Reducing the relative movements between the side frame pedestal 152 and the adapter pad 200 can improve the stiffness behavior of the adapter pad 200. As shown in FIG. 14, when comparing the lateral stiffness of, for example, an adapter pad system with and without hooks, an improvement can be seen at the end of the stroke where, instead of sliding, the adapter pad/box dome interface shows more resistance over longer lateral travel than an adapter pad system that does not contains hooks. Reducing slip between parts can also reduce physical wear on the adapter pad system.

[00168] In some embodiments, heat may be generated as the adapter pad 200 moves relative to the roller bearing adapter 199 and axle box 152. This heat results in a cycling hysteresis of the elastomeric material under shear. As discussed above, excess heat can adversely affect the performance of the elastomeric element 360 and reduce the wear resistance of the adapter pad. As shown in FIG. 15, which compares the dynamic fatigue performance of a hooked and unhooked adapter pad, the hooked adapter pad 200 generates less heat compared to the unhooked adapter pad 200. In some embodiments, the temperature of the adapter pad 200 will not exceed about 130 degrees Fahrenheit with the adapter pad 200 between the roller bearing adapter 199 and the pedestal arch 152 of the side frame of the moving car. In some embodiments, the adapter pad system 198 can be configured to limit elastomer temperatures below the degradation temperature of particular elastomeric and/or adhesive materials used in the pad construction, and in some embodiments, the adapter pad system can be configured to reduce melting of the elastomer element.

[00169] As discussed above, and as shown primarily in FIG. 16A-B and 11B-C, elastomeric member 360 is positioned between top plate 220 and bottom plate 240. Elastomeric member 360 supports vertical loading and allows limited longitudinal, lateral, and rotational movement of top plate 220 (supporting the side frame) relative to bottom plate 240 (supported by adapter). This allows relative movement of the side frame relative to the adapter with low stiffness and therefore low loads compared to sliding adapter designs. As shown in FIG. 17A-17D, the movement of the top plate 220 relative to the bottom plate 240 can be measured in longitudinal displacement (FIG. 17B), lateral displacement (FIG. 17C), and rotational displacement (FIG. 17D). The adapter pad elastomeric material 360 may be a hysteresis material and have material damping during cyclic displacements. This provides another energy absorbing element depending on the choice of material and damping. For example, a material with too much damping may cause the elastomeric member 360 to overheat and reduce its short term stiffness and long term wear resistance. The elastomeric member 360 may be formed from any suitable elastomeric material, such as rubber, with suitable strength, flexibility, and stiffness characteristics. In some embodiments, the material used for the elastomeric element must have a durometer hardness of 70 +/- 10 Shore A. Elastomers that may be used may include, but are not limited to: natural rubber; nitrile; hydrogenated nitrile; butadiene; isoprene or polyurethane and may have a durometer Shore hardness of about 60 to about 80 Shore A.

[00170] In General, the elastomeric element 360 can be attached to the upper and lower plates 220, 240 by injection molding. Typically, the top and bottom plates 220, 240 can be placed in a mould. In some embodiments, portions of the top and bottom plates 220, 240 may be coated with an adhesive to allow the elastomeric member 360 to adhere to the plates. In addition, in some embodiments, separators may be placed in certain areas of the mold where no elastomeric material is required. After installation is complete, the elastomeric material can be heated and injected into the mold, and the elastomeric material can fill the entire mold cavity, adhering to the adhesive-coated areas. The elastomeric material can then be vulcanized and/or cured.

[00171] The elastomeric element 360 can provide damping in the adapter pad 200, allowing discrete changes in stiffness and/or flexibility in the adapter pad 200 and allowing differences in damping, stiffness, flexibility, or other parameters in different regions of the adapter pad 200 to provide a suitable design.

[00172] As shown in FIG. 11A, the elastomeric member 360 includes a central portion 362 that is located in the central portion 210 of the adapter pad 200 and first and second outer elastomeric members 364, 366 that are located in respective first and second transverse flanges 216, 218. The outer elastomeric members 364 , 366, increase the shear area and volume of the elastomeric layer 360 by extending the elastomeric material beyond the standard adapter's clearance envelope curve by using transverse flanges 216, 218. This provides more area for the elastomeric element 360 and can increase the stiffness of the adapter pad 200.

[00173] As best shown in FIG. 16A, in plan view, central elastomeric portion 362 may be generally square in shape, and in some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 16A may have one or more rounded corners 363. Rounded corners throughout elastomeric member 360 may reduce or prevent stress concentrations compared to elastomeric member 360 with square corners. As discussed above, the thickness of the elastomeric element 362 may be uniform throughout the central region 210.

[00174] The central elastomeric portion 362 may be primarily located in the central portion 210, but in some embodiments may also be located in the first and second upward portions 212, 214 as shown in FIG. 16B and in transverse flanges 216, 218. As shown in FIG. 16B, the central elastomeric member 362 may have a transverse length of about 6.7 inches, or in the range of about 6.5 inches to about 10 inches. In some embodiments, and as shown in FIG. 16B, elastomer 360 may be located between the upper and lower plates 220, 240 in upward portions 212, 214. In embodiments in which elastomer 360 is located between the plates in upward portions, it may compress or shear under transverse loading. This compression of the elastomer in the upward portions 212, 214, combined with shear of the elastomer in other portions, may allow a high stiffness of the adapter pad to be achieved, which may improve performance.

[00175] As best shown in FIG. 16A, in plan view, the outer elastomeric portions 364, 366 in one or both of the first and second transverse flanges 216, 218 define the outer edge 374, 376, respectively. The outer edge 374, 376 may be located between the upper and lower plates 220, 240 such that a portion of one or both of the upper or lower plates 220, 240 extends radially outward past at least a portion of the outer edge 374, 376 of the elastomeric portion.

[00176] In some embodiments, outer edge 374, 376 may be a longitudinal outer edge (374a, 376a) (i.e., may extend in a generally longitudinal direction when adapter pad 200 is installed in a cart system) and may include a curved portion that is not distinctly shaped and aligned with the outer longitudinal edge of the top and/or bottom plates 220, 240. Although the expression "longitudinal outer edge" is used, it is intended to define the portion of the outer edge that extends between the opposite transverse edges 280, 282 (i.e., two edges that extend transversely between the first and second transverse flanges 216, 218 and through the central section 210), and, as discussed herein, may be curved, with each section of the curve including at least a vector component that faces in the transverse direction (i.e., perpendicular to the direction of movement of the cart on which the pillow is mounted ka 200 adapter).

[00177] For example, at least a portion 374R, 376R of the outer edge 374, 376 may be formed with a continuous radius (R) relative to the geometric center of the adapter pad, designated "C" in FIG. 16A. In some embodiments, each outer edge 374, 376 may include two discontinuous constant radius curved edges 374R, 376R, wherein the central portion between the two edges may be straight or have a curvature other than the constant radius portions. In other embodiments, the constant radius portion may be continuous and extend from a location near both opposite transverse edges 380, 382 on the respective transverse flange, for example, along the entire corresponding transverse flange, or between opposite transverse edges, but in conjunction with the region 374z, 376z extending from the respective upward portions 212, 214 to the radial geometry edge 374, 376.

[00178] In some embodiments, transverse edges 380, 382 and longitudinal outer edges 374a, 376a and any other edge of elastomeric portion 360 may have an inwardly recessed contour 381, as best shown in Figures 11A-11C. In some embodiments, the inwardly recessed contour 381 may have the same profile around the entire perimeter of the elastomeric element 360, although in other embodiments, the inwardly recessed contour 381 may have different profiles depending on the intended compression that area of the elastomeric element 360 is subjected to.

[00179] As will be appreciated and discussed herein, elastomeric member 360 compresses and deforms under load, and the elastomeric material is extruded radially outward near the outer edges. The inwardly recessed contour 381 minimizes or prevents deformation of the elastomeric member 360 beyond the nominal outer edge of the member 360, which in some embodiments may increase the fatigue life of the adapter pad 200.

[00180] The inwardly recessed contour 381 may include a first portion 383 that generally extends downward from the bottom surface of the top plate 220, a second portion 385 that generally extends upward from the top surface of the bottom plate 240, and a transition 384 therebetween. In some embodiments, one or both of the first and second sections 383, 385 may be flat (along the straight section of the elastomer section) or linear (along the curved sections of the elastomer section) (together with the linear section) and may extend from the respective surface of the top and bottom plates. 220, 240 at angles α and β.

[00181] In some embodiments, the first and second sections 383, 385 may extend at the same relative angle, although in other embodiments, the first and second sections 383, 385 may extend at different relative angles. In some embodiments, the angle(s) may be about 30 degrees to the adjacent surface of the top or bottom plates 220, 240, for example, an angle in the range of about 15 to about 45 degrees, including all angles within this range. As shown in FIG. 11B, the central elastomeric portion 362 may likewise have a similar inwardly recessed contour 381 extending along the outer edge of the central portion.

[00182] As best shown in FIG. 11A, 11C and 16B, one or both of the upward portions 212, 214 may include a hollow portion(s) 372 in the cavity formed between the upper and lower plates 220, 240, which is an empty space in which there is substantially no elastomeric material is provided, and which can create a gap within the elastomeric element in the respective first and/or second upward sections 212, 214. Hollow sections 372 can provide complete separation between the elastomeric element 360 located in the Central section in the transverse flanges 216, 218. In some embodiments, the void space may include a very thin layer of elastomeric material that contacts each of the top and bottom plates 220, 240 via a transition, which may be due to possible limitations of the tool used in the molding process. , but this thin layer (if any) does not significantly affect the working e characteristics of the pillow 200 adapter. Also, in some embodiments, the hollow portion 372 may include small portions of elastomeric material that extend between the top and bottom plates 220, 240, but is otherwise substantially hollow. In some embodiments, the width of the hollow section 372 may be about 0.25 inches, or in the range of about 0.1 inches to about 0.5 inches, or be at least the same as the maximum lateral and rotational movement on the adapter pad 200. In some embodiments, the hollow section(s) 372 is configured to provide a transverse empty space between the top and bottom plates 220, 240 passing through the respective transition area 212, 214 such that the respective inner surfaces of the top and bottom plates 220, 240 in the transition area do not contact each other during transverse or rotational relative movement therebetween and/or due to transverse and/or rotational displacement when operating the rail car with the adapter pad 200 positioned in the rail car bogie system.

[00183] The hollow section 372 may serve to limit bending stresses in the top and bottom plates 220, 240. The hollow section 372 may be about 0.25 inches. With a range of movement of about 0.25 inches, the upward portions of the top and bottom plates 220, 240 can contact and prevent additional relative movement. This may determine the upper limit of the transverse strain of the elastomer and the stresses of the metal.

[00184] As will be discussed in more detail below, the elastomeric element 360, and in particular the outer elastomeric elements 364, 366, can be configured such that the rotational shear stresses of the elastomer when sheared up to 41 milliradians do not exceed the transverse and longitudinal shear stresses of the elastomer when sheared. up to 0.23" transversely and up to 0.14" longitudinally. For example, the outer elastomeric elements 364, 366 may be configured such that any point on the curves 374R, 376R has less than or equal rotational shear displacement relative to the transverse or longitudinal shear displacements. And since the shear strain is directly proportional to the shear offset, all points along the curve 374R, 376R can be subject to the same strain.

[00185] The elastomeric element 360 can be measured in a sectional plane through the center of the elastomeric material 360 centered between the inner surfaces of the top and bottom plates 220, 240. In embodiments where there are multiple elastomeric elements, each element can be measured separately and the measurements for each element may be added together to determine the measurements of the entire elastomeric element 360. In some embodiments, the total shear width or transverse length of the elastomeric element 360 may be about 9.6 inches, or in the range of about 6 inches to about 14 inches. Similarly, the total shear length or longitudinal length of the elastomeric member 360 may be about 6.9 inches, or in the range of about 6 inches to about 10 inches. The total shear perimeter or perimeter of all regions of the elastomeric element may be about 51.70 inches, or in the range of about 35 inches to about 75 inches. In some embodiments, the total surface area of the elastomeric member 360 in the shear plane may be about 55.5 square inches, or in the range of about 50 square inches to about 70 square inches. The total surface area of the elastomeric member 360 outside the central region may be about 15.5 square inches, or in the range of about 5 square inches to about 30 square inches, or more than 5 square inches. Thus, the surface area of the elastomeric element in the transverse flanges 216, 218 may be about 7.75 square inches each, or in the range of about 2.5 square inches to about 15 square inches, or greater than 2.5 square inches.

[00186] As will be discussed in more detail below, the elastomeric layers 364, 366 outside of the central portion 210 may contribute to the overall stiffness of the adapter pad 200. For example, in some embodiments, the elastomeric member 360 outside the center portion 210 may provide about 15% or in the range of about 5% to about 30% of the overall transverse and longitudinal stiffness of the adapter pad and 33% or in the range of about 15% to about 60% rotational rigidity of the adapter pad 200.

[00187] As previously discussed, the elastomeric element 360 of the pad 200 of the adapter provides shear resistance when loaded in the transverse, longitudinal and rotational direction under vertical loading. This shear resistance is due to the relative movement between the top and bottom plates 220, 240 interacting through the elastomeric element 360. Simple shear strain is defined as d/t, where d is the displacement of the elastomeric element and t is the thickness of the elastomeric element. In some embodiments, shear strain can reach values in excess of 100% under maximum displacement conditions. For example, in some embodiments, transverse strain reaches 110% or 120% or 130%. In some embodiments, the shear strain does not exceed 105%, 110%, 115%, 120%, or 130% at maximum offset.

[00188] To reduce stresses in the elastomeric element 360 at maximum shear, it may be desirable to provide normal stress or compression of the elastomeric element 360 under shear loading. In some embodiments, the vertical load of the adapter pads is transferred through the side frame pedestal arch 152 to the center portion 210. In addition, although the top and bottom plates 220, 240 may contact the vertical shoulders of the adapter, in some embodiments, the top and bottom plates 220, 240 are flexible, and the vertical load in the center section 210 is unevenly transferred to the transverse flanges 216, 218 and can create an uneven distribution of vertical load on the elastomeric element 360. This can result in less compression of the elastomeric element 360 outside the area under the pedestal arch 152. To increase the normal stress or compression in the elastomeric member 360 outside of the axle box 152, such as in the transverse flanges 216, 218, various methods can be used.

[00189] In embodiments, the elastomeric member 360, outside the pedestal roof region 152, may be compressed more than 0.020 inches or greater than 7% of the static thickness of the elastomeric member 360. In some embodiments, precompression by this amount provides improved fatigue life. elastomeric member 360. In addition, in the embodiments discussed herein, from about 10 percent to about 30 percent of the vertical force may be distributed to each of the transverse flanges 216, 218 of the adapter pad when the vertical force is applied to the central portion 210 of the adapter pad 200. In the embodiments discussed herein, the vertical load applied to the vertical shoulders 106 may provide a vertical force in excess of 3,000 pounds to precompress the elastomeric element.

[00190] In some embodiments, as shown primarily in FIG. 18, compression of the elastomeric member 360 in the region outside the pedestal 152 (in the outer elastomeric members 364, 366) may be accomplished by providing the elastomeric member 360 having a non-uniform thickness along the length of the elastomeric member 360. For example, in some embodiments, the first and/or the second outer portions 364, 366 may be formed with a thickness X, while the central portion 362 may be formed with a different or lesser thickness Y. formed to accommodate the differences in thickness between X, Y, allowing the elastomeric portions in the central and outer portions to contact the inner surfaces of the top and bottom plates 220, 240, as needed. In some embodiments, the difference in thickness of the elastomeric element forming the first and/or second outer portions 364, 366 and the central portion 362 may help to reduce simple shear strains of the outer layers based on in-plane forces acting on the adapter pad longitudinally, transversely, and rotational directions.

[00191] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 18, one or both of the transverse flanges 216, 218 may be formed such that the elastomeric layers 364, 366 therein have a thickness X that is about 0.25 inches, such as in the range of 0.15 inches to 0.30 inches, including all thicknesses in the range. In this embodiment, the thickness Y of the elastomeric layer 360 in the central region 362 may be about 0.20 inches, for example, in the range of 0.15 inches to 0.25 inches, including all thicknesses in the range. The thickness of the elastomeric layers discussed herein refers to the static thickness of the elastomeric layers or the thickness of the elastomeric layers without external load on the elastomeric layers. One or both of the transverse flange portions 364, 366 and the central portion 362 may be of different thicknesses, with the upper portions being thinner than the central portion, which may provide the desired effect by generally increasing the load or compression of one or both of the transverse flange portions 364, 366, which due to material properties of the elastomeric layer further enhances the strength and wear resistance based on the expected load during operation of the rail car.

[00192] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 18, the adapter pad 200 may be injection molded without connecting the top plate 220 (as shown in FIG. 18) or alternatively the bottom plate 240 to the elastomeric member 360. After the elastomeric member 360 has been cured, the top plate 220 (as shown in FIG. 18) or alternatively, the bottom plate 240 may be attached or connected to the elastomeric element. Since the outer elastomeric elements 364, 366 are thicker than the central elastomeric element 362, the transverse flanges 216, 218 must be compressed to secure or attach the top plate 220 (as shown in FIG. 24) or alternatively the bottom plate 240 to the elastomeric element. In some embodiments, the central elastomeric member 362 will respond to a compression load, keeping the wings in a compression strain state.

[00193] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 19-23, compression of the elastomeric member 360 in the region outside the pedestal arch 152 can be achieved by forming the elastomeric member 360 with gaps in the center portion 362. In some embodiments, for example, the center portion 362 includes one or, in other embodiments, a plurality elongated gaps 868 that partly or completely divide the central portion 362 into a plurality of portions 862a, 862b, 862c, 862d, 862e, as shown in FIG. 19. One or many (for convenience, the term "multiple" is used hereinafter, although one gap is also assumed) of gaps 868 together form a plurality of gaps in the central section 362. When the adapter pad 200 is installed between the side frame and the bearing adapter 199, the central section 210 of the pad 200 the adapter can support a significant compressive force that is received by the relatively compressible elastomeric portion 360 (compared to the top and bottom plates 220, 240) that tends to deform and expand the elastomeric element 360 in the transverse direction and longitudinal direction (due to vertical compression of the material). The presence of a plurality of gaps 868 may provide a dedicated volume for lateral expansion (in embodiments where each of the plurality of gaps 868 extends in the longitudinal direction). Similarly, in embodiments where a plurality of gaps additionally or instead extend transversely, the presence of gaps 868 provides a dedicated volume for longitudinal expansion.

[00194] As best shown in FIG. 19, in some embodiments, a plurality of gaps 868 extend longitudinally between opposite transverse edges 880, 882 of elastomeric portion 860 and are parallel to each other. In some embodiments, a plurality of gaps 868 communicate through both of the first and second longitudinal edges 880, 882 when the adapter pad 200 is in an unloaded configuration. Under load, all or part of the plurality of gaps 868 may be deformed (as discussed above) such that only a portion of the respective gap 868 communicates through the respective longitudinal edge 880, 882, or in some embodiments, substantially all of the gap 868 may be closed across the longitudinal edge. edge 880, 882 such that no visual opening may be visible in the gap 868 (as seen from the corresponding edge 880, 882 in an unloaded configuration).

[00195] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 19 and 22, each of the plurality of gaps 868 may be formed with a uniform cross section along its length, and either all of the plurality of gaps 868 may be formed with the same cross section (unloaded) or each of the plurality of gaps 868 may be formed with a constant cross section along its length.

[00196] Figures 20A-2°C illustrate various cross-sectional views of a plurality of gaps 868. In general, the plurality of gaps 868 are assumed to include one or more curved or flat sides, and each of the plurality of gaps 868 may include a combination of curved and flat elements. For example, the plurality of gaps 868a have a circular cross section or include curved sides. In some embodiments, opposite sides (which extend between the top and bottom plates 220, 240) may be the same size and geometry, although as shown in FIG. 20A, one side may have a different shape or size than the opposite side (see 866' and 868' in FIG. 20A).

[00197] Figure 20B depicts alternate gaps 868c that are generally oval in shape. Figure 2°C depicts alternative gaps 868d that are shaped like a truncated diamond with two opposite flat sides (with the truncated portion in contact with the bottom plate 240). Figures 21A-21C provide schematic representations of the possible shape of a different set of gaps 868 when a load (F) is applied to the pad 200 of the adapter.

[00198] In some embodiments, and as shown in FIG. 22, a plurality of gaps 868e extend only a partial longitudinal distance through the elastomeric member 860 and, as shown, do not extend to the longitudinal edges 880, 882, although other placement is provided (e.g., extending to one of the two longitudinal edges 880, 882, or placing the ends closer to one of the two longitudinal edges 880, 882). In this embodiment, gaps 868d may be sized and shaped based on the various sizes and shapes discussed above.

[00199] In other embodiments shown in FIG. 23, the plurality of gaps 868f may extend for a thickness that is less than the total distance between the top plate 220 and bottom plate 240, with a portion of the elastomeric member vertically positioned with respect to one or more of the plurality of gaps 868f and in contact with one or both of the top and bottom plates 220, 240. As shown in FIG. 23, gap 868f contacts the bottom surface of the top plate 220 but does not contact the bottom plate 240.

[00200] As best shown in FIG. 23, the interior surfaces of the top or bottom plate 220, 240 may include a recessed portion 825a located along portions of the top or bottom plate 220, 240 that communicate with a plurality of gaps 868. The recessed portions 825a may be provided to accommodate a tool (e.g., a rod or other type of molding equipment known in the art) for the elastomeric portion to form gaps 868 relative to the top or bottom plate 220, 240. The recessed portion 825a may further provide room for the elastomeric member 860 to expand/deform under load to minimize the size of the gaps 868, providing the advantages of space for expansion/deformation, if necessary.

[00201] In addition, there are other ways to increase the compression of the elastomeric element 360 in the transverse flanges 216, 218. For example, as shown in FIG. 24, in some embodiments, transverse flanges 216, 218 may be pressed together after insertion of elastomeric members 364, 366 between top and bottom plates 220, 240. Compressing top and bottom plates 220, 240 together may cause plastic deformation of the steel. Plastic deformation of the top and bottom plates 220, 240 may induce normal stress in the outer elastomeric layers 364, 366 and may increase compression. Compression of the top and bottom plates 220, 240 may be performed using a die or other suitable equipment. In this context, the term "insert" may include a number of processes, including the insertion of an elastomer using an injection molding process or casting process and other known technologies.

[00202] In other embodiments, for example, compression in the transverse flanges 216, 218 can be achieved by manufacturing the transverse flanges 216, 218 of the top and bottom plates 220, 240 at an angle to each other and then molding the flanges in a generally parallel position. For example, the top plate 220 may be fabricated with the transverse flanges 232, 234 directed outward and downward and the transverse flanges 252, 254 of the bottom plate 240 directed outward and upward until the adapter pad 200 is assembled. Thus, when initially manufactured, the transverse flanges of the top and bottom plates are not parallel, but angled to each other. The plates 220, 240 are then connected to the elastomeric portion 360 and the transverse flanges 232, 234, 252, 254 are resiliently folded into generally parallel alignment with each other. In some embodiments, this step may be performed using an injection molding machine in which the resilient member 360 is injected into a mold. After the adapter pad is vulcanized, the transversely extending flanges can be elastically deformed, which places a normal load on the outer elastomeric layers 364, 366, which can create compressive deformation.

[00203] In other embodiments, as shown in FIG. 25 and 26, the compression of the elastomeric member 360 in the transverse flanges 216, 218 can be increased by using compression shims in or below the transverse flanges 216, 218. Compression shims may be used such that applying a vertical load to the vertical shoulders 106 provides a vertical force in excess of 3,000 pounds so that about 10 percent to about 30 percent of the vertical force is distributed to each of the adapter pad transverse flanges 216, 218 when subjected to vertical efforts on the central section 210 of the pillow 200 of the adapter. In some embodiments, the compression pads may cause most of the vertical load of the car to be distributed from the center elastomeric layer 360 to the outer elastomeric layers 364, 366. As shown in FIG. 25, the first adapter compression shim 290 may be located between the upper surface of the vertical shoulder of the roller bearing adapter 199 and the outer surface 244 of the first transverse flange 216 of the bottom plate 240. Similarly, although not shown in FIG., the second adapter compression shim 290 may be similarly located relative to the second transverse flange 218 (not shown). Adapter compression pads 290 may have a thickness of about 0.05 inches, or in the range of about 0.06 inches to about 0.18 inches. The compression pads discussed herein may be of any number of different shapes and configurations to provide the necessary loads to compress the outer elastomer. For example, the compression pads may be rectangular, square, trapezoidal, pyramidal, may have a hollow cross section, and may be a plurality of compression pads. In addition, the compression spacers discussed herein may be integral with the adapter pad during molding, may be integral with the roller bearing adapter, or may be added to the roller bearing adapter system after the molding process.

[00204] As shown, for example, in FIG. 25A-I, the compression pads discussed herein may have several different shapes and configurations. As shown in FIG. 25A, the compression pads 290 may be substantially rectangular and may have a width equal to or less than the width of the outer surface 244 of the transverse flange 252, 254 of the bottom plate 240. Similarly, the compression pads 290 shown in FIG. 25A may have a length less than or equal to the length of the outer surface 244 of the transverse flange 252, 254 of the bottom plate 240. The compression pads 290 may have a constant or variable thickness. As shown in FIG. 25B, 25C, and 25D, compression pads 290 may have a curved, trapezoidal, or triangular cross-sectional shape. In addition, as shown in FIG. 25E and 25D, compression pads 290 may have a raised center portion 295 that may be generally curved, as shown in FIG. 25E, or generally triangular as shown in FIG. 25F, or any other suitable shape. As shown in FIG. 25G, compression pads 290 may include a hollow portion 296. Also, as shown in FIG. 25H and 25I, the compression pads 290 may include a plurality of compression pads.

[00205] As shown in FIG. 26, adapter pad 200 may also include compression spacers between elastomeric member 360 and top or bottom plate 220, 240. As shown in FIG. 26, the adapter pad 200 may include a first adapter pad top compression liner 291 located in the first transverse flange 216 between the top plate 220 and the first outer elastomeric member 364. Similarly, although not shown in FIG., in the second transverse flange 218 between the top plate 220 and the second outer elastomeric element 366 may be located the second upper compression pad 291 adapter pad. Also, although not shown in FIG. have a thickness of about 0.05 inches, or in the range of about 0.06 inches to about 0.18 inches.

[00206] To accommodate the top or bottom compression pads 291 of the adapter pad shown in FIG. 26, the adapter pad 200 may be formed by non-adhesive injection molding of one of the top or bottom plates 220, 240 in the transversely extending flanges 216, 218. This can prevent the outer elastomeric layer 364, 366 from sticking to the top or bottom plate 220. 240. After vulcanization, the upper or lower adapter pad compression pads 291 can be inserted between the outer elastomer 364, 366 and the top or bottom plate 220, 240. As discussed above, they can compress the elastomer member 360 in the transversely extending flanges 216, 218 by increasing the normal stress.

[00207] As discussed above, the test determined that the performance of the adapter pad system 198 is a function of the stiffness of the adapter pad 200. In particular, in some embodiments, it has been determined that adapter pad performance, including design life, can be improved by increasing the stiffness of adapter pad system 198 (measured in pounds-force per inch of strain).

[00208] The physical measurement of pad stiffness can be determined by cycling adapter pad 200 in three primary directions: lateral, longitudinal, and rotational; while maintaining a constant vertical cushion load, typically 35,000 pounds. The force to move the cushion by the relative cushion displacement distance is recorded for the duration of the measurement test. The test data can then be collected and plotted against force versus displacement plots, an example of which is shown in FIG. 27. Stiffness, damping and hysteresis can then be determined for each direction of travel using the following methods. The stiffness of pad 200 can be determined by determining the upper and lower bounds that span the linear portion of the force-displacement curve and then calculating the slope of the best fit line between the upper and lower bounds for the upper and lower portions of the curve. The stiffness is then determined by averaging the top and bottom slopes. As discussed above, the longitudinal stiffness is measured in the direction of the rails or tracks, the lateral stiffness is measured perpendicular to the direction of the tracks, and the rotational stiffness is measured as the resistance to rotation of the adapter about the vertical axis on the longitudinal and transverse centerlines of the pedestal hole (indicated by the letter "C" in Fig. 16A) . Hysteresis, an example of which is shown in Fig. 27 is determined by determining the upper and lower Y-axis intersection points and subtracting the lower Y-axis intersection point from the upper Y-axis intersection point. The damping shown in Fig. 27 is determined by determining the area inside the loop of the relationship between force and displacement. The amount of cushion damping over a given displacement range is directly proportional to the area enclosed in the loop at the required frequency.

[00209] The target damping value for the embodiments disclosed herein is 0.10 to 0.30 tan δ with a target rubber/elastomer material durometer of 60A to 80A. Tan δ is a measure of material damping under cyclic loads, defined as the ratio of an out-of-phase load (90 degrees sinusoidal load) to an in-phase load (0 degrees). Typical values for elastomers can range from 0.04 to 0.35.

[00210] A more direct measure of the energy absorption of the adapter pad is the area of the hysteresis loop per cycle. For the embodiments described herein, the hysteresis energy absorption can be estimated as π3GTanδε ² where G is the shear modulus of ~360 psi, Tan δ ~ 0.3, and ε is the strain during wobbling, ~100%=1 . At 4 Hz, the energy absorption will be about 4,070 in-lb/s. A reasonable range would be +/- 25%.

[00211] As discussed herein, some embodiments include the elastomeric element 360 (sections 364, and 366) in shear outside of the area under the pedestal arch 152. In such embodiments, there may be more elastomeric material than can be used in shift than in a conventional adapter pad. This can achieve increased stiffness of adapter pad 200 without reducing shear thickness or increasing elastomer durometer hardness. Reducing the shear thickness and/or increasing the elastomer's durometer hardness can increase deformation and reduce the useful life of the pad. Thus, the adapter pad 200 can increase the stiffness of the adapter pad system 198, which can improve the overall performance of the railcar while increasing the useful life of the adapter pad 200. The outer elastomeric layers 364, 366 can increase the rotational stiffness of the adapter pad 200 by providing additional elastomer at a distance away from the axis of rotation. In some embodiments, for example, the outer elastomeric layers 364, 366 may provide about 15% or about 10% to about 20% or more of the total transverse and longitudinal stiffness of the adapter pad 200 and may provide about 33% or about 25 % to about 40% or more than 25% of the rotational stiffness of the adapter pad 200.

[00212] Embodiments disclosed herein may have high transverse and longitudinal stiffness without large hysteresis in the force-displacement relationship. Hysteresis is proportional to the energy dissipated during bias cycles and may be lost in the form of heat or noise. In general, the higher the hysteresis, the greater the rise in temperature of adapter pad 200 and the shorter the fatigue life. The embodiments disclosed herein achieve high stiffness of the adapter pad while increasing fatigue life by minimizing hysteresis and allowing the pad to move to the maximum AAR setting of 41 milliradians in the rotational direction, 0.23 inches in the lateral direction, and 0.14 inches in the longitudinal direction.

[00213] In the embodiments disclosed herein, an increase in force may be required to move the top plate 220 relative to the bottom plate 240 by a greater amount. The thickness, length, and amount of elastomeric material in the hollow section 372 can be adjusted to change the slope and shape of the force vs. displacement plots. In some embodiments, different stiffness properties of the pad elastomeric material located adjacent to the upwardly directed adapter wings are possible compared to the properties of the elastomeric material located in the central section of the adapter pad.

[00214] Using the test methods described above, exemplary measurements and test results of embodiments disclosed herein are shown in Table 2 below. It should be understood that these embodiments are exemplary, and that other design embodiments may exist with different test results. .

table 2

The embodiments described in this document Normal area of elastomer (inches ² ) 55.5 inch ²
or from about 50 inches ² to about 70 inches ² Normal area of elastomer outside of pedestal contact (inches ² ) 15.5 inch ²
or from about 5 inches ² to about 30 inches ² Cushion elastomer shear width (lateral length) (inches) or from about 6 inches to about 14 inches Pillow Elastomer Shear Length (Longitudinal Length) (inches) or from about 6 inches to about 10 inches Transverse stiffness
(measured at 3 Hz cycling and 35k lb vertical load) 60 thousand psi
or from about 45 thousand psi to about 80 thousand psi
or at least 45 ksi Longitudinal stiffness
(measured at 3 Hz cycling and 35k lb vertical load) 64 thousand psi
or from about 45 thousand psi to about 80 thousand psi
or at least 45 ksi Rotational stiffness
(measured at 3 Hz cycling and 35k lb vertical load) 670 klb×in/mrad
or from about 250 ksi/mrad to about 840 ksi/mrad
or at least 250 ksi/mrad Vertical stiffness at least 5,000 ksi Lateral hysteresis (measured at 3 Hz cycle rate and 35k lb vertical load) or from about 3,750 pounds to about 6,250 pounds
or less than 6,000 pounds Longitudinal hysteresis
(measured at 3 Hz cycling and 35k lb vertical load) or from about 375 pounds to about 1,500 pounds
or less than 1,500 pounds Rotational hysteresis
(measured at 3 Hz cycling and 35k lb vertical load) 12,000 psi
or from about 9,000 lb.in. to about 16,000 lb.in.
or less than 16,000 psi Shear perimeter of central elastomeric layer or from about 20 inches to about 30 inches Shear perimeter of outer elastomeric layers 13.1 inches each
or about 8 to about 18 inches each Shear perimeter of the total elastomeric layer or from about 35 inches to about 75 inches Form factor of the central elastomeric layer 8.3
or about 6 to about 10 Form factor of outer elastomeric layers 1.6 each
or about 0.5 to about 3 each General form factor 4.5
or about 2.5 to about 7

[00215] An additional embodiment of adapter pad 400 is shown in FIG. 28-43. The embodiment of adapter pad 400 shown in FIG. 28-43 is largely similar to the adapter pad embodiments discussed earlier. As described above, the adapter pad 400 is configured to be positioned between and cooperating with the roller bearing adapter 199 (as shown in FIGS. 36A-36E) and the pedestal arch 152 of the side frame 4. As shown in FIG. 28-43, adapter pad 400 generally includes a top member or top plate 420 having an inner surface 422 and an outer surface 424, a bottom member or bottom plate 440 having an inner surface 442 and an outer surface 444, and an elastomeric member 560 disposed between the inner surfaces 422, 442 of the upper and lower plates 420, 440 along the section of the pad 400 of the adapter. Adapter pad 400 includes a center portion 410 that is located under the bottom surface of pedestal roof 152, with each plate 420, 440 having a respective center portion 426, 446. Adapter pad 400 further includes first and second upward portions 412, 414 and first and second transverse flanges 416, 418. The top plate 420 has respective first and second upward portions 428, 430 projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion 426 of the top plate 420, a first transverse flange 432 protruding outward from the first upward portion, and a second transverse flange 434 protruding outward from the second upward portion 430. Similarly, the bottom plate 440 has respective first and second upward portions 448, 450 protruding upward from opposite edges of the central portion 446 of the bottom plate 440, the first transverse flange 452 protruding outward from the first nap of the upwardly aligned section, and a second transverse flange 454 protruding outward from the second upwardly directed section 450. In the assembled state of the truck system, the transverse flanges 416, 418 extend transversely beyond the pedestal arch 152, and the central section 410 is located under the pedestal arch 152. The first and second upward sections 412, 414 are located between the central section 410 and the respective first and second transverse flanges 416, 418 and provide a transition between them.

[00216] As described above with respect to other embodiments, the center portion 410 may include mainly three parts, including a top plate center portion 426, a bottom plate center portion 446, and an elastomeric member 560 disposed therebetween. As discussed above, the adapter pad 400 is positioned between the side frame pedestal roof 152, which generally has a substantially flat horizontal contact surface, and the roller bearing adapter 199, which may have a generally curved or convex arch. As shown in FIG. 30, the central portion 446 of the bottom plate 440 may have a curved bottom surface such that the outer surface 444 generally follows the curvature or bulge of the adapter 199. In particular, in some embodiments, the central portion 446 may have a greater thickness towards the edges 461, 462 of the central section 446 than at the center of the center section 446. As described above, the thickness at the center of the center section 246 may be about 0.15 inches, or in the range of about 0.06 inches to about 0.35 inches, and the thickness at the edges 461, 462 may be about 0.26 inches, or in the range of about 0.15 inches to about 0.5 inches.

[00217] In some embodiments, the central portion 426 of the top plate 420 may include an outer surface 424 and an inner surface 422 that are substantially horizontal and parallel as shown in FIG. 30. The thickness of the center portion 426 of the top plate 420 may be about 0.25 inches, or in the range of about 0.15 inches to about 0.5 inches. In such a system, the thickness of the elastomeric portion 560 may be substantially uniform throughout the central portion 410, which may improve performance in some embodiments.

[00218] With additional reference to FIG. 31, the first and second upward portions 428, 430 of the top plate 420 may include an outer flat portion 428a, 430a (only the first upward portion is shown in FIG. 31) and an inner flat portion 428d, 430d. In some embodiments, flat portions 428a, 430a and 428d, 430d may extend at an angle Δ with respect to a plane P that extends along outer surface 424 of central portion 426. In some embodiments, angle Δ may be an obtuse angle, and in some embodiments the angle may be in the range of about 95 degrees to about 115 degrees, such as 105 degrees, or any other angle within this range. As described in more detail below, in embodiments in which the first and/or second upward portions 412, 414 include a toe, the flat surface may surround one or both sides of the toe or may alternatively be positioned relative to the toe. The first and second upward portions 428, 430 of the upper plate 420 may also include lower curved portions 428b, 430b and 428e, 430e, which represent the transition between the central portion 426 and the flat portions 428a, 430a and 428d, 430d. Similarly, the first and second upward portions 428, 430 of the top plate 420 may also include upper curved portions 428c, 430c and 428f, 430f, which represent the transition between the transverse flanges 432, 434 and flat portions 428a, 430a and 428d, 430d. The upper or lower curved portions 428b, 430b, 428e, 430e, 428c, 430c, 428f, and 430f may be formed with constant curvature and/or variable curvature. The bottom plate 440 may include similar flat portions and upper and lower curved portions. In some embodiments, the upward portions 412, 414 may not include a flat portion and may be formed with a constant curvature and/or a variable curvature.

[00219] With additional reference to FIG. 30 and 31, the first and second transverse flanges 416, 418 may extend transversely beyond the side frame 4 and are located at a vertical height or in a plane that is different from or located above the central portion 410 located below and in contact with the pedestal arch 152. Accordingly, the first and second transverse flanges 416, 418 are positioned in a vertically elevated position relative to the central portion 410. The transverse raised flanges 416, 418 may provide more area for the elastomer 560 and, as discussed above, may increase the stiffness of the adapter pad 400. In some embodiments, the outer surface 444 of the first and second transverse flanges 452, 454 of the bottom plate 440 may be about 0.92 inches higher than the outer surface 444 of the bottom edge of the bottom plate 440, or in the range of about 0.25 inches to about 2 inches. The first and second transverse flanges 416, 418 may include flat and horizontal outer surfaces 424, 444 that may be parallel to the outer surface 444 of the central portion 426. In some embodiments, the outer surface 444 of the first and second transverse flanges 452, 454 of the bottom plate 440 may rest on the vertical shoulders 106 of the roller bearing adapter 199. In other embodiments, the outer surface 444 of the first and second transverse flanges 452, 454 of the bottom plate 440 does not contact the vertical shoulders 106. In other embodiments, the outer surface 444 of the first and second transverse flanges 452, 454 of the bottom plate 440 may indirectly contact the vertical shoulders 106 through another element, such as a compression pad 290. As discussed above, in some embodiments, about 2,500 pounds or about 5 percent to about 30 percent of the vertical force from the pedestal box 152 can be distributed to each of the transverse flanges 416, 418 of the adapter pad when a vertical force is applied to the central portion 410 of the adapter pad.

[00220] Although the embodiment of adapter pad 400 shown in at least FIG. 28-43 includes upward portions 412, 414 and transverse flanges 416, 418, these portions are optionally included in all embodiments. In some embodiments, the central section 410 may be used without the transverse flanges 416, 418 and/or without the upward sections 412, 414, although performance may be affected by such constructions. In an embodiment, the transverse flanges 416, 418 may extend from the central portion without upward portions and without degrading performance. Similarly, in some embodiments, the transverse flanges may extend beyond the center section, but in the same plane as the center section. In other embodiments, adapter pad 400 may include downwardly directed portions that may mate with transverse flanges.

[00221] As shown, for example, in FIG. 29, in which the top 420 and bottom 440 plates are shown in dotted lines, the top and bottom plates 420, 440 may include transverse edges 480a, 480b, 482a, and 482b. The top and bottom plates 420, 440 may also include longitudinal edges 484a, 484b, 486a, and 486b. Edges 480a, 480b, 482a, 482b, 484a, 484b, 486a and 486b, when viewed from the side or front or rear, may be straight or may include curved or angled portions. As shown, for example, mainly in the side views of FIG. 30-33 (including Figures 31A, 31B, 33A, and 33B), the edges 480a, 480b, 482a, 482b, 484a, 484b, 486a, and 486b of each of the top and bottom plates 420 and 440 may be shaped where the edges fold over (FIG. 31, 31A, 33, and 33A) or angled (FIGS. 33A, and 33B) inwardly from outer surfaces 424, 444 to inner surfaces 422, 442 of plates 420, 440, respectively. In addition, as shown mainly in FIG. 31A, 31B, 33A, and 33B, one or more edges 480a, 480b, 482a, 482b, 484a, 484b, 486a, and 486b may include a substantially vertical portion. The substantially vertical portions may be adjacent to the outer surfaces 424, 444 before the edges 480a, 480b, 482a, 482b, 484a, 484b begin to curl (FIGS. 31, 31A, 33, and 33A) or angle (FIGS. 31B, and 33B) inwardly from the outer surfaces 424, 444 to the inner surfaces 422, 442 of the plates 420, 440. In other embodiments, the vertical portion need not be vertical, for example, it may be at a different angle and/or follow a different curve. compared to the rest of the edges 480a, 480b, 482a, 482b, 484a, 484b 486a and 486b. One or more perimeter portions of the top and bottom plates 420, 440, including edges 480a, 480b, 482a, 482b, 484a, 484b, 486a, and 486b, may have a continuous radius. In some embodiments, the continuous radius may be about 0.25 inch or greater than half the thickness of the plate. In addition, one or more portions of the edges 480a, 480b, 482a, 482b, 484a, 484b 486a and 486b of the upper and lower plates 420, 440 may have a splined curvature profile along the perimeter, including one or more sections with a variable radius and/or flat areas. The radial portions of the edges 480a, 480b, 482a, 482b, 484a, 484b 486a and 486b of the top and bottom plates 420, 440 may extend at a contact angle θ relative to the inner surfaces 422, 442 of the top and bottom plates 420, 440. In some embodiments, the angle θ may be an angle of about 25 degrees, or in the range of about 10 degrees to about 40 degrees. In some embodiments, the spline curvature profile will be tangent at a distance of 0.38 inches from the outermost portions of the edges 480a, 480b, 482a, 482b, 484a, 484b, 486a, and 486b of the top and bottom plates 420, 440, or from about 0.12 inches to about 0.6 inch from the outermost edges. In some embodiments, the edges 480a, 480b, 482a, 482b, 484a, 484b, 486a, and 486b may extend from the outer surfaces 424, 444 of the upper and lower plates 420, 440 at an angle substantially perpendicular to the outer surfaces 424, 444, and extend from inner surfaces 422, 442 of the top and bottom plates 420, 440 at a substantially tangent angle to the inside surfaces 442, 444. In addition, in such embodiments, some portions of the edges 480a, 480b, 482a, 482b, 484a, 484b, 486a, and 486b may not be perpendicular or tangent to the inner or outer surfaces 422, 442, 442, 444. For example, as shown in FIG. 33, edge 482a may not extend perpendicular to outer surface 444 around the entire perimeter of top and bottom plates 420, 440.

[00222] In other embodiments, and as discussed above, the perimeter of the top and bottom plates 420, 440 may be configured such that at the edges 480a, 480b, 482a, 482b, 484a, 484b, 486a, and 486b, the outer surfaces 424, 444 extend further than the substantially flat portion of the interior surfaces 422, 442. For example, in some embodiments, a bevelled or angled edge may be used around the perimeter of the plate.

[00223] In some embodiments, the transverse and/or longitudinal edges 480a, 480b, 482a, 482b, 484a, 484b, 486a, and 486b of the transverse flanges of the top and bottom plates 420, 440 are all aligned along the same vertical plane, as best shown in FIG. . 30-33. In these embodiments, the transverse length of the transverse flange of the bottom plate 440 is less than the transverse length of the transverse flange of the top plate 420.

[00224] In some embodiments, the outer edges 484a, 484b, 486a, 486b, when viewed from above and as shown in FIG. 29B may include one or more curved portions. For example, at least a portion 484R, 486R of the outer edge 484a, 484b, 486a, 486b may be formed with a continuous radius (R) relative to the geometric center of the adapter pad. In some embodiments, each outer edge 484a, 484b, 486a, 486b may include two discontinuous constant radius curved edges 484R, 486R, wherein the central portion between the two edges may be straight or have a curvature other than the constant radius portions. In other embodiments, the constant radius portion may be continuous and extend from a location near opposite transverse edges 480a, 480b, 482a, 482b.

[00225] In some embodiments, any point on the transverse edge when the top plate is rotated relative to the bottom plate up to 41 milliradians from the neutral position of the roller bearing adapter may have a linear offset less than or equal to 0.234. In addition, in some embodiments, any point on the transverse edge when the top plate is rotated relative to the bottom plate up to 41 milliradians from the neutral position has a linear displacement less than or equal to the maximum longitudinal displacement and the maximum transverse displacement. As discussed above with respect to other embodiments, the top and bottom plates 420, 440 may be made from one or more different types of alloys with suitable strength and other characteristics. For example, plates 420, 440 may be made from ASTM A36 steel plate or from steel with a strength equal to or greater than that of ASTM A-572. In some embodiments, the entire top plate 420 and/or bottom plate 440 is formed (by casting, machining, extrusion, rolling, stamping, forging, or other suitable metal forming operation) from a single monolithic element. In some embodiments, the plates 420, 440 may be made of a material with a constant thickness. In other embodiments, the plates 420, 440 are of variable thickness. For example, as shown in FIG. 30, and as described above, the bottom plate 440 may be thinner towards the center of the center section 446. Also, for example, in some embodiments, transverse flanges 432, 434, 452, 454 may have a thickness greater than or less than the thickness of the center plot 426, 446.

[00226] As discussed above with respect to other embodiments, and as shown primarily in FIG. 30-33, an elastomeric member 560 is located between the top plate 420 and the bottom plate 440. As will be discussed in more detail below, the elastomeric member 560 may extend outside the top and bottom plates 420, 440 and may extend beyond the transverse and longitudinal edges of the plates. For example, the elastomeric element may extend transversely and/or longitudinally for at least 0.05 inches, or in the range of about 0.01 inches to 0.25 inches, beyond the respective transverse and longitudinal edges of the plates. The elastomeric member 560 supports the vertical load and allows limited longitudinal, lateral and rotational movement of the top plate 420 (supporting the side frame) relative to the bottom plate 440 (supported by the adapter). This allows relative movement of the side frame relative to the adapter with low stiffness and therefore low loads compared to sliding adapter designs. As discussed above, the movement of the top plate 420 relative to the bottom plate 440 can be measured in longitudinal displacement (FIG. 17B), lateral displacement (FIG. 17C), and rotational displacement (FIG. 17D). The adapter pad elastomeric material 560 may be the material discussed previously.

[00227] In General, the elastomeric element 560 can be attached to the upper and lower plates 420, 440 by injection molding. Typically, the top and bottom plates 420, 440 can be placed in a mould. In some embodiments, portions of the top and bottom plates 420, 440 may be coated with an adhesive to allow the elastomeric member 560 to adhere to the plates. In addition, in some embodiments, separators may be placed in certain areas of the mold where no elastomeric material is required. After installation is complete, the elastomeric material can be heated and injected into the mold, and the elastomeric material can fill the entire mold cavity, adhering to the adhesive-coated areas. In some embodiments, top plate 420 and/or bottom plate 440 may include one or more holes to allow elastomeric material to pass through the respective plate during molding. The elastomeric material can then be vulcanized and/or cured.

[00228] As previously discussed, the elastomeric element 560 can provide damping in the adapter pad 400, allowing discrete changes in stiffness and/or flexibility in the adapter pad 400 and allowing differences in damping, stiffness, flexibility, or other parameters in other regions of the adapter pad 400 to provide a suitable designs.

[00229] As shown in FIG. 30, the elastomeric member 560 may include a central portion 562 that is located in the central portion 410 of the adapter pad 400 and first and second outer elastomeric members 564, 566 that are located in respective first and second transverse flanges 416, 418. The outer elastomeric members 564, 566 increase the shear area and volume of the elastomeric layer 560 by extending the elastomeric material beyond the standard adapter clearance envelope by using transverse flanges 416, 418. This provides more area for the elastomeric element 560 and can increase the stiffness of the adapter pad 400.

[00230] The central elastomeric portion 562 may have a generally square shape and, in some embodiments, may have one or more rounded corners. Rounded corners throughout elastomeric element 560 can reduce or prevent stress concentrations compared to elastomeric element 560 with square corners. As discussed above, the elastomeric element 562 may have a uniform thickness throughout the central portion 410.

[00231] The central elastomeric portion 562 may be primarily located in the central portion 410, but in some embodiments may also be located in the first and second upward portions 412, 414 as shown in FIG. 30 and 31, and in the transverse flanges 416, 418. The central elastomeric element 562 may have similar dimensions to the central elastomeric elements discussed above. In some embodiments, and as shown in FIG. 30 and 31, elastomer 560 may be located between the upper and lower plates 420, 440 in upward portions 412, 414. In embodiments in which elastomer 560 is located between the plates in upward portions, it may compress or shear under transverse loading. This compression of the elastomer in the upward portions 412, 414, in combination with the shear of the elastomer in other portions, may allow a high stiffness of the adapter pad to be achieved, which may improve performance.

[00232] As best shown in FIG. 29B, in plan view, the outer elastomeric portions 564, 566, at least a portion of which is in one or both of the first and second transverse flanges 416, 418, define the outer longitudinal edge 574, 576, respectively. The outer longitudinal edge 574, 576 of the elastomeric portion may extend outwardly beyond the upper and lower plates 420, 440. The distance that the outer longitudinal edge 574, 576 of the elastomeric portion extends beyond the edges of the upper and lower plates 420, 440 may be substantially the same or may vary along the length of the edge. The elastomeric portion may also form transverse edges 578, 580. The outer transverse edges 578, 580 of the elastomeric portion may extend outwardly beyond the top and bottom plates 420, 440. The distance that the outer edge 578, 580 of the elastomeric portion extends beyond the edges of the top and bottom plates 420, 440 may be substantially the same or may vary along the length of the edge. One or more edges 574, 576, 578, 580 may be substantially straight in the vertical direction, as shown, for example, in FIG. 28.

[00233] As described above with respect to other embodiments, the outer surfaces of the plates 420, 440 may be coated with an elastomeric material 565, which may be a material in contact with the axle box 152. The elastomeric coating 565 may be formed with a flat outer surface that repeats the geometric profile of the steel section of the top plate 420, and may have uniform thickness either throughout the top plate 420, or in other embodiments, uniform thickness within individual sections of the pad, for example, uniform thickness in the central section 410, uniform thickness (possibly different or , possibly the same) on one or both transverse flanges 432, 434, uniform thickness (possibly different or possibly the same) on one or both upward sections 428, 430, and the like.

[00234] In some embodiments, all or most of the adapter pad 400 may be coated with an elastomeric material 565, which may be integral with the elastomeric member 560. For example, in some embodiments, most of the adapter pad 400 may be coated with an elastomeric material. material 565, with the exception of those portions of the adapter pad 400 that contact the pedestal arch 152 and the upper surface of the adapter 199, such as the outer surface of the upper and lower plates 420, 440. arch 152, side frame 4, and roller bearing adapter 199, including pedestal convex surface 102 and vertical shoulders 106. be uncovered s elastomeric material. As discussed herein, elastomeric layer 565 can provide cushioning and calibrated pad flexibility, as well as a compressible surface to minimize wear between adapter pad 400, pedestal housing 152, and roller bearing adapter 199. The elastomeric coating 565 may follow the shape of the outer surfaces of the adapter pad 400 and may have a uniform thickness along the outer surfaces of the adapter pad 400, or in other embodiments, a uniform thickness within individual sections of the pad, for example, a uniform thickness in the central section 410, a uniform thickness (possibly different or possibly the same) on one or both of the transverse flanges 432, 434, a uniform thickness (possibly different or possibly the same) on one or both upward sections 428, 430, and the like.

[00235] As best shown in FIG. 28-30, and as described above, one or both of the upward portions 412, 414 may include a hollow portion(s) 572 in the cavity formed between the upper and lower plates 420, 440, which is an empty space in which substantially no elastomeric material is provided, and which may create a gap within the elastomeric element 560 in the respective first and/or second upward sections 412, 414. element located in the transverse flanges 416, 418. In some embodiments, the empty space may include a very thin layer of elastomeric material that contacts each of the upper and lower plates 420, 440 through the transition, which may be due to possible limitations of the tool used during molding, but this thin layer (if any) does not significantly affect t per adapter pad 400 performance. Also, in some embodiments, the hollow portion 572 may include small portions of elastomeric material that extend between the top and bottom plates 420, 440, but is otherwise substantially hollow. In some embodiments, the width of the hollow section 572 may be about 0.25 inches, or in the range of about 0.1 inches to about 0.5 inches, or be at least the same as the maximum lateral and rotational movement on the adapter pad 200. In some embodiments, the hollow section(s) 572 is configured to provide a transverse void space between the top and bottom plates 420, 440 passing through the respective transition area 412, 414 such that the respective inner surfaces of the top and bottom plates 420, 440 in the transition area do not contact each other in lateral or rotational relative movement therebetween and/or due to lateral and/or rotational displacement when operating the rail car with the adapter pad 400 positioned in the rail car bogie system.

[00236] As described above, hollow section 572 may serve to limit bending stresses in the top and bottom plates 420, 440. Hollow section 572 may be about 0.25 inches. With a range of movement of about 0.25 inches, the upward portions of the top and bottom plates 420, 440 can interact and prevent additional relative movement. This may determine the upper limit of the transverse strain of the elastomer and the stresses of the metal.

[00237] As described above, when used in pad 400, the adapter may generate heat as a result of pad 400 rubbing and sliding against the pedestal arch 152 of the side frame and/or against the bearing adapter 199; and/or hysteresis damping of the elastomeric element 560 of the pad 400 of the adapter. These heat sources can cause the adapter pad to rise in temperature, which can result in reduced wear resistance and reduced stiffness. As described above, in some embodiments, adapter pad 400 may include features that can improve its ability to reduce heat in adapter pad 400.

[00238] In addition, as described above, one or both of the outer surfaces 424 of the center section 426 or the inner surfaces 444 of the center section 446 may include one or more different surface features and, in some embodiments, a pattern of surface features in order to make these surfaces are not smooth.

[00239] As described above, in some embodiments, electrical conductivity can be provided between the top and bottom plates 420, 440. As shown in FIG. 28, a ground wire 266 may be secured in the holes in the sides of the top and bottom plates 420, 440. The ground wire 266 may pass through the holes in the top and bottom plates 220, 240. The top and bottom plates 420, 440 may have cutouts or recesses at point 267 to crimp or secure ground wire 266 in top and bottom plates 420, 440. In some embodiments, ground wire 266 may be a stainless steel braid about 0.100 inch in diameter, but may be as small as 0.050 inch in diameter.

[00240] As described above, the adapter pad 400 may include pads or hooks on the adapter pad top and bottom plates 420, 440 that can be configured to position the adapter pad 400 relative to the side frame pedestal arch 152 and the bearing adapter 199, and also interact with and restrict movement of the adapter pad 400 relative to the pedestal arch 152 and the bearing adapter 199, which can focus the movement (i.e., shear) of the adapter pad 400 on the elastomeric member 360. As described above, connecting the adapter pad 400 to the roller bearing adapter 199 can cause the adapter pad 400 to be properly centered relative to the roller bearing adapter 199 and the bearing by using the vertical shoulders 106 and engaging the hooks. In addition, the adapter pad system 198 assists in returning the adapter 199 and wheelset to a centered position or center position with near zero force.

[00241] As described above, the adapter pad 400 may include first and second transverse hooks 270, 271 of the adapter. The transverse hooks 270, 271 of the adapter pad may be integral with the bottom plate 440, including integral with the elastomeric member 560 and/or any elastomeric coating 565 on the adapter pad 400. As described above, adapter pad 400 may also include first and second side frame lateral hooks 272, 273. The cross hooks 272, 273 of the side frame may be integral with the bottom plate 440, including integral with the elastomeric element 560 and/or the elastomeric coating 565 on the pad 400 of the adapter.

[00242] As discussed above, the elastomeric element 560, and in particular the outer elastomeric elements 564, 566, can be configured such that the rotational shear stresses of the elastomer at a displacement of up to 41 milliradians do not exceed the transverse and longitudinal shear stresses of the elastomer at a displacement of up to 0, 23 inches transversely and up to 0.14 inches longitudinally.

[00243] The elastomeric element 560 can be measured as described above with respect to other embodiments. The overall shear width or transverse length of the elastomeric member 560 shown in FIG. 28-33 may be about 10 inches, or in the range of about 6 inches to about 14 inches. Similarly, the total shear length or length in the longitudinal direction of the elastomeric element 560 may be about 6.9 inches, or in the range from about 6 inches to about 10 inches. The total shear perimeter or perimeter of all regions of the elastomeric element may be about 51.70 inches, or in the range of about 35 inches to about 75 inches. The total surface area of the elastomeric member 560 in the shear plane may be about 55.5 square inches, or in the range of about 50 square inches to about 70 square inches. The total surface area of the elastomeric member 560 outside the central region may be about 15.5 square inches, or in the range of about 5 square inches to about 30 square inches, or more than 5 square inches. Thus, the surface area of the elastomeric element in the transverse flanges 416, 418 may be about 7.75 square inches each, or in the range of about 2.5 square inches to about 15 square inches, or greater than 2.5 square inches.

[00244] As discussed above, in order to reduce stresses in the elastomeric element 560 at maximum shear, it may be desirable to provide normal stress or compression of the elastomeric element 560 under shear loading.

[00245] For example, as discussed above, elastomeric member 560 outside of pedestal 152 may be compressed by more than 0.020 inches or greater than 7% of the static thickness of elastomeric member 560. In some embodiments, precompressing by this amount provides improved fatigue life of the elastomeric element 560. In addition, in the embodiments discussed herein, from about 10 percent to about 30 percent of the vertical force can be distributed to each of the adapter pad transverse flanges 416, 418 when a vertical force is applied to the pad center portion 410 400 adapter. In the embodiments discussed herein, the vertical load applied to the vertical shoulders 106 may provide a vertical force in excess of 3,000 pounds to precompress the elastomeric element.

[00246] In addition, as discussed above, compression of the elastomeric element 560 in the region outside the axle box 152 (in the outer elastomeric elements 464, 466) can be accomplished by providing an elastomeric element 560 having a non-uniform thickness along the length of the elastomeric element 560. For example, the first and/or second outer portions 564, 566 may be formed with a thickness X, while the central portion 462 may be formed with a different or lesser thickness Y. The geometry (eg, bends through the upward portions 412, 414) of the top and bottom plates 420 , 440 may be formed to accommodate differences in thickness between X, Y, allowing the elastomeric portions in the center and outer portions to contact the inner surfaces of the top and bottom plates 420, 440, as needed. In some embodiments, the difference in thickness of the elastomeric member forming the first and/or second outer portions 464, 466 and the central portion 462 may help to reduce simple shear strains of the outer layers based on in-plane forces acting on the adapter pad longitudinally, transversely, and rotational directions.

[00247] In addition, as discussed above, one or both of the transverse flanges 416, 418 may be formed such that the elastomeric layers 564, 566 therein have a thickness X that is about 0.25 inches, for example, in the range of 0. 15" to 0.30" including all thicknesses in the range. In this embodiment, the thickness Y of the elastomeric layer 560 in the central region 562 may be about 0.20 inches, for example, in the range of 0.15 inches to 0.25 inches, including all thicknesses in the range. The thickness of the elastomeric layers discussed herein refers to the static thickness of the elastomeric layers or the thickness of the elastomeric layers without external load on the elastomeric layers. One or both of the transverse flange portions 564, 566 and the central portion 562 may be of different thicknesses, with the upper portions being thinner than the central portion, which can provide the desired effect by generally increasing the load or compression of one or both of the transverse flange portions 564, 566, which due to material properties of the elastomeric layer further enhances the strength and wear resistance based on the expected load during operation of the rail car.

[00248] In addition, as discussed above and as shown in FIG. 30 and 31, the compression of the elastomeric member 560 in the transverse flanges 416, 418 can be increased by using compression shims in the transversely extending flanges 416, 418. Compression shims can be used such that applying a vertical load to the vertical shoulders 106 provides a vertical force, greater than 3,000 pounds such that about 10 percent to about 30 percent of the vertical force is distributed to each of the transverse flanges 416, 418 of the adapter pad when the vertical force is applied to the center portion 410 of the adapter pad 400. In some embodiments, the compression pads may cause most of the vertical load of the car to be distributed from the center elastomeric layer 560 to the outer elastomeric layers 564, 566. As shown in FIG. 30 and 31, the first adapter compression pad 290 may be positioned between the upper surface of the vertical shoulder of the roller bearing adapter 199 and the outer surface 244 of the first transverse flange 416 of the bottom plate 440. The second adapter compression pad 290 may be similarly positioned relative to the second transverse flange 418. adapter spacers 290 may be about 0.05 inches thick, or in the range of about 0.03 inches to about 0.18 inches. The compression pads discussed herein may be of any number of different shapes and configurations to provide the necessary loads to compress the outer elastomer. For example, the compression pads may be rectangular, square, trapezoidal pyramidal, may have a hollow cross section, and may be a plurality of compression pads. In addition, the compression spacers discussed herein may be integral with the adapter pad during molding, may be integral with the roller bearing adapter, or may be added to the roller bearing adapter system after the molding process.

[00249] As discussed above, the test determined that the performance of the adapter pad system 198 is a function of the stiffness of the adapter pad 400. In particular, in some embodiments, it has been determined that adapter pad performance, including design life, can be improved by increasing the stiffness of adapter pad system 198 (measured in pounds-force per inch of strain). The physical measurement of cushion stiffness can be determined as discussed previously.

[00250] Using the test methods described above, exemplary measurements and test results of the embodiments disclosed herein are shown in Table 3 below. It should be understood that these embodiments are exemplary, and that other design embodiments may exist with different test results. .

Table 3

The embodiments described in this document Normal area of elastomer (inches ² ) 55.5 inch2
or from about 50 inches ² to about 70 inches ² Normal area of elastomer outside of pedestal contact (inches ² ) 15.5 inch ²
or from about 5 inches ² to about 30 inches ² Cushion elastomer shear width (lateral length) (inches) or from about 6 inches to about 14 inches Pillow Elastomer Shear Length (Longitudinal Length) (inches) or from about 6 inches to about 10 inches Transverse stiffness
(measured at 3 Hz cycling and 35k lb vertical load) 60 thousand psi
or from about 45 thousand psi to about 80 thousand psi
or at least 45 ksi Longitudinal stiffness
(measured at 3 Hz cycling and 35k lb vertical load) 64 thousand psi
or from about 45 thousand psi to about 80 thousand psi
or at least 45 ksi Rotational stiffness
(measured at 3 Hz cycling and 35k lb vertical load) 670 klb×in/mrad
or from about 250 ksi/mrad to about 840 ksi/mrad
or at least 250 ksi/mrad Vertical stiffness at least 5,000 ksi Lateral hysteresis (measured at 3 Hz cycle rate and 35k lb vertical load) or from about 3,750 pounds to about 6,250 pounds
or less than 6,000 pounds Longitudinal hysteresis
(measured at 3 Hz cycling and 35k lb vertical load) or from about 375 pounds to about 1,500 pounds
or less than 1,500 pounds Rotational hysteresis
(measured at 3 Hz cycling and 35k lb vertical load) 12,000 psi
or from about 9,000 lb.in. to about 16,000 lb.in.
or less than 16,000 psi Shear perimeter of central elastomeric layer or from about 20 inches to about 30 inches Shear perimeter of outer elastomeric layers 13.1 inches each
or about 8 to about 18 inches each Shear perimeter of the total elastomeric layer or from about 35 inches to about 75 inches Form factor of the central elastomeric layer 8.3
or about 6 to about 10 Form factor of outer elastomeric layers 1.6 each
or about 0.5 to about 3 each General Form Factor 4.5
or about 2.5 to about 7

[00251] As discussed above, the elastomeric layers 564, 566 outside of the central portion 210 may contribute to the overall stiffness of the adapter pad 200. For example, in some embodiments, elastomeric member 560 outside of center portion 210 may provide about 15% or in the range of about 5% to about 30% of the overall transverse and longitudinal stiffness of the adapter pad and 33% or in the range of about 15% to about 60% of the rotational rigidity of the cushion 200 adapter.

[00252] As previously discussed, the elastomeric pad member 560 of the adapter 400, which may include an elastomeric coating 565, provides shear resistance under transverse, longitudinal, and rotational loading under vertical loading. This shear resistance is due to the relative movement between the top and bottom plates 420, 440 interacting through the elastomeric element 560. Simple shear strain or strain is defined as d/t, where d is the displacement of the elastomeric element and t is the thickness of the elastomeric element. Figures 34a and 34b illustrate the simulation of the lateral displacement of the top plate 420 relative to the bottom plate 440 of 0.234 inches. As shown in FIG. 34a and 34b, the deformation in the transverse flanges 416, 418 is less than in the center section 410. In some embodiments, this may increase the life of the adapter pad. In addition, as shown in FIG. 34a and 34b, the largest strain values occur towards the inward portions of the outer edges of the elastomeric portion. Similarly, Figures 35a and 35b illustrate a simulation of a longitudinal displacement of the top plate 420 relative to the bottom plate 440 of 0.234 inches. As shown in FIG. 35a and 35b, the deformation in the transverse flanges 416, 418 is less than in the center section 410. In some embodiments, this may increase the life of the adapter pad. In addition, as shown in FIG. 35a and 35b, the largest strain values occur towards the inward portions of the outer edges of the elastomeric portion.

[00253] In addition, in some embodiments, the adapter pad 400 has a shear deformation that does not exceed 100% under maximum displacement conditions. For example, transverse strain may be about 74% or less than 80% or less than 90% for a transverse displacement of 0.234 inches. This deformation for a lateral displacement of 0.234 inches can be about 45% less than existing adapter pad systems. In addition, for example, the longitudinal deformation may be about 72% or less than 80% or less than 90% for a longitudinal displacement of 0.139 inches. This deformation for a longitudinal displacement of 0.139 inches can be about 30% less than existing adapter pad systems.

[00254] This application shows and describes the approximate dimensions of the adapter pad 400; however, other sizes may be used for the adapter pad portions depending on the fixed dimensions of the side frame and bearings used with the particular railcar bogie system.

Examples

[00255] In one example, an adapter pad system is disclosed that is capable of being placed between a wheelset roller bearing and a pedestal arch of a railcar bogie side frame. The adapter pad system may include a roller bearing adapter having first and second vertical shoulders that protrude upward from the top surface of the adapter. The adapter pad system may also include an adapter pad configured to engage with a roller bearing adapter, wherein the top plate has inner and outer surfaces, a central portion, first and second upward portions projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse a flange protruding outward from the first upward portion, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward portion; bottom plate has inner and outer surfaces, a central portion, first and second upward portions protruding upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward portion, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward portion . The first and second transversely projecting flanges of the top plate and bottom plate of the adapter pad system may be positioned over the vertical shoulders of the roller bearing adapter.

[00256] The roller bearing adapter of the adapter pad system can be made by casting or forging. The adapter pad can interact with the side frame and interact with the roller bearing adapter. The top plate of the adapter pad can interact with the side frame so that movement between the top plate and the side frame is limited. The bottom plate of the adapter pad can co-operate with the roller bearing adapter so that movement between the bottom plate and the roller bearing adapter is limited. The roller bearing adapter may include longitudinal stops configured to limit longitudinal movement of the bottom plate relative to the roller bearing adapter. The vertical shoulders may be configured to limit lateral movement of the bottom plate relative to the roller bearing adapter. The upper surface of the roller bearing adapter may include a convex surface. The longitudinal stops and vertical shoulders may be configured to restrict rotational movement of the bottom plate relative to the roller bearing adapter. The roller bearing adapter may be symmetrical about the transverse centerline. The roller bearing adapter may be symmetrical about the longitudinal center line. The top plate of the roller bearing adapter can be continuous. The bottom plate of the roller bearing adapter can be continuous.

[00257] The adapter pad system may include an elastomeric element located between the inner surfaces of the top plate and the bottom plate. The elastomeric element located between the top plate and the bottom plate may be a plurality of elastomeric elements. The plurality of elastomeric elements may include a first outer elastomeric element located between the first transverse flanges of the upper and lower plates, a second outer elastomeric element located between the second transverse flanges of the upper and lower plates, and a central elastomeric element located between the central sections of the upper and lower plates. . A first hollow section may be located between the central elastomeric element and the first outer elastomeric element, and a second hollow section may be located between the central elastomeric element and the second outer elastomeric element. The first and second hollow portions may be about 0.25 inches wide. The first and second hollow portions may be configured to limit bending stresses in the top and bottom plates. The outer elastomeric elements may be in a compressed state. The thickness of the outer elastomeric elements may be compressed by at least 0.020 inches relative to the static state. The thickness of the outer elastomeric elements can be compressed by at least 7% relative to the static state. The first outer elastomeric member, the second outer elastomeric member, and the central elastomeric member may each be substantially flat, and each may be substantially horizontal, when the adapter pad is located under the pedestal arch of the railcar bogie side frame. The elastomeric material may be positioned normal to the direction of transverse displacement to increase compressive stiffness. The elastomeric material may be positioned normal to the direction of longitudinal displacement to increase compressive stiffness. The elastomeric material may be positioned normal to the direction of rotational displacement to increase compressive stiffness. The elastomeric material may be positioned normal to the direction of vertical displacement to increase compressive stiffness.

[00258] The surface area of the first outer elastomeric element in a sectional plane through the first outer elastomeric element in a plane centered between the inner surfaces of the top and bottom plates may be greater than 2.5 square inches. The surface area of the second outer elastomeric element in a sectional plane through the second outer elastomeric element in a plane centered between the inner surfaces of the top and bottom plates may be greater than 2.5 square inches. The total surface area of the first and second outer elastomeric members in sectional planes through the first and second outer elastomeric members in planes centered between the inner surfaces of the top and bottom plates may be greater than 5 square inches. The total surface area of the first and second outer elastomeric elements in the sectional planes through the first and second outer elastomeric elements in planes centered between the inner surfaces of the upper and lower plates may be at least 10 percent of the surface area of the central elastomeric element in the sectional plane through the center of the central elastomeric element in a plane centered between the inner surfaces of the upper and lower plates.

[00259] The central elastomeric element may form a plurality of gaps that form a plurality of gaps in the elastomeric element located between the central portion of the top plate and the central portion of the bottom plate. The plurality of gaps may have a thickness less than the total distance between the top plate and bottom plate, with a portion of the elastomeric element positioned vertically with respect to one or more of the plurality of gaps and in contact with one or both of the top and bottom plates.

[00260] The central elastomeric element may form an outer edge, wherein in plan view one or more portions of the outer edge are curved. At least a portion of the outer edge of the central elastomeric portion may have an inwardly recessed contour. The first and second outer elastomeric elements may form an outer edge, wherein in plan view one or more portions of the outer edge are curved. One or more portions of the outer edges of the elastomeric elements may have a continuous radius measured from the center point of the central portion of the top plate. Any edge of the elastomeric element may have an inwardly recessed contour.

[00261] One or both of the first and second outer elastomeric members may form an outer edge, with one or both of the first and second transverse flanges of the top and bottom plates extending outwardly at least beyond a portion of the outer edge in the respective first and second transverse flanges.

[00262] The adapter pad may include an elastomeric element located between the outer surfaces of the first and second transverse flanges of the bottom plate and the vertical shoulders of the roller bearing adapter.

[00263] At least a portion of the outer edges of the elastomeric elements may have an inwardly recessed contour. The inwardly recessed contour may be formed by a first linear portion that extends from a location near the inner surface of the top plate and a second linear portion that extends from a location near the inner surface of the bottom plate. The first and second linear sections may be connected to a transition that extends between the first and second linear sections. Each of the first and second linear portions may extend from a nearby respective top or bottom plate at an angle ranging from about 25 degrees to about 35 degrees to a plane passing along the surface of the respective top or bottom plate from which the respective linear portion extends.

[00264] The first and second outer elastomeric elements may have the same thickness or greater thickness than the central elastomeric element. The thickness of the first and second outer elastomeric members may range from about 0.15 inches to about 0.30 inches. The thickness of the central elastomeric member may range from about 0.15 inches to about 0.25 inches. The thickness of the adapter pad may range from about 0.4 inches to about 0.8 inches.

[00265] The adapter pad system may also include an elastomeric layer located above the outer surface of the top plate and/or may include an elastomeric layer located below the outer surface of the bottom plate. The elastomeric layer may cover all or portions of the outer surface of the adapter pad. The top and bottom plates of the adapter pad may have uneven thickness. The top and bottom plates may have a uniform thickness. The top plate may have uneven thickness. The top plate may have a uniform thickness. The bottom plate may have an uneven thickness. The bottom plate may have a uniform thickness.

[00266] The adapter cushion system may be configured to return to a neutral or center position in the side frame pedestal opening after the load is removed.

[00267] The first and second transverse flanges of the top plate may include a flat outer surface that may be parallel to the outer surface of the central portion of the top plate.

[00268] The inner surfaces of each of the first and second upward portions of the first and second adapter pad plates may include a flat portion. The inner surfaces of each of the first and second upward portions of the first and second adapter pad plates may include a curved portion. The first and second upward portions of the first and second adapter pad plates may include at least a portion that extends at an obtuse angle to a plane extending along an outer surface of the top plate central portion.

[00269] The first and second transverse flanges of the adapter pad top plate may include open outer surfaces where the adapter pad contacts the pedestal opening of the side frame. The first and second transverse flanges may contact air outside the envelope curve of the side frame pedestal opening. The first and second transverse flanges may be configured to reduce the heat of the adapter pad. The first and second transverse flanges may be configured to reduce the heat of the adapter pad system.

[00270] The pad of the adapter may have a transverse length of the central section, which may be equal to the distance between the side walls of the pedestal roof surface. The transverse length of the center section may be about 0.125 inches longer than the length between the side walls of the side frame at the pedestal roof surface. The overall transverse length of the top plate may be at least 7.5 inches.

[00271] The adapter pad system may also include a first adapter transverse latch located between an inner surface of the first vertical shoulder of the roller bearing adapter and a first upward portion of the bottom plate; and a second transverse adapter hook located between the inner surface of the second vertical shoulder of the roller bearing adapter and the second upward portion of the bottom plate. The first and second transverse hooks of the adapter may be made of an elastomeric material. The first and second transverse hooks of the adapter may be configured to limit sliding or relative movement between the roller bearing adapter and the outer surface of the bottom plate of the adapter pad. The first and second transverse hooks of the adapter may be configured to center the bottom plate of the adapter pad on the roller bearing adapter.

[00272] The adapter pad system may also include a first side frame transverse hook located on an outer surface of the first upward portion of the top plate; and a second side frame transverse hook located on the outer surface of the second upward section of the top plate. The first transverse hook of the side frame can be located between the outer surface of the first transverse flange of the top plate and the pedestal opening of the side frame, and the second transverse hook of the side frame can be located between the outer surface of the second transverse flange of the top plate and the pedestal opening of the side frame. The first and second transverse hooks of the side frame may be made of an elastomeric material. The first and second transverse hooks of the side frame may be configured to limit sliding or relative movement between the outer surface of the top plate and the side frame directly above the axle box area.

[00273] In some examples, the adapter pad system may be configured to limit the temperature of the elastomer below the degradation temperature of the particular elastomeric and/or adhesive material used in the pad construction. The adapter pad system can also be configured to reduce melting of the elastomeric element.

[00274] The adapter pad system may include a first adapter compression shim located between the top surface of the first vertical shoulder of the roller bearing adapter and the outer surface of the first transverse flange of the bottom plate. The adapter pad system may also include a second adapter compression pad positioned between the upper surface of the second vertical shoulder of the roller bearing adapter and the outer surface of the second transverse flange of the bottom plate. The thickness of the first and second compression spacers of the adapter may range from about 0.06 inches to about 0.18 inches.

[00275] The adapter pad may include a bottom first adapter pad compression liner located between the elastomeric member and the first transverse flange of the bottom plate. The adapter pad may also include a second adapter pad lower compression liner positioned between the elastomeric member and the second transverse flange of the bottom plate. The thickness of the first and second lower adapter pad compression pads may range from about 0.06 inches to about 0.18 inches.

[00276] The adapter pad may include a first adapter pad top compression liner positioned between the top plate first transverse flange and the first outer elastomeric member. The adapter pad may also include a second adapter pad upper compression liner positioned between the second transverse flange of the top plate and the second outer elastomeric member. The thickness of the first and second top compression pads of the adapter pad may range from about 0.06 inches to about 0.18 inches.

[00277] Compression spacers may be configured to provide at least 3,000 pounds of vertical compressive load on the outer elastomeric members while applying a 35,000 pounds of vertical load to the adapter pad center portions. Compression pads can be rectangular. Compression pads may have a rectangular cross-sectional shape, a curved cross-sectional shape, a triangular cross-sectional shape, or a trapezoidal cross-sectional shape. Compression pads may include a raised portion. Compression pads may include a hollow section. The compression pads may include a plurality of compression pads.

[00278] The transverse flanges of the adapter pad may be vertically supported on the vertical shoulders of the roller bearing adapter. From about 10 percent to about 30 percent of the vertical force can be distributed to each of the transverse flanges of the adapter pad by applying vertical force to the central portions of the adapter pad. Applying a vertical load to the vertical shoulders can provide a vertical force of at least 3,000 pounds to precompress the elastomeric element.

[00279] The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element together can provide a longitudinal stiffness that can be at least 45,000 pounds per inch when the top plate is longitudinally offset relative to the bottom plate up to 0.139 inches from the center position when subjected to a vertical load 35,000 lbs. on the center portions of the adapter pad. The longitudinal hysteresis of the adapter pad system can be less than about 1,500 pounds.

[00280] The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element together can provide a lateral stiffness that can be at least 45,000 psi when the top plate lateral to the bottom plate moves up to 0.234 inches from the center position when subjected to a vertical load 35,000 lbs. on the center portions of the adapter pad. The lateral displacement hysteresis of the adapter pad system can be less than about 6,000 pounds.

[00281] The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric member can provide a rotational stiffness that can be at least 250,000 lb⋅in per rotation radian when the top plate is rotated up to 41 milliradians from the bottom plate relative to the bottom plate when subjected to vertical load of 35,000 pounds on the center portions of the adapter pad. The twist hysteresis may be less than about 16,000 lb-in.

[00282] The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element can provide a vertical stiffness that can be at least 5,000,000 pounds per inch with a vertical displacement of 0.05 inches. Vertical displacement may be non-linear and may range from 5,000,000 psi to 30,000,000 psi depending on changes in durometer hardness, thickness tolerances, and compression stiffness non-linearity.

[00283] The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric member together can provide a lateral stiffness that is about ten percent of the longitudinal stiffness when a vertical load is applied to the adapter pad center portions.

[00284] The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element together can provide transverse deformation in the elastomeric element that is substantially the same throughout the elastomeric element when a vertical load is applied to the center portions of the adapter pad.

[00285] The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element together can provide longitudinal deformation in the elastomeric element that is substantially the same throughout the elastomeric element when a vertical load is applied to the adapter pad center portions.

[00286] The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element together can provide rotational deformation in the elastomeric element that can be substantially the same throughout the elastomeric element when a vertical load is applied to the adapter pad centers.

[00287] The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element together can provide a rotational strain that is less than or equal to transverse strain at any point in the elastomeric element when a vertical load is applied to the adapter pad center portions.

[00288] The top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element together can provide a shear strain that does not exceed 120% at maximum displacement.

[00289] The thickness of the center portion of the bottom plate of the adapter pad may be uneven. The thickness of the central portion of the bottom plate may be greater at the transverse edges than at the center of the central portion.

[00290] The thickness of the elastomeric element located between the central portions of the upper and lower plates may be substantially uniform.

[00291] In another example, a method for forming an adapter pad may include providing a top plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions protruding upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first directed upward of the transverse section, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward transverse section; providing a bottom plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward transverse portion, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward transverse portion; inserting an elastomeric element between the top plate and the bottom plate, the first outer elastomeric element being placed between the first transverse flanges, the second outer elastomeric element being placed between the second transverse flanges, and the central elastomeric element being placed between the central sections; compressing the first transverse flange of the upper plate and the first transverse flange of the lower plate towards each other; and compressing the second transverse flange of the upper plate and the second transverse flange of the lower plate towards each other.

[00292] The compression steps may cause the first and second transverse flanges to deform after the molding operation is completed. This deformation can lead to preloading of the outer elastomeric elements. Compressive forces in excess of 3,000 pounds can be applied to the outer elastomeric elements during the compression steps. During the compression steps, the outer elastomeric element may compress at least 0.02 inches relative to the static thickness of the outer elastomeric elements. During the compression steps, the outer elastomeric element is compressed by more than 7 percent of the static thickness of the outer elastomeric elements.

[00293] In another example, a method for forming an adapter pad may include providing a top plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions extending upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange extending outward and downward from a first upward transverse portion, and a second transverse flange projecting outward and downward from the second upward transverse portion; provide a bottom plate having a central section, first and second upward sections protruding upward from opposite edges of the central section, a first transverse flange protruding outward and upward from the first upward transverse section, and a second transverse flange protruding outward and upward from the second directed up the transverse section; inserting an elastomeric element between the top plate and the bottom plate; and compressing the top plate and the bottom plate so that the transverse portions of the top and bottom plates are substantially parallel.

[00294] During the compression steps, the outer elastomeric element may compress at least 0.02 inches from the static thickness of the outer elastomeric elements. During the compression steps, the outer elastomeric element may compress more than 7 percent of the static thickness of the outer elastomeric elements.

[00295] In another example, a method for forming an adapter pad may include the steps of providing a top plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions protruding upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first directed upward of the transverse section, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward transverse section; providing a bottom plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward transverse portion, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward transverse portion; inserting a first outer elastomeric member between the first transverse flange of the top plate and the first transverse flange of the bottom plate; inserting a second outer elastomeric member between the second transverse flange of the top plate and the second transverse flange of the bottom plate; and inserting the central elastomeric member between the central portion of the upper plate and the central portion of the lower plate.

[00296] The thickness of the central elastomeric element may be less than or equal to the thickness of the first and second outer elastomeric elements.

[00297] In another example, a method for forming an adapter pad may include providing a top plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions protruding upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first directed upward of the transverse section, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward transverse section; providing a bottom plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward transverse portion, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward transverse portion; inserting a first outer elastomeric member between the first transverse flange of the top plate and the first transverse flange of the bottom plate; inserting a second outer elastomeric member between the second transverse flange of the top plate and the second transverse flange of the bottom plate; inserting the central elastomeric member between the central portion of the upper plate and the central portion of the lower plate; compressing the first and second transverse flanges of the top plate and the bottom plate together; and fastening the top plate to the first outer elastomeric element, the second outer elastomeric element and the central elastomeric element.

[00298] The thickness of the central elastomeric element may be less than the thickness of the first and second outer elastomeric elements.

[00299] During the compression steps, the outer elastomeric element may compress at least 0.02 inches relative to the static thickness of the outer elastomeric elements. During the compression steps, the outer elastomeric element is compressed by more than 7 percent of the static thickness of the outer elastomeric elements.

[00300] In another example, an adapter pad system is disclosed for use between a railroad car side frame pedestal opening and a railroad car axle roller bearing adapter. The pedestal opening of the side frame may form a first outer side opposite the second outer side and an pedestal arch located and extending between the first outer side and the second outer side. The adapter pad system may include a bearing adapter defining a bottom surface and a top surface, the bottom surface being mounted on a railcar axle roller bearing, the top surface defining opposing first and second vertical shoulders that protrude upward from the top surface, on each side of the side frame. slightly above the box arch. The adapter pad system may include an adapter pad configured to interact with the bearing adapter, including a top plate having inner and outer surfaces, a central portion, first and second upward portions protruding upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse a flange protruding outward from the first upward portion, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward portion; and a bottom plate having inner and outer surfaces, a central portion, first and second upward portions protruding upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward portion, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second directed up the area.

[00301] The center portions of the top plate and bottom plate may be located under the pedestal arch of the pedestal opening of the side frame, and the first and second transversely protruding flanges of the top plate and bottom plate may be located above the vertical shoulders of the roller bearing adapter and outside the pedestal arch of the pedestal. side frame opening and along the first and second outer sides of the side frame pedestal opening.

[00302] In another example, an adapter pad is disclosed that is configured to be placed between the adapter and the pedestal arch of a railcar bogie side frame. The adapter pad may include a top plate having inner and outer surfaces, a central portion, first and second upward portions projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward portion, and a second transverse flange, projecting outward from the second upward portion; and a bottom plate having inner and outer surfaces, a central portion, first and second upward portions protruding upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward portion, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second directed up the area.

[00303] The outer surfaces of the first and second transversely extending flanges of the bottom plate may be vertically higher than the outer surface of the central portion of the top plate.

[00304] In another example, a method for forming an adapter pad may include providing a top plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions protruding upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first directed upward of the transverse section, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward transverse section; providing a bottom plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward transverse portion, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward transverse portion; inserting a first outer elastomeric member between the first transverse flange of the top plate and the first transverse flange of the bottom plate; inserting a second outer elastomeric member between the second transverse flange of the top plate and the second transverse flange of the bottom plate; inserting the central elastomeric member between the central portion of the upper plate and the central portion of the lower plate; vulcanizing or curing the elastomeric elements; inserting the first compression gasket into the first transverse flange; and insert the second compression gasket into the second transverse flange. In some embodiments, compression shims may be added after vulcanization or curing of the elastomer is completed.

[00305] In another example, a method for forming an adapter pad may include providing a top plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions protruding upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first directed upward of the transverse section, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward transverse section; providing a bottom plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange protruding outward from the first upward transverse portion, and a second transverse flange protruding outward from the second upward transverse portion; inserting a first outer elastomeric member between the first transverse flange of the top plate and the first transverse flange of the bottom plate; inserting a second outer elastomeric member between the second transverse flange of the top plate and the second transverse flange of the bottom plate; inserting the central elastomeric member between the central portion of the upper plate and the central portion of the lower plate; curing elastomeric elements; inserting the first compression gasket into the first transverse flange; and insert the second compression gasket into the second transverse flange. The steps of inserting the first and second compression pads may be performed after the elastomeric elements have cured.

[00306] During the compression steps, the outer elastomeric element may compress at least 0.02 inches relative to the static thickness of the outer elastomeric elements. During the compression steps, the outer elastomeric element is compressed by more than 7 percent of the static thickness of the outer elastomeric elements.

[00307] In another example, an adapter pad system is disclosed for use between a railroad pasture side frame pedestal opening and a railcar axle roller bearing. The pedestal opening of the side frame may form a first outer side opposite the second outer side and an pedestal arch located and extending between the first outer side and the second outer side. The adapter pad system may include a bearing adapter defining a bottom surface and a top surface, the bottom surface being mounted on a railcar axle roller bearing. The adapter pad may be configured to interact with the bearing adapter and may further include a top plate having inner and outer surfaces, a central portion and outer portions; a bottom plate having inner and outer surfaces, a central section and outer sections, and an elastomeric element having a central section and outer sections located between the inner surfaces of the upper and lower plates.

[00308] The central portions of the top plate and bottom plate may be located under the pedestal box of the pedestal opening of the side frame, and the outer portions of the upper and lower plates may be located outside the pedestal box of the pedestal opening of the side frame.

[00309] The adapter pad system may include a continuous top plate. The adapter pad system may include a continuous bottom plate.

[00310] The total surface area of the outer sections of the elastomeric element in the sectional planes through the outer sections of the elastomeric elements in the planes centered between the inner surfaces of the upper and lower plates, may be more than 5 square inches.

[00311] The total surface area of the outer sections of the elastomeric elements in the sectional planes through the outer sections of the elastomeric elements in the planes centered between the inner surfaces of the upper and lower plates may be at least 10 percent of the surface area of the central section of the elastomeric element in the sectional plane through the center of the central section of the elastomeric element in a plane centered between the inner surfaces of the upper and lower plates.

[00312] The central portion of the elastomeric element may lie in a different plane than the outer portions of the elastomeric element. The central portion of the elastomeric element may lie in a plane parallel to the outer portions of the elastomeric element. The outer sections may be vertically spaced from the central sections.

[00313] The top plate may interact with the side frame and the bottom plate may interact with the roller bearing adapter.

[00314] In another example, an adapter pad system is disclosed for use between a railroad pasture side frame pedestal opening and a railcar axle roller bearing. The pedestal opening of the side frame may form a first outer side opposite the second outer side and an pedestal arch located and extending between the first outer side and the second outer side. The adapter pad system may include a bearing adapter defining a bottom surface and a top surface, the bottom surface being mounted on a railcar axle roller bearing. The adapter pad system may include an adapter pad configured to interact with the bearing adapter, which includes a top plate having inner and outer surfaces, a central portion, and outer portions; a bottom plate having inner and outer surfaces, a central section and outer sections, and an elastomeric element having a central section and outer sections located between the inner surfaces of the upper and lower plates.

[00315] The central sections of the top plate and bottom plate may be located under the pedestal box of the pedestal opening of the side frame, and the outer sections of the upper and lower plates may be located outside the pedestal box of the pedestal opening of the side frame.

[00316] The outer portions of the top and bottom plates can be configured to receive from about 10 percent to about 30 percent of the vertical force exerted on the central portions.

[00317] The outer portions of the adapter pad may be supported by the vertical shoulders of the bearing adapter.

[00318] In another example, a roller bearing adapter is disclosed that is configured to be positioned between a roller bearing and a railway car bogie adapter pad. The roller bearing adapter may have a bearing surface, a convex surface of the adapter, a longitudinal centerline, and first and second vertical shoulders that protrude upwardly from the pedestal convex surface of the adapter. The thickness of the center portion of the roller bearing adapter may be less than 0.75 inches as measured along the longitudinal centerline from the bearing surface to the pedestal boss of the adapter.

[00319] The thickness of the roller bearing adapter can be approximately 0.60 to 0.75 inches as measured along the longitudinal centerline from the bearing surface to the pedestal convex surface of the adapter. The width of the vertical shoulders may be at least 0.5 inches.

[00320] The roller bearing adapter may have a sectional moment of inertia along the longitudinal centerline of the roller bearing adapter about a transverse axis about 5.2 inches above the center axis of the axle that is about 1.4 inches ^{4 ,} or in the range of about 1.0 to about 2.0 inch ⁴ . The transverse axis may be in the range of about 5.0 inches to about 5.5 inches from the center axis of the axle. The roller bearing adapter may have a sectional moment of inertia along the longitudinal centerline of the roller bearing adapter about a vertical axis at the center of the adapter, which may be about 86.8 inches ^{4 ,} or in the range of about 50 to about 100 inches ⁴ .

[00321] The present invention has been described above and in the accompanying drawings with reference to a variety of examples. However, the purpose of the disclosure is to provide examples of various features and concepts associated with the invention, and not to limit the scope of protection for the invention. The expressions and descriptions used herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to be limiting. One skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous changes and modifications can be made to the examples described above without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, the steps of the methods do not need to be performed in a particular order, unless indicated, although they may be listed in that order in the disclosure.

Claims (47)

1. A roller bearing adapter pad system configured for use with a three-piece bogie, comprising: a roller bearing adapter configured to engage with the roller bearing, the roller bearing adapter comprising: top surface; and a bottom surface configured to interact with the roller bearing; an adapter pad configured to interact with the pedestal arch of the side frame, the adapter pad comprising: top plate; bottom plate; and an elastomeric element located between the top and bottom plates; wherein the top plate, bottom plate, and elastomer member together provide a longitudinal stiffness of at least 45,000 lbs/in, a lateral stiffness of at least 45,000 lbs/in, and a rotational stiffness of at least 250,000 lbs. inch per radian of rotation. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the largest strains occur inwardly of the outer edges of the elastomeric element when the top plate is offset from the bottom plate by 0.234 inches in the transverse direction. 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element together provide less than 90% deformation when the top plate is 0.234 inches transversely displaced relative to the bottom plate. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the largest strains occur inwardly of the outer edges of the elastomeric element when the top plate is offset from the bottom plate by 0.139 inches in the longitudinal direction. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the top plate, bottom plate, and adapter pad elastomeric element together provide less than 90% deformation when the top plate is 0.139 inches longitudinally displaced relative to the bottom plate. 6. The system of claim. 1, in which the area of the elastomeric element, located between the Central sections of the upper and lower plates, has a substantially uniform thickness. 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the adapter pad has an overall longitudinal length of from about 6.5 inches to about 8.5 inches, and the adapter pad has an overall transverse length of from about 9 inches to about 11 inches. 8. The system of claim. 1, in which any point on the transverse edge when the top plate is rotated relative to the bottom plate up to 41 milliradians from the neutral position has a linear displacement less than or equal to 0.234 inches. 9. The system of claim. 1, in which each of the first and second directed upward sections contains a hollow section formed between the upper and lower plates. 10. The system of claim 9 wherein the thickness of each hollow portion is in the range of about 0.1 inch to about 0.5 inch. 11. Roller bearing adapter pad configured for use with a three-piece bogie, comprising: a top plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange projecting outward from the first upward portion, the first transverse flange having a first transverse edge, and a second transverse flange projecting outward from a second upward portion, the second transverse flange having a second transverse edge, the top plate having first and second longitudinal edges; a bottom plate having a central portion, first and second upward portions projecting upward from opposite edges of the central portion, a first transverse flange projecting outward from the first upward portion, the first transverse flange having a first transverse edge, and a second transverse flange projecting outward from a second upward portion, the second transverse flange having a second transverse edge, the bottom plate having first and second longitudinal edges; and an elastomeric element located between the top and bottom plates. 12. Pillow according to claim 11, in which the first transverse edge of the top plate and the second transverse edge of the top plate form an inward-folding or inward-angled edge from the outer surface of the top plate to the inner surface of the top plate in side view, and the first transverse edge of the bottom plate and the second transverse edge of the bottom plate form an inward-folding or an inwardly angled edge from the outer surface of the bottom plate to the inner surface of the bottom plate in side view. 13. Pillow according to claim 11, in which the first longitudinal edge of the top plate and the second longitudinal edge of the top plate form an inward-folding or inward-angled edge from the outer surface of the top plate to the inner surface of the top plate in side view, and the first longitudinal edge of the bottom plate and the second longitudinal edge of the bottom plate form an inward-folding or an inwardly angled edge from the outer surface of the bottom plate to the inner surface of the bottom plate in side view. 14. Pillow according to claim 11, in which the first transverse edge of the top plate and the second transverse edge of the top plate comprise curved portions in plan view, and the first transverse edge of the bottom plate and the second transverse edge of the bottom plate comprise curved portions in plan view. 15. Pillow according to claim 11, in which the first transverse edge of the top plate and the second transverse edge of the top plate have a continuous radius in the plan view, measured from the vertical axis at the center point of the central section of the top plate, and at the same time the first transverse edge of the bottom plate and the second the transverse edge of the bottom plate has a continuous radius in plan view, measured from the vertical axis at the center point of the central portion of the bottom plate. 16. Pillow according to claim 11, wherein the top plate, bottom plate, and elastomeric element together provide a longitudinal stiffness of at least 45,000 psi, a lateral stiffness of at least 45,000 psi, and rotational stiffness, component of at least 250,000 lb×in per radian of rotation. 17. The pad of claim 11, wherein any point on the transverse edge, when the top plate is rotated relative to the bottom plate up to 41 milliradians from the neutral position, has a linear displacement less than or equal to 0.234 inches. 18. The pad of claim 11, wherein the elastomeric element extends outward in the transverse direction beyond the first and second transverse edges of the top and bottom plates, and the elastomeric element extends outward in the longitudinal direction beyond the first and second longitudinal edges of the top and bottom plates. 19. Pillow according to claim 11, in which the thickness of the sections of elastomeric elements located between the first and second transverse flanges of the upper and lower plates is pre-compressed relative to the static state. 20. The pad of claim 11, wherein the portion of the elastomeric element located between the central portions of the upper and lower plates has a substantially uniform thickness. 21. The pad of claim 11, wherein each of the first and second upward portions comprises a hollow portion formed between the top and bottom plates. 22. The pad of claim 21 wherein the thickness of each hollow portion is in the range of about 0.1 inch to about 0.5 inch. 23. A roller bearing adapter pad system configured for use with a three-piece bogie, comprising: a roller bearing adapter configured to engage with the roller bearing, the roller bearing adapter comprising: top surface; and a bottom surface configured to interact with the roller bearing; an adapter pad configured to interact with the pedestal arch of the side frame, the adapter pad comprising: top plate; bottom plate; and an elastomeric element located between the top and bottom plates; wherein the top plate, bottom plate, and elastomeric member together provide a rotational stiffness of at least 250,000 lb.in./radian of rotation. 24. The system of claim 23, wherein any point on the transverse edge, when the top plate is rotated relative to the bottom plate up to 41 milliradians from the neutral position, has a linear displacement less than or equal to 0.234 inches. 25. The system of claim 23, wherein the normal area of the elastomeric element outside the pedestal of the side frame is from about 5 inches ² to 30 inches ² .

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