RU2751478C1 - Beater drum - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to threshing beater drums, which can be used in combine harvesters. The beater drum contains the drive shaft with the bearing disks installed on it for installation of removable metal composite whips with oblique reefs that are multidirectional from the joint by means of whip stands or directly on the generatrix. The joint of multidirectional reefs is shifted towards the field divider from the middle of the beater drum by up to 0.25 of the length of the beater drum. The slope of the reefs in odd-numbered whips is directed in the course of rotation in different directions from the joint, and in even-numbered whips, it is directed to the joint. Even and odd whips are installed in any order, both among themselves, and with solid whips with a unidirectional slope of the reefs along the entire length of the whip, or in any variant set in number and order with whips with another working surface of different shapes. The total number of places for whips on the beater drum must simultaneously be a multiple of the numbers 2 and 3. The drum can be made in the form of a closed hollow cylinder with trough-shaped whip stands fixed to the generatrix.EFFECT: beater drum is characterized by high technological efficiency.3 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agricultural engineering, for the designs of threshing and separating devices, in particular threshing drums.

Known double-drum and single-drum threshing and separating devices. The subject of consideration is beating drums, which are an integral part of double-drum models and work autonomously in single-drum models.

Known threshing devices of a single-drum type (for example: Shatkus D.I. "Combine harvesters" Yenisei "M .: Agropromizdat, 1986 - 335 pp. Il. Pp. 58-63 [1], Peskov Yu.A., Meshcheryakov I. K., Yarmashev Yu.N. "Combine harvesters" Don "- M .: Agropromizdat. 1986 - 333 p. Ill. Pp. 27-52 [2], A. S. 181429 SU [3], A. S. 323102 SU [4], Truflyak EV, Trubilin EI "Modern grain harvesters: textbook - Krasnodar: KubGAU, 2013. - 320 p. [5].

They contain a 6, 8 or 10-beat drum with a diameter of 550 to 650 mm, less often 800 mm [2] and a grating deck located coaxially or with a slight eccentricity along an arc of a certain length [5].

In practice, beater drums are used, which differ in the method of installing whips on them - on the beaters or directly.

In drums with troughs, whips are installed on trough-shaped cross-sectional troughs, which are fixed on bearing cylindrical discs. Between the points of attachment of the tailpipes to the discs, the tailpipes along the generatrix have arched recesses to reduce the intra-trough volume in order to reduce the possibility of accumulation of threshing products in the inner space and also to facilitate access to the nuts of the whip bolts.

In this case, unified standard simple solid whips with oblique reefs are used, having a consistently opposite slope of the reefs.

When installing the whips directly, each company uses its original whips, which are installed on curly bearing discs.

These drums differ only in design and maintainability; in terms of the technological process, they are, in principle, equivalent.

The interaction of the beater drum with the deck is the main and determining factor in the high-quality threshing of grain from the grain mass and its separation for further cleaning and collection into a storage tank (bunker).

Therefore, great attention is paid to the parameters of the drum and its structural elements in order to increase threshing performance, reduce grain trauma, and ensure high grain purity.

So, for example, in the works: see Lachuga Yu.F. Investigation of the threshing process of the grain mass at the entrance to the threshing device: author. Diss. Cand. Tech. Sciences - M. - 1972. Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR. MIISP them. V.P. Goryachkina see app. sixteen]; Klenin N.I., Lachuga Yu.F. Impact on the grain mass during the threshing process. // Mechanization and electrification of socialist agriculture. - 1970. - No. 12 - p. 40-41 [7] investigates the influence of the design and the shape of the whips of the beater drum on the quality and energy indicators of the threshing of the grain mass.

For further motivation of this application, the following research results are accepted as principled and basic in a generalized form:

• Drum with corner beaters provides the highest threshing rate with relatively increased grain crushing;

• Drum with smooth whips threshes 90-95% of grain with the lowest crushing and energy consumption;

• The drum with the classic one-piece oblique corrugated whips used all over the world occupies an intermediate position in these indicators;

• The determining factor of the completeness of threshing and the amount of power consumption is the impact of the whip on the grain mass on the first concave bar in this zone, grain crushing reaches 50% or more of the total crushing on the deck, while the number of whips on the first bar per one drum revolution ranges from 3 up to 5 depending on the drum diameter and speed;

• The air flow created by the rotating elements of the drum does not affect the movement of the upper layers of stalks and single ears.

Despite these and other numerous studies, all serial harvesters of all famous manufacturers in the world use solid grooved whips with an oblique reef direction on the beater drums, installed alternately with the opposite slope of the reefs and with almost the same geometry of the reefs and their configuration. Therefore, the number of whips on the drum is always even: 6, 8, or 10 pieces, and removable whips can be installed both directly on the supporting discs and with the help of podbichnikov [5].

The multidirectionality of the reefs themselves, as such, is not an indicator that has a significant impact on the quality of the distribution of the grain mass on the deck and the quality of threshing.

Practice has shown that a drum with extremely worn out, but uniformly whips (reefs are almost completely erased) under certain conditions are able to stably and efficiently perform a technological process, the quality of which is principally influenced only by uneven wear of the whip in height (see Krasnichenko L.V. Shadchinev V. .A., Kleimenov GA Influence of wear of the threshing apparatus on grain losses // Mechanization and electrification of agriculture. - 1969. - No. 8. P. 37. [8]; Shadchinev V.A. grain harvesters - 1967. - No. 2. - pp. 25-26. [9].

The characteristic uneven wear of the drum whips and concave strips with displacement to the right from the center of the harvester in ordinary operation is determined by the natural course of the technological process performed by the harvester. Historically, it so happened that all known in the world, without exception, combine harvesters, the field divider is located on the right in the course of the combine, while more than 90% of the entire time of the technological process, the combine on narrow-row crops mows the grain mass so that the field divider is on the right along the course of the combine [ 2 p. 274]. This means that the right side of the header is always fully loaded from the center to the edge of the crop. The left side, due to uneven steering, the exclusion of flaws, is not loaded equally with the right side, therefore, on the left side of the header, the grain mass on the average has a lower density and volume.

The installation of the whips alternately with the right and left slopes of the reefs is carried out in order to balance the axial pressure on the drum bearings arising during threshing of the grain mass (see Izakson Kh.I. combine harvesters "Niva", "Kolos". - 2nd ed.; Revised and additional - M .: Kolos 1980. - 416 p: ill. page 97 [10]), therefore, it does not have a significant effect on the uniformity of the distribution of the grain mass along the width of the concave with the installation of alternately whips with a multidirectional slope of the reefs.

It is impossible to provide a system-consistent laying of whips with a variantly directed slope of reefs with an even number of whips on 6, 8 or 10-beat drums.

Attempts to improve the quality indicators of beat drums were carried out mainly in the direction of unconventional laying of compound oblique grooved whips on drums with an even number of whips 6, 8 and 10 pcs. , Lomakin S.G. Threshing devices and separators of a rough heap of grain harvesters. // Tractors and agricultural machines. - 1972. - No. 10. - pp. 41-44 [11]; Klenin N.I., Egorov V.G., The influence of the angle of inclination of the beaters of the beater drum on the performance of the threshing device. // Tractors and agricultural machines - 1971 - No. 3. - pp. 26-27. [12].

Firm Allis-Chalmers [11] on drums with 8 whips installs solid straight whips with a multidirectional slope of the reefs from the center of the drum, with each subsequent whip having the opposite direction of the reefs to the previous one.

Ultimately, such a combination was not particularly effective in ordinary operation, both in terms of the quality of threshing, and especially in improving the uneven distribution of the grain mass along the width of the deck, and such drums did not receive widespread use in practice.

For combines "Tiger 165" [11] and others, it is planned to improve the threshing technological process by rearranging the beater drums with 6 or 10 whips, that is, ultimately it is supposed to control the threshing process due to the speed and number of blows of the whips.

Against the background of the operation of similar combines from other firms with permanently installed regular fixed 6 or 10 whip drums, this technique raises serious doubts about its expediency, and the biggest drawback is the very high labor intensity and complexity of replacing drums in ordinary operation for harvesting a particular crop.

An attempt to really improve the distribution of grain mass on the deck with a V-shaped beater drum installed symmetrically relative to the middle of the drum with oblique reefs of whips seems interesting [12].

Experimental results show that 8-beat drum with V-shaped whips symmetrical about the middle of the drum generally improves the quality indicators of the technological process.

At the same time, a fundamentally uniform distribution of the grain mass along the width of the deck is not observed, since a smaller amount of grain is sieved at the walls of the thresher (zones 1 and VIII) than in its central part.

Analysis of field data (Table 1) shows that, despite the V-shaped whips, the actual center of separation towards the field divider is shifted by 1.1% (the sum of the percentages of separation in zones I-IV = 41.7%, and in zones V -VIII = 42.8%.).

Experiments with these types of drums irrefutably indicate that the corrugation of the surface of the reefs with a multidirectional inclination of the reefs relative to the center of the drum, laid on the drum in succession with the opposite inclination of the reefs relative to the previous or all 8 whips with the same inclination of the reefs relative to the center of the drum, but laid in a V-shape, does not have a pronounced distribution of the grain mass in the threshing gap.

At the same time, the small difference in the uniformity of the distribution of the grain mass on the left and right zones is explained by the thoroughness of the field experiments.

V-shaped whips, laid on straight bedpits, form the so-called zones of capture and overwhelming of leafy mass and ears. In these zones, the captured ears can pass in the threshing gap without contact with the deck and the discharge of the captured mass from the drum at the exit from the deck is doubtful.

On crops with high humidity and in the presence of a fit, not only stability, but also the possibility of operation of such a drum raises serious doubts in terms of the occurrence of a significant imbalance of the drum.

In the work (see Grishakov Yu.V., Mochalov V.A.On the main reasons for the imbalance of the beating threshing drum. // tractors and agricultural machines. - 1971 - No. 8 - P. 29-30. [13] reveals the causes and consequences of imbalance drums of combine harvesters, due to the trough-shaped design of the troughs and bearing discs, contributing to the accumulation of dust and crop residues in them with an unpredictable density of distribution over the surface, which leads to its significant imbalance to a dangerous state with the impossibility of performing the technological process without cleaning.

The V-shaped installation of the whips in this regard significantly increases the labyrinthine structure of the drum.

In addition, such a drum is distinguished by high technological complexity, and the most difficult thing is that it is very difficult to establish the necessary clearances between the deck and the whips during the operation of the combine.

The imbalance is especially dangerous in crops characterized by high density and tendency to cake, such as threshing corn.

Therefore, to reduce the likelihood of imbalance and eliminate the flight of corn cobs through the drum, the space between the beaters is closed with special deaf shields [2] (pp. 296-297). The installation procedure for such shields is rather complicated and time-consuming.

In patent RU 2377761 (application 2008128270/12 from 10/07/2008 [14]), an attempt is made to improve the threshing process by installing teeth in the threshing device (drum - smooth grating deck) on the drum (without using a pin deck).

Such a drum has a high stretching and pulling ability, but it sharply reduces the threshing of grain due to a decrease in the perimeter and total impact energy, as well as the lack of the function of stripping without pins on a smooth deck.

The practice of using this solution is unknown.

Another way to improve the threshing parameters due to the preliminary distribution of the crop supply to the beater drum is the so-called APS system [5, pp. 83-84] - accelerated preliminary separation, for example, in the Lexion 620-770 series combines.

A preliminary accelerator (a kind of simplified drum) is installed in front of the threshing drum.

It is declared that this device, due to the spiral arrangement of the blades on it, distributes the mass evenly over the entire width of the thresher in both longitudinal and transverse directions.

This statement raises doubts in terms of the fact that the unilaterally directed arrangement of the spirals for some reason does not clearly drive the grain mass in one direction. It would seem that this should be naturally logical, consistent with the previously considered materials. But due to the fact that the gaps between the deck and the accelerator are large enough, and the pins are not continuous, the proper compression of the grain mass is not ensured, then due to the connectivity of its layer, the distribution function of such an accelerator in terms of transverse distribution is very doubtful.

In addition, the accelerator, intensively processing the top layer of the grain mass, knocks out not only the grain from the ear, but also the chaff and waste.

This grain mixture lies on a shaking board, on which the grain knocked out by the drum later falls. In this case, the cleaning work is greatly complicated, since the clean grain from the drum lies on top of the heap that came from the drum of the accelerator. It is quite difficult to isolate such a grain from a heap-grain mixture.

Practice has shown that such models of combines hardly fit into the permissible level of losses (1.5%) behind the thresher.

In addition, such a solution has a significantly higher energy consumption and an unjustifiably high cost of the combine.

In world practice, there are cases of threshing quality assurance by ensuring the stability of the drum rotation by increasing its inertia (see MASSEY FERGUSON combine models 7345/7347 www.Massey Ferguson.com [15]).

On these models, this problem was solved by installing additional ballast bars on the bearing discs of the tippers along the entire width of the drum.

This solution, in addition to stabilizing the speed mode of the drum itself, smoothes the dynamic processes throughout the thresher, which is especially important for the operation of the straw walker [2, p. 55], but the installation of additional bars in combination with trough-shaped trough-type troughs increases the labyrinth of the drum itself and thereby increases the likelihood of accidental drum imbalance. Therefore, on these models, special whips are used, which are installed directly on curved discs without taps. The curly discs themselves have a high technological complexity. Therefore, such drums, in combination with special whips, have an increased cost and very low maintainability.

Thus, in general, the 6, 8, and 10 threshing drums used in world practice with skew-corrugated solid threshing drums of various configurations, laid in series with the opposite direction of the reefs, have essentially very low adaptability of the selection of the optimal threshing mode for the widest variety of crops and their spectrum. states.

In this case, the operator of the harvester has only two functions for selecting the desired threshing mode - changing the drum speed and adjusting the required gap between the drum beaters and the deck with mandatory monitoring of the condition of the beaters and the deck.

The aim of the present invention is to create a simple and reliable design of a beater drum, which has a multivariate adjustable selection of the threshing mode not only for each crop, but also for its specific physical condition without removing the drum.

According to the invention, the technical result in general is achieved in that the drum contains the number of whips a multiple of 2 and 3 at the same time, that is, 12; 24; 36 and so on, installed on the drum both with the help of the tappers, and directly on the corresponding curly carrier discs.

In general, by increasing the number of whips on the drum, its rotation frequency can be reduced, and the required energy and impact density for threshing is provided by selecting the working surface of the whips themselves and reducing the impact force while increasing its impact frequency in the drum-deck gap.

In this case, the whips on the drum can be installed in a balanced way in any variant combination both with whips with different shapes and configurations of the working surface, and with whips with whips not installed on them, that is, the drum in a variant set can be 8 and 6 beats, and the whips themselves can be made of any metallic or non-metallic material.

The specified purpose is disclosed in more detail in the following figures with their subsequent explanation, which is the subject of the claims.

FIG. 1 - the side view schematically shows options for a set of scourges on the scourges for the hard and standard modes.

FIG. 2 - schematically shows the sweep of a drum with a set of whips (option B).

FIG. 3 - Hollow sealed drum.

The following symbols are used in these figures:

1. The axis of the drum.

2. Carrier disks.

3. The gardener.

4. Beach.

4.1. Corner scourge -

;4.2. Composite grooved odd scourge -

;

;4.3. Composite grooved even scourge -

;

;4.4. One-piece grooved left scourge -

;

;4.5. One-piece grooved right scourge -

;

;4.6. Smooth scourge -

;

5. Hollow sealed drum.

5.1. Sealed closed cylinder.

5.2. End disc.

5.3. Sleeve.

5.4. Drive shaft.

1. - 12. - the numbers of the whips.

A, B, C - hard mode options;

Г - a variant of the standard mode.

The adjustable threshing mode is revealed on the example of a 12-scourge drum with the most common installation of scourges on trough-shaped scaffolds, since in this version whips with the simplest configuration are applicable, while all the considerations regarding the essence of the invention are the same for drums without scaffolds.

The drum (Fig. 1, Fig. 2) contains a drive axle 1, bearing discs 2, on which trough-shaped pendants 3 are permanently fixed, whips 4 are installed on the pedestals 3, the pedestals themselves are riveted to the bearing disks, and on the sides they have arched openings providing access to the nuts of the bolts securing the whips.

The works [6], [7] disclose the properties of various whips depending on the shape of their working surface - straight corner whips thrash better, smooth ones elasticly affect the threshing product, and corrugated ones occupy an intermediate position between them.

In this regard, based on the type of culture and its physical condition, a different combination of whips is possible on the drum with a conditional division of modes: hard, standard, elastic.

The conditionally hard mode (options A, B, C, Fig. 1) provides for the mandatory presence of straight corner whips in the set.

The use of straight whips in a hard mode does not mean a total increase in grain crushing, since their minimum possible amount on the drum reduces the frequency of impacts on the grain mass, but at the same time maximum threshing is ensured, and the following whips of a different configuration will provide both separation on the deck and a sparing attitude to grain and a corresponding reduction in the energy intensity of the process.

Threshing "hardness" control can be multivariate, since the number of straight corner whips on a drum in a set balanced in terms of dynamics can be 2-3-4 and more.

In this case, the improvement of separation and elastic threshing will be carried out by an appropriate balanced simultaneous set of whips with a different working surface - corrugated, smooth, non-metallic, etc.

It is even possible that, on a 12-beat drum, on separate scaffolds in a balanced sequence, the whips on separate scaffolds will not be installed at all, that is, the drum can be 8- or 6-beat.

In addition, the enhancement of the effect of uniform lateral distribution of the grain mass along the concave can be achieved by using composite whips with a multidirectional slope of reefs - even 4.3 and odd 4.2, the joint of which is displaced relative to the middle of the drum by up to 0.25 of the drum length (for example, Fig. 2).

So, for odd scourges 4.2, the slope of the reefs in the direction of rotation is directed in different directions from the joint (conventionally - collecting whips), and for even 4.3 - towards the joint (conventionally - distributing whips).

The displacement of the joint relative to the middle of the drum towards the field divider is due to the previously disclosed data on the displacement of the center of density of the grain mass entering the threshing device [8], [9].

Thus, by selecting the appropriate number of straight corner whips 4.1 and, say, with a predominantly coordinated set of odd whips 4.2 on the drum, you can set a hard mode for difficult threshing crops (barley, oats) with simultaneously active distribution of the grain mass over the concave, moreover, relative to the center of its density ...

The multiplicity of the whips to the numbers two and three at the same time will allow for a balanced installation of almost any configuration of whips on the drum.

The intensity of threshing, separation efficiency and energy consumption of the proposed set of scourges can be effectively controlled by using not solid scourges, but in the form of segments of whips installed on one scourge with a gap between themselves overlapped by a segment of the scourge, installed at least on another next in the direction of rotation of the scourge, except In addition, you can specify a spiral or chevron arrangement of the scourge segments.

In the standard mode, straight corner whips are not used, while the set mainly uses various options for corrugated whips, both solid with a unidirectional slope of reefs 4.4, 4.5, and composite "even" or "odd" 4.2, 4.3 in various combinations (option "D ", Fig. 1).

In this mode, along with steel corrugated whips, individual whips with a smooth surface 4.6 made of various non-ferrous metals and with a non-metallic surface can be used.

For example, for threshing seeds of confectionery sunflower and flour varieties of corn, up to half of the set can be whips with a smooth surface. 4.6.

The whips themselves with a smooth surface 4.6 in the shape of the working surface can be different: uniformly rounded with a different radius of curvature, unevenly rounded with different curvature in the course of rotation, etc.

The elastic mode provides for such a set of whips, in which the thrashing by blow is minimized as much as possible, but the wiping effect is enhanced. Such a regime is in demand on small-seeded crops such as flax, alfalfa seeds, sainfoin, etc.

A variant set of whips in this mode will be a minimum of corrugated metal whips with a predominant number of smooth steel and whips with a non-metallic working surface. Even such a regime is possible, in which the corrugated whips in the set will be completely eliminated.

If, due to the selection of whips, multivariate control of the threshing mode is available, which ensures the harvesting of almost any crops, it follows that it is expedient to solve the problem of the formation of an imbalance of the beating drum with a simultaneous increase in its inertia without the use of special whips and bars.

This problem is solved by the fact that the basis for the trough-shaped tailpipes 3 is a hollow closed sealed cylinder seated on the drive shaft.

Such a beater drum of FIG. 3 consists of a solid metal cylinder, on the outer surface of which permanently or removable trough-shaped pendants 3 are fixed, on the pedestals 3 different scourges 4 are installed in the variant set.

At the ends, the cylinder 5.1 is plugged with sealed end discs 5.2 with bushings 5.3, which are fitted with keys on the drive shaft 5.4.

With this design of the drum, on the one hand, its labyrinthine is significantly reduced and, as a result, its capacity for accidental accumulation of crop material is excluded.

The volume of the trough-shaped tailpipes themselves for the accumulation of crop material is negligible to create a noticeable imbalance in the drum.

The presence of through openings on the troughs will provide active ventilation of their inner trough space.

It is very significant in this case that the moment of inertia of the drum is significantly increased, which is able not only to stabilize the high-speed threshing regime, but also to fully compensate for the possible imbalance of the drum from the unevenly accumulated mass inside the trough-shaped troughs.

The principal advantage of this design of the drum is its high manufacturability and ease of manufacture while increasing its longitudinal stiffness.

Thus, these features are new, not obvious, industrially applicable and completely provide a solution by the present invention to the indicated problem.

Claims (3)

1. A beater drum containing a drive shaft with bearing discs mounted on it, which are the basis for installation on them with the help of taps or directly along the generatrix of removable metal composite whips with oblique multidirectional reefs from the joint, characterized in that the joint of multidirectional reefs is displaced towards the field divider from the middle of the beat drum by up to 0.25 of the length of the beat drum, while for odd whips the slope of the reefs in the direction of rotation is directed in different directions from the joint, and for even ones - towards the joint, even and odd whips can be installed in any order as between by themselves, and with solid whips with a unidirectional slope of the reefs along the entire length of the whip or in any variant set according to the number and sequence with whips with other working surfaces of different shapes, including non-metallic materials, while the total number of places for whips on the drum must be multiples of 2 and 3 at the same time. 2. The drum according to claim. 1, characterized in that the whips in the variant set by type and sequence are made in the form of segments installed on the same pedestal with a gap between themselves, overlapped by a segment of the whip installed at least on the other next in the direction of rotation of the peel. 3. The drum according to PP. 1 and 2, characterized in that the basis for the installation of trough-shaped arched troughs is a hollow closed sealed cylinder, planted on the drive shaft.

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