RU2744184C2 - Method for preventing soil erosion in agricultural landscapes - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and can be used for protecting soils from erosion. The method consists in preserving a cutting on the field covering the whole slope. On long slopes above 450 m the height of the cutting is increased from the upper part of the slope to the lower stripes: 5-7 cm in the upper part of the slope, 10-12 cm in the middle, 15-17 cm in the lower part and further to the base of 20-22 cm. Four bands are formed with a width Lwnot exceeding 150 m and determined according to the length of the slope Lsland the given number n thereof according to the equation.EFFECT: method enables accumulating solid winter precipitation in the fields, preventing the soil from erosion and promoting additional moisture-accumulation.1 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The technical field to which the invention relates

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular the protection of soil from erosion.

State of the art

A known method of protecting soil from erosion, including the creation of a system of stock-regulating forest belts (SU 1799234 A3, 02.28.1993). Forest strips 2-4 rows are located across or along the contour. The structures of the forest belts are formed with a wind permeability decreasing from top to bottom along the slope: a two-row near-dividing strip of a blown structure without bushes from rocks that provide an area of gaps between the trunks of more than 60%, in the crowns up to 10%. The runoff-regulating strip that follows down the slope is formed from three rows of trees and shrubs - an openwork-blown structure with an area of gaps between the trunks and in the crowns of 12-45%. Then, below it, an openwork stock-regulating strip is formed with a wind permeability of 15-35%. The beams are created with a 4-5-row dense structure with a wind permeability of no more than 10%. In the inter-lane space, wings are sown from tall crops. This system of protective forest belts ensures the retention of almost all snowfall in the fields with an increase in the thickness of the snow cover from top to bottom. In this case, the melt water flowing down from the upper part of the slope gets into the still lying snow on the lower part, without flushing. The method is effective, but the creation of a system of forest belts, on the one hand, must cover the entire slope (catchment), and on the other hand, it is a very expensive measure, which limits its use.

The technology of oats cultivation is known (patent of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 29554, class А01В 79/02, application No. 2013/1986.1 dated December 28, 2013, published on March 16, 2015, bulletin No. 3), which includes leaving stubble in strips 30-40 cm high 35-40 cm after 2-3 m during harvesting of the culture preceding sowing. After it, a uniform spreading of chopped straw is carried out, autumn autumn cultivation is carried out, soil leveling in the early spring period with anti-erosion tools, intermediate cultivation of the soil with cultivator seeders with simultaneous fertilization, sowing of oats, followed by its harvesting, leaving stubble for subsequent crops. The disadvantage of this method is the uneven distribution of snow, its melting at different times and an increase in soil washout on the strips earlier freed from snow due to the flow of water on them from the strips where the snow has not melted.

Closest is the method of snow retention and protection of soils from erosion (USSR patent No. 1808223, class А01В 13/16, application No. 4723565/15 dated July 26, 1989, published on April 15, 1993 bull. No. 14), including the creation of stubble curtains on the surface fields with different stubble heights in adjacent aisles of the harvester. During the harvesting of the cover crop after the working stroke of the harvesting unit, the cutting height changes, which ensures the production of stubble wings with different stubble heights in adjacent aisles. The disadvantage of this method is the lack of quantitative parameters of the height of the stubble wings and the width of the passage, after which the height of the cut changes, and there is also no information about the nature of the change in the height of the cut relative to the location on the slope.

From the above inventions, the following basic principles can be taken as a basis: it is necessary that the developed method be available for implementation by a wide range of users, adjust the stubble cutting height of agricultural crops, gradually increasing it from top to bottom along the slope, thereby also providing snow deposition so that the snow power increases when moving down on the slope.

Disclosure of invention

The objective of the invention is to regulate snow deposition in agricultural landscapes with the condition that the height of the snow cover will increase from top to bottom along the slope, preventing soil washout and deep freezing.

This is achieved by the fact that when harvesting crops on slopes prone to water erosion, stubble of different heights is left on the field. The method differs in that its height increases in the direction from the upper part of the slope (watershed) to the base. On the upper part of the slope, it should fluctuate 5-7, in the middle part of the slope - 10-12, in the lower part - 15-17 and then 20-22 cm (drawing). Depending on the length of the slope, the number of sections with different stubble heights can vary. In winter, lingering on the field, the snow cover forms with increasing thickness from the watershed down the slope, depending on the height of the stubble. In the spring, when temperatures are positive, the snow will be removed from the soil from the watershed (upper part of the slope), where the thickness of the snow cover is the smallest. Melt water will flow down the slope, falling into the remaining snow without flushing (there is no flushing under the snow). The snow cover formed in this way will also prevent deep soil freezing in the middle and lower parts of the slope, which, in turn, in the spring contributes to greater absorption of melt water, reducing or preventing soil washout.

On short slopes (up to 450 m), three stripes can be formed, and on long ones (over 450 m) - four. The width of the strips (L _w ) is calculated depending on the length of the slope (L _skl ) and the specified number of strips (n):

The width of one lane should not exceed 150 m.

The technical result of the proposed method is a low-cost creation of conditions for the accumulation of solid winter precipitation in the fields, ensuring the prevention of soil washout, contributing to additional moisture accumulation.

Implementation of the invention

When harvesting crops on a slope, stubble is left on the field with an increase in height in strips: in the upper part of it 5-7 cm, in the middle part - 10-12 cm, in the lower part - 15-17 cm and further to the base - 20-22 cm in the fourth. The width of the strip with the same stubble height is calculated using the equation.

Claims (2)

1. A method of preventing soil washout in agricultural landscapes, including preserving stubble on the entire slope, characterized in that on long slopes over 450 m, the stubble height is increased in the direction from the top of the slope to the bottom in strips: 5-7 cm in the upper part of the slope, 10-12 cm - in the middle, 15-17 cm - at the bottom and further to the base 20-22 cm. 2. The method of claim. 1, characterized in that on slopes more than 450 m are formed of four strip width (L _w) of not more than 150 m and is determined depending on a slope of length (L _flask) and a predetermined number of (n) by the equation :

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