RU2743753C1 - Hybrid magnet without scattering fields for the maglev system - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: transport machine building.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to magnetic suspension device for levitation vehicles. Hybrid magnet includes two permanent magnets, electromagnetic coil and magnetic conductor. Permanent magnets are installed by the magnetisation vectors on opposite sides from the central pole of the magnetic conductor at an angle to the middle pole from 1° to 45°. Electromagnetic coil is located between the extreme and middle poles of the magnetic conductor and encloses the middle pole of the magnetic conductor and permanent magnets. Extreme poles are connected by a bridge separated from convergent ends of permanent magnets by a gap.EFFECT: as a result, an efficient strong hybrid magnet is created, which provides a better concentration of magnetic flux in the levitation gap, considerably reduces the level of scattering fields.9 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The technical field to which the invention relates

The invention relates to magnetic devices, including a magnetic suspension device for levitation vehicles.

State of the art

For the transportation of people or goods using magnetic levitation, several types of suspensions have been proposed, in which the vehicle is held without mechanical contact with the overpass (track structure) using ponderomotive forces ("magnetic cushion") generated by electromagnets or permanent magnets. A linear traction motor can accelerate a vehicle on a magnetic suspension to speeds significantly higher than the speed of conventional vehicles.

A type of magnetic suspension for a maglev vehicle (TC), classified as an electromagnetic suspension (EMF), is considered. The principle of operation of EMF is based on the attraction of an electromagnet (EM) or permanent magnet (PM) to ferromagnets. In the EMF of a vehicle, EM and PM are attracted to a ferromagnetic guide located on the track structure. At the same time, a levitation gap is maintained between the ferromagnetic guide and the EMI magnets. During levitation, the weight of the vehicle is balanced by the magnetic force of the EMF, the value of which is determined by the corresponding value of the operating current in the EM at the selected value of the levitation (air) gap. Such an equilibrium is fundamentally unstable and its maintenance requires constant monitoring of the levitation gap value, the stabilization of which is ensured by active variation of the EM operating current relative to its average value according to a special algorithm.

The passage of the operating current through the conductor of the electromagnet is accompanied by the release of heat, i.e. requires energy and cooling. These costs grow with an increase in the operating current of the EM, i.e. with an increase in the lifting force of the EMF. To reduce energy consumption (increase energy efficiency) of a conventional EMF (only EM), a combined electromagnetic suspension (KEMP) is used, in which a PM is installed in addition to the EM. While maintaining the vehicle weight at the initial level, the force of attraction of the PM to the ferromagnetic guide of the overpass allows the force of attraction generated by the EM to be reduced by an appropriate amount (i.e., to reduce the operating current of the EM), thereby reducing the energy consumption of the EM. In the case of maintaining the force of attraction of the EM (keeping the same current in the EM), the use of the PM allows increasing the weight of the vehicle without additional energy consumption. The change in the weight of the vehicle while maintaining the value of the levitation gap can be compensated for by changing the magnitude of the force of attraction of the PM to the ferromagnetic guide, as, for example, in the combined EMF patent RU2611858. To stabilize the levitation gap, the patent RU2611858 uses a pair of EMs located below and above the ferromagnetic guide.

EMF in conventional (only EM) and combined (EM and PM) design provides two functions: (1) actual suspension, i.e. the creation of a magnetic force of attraction to the ferromagnetic guide, which balances the vehicle weight at a given air gap (by setting a certain value of the operating current in the EM), and (2) active stabilization of the gap size. Both functions are performed by controlling the magnitude of the operating current in the EM according to a special algorithm. The control is carried out in such a way that the average value of the control current at the selected working gap provides the value of the EMF suspension force equal to the weight of the vehicle, and the corresponding small additive variations of the control current (relative to the average value) ensure the stability of the gap.

The value of the average current in a conventional EMF is much greater (by 1-2 orders of magnitude) than the average amplitude of the current variation. It is the value of the average current that determines the high power consumption of a conventional EMF. In a combined EMF (for example, in RU2611858), levitation can be carried out with an average current value comparable in magnitude to the average amplitude of the current variation, i.e. with significantly less power consumption.

More than 20 years ago, circuits of electromagnets were proposed, into the magnetic circuit of which PMs were inserted in different ways. Such magnets are called hybrid electromagnets (HEM) or hybrid magnets, and the corresponding suspensions are called hybrid EMF (HEMF). In the application of EMF for vehicles, one can expect a number of significant consumer advantages over KEMF, such as compactness (better weight and size characteristics), lower power consumption, etc. In addition, in comparison with traditional electromagnetic suspensions, hybrid electromagnetic suspensions turned out to be smaller and lighter.

The design of a hybrid magnet with a magnetic circuit arrangement, EM and PM, described in the publication Safaei, Suratgar, Afshar, and Mirsalim, 2015. F. Safaei, A.A. Suratgar, A. Afshar, and M. Mirsalim. Characteristics Optimization of the Maglev Train Hybrid Suspension System Using Genetic Algorithm. Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on, PP (99), 1_8, 2015, and is a bipolar HEV.

The authors of this design proposed a physically based solution to the configuration of EM and PM, built into a common magnetic circuit to obtain maximum force with minimum consumption of magnetic material and with the ability to effectively control the magnitude of the force. Based on the results of our optimization of such a design, a typical configuration with a PM was obtained, the thickness of which is comparable to the size of the air gap, and the surface area significantly exceeds the area of the pole.

The disadvantages of the configuration described in this article include:

- A significant level of magnetic induction outside the working area (the area of the air gap formed by the surface of the ferromagnetic poles of the HEV and the ferromagnetic guide). This poses a serious threat in terms of the possibility of adhesion of foreign magnetic objects and complicates maintenance;

- Large stray fields in the surrounding space in the absence of a ferromagnetic guide, which puts forward special requirements for their storage;

- Low efficiency of using the material of permanent magnets to generate the force of attraction to the ferromagnetic guide (low specific characteristics, such as, for example, the ratio of the force of attraction to the weight of the PM or the entire HEV).

Disclosure of invention

The task to achieve which the proposed device is directed is to eliminate the above-mentioned disadvantages.

The problem of the invention is solved by using a hybrid magnet, which includes permanent magnets, an electromagnetic coil and a magnetic circuit having three poles. Two permanent magnets adjoin from both sides to the middle pole of the magnetic circuit at an angle of 1 ° to 45 ° relative to the direction of the middle pole. Their magnetization vectors are oppositely oriented. The electromagnetic coil covers the middle pole of the permanent magnet magnetic circuit and is located in the grooves between the middle and outer poles. The extreme poles are connected by a bridge separated from the converging ends of the permanent magnets by a gap.

At least one pole of the magnetic circuit may contain an additional permanent magnet, the direction of the magnetization vector of which is consistent with the direction of the permanent magnets adjacent to the middle pole of the magnetic circuit. The hybrid magnet may contain additional electromagnetic coils at and around the outermost poles. The magnetic circuit can be symmetrical about the middle pole. The height of the poles of the magnetic circuit is greater than the height of the permanent magnets and the electromagnetic coil. Permanent magnets are installed oppositely at an angle relative to the direction of the middle pole of the magnetic circuit. In private versions, permanent magnets can be installed at an angle from 1 ° to 45 ° or from 1 ° to 40 ° or from 1 ° to 30 ° relative to the direction of the middle pole of the magnetic circuit. Permanent magnets are preferably installed oppositely on both sides of the middle pole of the magnetic circuit at an angle to each other from 2 ° to 90 ° from 5 ° to 80 ° or from 10 ° to 60 °.

The object of the invention is also solved by means of a vehicle designed to move along an overpass with a ferromagnetic guide, having a magnetic suspension using a hybrid magnet according to any of the above options.

The technical result of the present invention is to create an effective hybrid electromagnet for EMF, providing levitation with "zero power consumption", which, in comparison with a conventional EM, is more compact and lightweight (i.e., with smaller dimensions / weight) while providing the same magnetic field ( lifting force) in the levitation gap, or it can create a magnetic field of a greater magnitude while maintaining the same dimensions / weight, which is another variant of the manifestation of the same technical result. Defining the specified technical result in other words, we can say that it consists in increasing the specific force of the hybrid electromagnet, i.e. the lift-to-weight ratio of the hybrid electromagnet at a fixed clearance.

The technical result is achieved due to the better concentration in the levitation gap of the magnetic flux generated by the PM in the HEV with this (W-shaped) configuration. This significantly reduces the level of stray fields and halves the number and, accordingly, the weight of the electromagnetic coils.

Brief Description of Drawings

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a compact hybrid electromagnet according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows the relative position of the permanent magnets and the middle pole.

Implementation of the invention

The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying figures, which depict a preferred embodiment of the invention. The following description and drawings are not intended to limit the scope of protection, which is defined by the claims, but are given for the purpose of simplifying the understanding of the essence of the invention and possible variants of its implementation, which are not exhausted by those presented in the figures and in the description. The invention is further described in relation to, but is not limited to, a compact hybrid magnet for a maglev system, that is, for a vehicle designed to travel on an overpass with ferromagnetic guides and having a magnetic suspension using a hybrid magnet, but is not limited to this purpose and can be used in relation to any application magnetic devices.

The description of the invention is given for a hybrid magnet in the orientation shown in the figures, in accordance with which the bases of the poles of the magnetic circuit (adjacent to the yokes in Fig. 1) are located at the bottom, and the working surfaces of the poles are at the top. However, this arrangement does not limit the scope of protection of the invention and is given only for the purpose of simplifying the explanation. In the general case, defined by the claims, the orientation of the compact magnet is not unambiguously defined and may vary. In accordance with the change in the orientation of the magnet, the arrangement of its parts in space also changes.

FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a hybrid magnet (hybrid electromagnet) containing a prefabricated magnetic core. The magnetic circuit contains the following elements: middle pole 1, yoke 2 and two extreme poles 3. In addition to the magnetic circuit, the hybrid electromagnet contains permanent magnets 4 and 5 and an electromagnetic coil 6. The shown hybrid electromagnet is intended primarily for use in the EMF transport system MAGLEV, for which it is located under ferromagnetic guide (rail) 10. The working planes of the poles (upper free ends) face the ferromagnetic guide, and their bases (that is, the lower ends) are connected to the yoke. During levitation between the planes of the poles and the ferromagnetic guide, an equilibrium gap is provided, at which the weight of the vehicle is balanced only by the ponderomotive forces of the PM. In this case, the operating current of the electromagnet actively varies near zero, ensuring the stabilization of the value of the equilibrium gap.

This circuit can be represented as a combination of two two-pole HEVs into a three-pole circuit with the same clearance as in the prototype. We note two new positive properties manifested in such a three-pole HEV: (1) an increase in the average magnetic flux density in the gap of the middle pole of the new HEV in comparison with the two original HEV, leading to an increase in the force of attraction to the guide by more than 2 times, given that the mass a three-pole HEV is less than the mass of two two-pole HEVs (the number of coils does not double when two two-pole HEVs are combined into a three-pole circuit, since there is still one coil, but located not vertically, but horizontally, and in addition, the mass of the magnetic circuit is somewhat less due to more optimal location of the poles); (2) the opposite inclusion of the magnetization vectors of two PMs in the GEM leads to a faster decay of the stray fields with distance from the GEM, thereby significantly improving the electromagnetic compatibility.

The assembled magnetic circuit of this hybrid electromagnet contains a middle wedge-shaped pole 1 and extreme poles 3, connected by yokes 2 with wedge-shaped inserts 7, and between the inserts 7 and the middle pole 1 there are permanent magnets 4 and 5. Permanent magnets 4 and 5 together with wedge-shaped inserts 7 and the middle Pole 1 forms the central part of the "W-shaped" (E-shaped) magnetic circuit, if we apply this analogy with the classical definition of the W-shaped magnetic circuit. Permanent magnets 4 and 5 are set on magnetization oppositely on both sides of the middle wedge-shaped pole 1 of the magnetic circuit at an angle from 1 ° to 45 ° to the middle pole (respectively, from 2 ° to 90 ° relative to each other). This mutual arrangement of the permanent magnets 4 and 5, the yoke 2 with wedge-shaped inserts 7 and the middle pole 1 ensures the maximum concentration of the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnets 4 and 5 in the poles of the W-shaped magnet and, as a consequence, in the levitation gap. This makes it possible to increase the efficiency (specific force) of the hybrid magnet, that is, to create a higher level of the magnetic field in the air gap with smaller dimensions and weight compared to the prototype.

постоянных магнитов (произведение удельной намагниченности на объем магнита) определяет усилие, создаваемое гибридным магнитом, при желаемой величине воздушного зазора. В общем случае вектор магнитного момента есть сумма трех компонент

, где ось X направлена в продольном направлении (по направлению движения, перпендикулярно к плоскости фигур), ось Y – в поперечном к направлению движения (горизонтальное направление на фигурах) и ось Z – в вертикальном. Здесь и далее направления указаны на примере реализации гибридного магнита, изображенного на фиг. 1. Компонента в направлении движения

в предпочтительном варианте отсутствует. Встречная установка постоянных магнитов 4 и 5 означает, что поперечные к движению (горизонтальные на фигурах) компоненты их векторов магнитного момента противоположно направлены.Magnitude of the magnetic moment

permanent magnets (the product of the specific magnetization and the volume of the magnet) determines the force generated by the hybrid magnet at the desired air gap. In the general case, the magnetic moment vector is the sum of three components

, where the X-axis is directed in the longitudinal direction (in the direction of movement, perpendicular to the plane of the figures), the Y-axis is in the transverse to the direction of movement (horizontal direction in the figures) and the Z-axis is in the vertical. Hereinafter, the directions are indicated using the example of the implementation of the hybrid magnet shown in FIG. 1. Component in the direction of travel

preferably absent. The counter-installation of permanent magnets 4 and 5 means that the components of their vectors of the magnetic moment, transverse to the motion (horizontal in the figures), are oppositely directed.

магнита 4 или угол наклона

магнита 5 определяется как угол наклона средней плоскости (или обращенной к другому магниту грани, или плоскости, перпендикулярной вектору магнитного момента

или

), отсчитываемый от оси или плоскости, проходящей через средний полюс 1. Например, это может быть вертикальная ось или плоскость. Угол

между магнитами 4 и 5 равен сумме углов наклона

+

. Благодаря такому наклонному положению магнитов 4 и 5, их нижние концы сходятся, а верхние концы отклонены от среднего полюса (т.е. от вертикального направления на фигурах) на углы от 1° до 45°.Referring to FIG. 2, tilt angle

magnet 4 or tilt angle

magnet 5 is defined as the angle of inclination of the median plane (or the face facing another magnet, or the plane perpendicular to the vector of the magnetic moment

or

), measured from the axis or plane passing through the middle pole 1. For example, it can be a vertical axis or a plane. Angle

between magnets 4 and 5 is equal to the sum of the tilt angles

+

... Due to this inclined position of magnets 4 and 5, their lower ends converge, and their upper ends are deflected from the middle pole (i.e., from the vertical direction in the figures) at angles from 1 ° to 45 °.

The middle pole 1, located between the magnets 4 and 5, has the shape, at least in part, of a triangular prism. This mutual arrangement ensures effective collection of the magnetic flux from the permanent magnets in the middle pole of the magnetic circuit and, as a consequence, in the air gap with the ferromagnetic guide, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency (specific force) of the hybrid magnet, that is, to create a stronger magnetic field in the air gap when reduced size and weight.

In some embodiments, the prefabricated ("W-shaped") magnetic circuit may not contain yokes, which are completely replaced by permanent magnets directly connecting the respective ends of the extreme poles to the end of the middle pole. In addition, the magnetic circuit may contain additional yokes connecting the permanent magnets to the middle pole. The magnetic circuit is preferably symmetrical about the middle pole, and the poles of the magnetic circuit are preferably parallel to each other. In addition, the working surfaces of the poles of the magnetic circuit mainly lie in the same plane.

To ensure the mechanical integrity of the structure of the W-shaped hybrid magnet, its yokes 2 are connected by a jumper 9 made of the same material as the magnetic core. To eliminate the scattering of the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnets 4 and 5 on the bridge 9 near their converging ends, and the maximum concentration of the magnetic flux in the poles, a cavity 8 is provided, filled with non-magnetic material or air.

The magnetic circuit in the configuration under consideration combines magnetic fluxes created by permanent magnets and an electromagnetic coil, and concentrates it in the gaps between the poles 1, 3 of the magnetic circuit of the hybrid magnet and ferromagnetic guide 10. In this case, the combination of magnetic fluxes has a vector character - the fluxes can be added or subtracted depending on the sign of the current in the coil.

The configuration of the hybrid magnet, consisting of yokes 2 with wedge-shaped inserts 7, poles 1, 3, permanent magnets 4, 5 and an electromagnetic coil 6, provides a more efficient direction of the magnetic flux in the gap, and, as a consequence, an increase in the attractive force with an overall decrease in weight along compared to prototypes.

Due to the better flux linkage of the middle pole with the ferromagnetic guide, the lifting force, with the same volume of permanent magnets and the same total area of the poles, will be higher than in the prototype. At the same time, the thickness of the ferromagnetic guide is halved in comparison with the prototype, while its width increases by 20-30%, which leads to a significant reduction in the cost of the overpass.

The permanent magnets 4 and 5 preferably have the same dimensions, equally deviated from the middle pole, i. E. create predominantly the same magnetic fields. However, the magnetization vectors of these magnets are oriented oppositely, which is reflected in the fact that the permanent magnets in the figures have different reference numbers 4 and 5.

The height of the poles 1, 3 of the magnetic circuit must be greater than the height of the permanent magnets and the electromagnetic coil. With such ratios of dimensions, the working planes of the poles of the magnetic circuit will protrude above the permanent magnets and the electromagnetic coil, and the permanent magnets and the electromagnetic coil will be separated from the ferromagnetic guide by a gap greater than the levitation gap.

In some embodiments, additional permanent magnets can be installed in one or more poles and / or in the base (yokes, jumper) of the magnetic circuit, the orientation of which is consistent with the orientation of the permanent magnets near the middle pole of the magnetic circuit (taking into account the geometric shape of the magnetic circuit, which changes the direction of the magnetic field) ... The orientation of the additional magnets is determined in relation to the direction of the magnetic field created by the permanent magnets 4 and 5 in the middle pole 1 of the magnetic circuit. The use of additional permanent magnets makes it possible to further increase the specific power of the hybrid magnet, since when replacing a part of the magnetic circuit with permanent magnets, the mass will not change, and the force of the magnetic field formed in the gap between the magnetic circuit and the overpass increases. The additional permanent magnets are preferably positioned symmetrically about the middle pole to maximize the increase in useful (ie, gap-guided) magnetic field.

In addition, in some embodiments, the hybrid magnet may contain additional electromagnetic coils that surround the extreme poles of the magnetic circuit. This further increases the AC component of the magnetic field without increasing the height of the hybrid magnet.

The vehicle, in the suspensions of which hybrid electromagnets are installed, levitates over the track structure with an equilibrium gap only due to the force generated by permanent magnets, thereby providing levitation without energy consumption.

Permanent magnets 4 and 5 are installed on both sides of the middle pole 1 of the magnetic circuit in such a way that their magnetization vectors are directed oppositely. FIG. 1 shows that magnets 4 and 5 are turned towards each other by the north poles N, but they can also be turned towards the south poles. The magnetic fluxes from both magnets are combined in the middle pole 1 and, having passed through the air gap of the middle pole into the ferromagnetic guide 10 of the track structure, is again divided into two flows, each of which is closed through the corresponding air gap and the extreme pole of the magnetic circuit with the south pole S of the corresponding permanent magnet ...

Due to the installation of permanent magnets opposite in magnetization, a decrease in stray fields is ensured. Thanks to the efficient positioning of the solenoid coil, the weight of the hybrid solenoid is reduced.

Hybrid electromagnetic suspensions (HEMP) allow the vehicle to levitate with virtually no energy consumption.

The air gap at which the levitation force generated by the vehicle's electromagnetic suspension is equal to the vehicle's weight is defined as the equilibrium levitation gap, and the corresponding suspension position as the equilibrium position.

The value of the control current in the EMF during levitation of the vehicle is near zero with a small amplitude of variations determined by the degree of deviation from the equilibrium position. Significantly different from zero current pulses, in accordance with the control algorithm, will be briefly supplied to the EMF coil only during the “takeoff” and “landing” of the vehicle (TC), as well as in cases of either a rapid change in the vehicle weight (loading or unloading), or a sharp change (jump) in the size of the gap (for example, at the joints of the guides), as a result of which the size of the gap will change and take on a new equilibrium value.

Strong rare earth (NdFeB) permanent magnets are used to provide levitation, and electromagnets are used to stabilize the levitation gap. The force generated by the PM balances the weight of the vehicle at a certain equilibrium value of the air gap, which ensures levitation of the vehicle with minimal power consumption. When the vehicle weight changes due to loading or unloading, the air gap between the poles of the hybrid magnet and the ferromagnetic guide ("rail") will change towards its equality with the equilibrium gap at the moment. The actively controlled EV maintains and stabilizes the equilibrium air gap, while the balance of the weight is still provided by the force generated by the PM.

The magnitude of the magnetic flux, which is created by the permanent magnets of the proposed hybrid magnet in the air gap between the poles of the magnet and the ferromagnetic guide, determines the force with which it is attracted to the ferromagnetic guide. The force of attraction in this case depends on the size of the air gap.

The electromagnetic coil is necessary to stabilize the equilibrium levitation gap between the poles of the hybrid electromagnet and the ferromagnetic guide in all modes of vehicle movement, including possible external short-term effects on a moving vehicle (for example, guide irregularities, gusts of wind, precipitation, movement of cargo or passengers).

The stabilization of the equilibrium gap is ensured by changing the control current in the electromagnetic coil according to a special algorithm that changes the magnitude and direction of the current. Since the system is in an unstable equilibrium position, the control current in the solenoid coil constantly fluctuates around zero values, which ensures the minimum power consumption (levitation with the so-called "zero power").

The electromagnetic coil 6 is located between the extreme poles 3 of the magnetic circuit, covering the middle pole 1 of the magnetic circuit and permanent magnets 4 and 5 with wedge-shaped inserts 7. With a more accurate description of the location, it can be said that the electromagnetic coil 6 is located between the extreme poles 3 and the inserts 7 of the magnetic circuit and covers the inserts 7 of the magnetic circuit and permanent magnets 4 and 5 - this description does not contradict the description in the previous sentence, since both the middle pole 1, and the insert 7 of the magnetic circuit, and permanent magnets 4 and 5 are located inside the electromagnetic coil.

Due to the above-described arrangement, the electromagnetic coil 6 generates a magnetic field in the middle pole so that its magnetization vector is located along the middle pole and along the axis of the coil (in Fig. 1 - along the vertical direction).

The coverage of the permanent magnets 4 and 5 by the electromagnetic coil ensures a reduction in the size of the hybrid magnet, since the permanent magnets and the coil are located in the same plane. In addition, the location of the permanent magnets inside the electromagnetic coil reduces the stray fields and allows the magnetic field from the permanent magnets to be directed without losses into the gap between the middle pole and the magnetic core, which increases the specific force of the hybrid magnet, which can be defined as the magnitude of the generated magnetic field in relation to its mass. ... This allows the use of powerful permanent magnets as elements creating a constant magnetic field, which provides an increased carrying capacity of a levitating vehicle with such a hybrid magnet.

The coil 6 can completely wrap the permanent magnets as shown in FIG. 1 (that is, when the permanent magnets are inside the inner contour of the coil turns), or partially, when some of the permanent magnets are inside the smallest contour of the coil turns, and some of the permanent magnets go beyond the loop of the turns - for example, if the yokes 2 are made in the form of permanent magnets connected with permanent magnets 4 and 5, respectively (taking into account the matching of the directions of magnetization), or if the permanent magnets have a shape that includes the yoke 2 passing from the bottom of the coil.

FIG. 1, the electromagnetic coil 6 is shown in two sections, in which the current flows in opposite directions. FIG. 1, for example, it is shown that in the left section the current flows from the observer, and in the right - towards the observer. The directions of the currents can also be reversed. Depending on the direction of the current in the coil, the magnetic flux generated by it is either added to the magnetic flux of the permanent magnets, or subtracted. Accordingly, the magnitude of the ponderomotive force, which attracts the poles of the hybrid magnet to the ferromagnetic guide, increases or decreases. The magnitude and direction of the current in the coil depends on the current conditions and is determined by the control algorithm.

The use of powerful high-coercive permanent magnets, which create a strong constant magnetic field, makes it possible to provide an increased carrying capacity of a levitating vehicle with such hybrid electromagnets with minimal energy consumption.

Due to the horizontal arrangement of the electromagnetic coil according to the invention shown in FIG. 1, only one coil is required to provide "zero power" levitation, which reduces the weight of the hybrid magnet when compared to alternatives with a different number of solenoid coils. In addition, the location of the coil between the poles of the magnetic circuit reduces the stray fields, since the entire field created by the coil is captured by the poles 1, 3 of the magnetic circuit, the yokes 2 and the inserts 7 of the magnetic circuit and the overpass 10, which together surround the coil on all sides. This reduces losses and increases the useful magnetic field produced by a current of the same magnitude. Due to this, the specific power of the hybrid magnet additionally increases, including in relation to the variable component of the magnetic field, which is necessary to ensure levitation with "zero power consumption".

In some embodiments, additional permanent magnets can be installed in one or more poles and / or in the yoke of the W-shaped magnetic circuit, the orientation (direction of the magnetization vectors) of which is consistent with the orientation (direction) of the permanent magnets adjacent to the middle pole of the magnetic circuit (taking into account the geometry of the magnetic circuit changing the direction of the magnetic field). The orientation (ie, the direction of the magnetization vector) of the additional magnets is determined with respect to the direction of the magnetic field (ie, the direction of the magnetization vector) created by the permanent magnets 4 and 5 at the middle pole 1 of the magnetic circuit. The use of additional permanent magnets makes it possible to increase the specific force of the hybrid electromagnet, since when replacing a part of the magnetic circuit with permanent magnets, the mass will not change, and the strength of the magnetic field formed in the gap between the poles of the magnet and the ferromagnetic guide increases. The permanent magnets are preferably mounted symmetrically about the middle pole to maximize the magnetic field in the gap. Additional permanent magnets can also be installed asymmetrically or have different magnetization values for long-term compensation of the tilt (roll) of the hybrid electromagnet relative to the ferromagnetic guide.

In addition, in some embodiments, the hybrid electromagnet may contain additional electromagnetic coils, covering the extreme poles of the magnetic circuit. This further increases the AC component of the magnetic field without increasing the height of the hybrid electromagnet. The additional coils can be supplied with different currents to create angular momentum in order to compensate for the tilt of the hybrid electromagnet relative to the ferromagnetic guide.

A hybrid magnet can also be called a compact hybrid electromagnet, a hybrid electromagnet or a compact hybrid magnet, a magnetic device, or a compact magnetic device. Each of these names can be supplemented with the characteristic "universal" or indicating a specific purpose. Basically, the hybrid electromagnet of the present invention is intended for use in a maglev transport system, that is, in a vehicle such as a train traveling along an overpass with ferromagnetic guides using magnetic levitation provided by the hybrid electromagnets. At the same time, the hybrid electromagnet of the present invention can be used in other systems, devices and products, including those with other purposes.

All the technical results indicated in the description, including additional ones, are achieved with the help of a hybrid electromagnet in accordance with the present invention simultaneously and inseparably from each other. The embodiment shown in the accompanying figures, as well as further embodiments described in detail, are intended to facilitate an understanding of the invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the invention as defined by the following claims. The described options can be combined and combined in any combination that ensures the implementation of the principle of operation and the achievement of the declared technical results. As a result of the combination of individual options, additional technical results can be achieved.

Claims (9)

1. A hybrid magnet, which includes permanent magnets, an electromagnetic coil and a magnetic circuit containing three poles, and the permanent magnets by magnetization are installed oppositely on both sides of the middle pole of the magnetic circuit and are inclined to the middle pole at an angle from 1 ° to 45 °, and the electromagnetic the coil is located between the extreme poles and covers the middle pole of the magnetic circuit and the permanent magnets, and the extreme poles are connected by a bridge separated by a gap from the permanent magnets. 2. A hybrid magnet according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one pole of the magnetic circuit contains an additional permanent magnet, the direction of magnetization of which is consistent with the direction of magnetization of the permanent magnets near the middle pole of the magnetic circuit. 3. A hybrid magnet according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains additional electromagnetic coils covering the extreme poles. 4. A hybrid magnet according to claim. 1, characterized in that the magnetic circuit is symmetrical about the middle pole. 5. A hybrid magnet according to claim. 1, characterized in that the middle pole of the magnetic circuit protrudes above the permanent magnets. 6. The hybrid magnet of claim. 1, characterized in that the permanent magnets are installed at an angle of 2 ° to 90 ° relative to each other. 7. A hybrid magnet according to claim. 1, characterized in that the permanent magnets are installed in magnetization oppositely on both sides of the middle pole of the magnetic circuit at an angle to each other from 5 ° to 80 ° or from 10 ° to 60 °. 8. A hybrid magnet according to claim 1, characterized in that the permanent magnets are installed at an angle from 1 ° to 40 ° or from 1 ° to 30 ° relative to the direction of the middle pole of the magnetic circuit. 9. A vehicle designed to move along an overpass with a ferromagnetic rail, having a magnetic suspension using a hybrid magnet according to any one of paragraphs. 1-8.

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