RU2735814C1 - Air conditioning system in apartment buildings - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: ventilation.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to methods and devices of energy-saving systems of ventilation, heating and air conditioning in residential buildings. Air conditioning system in apartment buildings, including district and quarter heat stations, circuits of heat carrier recycling in houses, heating batteries in apartments, heat carrier temperature regulators and exhaust ventilation in houses, wherein in district thermal stations cooling towers are installed for cooling of heat carrier in hot season, in quarterly thermal stations in cold season of heat carrier is supplied with temperature sufficient for heating of least heat-insulated buildings at minimum daily temperature, and in the hot period of the year - minimum temperature provided by the cooling towers, in the quarter heat stations the heat carrier is supplied to the groups of buildings with temperature controlled by the temperature regulators depending on the ambient temperature for the round-the-clock maintenance of the comfortable room temperature, in attic rooms of multi-storey buildings there installed are fans connected to main ducts of exhaust ventilation, on outer side of windows on transoms or ventilation vanes there are boxes with filters of fine air cleaning installed.

EFFECT: invention allows providing comfortable air parameters in residential premises during the whole year and saving energy resources.

1 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to methods and devices for energy-saving ventilation, heating and air conditioning systems in residential buildings.

Energy-saving ventilation and air conditioning systems are known from the state of the art {patents RU 2133922, (filed 1999-01-12, published on July 27, 1999), RU 22802149 (2002-04-19, July 20, 2006), RU 2476777, (02/27/2013 ), RU 2525818, (08/20/2014), RU 2514556 (02/27/2013}, in which the air conditioner is used as a heat pump to save energy resources to transfer heat from the air that is sucked out of the room to the air that is blown into the room in winter and into reverse direction in summer.

This fascination with heat pumps is based on a physical misunderstanding. The amount of heat in any body is proportional to its absolute temperature (in degrees Kelvin). With the help of a heat pump, the temperature rises by 20 ... 40 degrees. Air with an increased temperature with an amount of heat proportional to this temperature is forced into the room, displacing less heated air, which carries away the amount of heat proportional to its temperature. So the increase in heat in the room is proportional to the temperature difference.

The ratio of the absolute temperature to the temperature rise proportional to the work expended is considered the heating efficiency. Since this ratio is several times greater than unity, this heating method is considered very economical.

But the total amount of heat received is equal to the sum of the heat taken from the source and the work expended. In the same way, the amount of heat in the room will increase by the amount of heat generated by the installed electric heater. Only in this case all electricity will be completely converted into heat. And in a refrigeration unit, not all electrical energy will be spent on heat transfer work, since the efficiency of the refrigeration unit is less than unity. Therefore, the heat pump does not provide energy savings.

In patent RU 2277205, air is periodically supplied from the room to the street and from the street to the room through a device in which a nozzle is placed, which accumulates heat.

The effectiveness of such a device is highly questionable for the following reasons. To heat a solid nozzle with a high heat capacity, you need to blow air from the room through it for a long time. The temperature of the nozzle will still be lower than room air. Likewise, the temperature of the intake air will be lower than the temperature of the nozzle and as it is sucked in, the temperature will drop. When air is sucked out of the dwelling, there will be a reduced pressure in it. Therefore, oxygen-depleted air with odors from kitchens, bathrooms and through the cracks of windows and doors will be sucked in cold air from the environment along with dust. When air is pumped into living quarters, there will be a slight overpressure in them and through the same slots warm air will escape into the environment, carrying away more heat than it receives from the absorber. The room temperature will fluctuate widely. To compensate for heat loss, it will be necessary to increase the temperature of the heating batteries, which will lead to an increase in heat consumption.

In buildings, exhaust systems are arranged. The most commonly used natural draft can only work during the cold season, when the air temperature in the premises is significantly higher than the ambient temperature and warm light air rises up, creating draft. In summer, this hood is not functional.

In the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2374567 described various ejector systems for exhaust ventilation. However, the proposed system of natural ejector ventilation is not operable in the summer in the same way as natural exhaust, and ejection using a jet of air forced by a powerful fan is not effective and will create noise in the building.

Air conditioners are widely used to reduce the air temperature in rooms during the summer period. If the heat exchanger of the air conditioner is installed outside the building and gives off heat to the outside air, the air conditioner cools the air inside the room. But this air conditioning system has three disadvantages:

1. The flow of cold air in a hot room can cause colds in overheated people.

2. Electricity is consumed.

3. Heat from a room is transferred to a high-temperature environment, the cost of electricity for work on heat transfer is proportional to the temperature difference and therefore large.

The optimal air parameters in residential and administrative premises correspond to a temperature of 20 ... 22 ° C and a relative humidity of 30 ... 60%. (https://lumax.com.ua/komfortnve-usloviya-optimalnye-parametrv-vozduha/)

To achieve them in the cold season, heating is carried out, and in the hot season, the premises are air-conditioned.

To remove harmful emissions and unpleasant odors from the premises, an exhaust system is installed from kitchens and bathrooms.

Air oxygen enters the premises of buildings from the surrounding atmosphere through the cracks in the windows, and when using modern metal-plastic windows, through the cracks under the doors. At the same time, the air sucked into the living quarters, as a rule, is not filtered.

Known methods and devices for fine purification of air supplied to clean rooms in the production of medicines or microelectronics in the form of inlet ventilation, which provides a slight overpressure in these rooms, excluding the ingress of unfiltered air into them.

(http://artelcr.ru/index.php?yclid=2302818381515492266)

Known exhaust ventilation systems from cabinets for working with hazardous substances, creating a reduced pressure in these rooms, which excludes the release of harmful substances from these cabinets into the room and into the environment.

(http://www.tamsvs.ru/).

In homes with gas stoves, an explosive situation can arise due to leakage or careless handling of gas stoves. A mixture of 5.5% to 15.6% natural gas in air is explosive.

(https://www.chem21.info/info/1574373/).

A gas analyzer (for example, Sanpometr) can determine the concentration of natural gas 1000 times lower than the lower explosive limit. If such an analyzer is installed in an exhaust shaft serving up to 100 apartments, then it will be able to determine with confidence the appearance of an increased concentration of natural gas in one of these apartments and give an alarm signal until the gas concentration approaches the lower explosive limit.

As a prototype of the present invention, the air conditioning system used in large cities is used in apartment buildings.

The essence of the invention

The problem to be solved by the claimed invention is to provide comfortable air parameters in residential premises throughout the year and to save energy.

This problem is solved by the fact that in the proposed air conditioning system in apartment buildings, which includes district and quarterly thermal stations, coolant recirculation circuits in houses, heating batteries in apartments, coolant temperature regulators and exhaust ventilation in houses,

cooling towers are installed in district heating stations to cool the coolant during the hot season,

in the cold season, the district heating stations are supplied with a coolant with a temperature sufficient to heat the least insulated buildings at the minimum daily temperature, and in the hot season - the minimum temperature provided by the cooling towers,

in district heating stations, the heat carrier is recirculated, supplied to the groups of buildings with a temperature controlled by temperature regulators depending on the ambient temperature to maintain a comfortable temperature in the premises around the clock,

on the outside of the windows on the transoms or window vents, boxes with fine air filters are installed,

gas analyzers are installed in the exhaust shafts of the building with gas stoves to monitor the appearance of an increased concentration of natural gas in one of the apartments.

In addition, fans are installed in the attic of multi-storey buildings, connected to the main ducts of the exhaust ventilation.

The technical result provided by the above set of features is that a sufficient amount of clean air is supplied to the living quarters, a comfortable temperature in the premises is ensured throughout the year with an economical consumption of energy resources, and an alarm is provided about an unacceptable gas concentration in the indoor air.

The technical essence of the invention is illustrated by the following calculations and the figure in FIG. 1. The heat transfer from the radiators is proportional to the temperature difference between the battery T and the air in the room t: k (T-t), where the constant k for each room is equal to the product of the battery area and the heat transfer coefficient.

Heat losses through walls, windows and as a result of cold air suction through slots are also proportional to the difference in temperatures between the air in the room t and the environment τ: n (t-τ), where the constant n is equal to the sum of the products of the heat transfer coefficients through the windows and walls in their area, plus losses due to the suction of cold air from the street through the cracks. For temperature stability in the room, heat transfer around the clock should be equal to heat losses: k (T-t) = n (t-τ).

To do this, the temperature controller must automatically maintain the temperature of the batteries depending on the ambient temperature according to the law: Т = (K + 1) t-K T, where the constant K = n / k.

For the controller to work properly, two parameters must be set: K and t.

All this is true if the temperature of the internal walls of the building is equal to the given temperature t. However, if the building starts to heat only after the ambient temperature is sufficiently low, the walls of the buildings will cool down. To achieve the set room temperature and warm up the building, it will be necessary to supply a heat carrier with a temperature higher than the norm (with an overestimated K coefficient). The building will also warm up in winter with a short-term significant decrease in the ambient temperature, even with an underestimated coolant temperature, the air temperature inside the building will remain within normal limits due to the heat given off by the walls of the building. Moreover, when it gets cold, residents tightly close their windows.

When the ambient temperature rises, when the walls of the building are warmed up, the use of the values of the K coefficient in accordance with the autumn period causes overheating of the air in the premises, which forces residents to open the windows for ventilation. This leads not only to excessive consumption of heat, but also, as in the autumn cold snap, to colds.

FIG. 1 shows the graph and table used by MOEK to set the temperature of the coolant supplied to the district heating stations.

Here are the calculations of the K coefficient according to this table.

At an air temperature of -40 ° С Т-t = 92.5-20 = 72.5, t-τ = 20 + 40 = 60; K = 1.2

At an air temperature of -0 ° С T-t 50.3-20 = 30.3, t-τ = 20-0 = 20; K = 1.515

At an air temperature of 10 ° С Т-t = 37.5-20 = 17.5, t-τ = 20-10 = 10; K = 1.75

The above calculations explain the reason for the excessive consumption of heat during operation in accordance with the schedule and table of the MOEK. With an average autumn daily ambient temperature of 10 ° C, it is necessary to raise the temperature at the rate of K = 1.75.

With a short-term drop in temperature to -40 ° C, an overheated building can compensate for the lack of heat received from the batteries, especially since in severe frost, residents tightly close their windows, reducing heat loss.

It is also not justified to set a large temperature difference between the coolant at the inlet and at the inlet from the building, which leads to different heating conditions for the upper and lower floors of a multi-storey building.

The K coefficient can be calculated once after reaching a stable building temperature at any room temperature and then used to set a comfortable room temperature throughout the year, including when the air is cooled in summer. The comfortable air temperature in the premises should be set the same for all seasons within the range of 20 ... 22 ° С.

To ensure stable exhaust of harmful gases from kitchens and bathrooms, low pressure fans are installed in the attic of the building, to the inputs of which exhaust pipes are connected.

On the outside of the windows of the building, against the transoms or vents that open inside the premises, boxes are installed, the front walls of which are covered with a fine filter cloth. When maintaining normalized small gaps in the slightly open transoms or air vents, filtered outside air is supplied to the room under the influence of a vacuum generated by the building's hood. Cold outside air descends along the windowsill batteries and warms up to room temperature. This ensures oxygen replenishment in the living quarters and from them in the kitchen. In the warm period of the year, residents can open the transoms or vents wider, increasing the supply of fresh air.

To reduce the temperature in the room below a comfortable winter, you can close the taps on the radiators, reducing the flow of heat.

In a hot period, when the coolant is supplied from the cooling tower with a temperature lower than room temperature, you can close the battery taps, reducing the cooling of the indoor air.

This ensures that the objectives of the invention are achieved.

Claims (7)

1. An air conditioning system in apartment buildings, including district and district heating stations, heating agent recirculation circuits in houses, heating batteries in apartments, coolant temperature regulators and exhaust ventilation in houses, characterized in that in order to ensure comfortable air parameters in residential premises, throughout the year and energy savings, cooling towers are installed in district heating stations to cool the coolant during the hot season, in the cold season, the district heating stations are supplied with a coolant with a temperature sufficient to heat the least insulated buildings at the minimum daily temperature, and in the hot season - the minimum temperature provided by the cooling towers, in district heating stations, the heat carrier is recirculated, supplied to the groups of buildings with a temperature controlled by temperature regulators depending on the ambient temperature to maintain a comfortable temperature in the premises around the clock, fans are installed in the attic of multi-storey buildings, connected to the main ducts of the exhaust ventilation, On the outside of the windows, boxes with fine air filters are installed on transoms or ventilation vents. 2. Air conditioning system in apartment buildings according to claim 1, characterized in that gas analyzers are installed in the exhaust shafts of buildings with gas stoves to monitor the appearance of natural gas when gas leaks in one of the apartments.

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