RU2730618C1 - Method for increasing soil fertility under forecast crop yield - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture. Method comprises analysis of soil productivity taking into account abiotic factors by sampling soil for analysis, determining content of agrochemical indicators, determining factors of agroclimatic resource of the given territory, affecting crop capacity: photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), moisture supply, bio-hydrothermal potential (BHP), bioclimatic potential (BCP), determination of crop capacity of the selected crop depending on external and soil medium by formula:

where: C - crop by the sum of i^th factors; n is number of factors taken during crop calculation; i - factor influencing crop yield and yield increment - humus, phosphorus, potassium, acidity, microelements - indicators from agrochemical analysis of soil; Ci₁ - crop ensured by i-factor soil fertility indicators; Ci₂ - crop increment provided with additional i-factor; a_i is the soil acidity effect correction factor, plotting the nomograph in form of a graph, selection for a specific crop according to a nomogram of a predicted crop index, placing a ruler on the nomogram and determining a required dose of fertilizer, wherein the fertilizer dose for the crop is set taking into account the provision of nutrients to the soil, calculating the yield gain of 1 t/ha of the crop, the main soil nutrient indices being humus, phosphorus and potassium.

EFFECT: method ensures increase of soil fertility under forecast crop yield.

1 cl, 9 dwg, 1 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, in particular to agriculture, agrochemistry, soil science, plant growing. It is intended for farmers, summer residents, private households as a guide for practical use.

Forecasting the yield of agricultural crops is determined by the quantitative provision of a specific farm, district and region, in particular, by the resources of light, heat, moisture (using generalized agro-climatic indicators of the nearest hydrometeorological station, which allows to identify the potential productivity of the climate).

The relevance of taking into account the needs of plants for nutrients lies in the fact that in most cases the soil and climatic features of the territories are not taken into account. These factors can significantly affect the productivity and quality of the harvest.

Obtaining optimal yields can be carried out on those fields for which there is initial information: soil agrochemical indicators, the arrival of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), the sum of active temperatures over 10 ° C, relative air humidity, the amount of productive moisture before the beginning of the growing season and before sowing crops, the sum of precipitation during the growing season and their derived indicators: assimilation of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), moisture supply (W), biohydrothermal potential (BHTP), bioclimatic potential (BCP), as well as the application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other fertilizers, their coefficients use from soil and fat.

A known method for determining the dose of nitrogen fertilization of agricultural plants [RF Patent No. 2453097], including determining the actual level of chlorophyll content in the leaves, taking into account the varietal characteristics of a portable device for leaf diagnostics, characterized in that they determine the optimal value of the level of chlorophyll content in the leaves and the number of kilograms of active substance nitrogen fertilizer (K), corresponding to 1 conventional unit of chlorophyll content in the leaves, based on the difference between its optimal and actual values (P), it is judged that nitrogen fertilization is necessary, and the dose (N) is calculated by the formula: N = K⋅P, where K - the number of kilograms of the active substance of nitrogen fertilizer, corresponding to 1 conventional unit of chlorophyll content in the leaves; P is the difference between the optimal and actual values of the chlorophyll content in leaves, in arbitrary units.

This method does not include the analysis of the initial state of agrochemical parameters of the soil, top dressing is applied to the soil on the basis of sheet diagnostics, which requires labor, special instruments, and laboratory research.

There is a known method for predicting the yield of potatoes [RF Patent No. 2372771], including taking into account climatic factors, biological indicators of a cultivated crop, characterized in that they take into account the potential yield of a zoned variety, disease susceptibility and pest damage in points in the flowering phase, hydrothermal coefficient (HC) of this agroecological zones, and the projected yield is calculated by the formula where Y is the projected yield, c / ha; P is the potential yield of the zoned variety, c / ha; B - diseases, point; B - pests, point; GTK - hydrothermal coefficient.

This method is designed to predict the yield of only potatoes, without taking into account the initial state of the agrochemical parameters of the soil, based on the varietal characteristics of varieties, biotic factors and weather conditions.

There is a known method for predicting the yield of agricultural crops [RF Patent No. 2048056] by determining the amount of productive moisture reserves in a meter layer of soil in the spring, establishing the standard moisture content of the main product, the sum of the composite ratio of the main and by-products and calculating the yield according to the formula, characterized in that for predicting the yield potatoes additionally determine the humus content in the soil and the duration of the growing season from germination to harvesting of potatoes, while the predicted yield is calculated by the formula:

where Y _{cl is the} yield of tubers at their standard moisture content Vs, c / ha; W is the sum of productive moisture reserves in a meter layer of soil in spring, mm; A - the duration of the growing season from germination to harvesting, days; B _c - standard tubers moisture, C - humus content in the soil, S - the sum of the composite ratios of tubers to tops, and with a ratio of 1: 1, S = 2.

The specified method predicts the yield by the content of humus in the soil, the reserves of productive moisture in a meter layer of soil, the establishment of the standard moisture content of the main products, the growing season, the disadvantage is that when calculating the yield, other factors affecting the yield are not taken into account, in particular, precipitation is not taken into account in the proposed formula falling out during the growing season.

A known method for determining the norms of mineral fertilizers by calculation and balance methods (RBM). Calculation and balance methods are based on the balance of nutrients in the soil-plant system, i.e. comparison of the consumption of nutrients for the formation of the planned harvest with the expected supply of them from the soil and organic fertilizers [A.L. Maslova, A.M. Nadezhdin, B.C. Denisievsky, 1929-1930]. The calculation of the norms of mineral fertilizers was made by the above authors for sugar beets. Among the calculation and balance methods, several varieties can be distinguished: RBM for the planned yield; RBM for yield increase; RBM by the minimum factor. This method is taken as a prototype.

The disadvantage of the proposed method is the lack of numerical coefficients, indicators when calculating the planned yield of agricultural crops, only a calculation formula is proposed, fertility, soil properties are not taken into account, information on the value of a possible predicted crop yield is not provided.

The objective of the present invention is to provide a method for increasing soil fertility for a predicted crop yield.

The technical result consists in determining a potential yield with an analysis of agroclimatic conditions, determining a potential yield with an analysis of agroclimatic conditions, determining the level of an optimal yield, taking into account soil fertility, climatic indicators, economic factors and based on the calculation of the norms of mineral and organic fertilizers, in drawing up technological maps , including all the necessary agrotechnical measures, taking into account the harvest and the conditions for growing crops.

A method for increasing soil fertility for the predicted yield of agricultural crops, including analysis of soil productivity, taking into account abiotic factors, by selecting soil for analysis, determining the content of agrochemical indicators, determining the factors of the agroclimatic resource of a given territory that affect the crop yield: photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), moisture supply, biohydrothermal potential (BGTP), bioclimatic potential (BCP), determination of the yield of the selected crop depending on the external and soil environment according to the formula:

where: Y - yield by the sum of i-x factors;

n is the number of factors taken when calculating the yield;

i - factor influencing the yield and yield increase - humus, phosphorus, potassium, acidity, trace elements - indicators from the agrochemical analysis of soils;

Уi ₁ - yield provided by soil fertility indicators according to the i-factor;

Уi ₂ - yield increase provided by an additional i-factor;

a _i is the correction factor for the effect of soil acidity, the construction of a nomogram in the form of a graph, the choice of the predicted yield indicator for a specific agricultural crop according to the nomogram, the imposition of a ruler on the nomogram and the determination of the required dose of fertilizers, while the dose of fertilizers for the agricultural crop is set taking into account the supply of nutrients to the soil substances, an increase in 1 t / ha of yield is calculated, humus, phosphorus and potassium are chosen as the main indicators of soil nutrition.

The invention is illustrated by the following drawings:

- in fig. 1 - graphical analysis and calculations of the provision of agroclimatic (abiotic) resources for III and IV agroclimatic regions of the Komi Republic and potato yield according to indicators are presented: where 1, 2, 3, 4 - photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) when using (assimilation) 2, 3 , 5 and 1 %%; 5 - moisture supply (W); 6 - biohydrothermal potential (BHTP); 7 - bioclimatic potential (BKP) (Kayumov MK Handbook on programming crops. - M. Rosselkhozizdat, 1977) and for 1971-1999 actually: 8 - actually possible yield according to the provision of AKP; 9, 10, 11 - crop availability, soil agrochemical elements (% humus, phosphorus and potassium); 12 - the actual harvest in the agricultural "Syktyvkarsky"; 13 - average yield of 215 c / ha for the agricultural "Syktyvkarsky"; 14 - the average yield of 147 c / ha in the Komi Republic for the period 1971-1999.

- in fig. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 - nomograms for calculating the doses of mineral fertilizers for the planned yield are indicated, used after the analysis of agroclimatic (abiotic) resources of the farm, intended for calculating the planned yield for a specific field, farm, according to agrochemical indicators of content in the soil (humus, phosphorus, potassium and acidity).

- in fig. 2 - nomogram 1, which shows the calculation of the doses of mineral fertilizers for the potato harvest, taking into account the supply of nutrients to the soil, where the potato yield (t / ha) is reflected in the upper uniform scale, in the second uneven scale the content values are from 0-300 mg / kg P2O5, in the third non-uniform scale, the content is from 0-300 mg / kg K2O and in the fourth non-uniform scale, the content is from 0-7% humus in the soil as a source of nitrogen nutrition for plants.

- in fig. 3 - nomogram 2, which shows the calculation of doses of mineral fertilizers for the harvest of perennial grasses, taking into account the supply of nutrients to soils (designations are similar to nomogram 1).

- in fig. 4 - nomogram 3, which shows the calculation of doses of mineral fertilizers for the harvest of annual (peas / oats) grasses, taking into account the supply of nutrients to the soil (designations are similar to nomogram 1).

- in fig. 5 - nomogram 4, which shows the calculation of doses of mineral fertilizers for the harvest of grain crops, taking into account the supply of nutrients to the soil (doses: N - 65, Р ₂ О ₅ - 80, K ₂ O - 74 (kg) by d.v. to receive increments of 1 t / ha in grain yield, pH _6.5 ).

- in fig. 6 - nomogram 5, which shows the calculation of doses of mineral fertilizers for the harvest of root crops, taking into account the provision of soils with nutrients (doses: N - 8, Р ₂ О ₂ - 7, K ₂ O - 11 (kg) by d.v. to obtain an increase in 1 t / ha yield of root crops, pH _5.2 .

- in fig. 7 - nomogram 6, which shows the calculation of the doses of mineral fertilizers for the carrot harvest, taking into account the supply of nutrients to the soil (doses: N - 6 Р ₂ O ₅ - 6, K ₂ O - 5 (kg) on a.i. to obtain an increase in 1 t / ha yield of carrots, pH _6.3 ).

- in fig. 8 - nomogram 7, which shows the calculation of the doses of mineral fertilizers for the cabbage harvest, taking into account the supply of nutrients to the soil (doses: N - 9, Р ₂ O ₅ - 6, K ₂ O - 7 (kg) on a.i. to obtain an increase in 1 t / ha yield of cabbage, pH _7.2 .

- in fig. 9 - nomogram 2, which shows the calculation of doses of mineral fertilizers for the harvest of perennial grasses, taking into account the supply of nutrients to the soil (doses: N - 28, Р ₂ O ₅ - 27, K ₂ O - 31 (kg) for an increase of 1 t / ha with a yield of hay of perennial grasses, pH _6.2 .

An example of a graphical analysis of the provision of agroclimatic (abiotic) resources for III and IV agroclimatic regions of the Komi Republic and the projected potato yield by indicators. To do this, we build a coordinate system (Fig. 1), where: axis 0Y is the predicted yield of c / ha, axis 0X are factors affecting the yield of potatoes (c / ha).

As the first factor we take the coefficient of assimilation of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) - segments 1-4 on the axis 0X (Fig. 1), where: segment 1-2%; cut 2-3%; cut 3-5% and cut 4-1%. By calculation (Kayumov MK Handbook on programming yields. -M. Rosselkhozizdat, 1977), we determine the indicators of the forecast of potato yield and mark along the 0Y axis, respectively: 154 centners / ha; 231 kg / ha; 385 c / ha and 77 c / ha.

As the second factor, we take the moisture supply of the III and IV regions of the Komi Republic - segment 5 on the 0X axis (Fig. 1). By calculation (Kayumov M.K. Handbook for programming yields. - M. Rosselkhozizdat, 1977) we determine the indicators of potato yield at minimum and maximum moisture supply, then mark the predicted yield on the 0Y axis, respectively: 136 c / ha - at the minimum indicator and 229 c / ha - at the maximum.

As the third factor affecting the yield, we take the biohydrothermal potential (BHTP) of the III and IV regions of the Komi Republic - segment 6 on the 0X axis (Fig. 1). By calculation (Kayumov M.K. Handbook for programming yields. - M. Rosselkhozizdat, 1977), we determine the indicators of potato yield according to the minimum and maximum provision with biohydrothermal potential of III and IV regions, then we mark the predicted yield on the 0Y axis, respectively: 163 c / ha - at a minimum rate and 271 c / ha - at a maximum.

The fourth factor is the bioclimatic potential (BCP) of the III and IV regions of the Komi Republic - segment 7 on the 0X axis (Fig. 1). By calculation (Kayumov M.K. Handbook on programming yields. - M. Rosselkhozizdat, 1977), we determine the indicators of potato yield according to the minimum and maximum bioclimatic potential of the III and IV regions, then mark the predicted yield along the 0Y axis, respectively: 123 c / ha - at a minimum rate and 205 c / ha - at a maximum.

Thus, in Fig. 1, along the 0Y axis, the calculated indicators of the forecast of the potato yield are reflected at the possible minimum and maximum indicators of agroclimatic resources (on segments 1-7).

As the fifth factor influencing the yield, we took the average doses of mineral and organic fertilizers actually applied for potatoes in the III and IV regions of the Komi Republic - segment 8 on the 0X axis (Fig. 1). For this, statistical data on the doses of mineral and organic fertilizers applied to potatoes were used for each year for 20 years and their statistical processing was carried out. By calculation, the boundaries of indicators of a possible yield were determined based on the availability of mineral and organic fertilizers for the study period and the possible minimum and maximum potato yields were established. On the 0Y axis, the possible yield was marked by the availability of fertilizers, respectively - 170 c / ha and 295 c / ha.

As the sixth factor influencing the yield, we took the weighted average values of humus (segment 9 on the 0X axis in Fig. 1), phosphorus (segment 10 on the 0X axis in Fig. 1) and potassium (segment 11 on the 0X axis in Fig. 1) in soil for III and IV districts of the Komi Republic (according to rounds of agrochemical survey). On the 0Y axis, the possible yield was noted in terms of the availability of soil agrochemical elements, respectively: for humus - 210 c / ha; for phosphorus - 120 c / ha and for potassium - 110 c / ha.

As the seventh analyzed factor, we took the actual yield of a particular farm - segment 12 on the 0X axis (Fig. 1). The research was carried out at the agricultural enterprise "Syktyvkarsky". The data were analyzed for 20 years and the actual limits of the yield values were set from 75 c / ha to 286 c / ha.

For clarity, the 0Y axis shows the average potato yield (straight lines 13 and 14 in Fig. 1) for the analyzed 20 year period, respectively, for an agricultural enterprise - 215 c / ha and 147 c / ha in the Komi Republic.

From the above analysis in Fig. 1 shows that the state and development of soil fertility is influenced not only by natural factors, but also by human economic activity, which has both positive and negative effects. The same yield can be obtained on soils with different indicators of soil fertility and different in weight and quality - on the same types of soils, depending on the agro-ecological situation and applied technologies. Therefore, this should be understood as the potential (natural) soil fertility manifests itself under certain agroecological and technological conditions.

Obtaining stable yields of agricultural crops presupposes and determines, in general, an integrated approach to assessing the role and significance of the basic laws and patterns of agriculture and crop production:

- The law is equal to the importance and irreplaceability of the factors of plant life, the essence of which is that it is impossible to replace a factor necessary for plants (heat, ox, light, food, etc.) with others. For the normal life of plants, the exclusion of any factor (even insignificant) cannot be compensated for by another.

- The law of the limiting factor or the law of the minimum. It is known that the size of the yield largely depends on the factor (or element of mineral nutrition) of plant growth, which is at a minimum. And any additional costs in agriculture, without taking into account the factor that is at a minimum, cannot give the desired effect, i.e. the law of minimum determines the farming system, methods of tillage, etc.

- The law of optimum or the combined effect of factors, the essence of which is that only the optimal ratio between growth factors ensures the best development of plants and their high productivity. When developing technological maps on farms, it is necessary to take into account the specific conditions of the field and, on the basis of this, plan the systems of crop rotation and fertilizers, sowing dates, seeding rates, etc.

- The law of return, the essence of which is that the plant consumes nutrients from the soil for the formation of the crop, which then must be returned to the soil in order to create a favorable balance of assimilated nutrients for the subsequent harvest and increase soil fertility.

- The law of the regulatory system in plants (the law of ecological significance), the essence of which is that plants continuously receive information from the external environment, process it, on the basis of which they strengthen or strengthen the processes taking place in the plant. Knowledge and consideration of these properties of plants allows the agronomist to correctly approach the selection of crops in crop rotation and create conditions that ensure a high yield.

- The law of the physiological clock, the essence of which is that the plant is sensitive to changes in the length of the day and, depending on this, accelerate or slow down its development.

The stability of the yield is mainly, especially in the Komi Republic, associated with weather conditions and the level of soil fertility, which, with intensive farming, is largely determined by human activities and farming culture.

The economic harvests of cultivated field crops in the republic are significantly lower than the actually possible harvests. The reason for the discrepancy between the potential and actual yields is that, in part, many farms have a low level of soil fertility. Agroecological resources of the Komi Republic throughout the territory are mainly determined by the factor limiting the yield of most crops - their insufficient heat supply. And also with a favorable long daylight hours and good moisture supply, the main direction in increasing the yield is balanced plant nutrition for all soil elements and introduced with fertilizers.

The above calculations for agroecological indicators (Fig. 1) show a possible reserve for increasing the yield of agricultural crops.

Based on the results of the analytical experiment and analysis of information, it was possible to determine the relationship between the yield of agricultural crops and the external and soil environment. Multidimensional dependence, which takes into account the requirements of the basic laws of agriculture and crop production, is described by the following formula:

where: Y - yield by the sum of i-x factors;

n is the number of factors taken when calculating the yield;

i - factor influencing the yield and yield increase - humus, phosphorus, potassium, acidity, trace elements - indicators from the agrochemical analysis of soils;

Уi ₁ - yield provided by soil fertility indicators according to the i-factor;

Уi ₂ - yield increase provided by an additional i-factor;

a _i - correction factor for the effect of soil acidity.

The developed formula solves the issue of soil fertility management and allows the management of individual constituent elements, and first of all those of them that limit the yield. According to formula 1, the author made calculations for specific agricultural crops, analyzed the indicators affecting the yield and built nomograms in the form of a special graph that allows for a specific agricultural crop to select the predicted yield indicator on the nomogram and, by imposing a ruler on the nomogram, set the dose of mineral fertilizers for agricultural crops, taking into account the supply of nutrients to the soil and calculate the receipt of an increase of 1 t / ha of yield. Humus, phosphorus and potassium were chosen as the main indicators of soil nutrition.

Nomograms for determining the doses of mineral fertilizers for the planned harvest make it possible to more reliably determine the dose of fertilizers required for applying to the soil, providing

predicted harvest. Below are examples.

Nomograms for potatoes, perennial and annual grasses, grain crops, root crops, carrots, cabbage, peas (for grain) providing an increase in yield were obtained.

In the proposed nomograms (Fig. 2-9), separately for each crop, when restoring the perpendicular from the quantitative indicator of the content of humus (%), phosphorus and potassium in the soil with the determination of the level of natural productivity for each element separately contained in the soil.

An example for potatoes. Calculation of the potato yield for the main soil indicators: pH = 4.8, phosphorus = 50 mg / kg, potassium = 100 mg / kg of soil and humus content = 2% (Fig. 2 - Nomogram 1).

According to the nomogram, when restoring perpendiculars from points on the scales, separately for each of the indicators, the level of potato yield is determined for each soil element: humus = 9.0 t / ha, phosphorus = 9.0 t / ha and potassium = 8.0 t / ha. Additionally, we calculate the correction factor for the effect of soil acidity, equal to 4.8 / 5.2 = 0.92. Taking into account this coefficient, the actual yield of potatoes will be in humus and phosphorus (9.0 × 0.92) = 8.2 t / ha and potassium = 7.3 t / ha.

When planning a potato yield of 150 c / ha, we find the difference between the planned yield and the actual yield for each indicator taken in the calculation, for humus and phosphorus, the difference is 6.8 t / ha and potassium 7.7 t / ha.

To calculate an increase in yield of 1 t / ha from Table 1, we use the data - the reduced doses of mineral fertilizers for an increase in yield of 1 t / ha for the main elements of plant nutrition, which must be added to form the accepted yield by applying fertilizers, and will be: for humus = 54 kg / ha by d.v. (8 kg × 6.8 t / ha), phosphorus = 61 kg / ha for a.i. (9 × 6.8) and potassium = 10.8 kg / ha for a.i. (14 × 7.7), i.e. these doses compensate for the deficiency of nutrients in the soil to obtain the planned harvest.

The proposed doses of nutrients (kg - for the active substance) and peat-manure compost (TNK - tons) for an increase of 1 t / ha with a crop yield at standard moisture and taking into account the yield of by-products.

The invention allows the rational use of mineral and organic fertilizers in the fields of crop rotation.

Claims (9)

A method for increasing soil fertility for a predicted crop yield, including analysis of soil productivity, taking into account abiotic factors, by selecting soil for analysis, determining the content of agrochemical indicators, determining factors of the agro-climatic resource of a given territory that affect crop yield: photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), moisture supply , biohydrothermal potential (BHTP), bioclimatic potential (BCP), determination of the yield of the selected crop depending on the external and soil environment according to the formula:

where: Y - yield by the sum of i-x factors; n is the number of factors taken when calculating the yield; i - factor influencing the yield and yield increase - humus, phosphorus, potassium, acidity, trace elements - indicators from the agrochemical analysis of soils; Уi ₁ - yield provided by soil fertility indicators according to the i-factor; Уi ₂ - yield increase provided by an additional i-factor; a _i - correction factor for the effect of soil acidity, plotting a nomogram in the form of a graph, choosing an indicator of the predicted yield for a specific agricultural crop according to the nomogram, imposing a ruler on the nomogram and determining the required dose of fertilizers, while the dose of fertilizers for the agricultural crop is set taking into account the supply of soil with nutrients, it is calculated that an increase of 1 t / ha is obtained yield, humus, phosphorus and potassium are chosen as the main indicators of soil nutrition.

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