RU2712330C2 - Combined axial blade tool - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: metallurgy.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to machining of materials and can be used for machining of inner surfaces with different geometrical parameters. Proposed tool comprises steps arranged along lengthwise axis in the form of various blade tools forming cutting part with cutting edges. Cutting part is made from hard alloy with change of its chemical composition from periphery of tool to centre, providing equality of resistance of peripheral sections of cutting edges on all steps of tool in axial direction and equality of resistance of all sections of each cutting edge at each step of cutting part along its length from periphery to tool centre in radial direction.EFFECT: increased accuracy of machining and resistance of all stages of tool.1 cl, 2 ex, 8 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of processing materials by cutting, namely to metal-cutting tools, in particular, to combined axial blade tools, and can be used to implement several technological transitions during the shaping of product surfaces.

Known combined axial tool for processing holes, containing a drill tap, a vertical drill and a shank, while the cutting teeth, at least the vertical drill, can be made of two-blade and symmetrical profile (see patent RU 2418656 C1, V23B 51/08, publ. 05/20/2011, Bull. No. 14).

The disadvantage of this combined axial blade tool is that when two stages work together, for example, a tap and a countersink, due to different cutting speeds, different cutting modes occur at each stage of the tool, which lead to uneven wear of the tools at different stages. And also in the process of processing internal surfaces with blades, for example, a vertical drill, a variable cutting speed occurs along the length of their cutting edge. This cutting speed can vary more than twice along the length of the cutting edge due to different distances from the cutting point on the blade to the longitudinal axis of the tool. This causes uneven wear of the blade along the length of the cutting edge due to the destruction of the rear and front surfaces of the tool. In areas of increased cutting speeds - along the length of the cutting edge, its rapid wear occurs, and in other areas of the cutting edge wear does not yet occur. All this leads to the incomplete use of the cutting edges of the step and the tool as a whole.

Closest to the claimed technical solution is a combined axial blade tool for making several technological transitions for processing various internal surfaces by cutting due to rotational and feeding movements, comprising several steps sequentially located relative to its longitudinal axis with various blade tools, namely a drill with a shank connected in series with a countersink. In this case, the cutting edges of the various tool steps have the same longitudinal and radial physical and mechanical properties (see patent RU 2423207 C1, V23B 51/08, publ. 10.07.2011, Bull. No. 19).

The disadvantage of this tool is that the cutting edges of the various tool steps have the same physical and mechanical properties in the longitudinal and radial directions. This leads to the fact that during the joint work of two or more stages of the tool, due to the different diameters of the circumference of the steps and cutting speeds, uneven wear of the cutting edges occurs on the periphery of each stage of the tool. Moreover, during the operation of each step, due to the fact that the cutting edges are located in the radial direction, different cutting speeds and cutting features occur on each cutting edge. This leads to the fact that each cutting edge of the tool step does not wear out uniformly along its length. In the area of the cutting edge with the maximum cutting speed, its maximum wear occurs, and in the area with the minimum cutting speed, the minimum wear occurs. That is, each edge does not wear out evenly. All this leads to uneven wear of the tool and in the radial direction at each stage. In general, the uneven wear of the tool cutting axially and radially leads to rapid tool wear, reduced stability of the tool and the full potential of the cutting capabilities, reduced machining accuracy and surface quality of the product, as well as reduced tool life and machining productivity.

The technical objectives of the present invention are to increase the full potential of using the cutting capabilities of the tool, ensure its stability, increase the accuracy of processing, surface quality of the product, the durability of all tool steps at the same time, and also increase the productivity of processing by providing equal resistance to the cutting edges of the tool according to the number of steps in axial direction in the areas on their periphery, and in all areas of the cutting edge along its length, located in the radial direction.

These technical problems are solved due to the fact that in the inventive combined axial blade tool for making several technological transitions for processing various internal surfaces by cutting due to rotation and feed movements, containing several steps sequentially located relative to its longitudinal axis with different blade tools having the same physical -mechanical properties, given physical and mechanical properties of the material of the cutting part are constantly changing I, both in axial and in radial directions. Namely, in the axial direction, these properties are realized from the condition that the stability of the peripheral sections of the cutting edges is equal for all tool steps. Moreover, in the radial direction, the properties are fulfilled from the condition that the stability of all sections of each cutting edge along its length from the periphery to the center of the tool located on each step of the tool is equal. In addition, the physicomechanical properties of the material of the cutting part can be made stepwise variable.

The technical result provided by the given set of features is that in a combined axial blade tool, due to the fact that its physicomechanical properties of the material of the cutting part are made constantly changing (for example, changing in direct proportional relation - for a straight inclined cutting edge) Depending on the cutting speed along the cutting edge, both in the axial and in the radial direction, it is possible to create a tool with various types of tools according to Upenu and uniform wear of different cutting edges of a tool. This provides equal resistance to all cutting edges of the tool located in the axial and radial directions. As well as the implementation of increasing the full potential of the tool and its technical and economic indicators. At the same time, ensuring the constantly changing physicomechanical properties of the material of the cutting part in the axial direction from the condition that the stability of the peripheral sections of the cutting edges is equal for all tool steps ensures alignment of the resistance of the cutting edges of all tool steps. This makes it possible to realize the full potential of the tool's capabilities in stages and increase its technical and economic indicators. At the same time, it is possible to simultaneously process several surfaces of products at once, with tools of different diameters of two or more steps, while realizing the same resistance of different steps. As well as providing constantly changing physicomechanical properties of the material in the radial direction - from the condition that the stability of all sections of each cutting edge along its length from the periphery to the center of the tool located at each step of the tool makes it possible to equalize the wear of each cutting edge along its length in conditions of variable cutting speeds.

In addition, by performing stepwise-changing physicomechanical properties of the material of the cutting part, it is possible to provide an opportunity for approximating the properties of the tool - stepwise. This creates the conditions for creating, by simple methods, the changing properties of the tool, while using the telescopic principle of assembly and synthesis of such a tool from tubular workpieces with various physicomechanical properties, for example, from powdered hard alloy, performing the process of pressing and sintering. In this case, the central part of the tool is formed from a workpiece of the rod type.

All this as a whole provides an increase in the stability of the tool and the full potential of its cutting capabilities, an increase in machining accuracy, surface quality of the workpiece, the durability of all tool steps at the same time, and also increases processing productivity by ensuring equal resistance of the tool cutting edges according to the axial numbers direction in the areas on their periphery, and in all areas of the cutting edge located in the radial direction.

The invention is illustrated by drawings, which depict:

in FIG. 1 is a general view of a combined axial blade tool;

in FIG. 2 is a view A in FIG. 1;

in FIG. 3 - view A (enlarged) in FIG. 1 with a representation of the tool only the 1st stage;

in FIG. 4 is a view B in FIG. 3;

in FIG. 5 is a view A (enlarged) of FIG. 1 with the presentation of the tool only the 1st stage for a tool with step-changing properties;

in FIG. 6 is a section AA in FIG. 5;

in FIG. 7 - surface treatment of parts with a combined axial blade tool with a series-parallel circuit of its operation;

in FIG. 8 - surface treatment of parts with a combined axial blade tool with a parallel scheme of its operation.

In fig. 1, ..., fig. 8 shows the following: 1, 2, ..., i, ..., n are the step numbers of the combined axial blade tool; a ₁ , a ₂ , ..., a _i , ..., a _n are the peripheral points of the tool steps; 1, 2, ..., j, ..., m - points located in the radial direction on the cutting edge of the blade; R ₁ , R ₂ , ..., R _j , ..., R _m are the values of the radii from the axis of rotation to the corresponding 1, 2, ..., j, ..., m points on the cutting edge of the blade tool; C _o (i) = ƒ (ν _i ) is an expression showing the dependence C _o (i) of the cutting properties of the i-th step on the periphery of the step at a point m in the axial direction, which are functionally dependent on the cutting speed ν _i at a given point a _i ; C _R (R _j ) = ƒ (ν _j ) - an expression showing the dependence C _R (R) of the cutting properties at the jth point of the cutting edge in the radial direction, which are functionally dependent on the cutting speed ν _j at a given point j; In ₁ - the main movement of cutting, rotation of the tool; P ₂ - the movement of the feed tool; In ₃ - the planetary movement of the instrument.

The combined axial blade tool (Fig. 1) for performing several technological transitions for processing various internal surfaces by cutting due to rotation and feed movements, consists of several stages 1, 2, ..., i, ..., n sequentially arranged relative to its longitudinal axis (Fig. . 1) with various blade tools. For example, these steps can be performed with the following blade tools: 1 - a spiral drill for drilling holes; 2 - a spiral drill for drilling holes; 3 - scan for pre-deployment holes; 4 - scan for the final deployment of the hole; 5 - a countersink for countersinking of a facet or a conic surface. Moreover, this tool has a shank 6 for fixing it in the machine spindle. Because the blade tools different stages 1, 2, ..., i, ..., n of the combined axial blade tool have different diameters of circles (Fig. 2) for peripheral sections of steps in the points a _1, a _2, ..., a _i, ..., a _n there are different cutting speeds ν ₁ , ν ₂ , ..., ν _i , ... ν _n , which can vary up to 2 times in different steps. At the same time, due to different cutting speeds along the steps, there is a variable wear of the cutting edges on their peripheral sections of the blades.

To ensure equal resistance peripheral portions of a _1, a _2, ..., a _i, ..., a _n of the cutting edges of the tool in all stages under different cutting speeds ν _1, ν _2, ..., ν _i, ..., ν _n, physico the mechanical properties of the material of the cutting part in the axial direction are made with constantly changing parameters C _o (i) = ƒ (ν _i ).

It can be noted that on the cutting edges 7, at points 1, 2, ..., j, ..., m in the radial direction (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3), variable cutting speeds ν ₁ , ν ₂ , ..., ν _j also occur , ..., ν _m . To ensure equal resistance of all sections 1, 2, ..., j, ..., m of the cutting edge at different cutting speeds ν ₁ , ν ₂ , ... ν _j , ... ν _m due to different radii R ₁ , R ₂ , ... R _j , ..., R _m , the physicomechanical properties of the tool material in the radial direction are satisfied from the condition that the stability of all sections of each cutting edge along its length from the periphery to the center of the tool C _R (R _j ) = ƒ (ν _j ) is equal (Fig. 2 , Fig. 3, Fig. 4), located at each stage of the tool.

To ensure the changing physico-mechanical properties of the material of the cutting part in the radial direction, their properties are stepwise variable (Fig. 5, Fig. 6). Moreover, the step-changing properties of the material of the cutting part of the tool 1 are performed by means of telescopic assembly of tubular elements 8, 9, 10, 11 with radii R ₂ , ..., R _j , ..., R _m made of various materials, for example, by means of powder hard alloy with different contents of the component of the powder material. In the central part is a bar element 12 of hard alloy with a radius of R ₁ . This ensures the implementation of the changing properties of the sections of the cutting edge 7, changing in accordance with the expression C _R (R _j ) = ƒ (ν _j ) at points 1, 2, ..., j, ..., m.

In FIG. 7 shows a combined axial blade tool having three stages, namely: 13 - drill, 14 - countersink, 15 - countersink. At each stage, the peripheral points on the cutting edges of the corresponding type of tool a ₁ , a ₂ , a ₃ are shown. The presented tool has a shank 6, with which it is mounted in the spindle of the machine. This tool is notified of the rotational movement B ₁ and the feed movement P ₂ , by means of which the surfaces 16, 17 and 18 of the product 19 are processed. In this case, the surfaces of the product 19 are processed in a series-parallel manner.

In FIG. 8 shows a combined axial blade tool, also having three steps, namely: 20 - the front drill, 21 - the middle drill, 22 - the rear drill. Here, at each stage, peripheral points on the cutting edges of the corresponding type of tool a ₁ , a ₂ , a ₃ are shown. The presented tool has a shank 6, with which it is mounted in the spindle of the machine. This instrument is notified of the rotational motion of B ₁ and the planetary rotation of B ₃ . Through these movements, the surfaces 23, 24 and 25 of the product 26 are processed. In this case, the surface treatment of the product is carried out in a parallel manner.

The combined axial blade tool (Fig. 1) operates as follows. The main cutting movement and the feed movement from the machine spindle through the shank 6 is transmitted to the tool steps 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, which in FIG. 1 are indicated by the numbers 1, 2, ..., i, ..., n. In this case, the physicomechanical properties of the material of the cutting part are made constantly changing, both in the axial C _o (i) = ƒ (ν _i ) (Fig. 1) and in the radial direction C _R (R _j ) = ƒ (ν _j ) (Fig. 2, Fig. 3), namely, in the axial direction - from the condition that the stability of the peripheral sections of the cutting edges is equal across all tool steps, and in the radial direction - from the condition that the resistance of all sections of each cutting edge along its length from the periphery is equal to the center of the tool, located at each step of the tool. This ensures uniform wear of the cutting edges of the peripheral portions in the zones of points a _1, a _{2, ..., a i, ...,} a n ( Figure 1.) Over all steps a tool, such as flank wear:

where h _oi is the amount of wear of the peripheral edge along the rear surface of the i-th stage of the tool.

And also provides the same wear on all sections 1, 2, ..., j, ..., m (Fig. 3, Fig. 4) along the length of the cutting edge 7 from the periphery to the center, for example, wear on the rear surface of the drill 1 or tool of another stage:

where h _Rj is the amount of wear of the j-th section of the cutting edge.

To approximate the changing properties of the tool, the physico-mechanical properties of the material of the cutting part can be made stepwise changing (Fig. 5, Fig. 6) in the axial and radial directions. Moreover, the step-changing properties of the material of the cutting part of the tool 1 are performed by means of telescopic assembly of tubular elements 8, 9, 10, 11 with radii R ₂ , ..., R _j , ..., R _m ,, made of various materials, for example, by means of powder hard alloy with different content of the components of the powder material. In the central part is a bar element 12 of hard alloy with a radius of R ₁ . This ensures the implementation of the changing properties of the sections of the cutting edge 7 in accordance with the expression C _R (R _j ) = ƒ (ν _j ) at points 1, 2, ..., j, ..., m. It also provides the ability to assemble a tool with changing properties - and in the axial direction C _o (i) = ƒ (ν _i ) from the condition of varying the properties of the material of a hard alloy made of tubular elements. In this case, the synthesis and telescopic assembly of the workpiece for the combined axial blade tool is performed from conditions (1) and (2).

When processing the surfaces 16, 17 and 18 of the product 19 (Fig. 7), for example, with a combined tool with three steps 13, 14 and 15, the cutting process is performed in a series-parallel manner. In this case, the rotational movement B ₁ and the feed movement P _{2 are} communicated to the tool by means of the shank 6. In this case, due to the fact that the diameters of the tool steps have different diameters, different cutting speeds occur on the cutting edges of the tool, and these features occur both along the axial edges direction - along the steps, and in the radial direction - along the length of the cutting edge. Here, the processing is series-parallel, which causes uneven wear on the cutting edges. The implementation of the tool with varying physical and mechanical properties in accordance with the features presented in FIG. 3, ..., FIG. 6, provides the possibility of uniform wear of all cutting edges in the axial and radial directions.

When processing the surfaces 23, 24 and 25 of the product 26 (Fig. 8), for example, with a combined tool with three steps 20, 21 and 22, the cutting process is performed in parallel. When this tool is notified of the rotational movement of B ₁ through the shank 6 and its planetary rotation B ₃ . In this case, due to the fact that the diameters of the tool steps have different diameters, different cutting speeds occur on the cutting edges of the tool, and these features occur both along the edges in the axial direction — along the steps, and in the radial direction — along the length of the cutting edge. Here, the processing pattern is parallel, which causes uneven wear on the cutting edges. The implementation of the tool with varying physical and mechanical properties in accordance with the features presented in FIG. 3, ..., FIG. 6 provides uniform wear of all cutting edges axially and radially.

Thus, the use of this tool provides the same resistance of all cutting edges along the tool steps and the same resistance of the sections along the length of each cutting edge under the conditions of various modes, conditions and cutting speeds. This makes it possible for this tool to do the following:

- increases the resistance of the steps and cutting edges of the combined axial blade tool, which operate in various cutting conditions;

- provides an increase in the full potential of the tool due to the same wear of the tool cutting edges both along the steps in the axial direction and along the length of the cutting edge located from the periphery to the center, and performed at different cutting speeds along the steps and along the length of the cutting edge;

- improves the accuracy of simultaneous processing of several surfaces of a part at once, having different geometric parameters and cutting speeds at different steps due to the equal wear of all cutting edges and ensuring stability of cutting;

- provides an increase in the quality parameters of surface treatment of the part due to the equal wear of all cutting edges and the stability of the surface treatment of the part with different geometric parameters;

- increases the productivity of processing simultaneously several surfaces with different geometric cutting parameters.

Examples of the implementation of specific options for a combined axial blade tool.

1. Physico-mechanical properties of the material of the cutting part are made with constantly changing parameters (Fig. 4).

In this case, the physicomechanical properties of the material of the cutting part are performed with constantly changing parameters, both in the axial and in the radial direction, namely, in the axial direction - from the condition that the stability of the peripheral sections of the cutting edges is equal for all steps of the tool, and in radial direction - from the condition of equal resistance of all sections of each cutting edge along its length from the periphery to the center of the tool, located on each step of the tool (Fig. 4).

The fulfillment of the properties of the material of the cutting part is due to the fact that the cutting speed on the cutting edges of the tool is determined by a direct proportional dependence on the radius of the circle from the longitudinal axis of the tool to a point on the cutting edge of the tool:

where V _p is the cutting speed at a point on the cutting edge of the tool depending on the radius R _i ;

n is the tool speed.

In the manufacture of a tool (tool blank), the changing physicomechanical properties of the tool are performed on a 3-D printer using powder material (hard alloy), for example, on the basis of function-oriented technology (see Mikhailov AN Fundamentals of the synthesis of function-oriented technologies. - Donetsk: DonNTU, 2009. - 346 p.), according to the following scheme:

where V ₄ is a process flow diagram for forming a volumetric functional element of a tool;

(m _{st ν} , e _{s, t, ν} , i _{s, t, ν} ) - a tuple of parameters of technological influences of material, energy and informational nature depending on the direction parameters s, t, ν;

- элементарный объем в s-м, t-м и ν-м направлении или окрестность объемной точки;

- elementary volume in the s-th, t-th and ν-th direction or the vicinity of the volume point;

r is the number of elementary points in the νth direction.

Here, the powder material is preformed, then it is pressed and sintered in accordance with the modes of manufacturing a hard alloy. Then, a tool is formed from the obtained workpiece by means of cutting operations, and then sharpening of its cutting edges is performed. At the same time, during the manufacturing process of the tool, the corresponding operations of heat treatment and friction welding of the tool shank are performed.

To ensure the changing properties of the tool, the chemical composition of the elements of the material of the hard alloy varies as follows:

- the central part of the instrument: WC = 81%, TiC = 4%, TaC = 3%, Co = 12%;

- the peripheral part of the instrument: WC = 71%, TiC = 8%, TaC = 12%, Co = 9%.

In this case, the parameters of the chemical composition of the materials of the central part of the instrument vary in direct proportion to the periphery of the center. Accordingly, the larger the outer diameter of the tool, the greater the radius of the circle R _i , which affects the composition of the material of the hard alloy and the cutting conditions.

2. Physico-mechanical properties of the material of the cutting part are made with step-changing parameters (Fig. 6).

In this case, the cutting part of the tool is formed with stepwise changing material properties of the cutting part of the tool 1 by means of telescopic assembly of tubular elements 8, 9, 10, 11 with radii R ₂ , ..., R _j , ..., R _m ,, made of various materials for example, by means of a powdered hard alloy with different contents of the components of the powder material. In the central part is a bar element 12 of hard alloy with a radius of R ₁ . This provides the implementation of the changing properties of the sections of the cutting edge 7.

To ensure the step-changing properties of the tool, the chemical composition of the elements of the material of the hard alloy varies as follows:

- the central part 12 of the tool (bar): WC = 81%, TiC = 4%, TaC = 3%, Co = 12%;

- the peripheral part 8 of the instrument (tubular part): WC = 71%, TiC = 8%, TaC = 12%, Co = 9%.

At the same time, the parameters of the chemical composition of the materials of the central part of the tool 9, 10 and 11 vary in direct proportion to the periphery of the center. Accordingly, the larger the outer diameter of the tool, the greater the radius of the circle R _i , which affects the composition of the material of the hard alloy and the cutting conditions.

Claims (1)

Combined axial blade tool for processing internal surfaces with different geometric parameters, containing steps sequentially arranged along the longitudinal axis in the form of various blade tools forming a cutting part with cutting edges, characterized in that the cutting part is made of hard alloy with a change in its chemical composition from the periphery tool to the center, ensuring equality of resistance of the peripheral sections of the cutting edges along all stages of the tool in axial pressure equalization and equality of resistance of all sections of each cutting edge at each stage of the cutting part along its length from the periphery to the center of the tool in the radial direction.

Images