RU2689496C1 - Method for protection of fruit plantations from psylla pyri blocks - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the agriculture. To protect pear plantations from Psylla pyri blocks, they are treated in 1–2 decade of February in the period of departure of imago and oviposition of overwintered generation with deltametrine in amount of 0.06 kg/ha, in 3rd decade of February – 1st decade of March in the period of maximum oviposition with mineral oils in amount of 40 l/ha, in 2nd decade of March – during 2nd decade of April in the period of nymphal stages of younger and older ages with thiacloprid in amount of 0.3 kg/ha and diflubenzuron in amount of 1.0 kg/ha, in 3rd decade of April in the period of imago discharge and oviposition generation with abamectin in amount of 0.75 kg/ha and lufenuron with fenoxycarb in amount of 0.8 kg/ha, during 2–3 decade of May in the period of nymphal stages of younger and older ages thiamethoxam in amount of 0.4 kg/ha, in 1st decade of June in the period of nymphal stages of older ages, imago and oviposition imidacloprid in amount of 0.3 kg/ha and lufenuron with fenoxycarb in amount of 0.5 kg/ha, during 2–3 decade of June in the period of oviposition and nymphal stages of younger and older ages in amount of 0.3 kg/ha and diflubenzuron 1.0 kg/ha, in 1st decade of July in the period of nymphal stages of older ages, imago and laying thiamethoxam in amount of 0.4 kg/ha and lufenuron with fenoxycarb in amount of 0.5 kg/ha, in 2-3 decade of July in period of oviposition and nymphal stages of younger and older ages with thiacopopride in amount of 0.3 kg/ha and diflubenzuron in amount of 1 kg/ha, in 1st decade of August in the period of nymphal stages of older ages, imago and oviposition Abamectin in amount of 0.75 kg/ha and lufenuron with fenoxycarb in amount of 0.5 kg/ha, in 2-3 decade of August in the period of oviposition and nymphal stages of younger and older ages imidaclopid in amount of 0.3 kg/ha and diflubenzuron in amount of 1.0 kg/ha, in 2nd decade of September in the period of nymphal stages of older ages and imago thiamethoxane in amount 0.4 kg/ha.

EFFECT: invention makes it possible to improve the processing efficiency.

1 cl, 2 tbl

Description

Horticulture is a traditional branch of agricultural production, focused mainly on the cultivation of apples and pears of different ripening terms. Common pear (Pyrus communis L.), Sem. Rosaceae, is the second, after the apple tree by the economic value of the fruit crop. However, the areas occupied by pear culture in the southern regions of the Russian Federation are constantly being reduced under the influence of a number of unfavorable factors, one of which is the mass distribution of insects by the order Homoptera, family. Psilloidea. The pear leaflet Psylla pyri L. is one of the most important factors limiting the production of pear fruit in the south of Russia. During the growing season from February to October, the pear leaflet develops in 5-6 generations (generations). Egg laying continues continuously for seven months. As a result of the mass reproduction of a pest, the loss of fruit production in some years can reach 70%. In this regard, every year there is an increasing need for the development of more efficient and environmentally sound ways to limit the number of pests.

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the means of plant protection, and can be used to protect fruit plantations from the pear leafblock.

The system of protection of pear orchards against pests is known (Balykina EB, Yagodinska L.P., Ivanova O.V., Korzh D.A. Systems for protecting fruit crops from pests and diseases (Guidelines), Republic of Crimea - Yalta, 2017 40 s.), which includes the treatment of the garden by regulating the growth and development of insects in combination with pesticides, including organophosphate insecticides, which allows to reduce the initial population density by 85.0-92.0% due to the death of eggs. A significant drawback of the known system is an eclogically highly dangerous pesticidal load with a high agroecotoxicological index (AETI) and minimal preservation of the number of useful entomophages.

The technical result of the claimed method is low-hazard pesticidal load with a low AETI index, high efficiency of the used means of protection of fruit plantations and maximum preservation of the number of useful entomophages.

Scale for determining the degree of danger of crop protection systems:

- AETI <1 - environmentally friendly system;

- AETI from 1.0 to 3.0 - environmentally hazardous system;

- AETI from 3.0 to 5.0 - environmentally friendly medium hazard system;

- AETI from 5.0 to 8.0 - environmentally hazardous system;

- AETI over 8.0 - the system is an environmental threat.

The technical result is achieved due to the fact that the method of protecting fruit plantations from the pear leaflet includes processing fruit plantations with preparations based on mineral oils during the laying period of overwintered generation, laying during the period of maximum regulators of growth and development of insects, the nymphal stages of the pest using preparations from the neonicotinoid group, the period of the beginning of summer against the overwinter generation of drugs of the class of synthetic pyrethroids. In other words, each generation (generation) of the pest approached differentially, selected the most effective drugs, the minimum doses of the active substance, eliminating the need for the use of organophosphate drugs, which pose the greatest threat to the environmental environmental safety.

The method of protection was worked out in the industrial pear orchards of the Republic of Crimea in 2011-2016. in located in the Central flat-steppe agro-climatic region with a moderately cold winter, early spring and accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures up to 1500-1800 ° С. Landing gardens 2006, 2009 and 2011 a total area of 32 hectares, a planting scheme of 3.5 × 1.0 m. To protect the culture, phosphorus insecticides were used: (active substances, hereinafter “DV”) dimethoate, malathion, pyrifosyl methyl, fenitrothion; DV-based insect growth and development regulators: lufenuron + fenoxycarb and diflubenzuron; neonicotinoids DV: thiamethoxam, imidalocloprid, thiacloprid; synthetic pyrethroids DV: deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin, avermectins DV: abamectin, as well as preparations based on mineral oils.

The data on the quantitative composition of the Psylla pyri L. plate in the gardens were obtained by conducting special phytosanitary surveys during the entire growing season, starting with the sleeping kidney phenophase of a pear and ending with harvesting at an interval of 7-10 days. Selected samples of 1-2-year-old shoots were examined under laboratory conditions under a binocular microscope and the number of eggs and nymphs of each age was counted in terms of 10 linear centimeters (hereinafter referred to as cm).

Accounting of the number was carried out before the application of insecticides, and after treatment: on the 3rd and 10th day, respectively. The biological efficacy of pesticides was determined by the death of individuals of the pear leafblock on 10 model trees. Taking into account the revealed features of phenology and the action of insecticides at certain stages of pest development, we have worked out three ways to protect the pear from Psilla pyri L. (Table 1). In all three variants, preparations from the group of synthetic pyrethroids were used at the beginning of the departure of the overwintering imago. After 10-14 days on the egg-laying we carried out the processing with mineral oils.

Then, during the growing season, in the first trial version, low-toxic preparations from the group of neonicotinoids and insect growth and growth regulators were used. In the second experimental variant, organophosphate insecticides were included in the system along with growth and development regulators and neonicotinoids. The third variant of the experimental pear protection scheme was based mainly on the use of organophosphorus preparations. Control - plots untreated garden plots.

1 Im - Imago; E _gg - Oviposition; N - nymph; N ₀ - the age of the nymph.

Treatment with pyrethroid preparations in mid-February reduces the number of adults by an average of 83.0-87.0% to 2-5 individuals / tree, but does not affect the pest's eggs laid.

Biological efficacy of insecticides with the content of DV - Deltamethrin at the preparation consumption rate of 0.06 kg, l / ha (option # 1) on the 3rd day amounted to 27.0%, on the 10th day - 83.0%. The number of adults on the 10th day after treatment ranged from 3-5 individuals / tree. With an increase in the consumption rate (i.e.) up to 0.08 kg, l / ha (option No. 3), the number of adults on the 10th day after treatment ranged from 2 to 3 individuals / tree, the biological efficiency was 87.0%). The effectiveness of the use of pyrethroids with the content of DV Alpha-cypermethrin (option 2) with Mr. p. 0.2 l / ha on the 10th day was 72.0%). In the control area, the number of imagos of the platelet over the same period of time increased by 9% and amounted to 22 individuals / tree, with an economic threshold of maliciousness (EPW) of 10-15 individuals / tree. To prevent the emergence of nymphs in all experimental protection schemes used mineral oils with consumption rates: 40.0, 50.0 and 60.0 l / ha. Biological efficiency on the 10th day from the moment of use was 85.0%, 88.0% and 91.0%, respectively. The number of viable eggs on the 10th day after treatment ranged from 0.21 pcs / 10 running cm. up to 0.37 pcs / 10 running cm. In the control, the number of eggs for this period increased by 85.0% and amounted to 2.41 / 10 running meters. with EPV = 1.5-2.0 / 10 running cm. PC.

To control the number of nymphal stages of the younger (N ₁ , N ₂ , N ₃ ,) and older ages (N ₄ , N ₅ ), as well as adults (1 ton), insect growth and development regulators were used in combination with neonicotinoids (variants 1 and 2)., The biological efficiency of the combination of insecticides with DV thiacloprid and diflubenzuron on the 10th day amounted to 91.0%, the number of nymphal stages decreased from 72.0 individuals / 10 running cm. to 5.0-8.0 individuals / 10 running meters.

The use of imidacloprid and the combination of lufenuron + fenoxycarb reduced the number of pests by 4.5 times from 45.0 individuals / 10 running cm. up to 7.0-10.0 individuals / 10 running meters. 10 days after treatment. Biological efficacy was 88.0%.

Before using thiamethoxam, the number of older nymphs (N ₄ , N ₅ ) was 63.0 specimens / 10 running meters, on the 10th day after treatment it decreased almost 10 times to 6.0-8.0 specimens / 10 see Biological efficiency on the 10th day after treatment reached 87.0%.

In the control, the number of nymphs was 51.0 individuals / 10 r. Cm., At the beginning of the experiment and 79.0 individuals / 10 r. Cm. 10 days later.

The protection system included a drug from the chemical class Avermectins with DV Abamectin, which was used in combination with a growth regulator on the basis of DV Lyufenuron with phenoxycarb in the first embodiment, and in its pure form in scheme No. 2. The combination of drugs with DV abamectin + lufenuron with fenoxycarb reduced the number of older nymphs (N ₄ , N ₅ ) and adults 10 times. Biological efficiency was 93.0%.

In the second variant of the protection system, organophosphate insecticides with DV were used: dimetoat, malathion, pyrifosyl methyl, biological effectiveness against older nymphs (N ₄ , N ₅ ) and imago on the 10th day amounted to 95.0%.

It should be noted that the number of beneficial arthropods that inhibit the development of the pear leaflet varies depending on the degree of toxicity of the insecticides used. Thus, the greatest number of entomophages in all the years of research was revealed in the untreated control and exceeded that in experimental protection schemes by a factor of 2-3. The number of individuals per 10 model trees per season was: Coccinella septempunctata L. - 43.2; Adalia bipunctata L. - 23.8; Anthocoris nemorum L. - 13.5; Chrysopa carnea Steph. - 15, l; Hemerobius spp - 10.6.

In general, all three systems make it possible to effectively contain the density of the Psilla pyri L. plate during the growing season, with little damage to fruits in the removable crop (within 5%) and high biological efficiency (Table 2).

However, the ecotoxicological assessment of pear protection systems suggests that protection method No. 1 is environmentally hazardous (AETI index = 2.8, pesticidal load - 10.2 kg, l / ha / season). The method of protection No. 2 with a pesticide load almost equal to that of the system No. 1 (10.6 kg, l / ha / season) is environmentally hazardous (AETI = 7.2) due to the introduction of organophosphate insecticides.

The biological effectiveness of the third protection scheme was 2-3% higher and amounted to 97.0%. However, this system does not meet environmental requirements (AETI index = 8.9), has the highest pesticidal load - 12.5 kg, l / ha and contributes to the almost complete destruction of the useful entomofauna.

As a result of the research it was found that during the growing season 2011-2016. Psylla pyri L. developed in five, and since 2014 in six generations (the 6th generation is optional, the development is incomplete, and the duration of its summer ranged from 8 to 16 days), which is associated with changes in weather conditions in the direction of warming . It was determined that in the seasonal development of the species four periods of a sharp increase in the number of egg-laying Psylla pyri L are most pronounced: 2nd decade of April; end of May -1 decade of June; The end of July is the beginning of August and the middle of September. During these periods, the number of eggs reaches 36.0-38.0 pcs / 10 running. see in the absence of chemical treatments and 4.0-5.0 units / 10 running cm. in areas with intensive chemical load (4.0 kg, l / ha ai / 10.2 kg of the drug / ha)

There are also six periods of a sharp increase in the density of the population of the nymphal stages of Psylla pyri L .: II decade of March; 2nd decade of April; II decade of May; III decade of June; I decade of August and I decade of September (Fig. 2). During these periods, the number of pests reached 56.0-62.0 individuals / 10 running meters. in the absence of chemical treatments (control) and 2.0-5.0 individuals / 10 running cm, in areas with intensive chemical load (6.0 kg, l / ha aa / 10.55 kg of the preparation / ha) .

Throughout the growing season, egg-laying and hatching of nymphs continued uninterruptedly, except for one month: from the 3rd decade of June to the 3rd decade of July, which is associated with high daytime temperatures combined with low air humidity, which adversely affect embryonic development. Thus, the results of our research lead to the following conclusions:

The periods of maximum egg-laying and maximum of nymphal stages are revealed. The maximum egg-laying time: II decade of April; the end of May is the 1st decade of June; The end of July is the beginning of August and the middle of September. The use in these terms of growth regulators and the development of insects with ovicidal effect is most appropriate. Periods of maximum nymphal pest stages: II decade of March; 2nd decade of April; II decade of May; III decade of June; I decade of August and I decade of September. During these periods, the most effective use of drugs from the group of neonicotinoids or phosphoorganic drugs.

It was established that in the period of early summer of the overwinter generation of Psilla pyri L. it is effective to use preparations from the class of synthetic pyrethroids. Biological efficiency reaches 72.0% -87.0%, respectively. The use of preparations based on mineral oils during the overwinter generation egg-laying period ensures biological effectiveness at the level of 91.0%.

It has been determined that the use of regulators of growth and development of insects is advisable during the period of maximum egg laying, as well as at the beginning of hatching and development of nymphs.

It has been established that the combination of insect growth and development regulators with preparations of the neonicotinoid group effectively inhibits the number of older nymphal stages (N ₄ , N ₅ ) and adult generations. The biological effectiveness of the use of such a tank mixture ranges from 88.0% to 94.0%.

When implementing the claimed method of protecting fruit plantations from a pear leaf machine, we obtain products in an environmentally low-hazardous way with minimal environmental impact and a useful entomofauna.

Claims (1)

A method of protecting pear plantations from a pear leaf block, which includes processing them in 1-2 decade of February during the departure of adults and egg-laying overwintering with deltamethrin in the amount of 0.06 kg / ha, in the 3rd decade of February - 1st decade of March in the period of egg-laying with mineral oils amount of 40 l / ha, in the 2nd decade of March - 2nd decade of April in the period of the nymphal stages of the younger and older age with thiacloprid in the amount of 0.3 kg / ha and diflubenzuron in the amount of 1.0 kg / ha, in the 3rd decade of April during the departure of imago and egg-laying generation of abamectin in the amount of 0.75 kg / ha and lufenuron with phenoxycarb in the amount of 0.8 kg / ha, in the 2-3 decade of May during the nymphal stages of younger and older ages with thiamethoxam in the amount of 0.4 kg / ha, in the 1st decade of June in the period of the nymphal stages of older ages, imago and egg-laying with imidacloprid in the amount of 0.3 kg / ha and lyufenuron with phenoxycarb in the amount of 0.5 kg / ha, in the 2-3 decade of June during the egg-laying and nymphal stages of younger and older ages with tiakloprid in the amount 0.3 kg / ha and diflubenzuron in the amount of 1.0 kg / ha, in 1 decade of July in the period of nymphal with Adia of older ages, imago and egg-laying with thiamethoxam in the amount of 0.4 kg / ha and lyufenuron with phenoxycarb in the amount of 0.5 kg / ha, during 2-3 decade of July during the egg-laying and nymphal stages of younger and older ages with tiakloprid in the amount of 0, 3 kg / ha and diflubenzuron in the amount of 1 kg / ha, in the 1st decade of August in the period of the nymphal stages of the older age, imago and egg-laying with abamectin in the amount of 0.75 kg / ha and lufenuron with phenoxycarb in the amount of 0.5 kg / ha, 2-3 decade of August in the period of egg-laying and nymphal stages of younger and older age in imidacloprid at 0.3 kg / ha and diflubenzuron in an amount of 1.0 kg / ha, in the 2nd decade of September during nymphal stages and older adults tiametoksanom in an amount of 0.4 kg / ha.