RU2629846C2 - Method of electromechanical energy conversion and electric-propulsion device on its basis - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electricity.

SUBSTANCE: method of electromechanical energy conversion and an electric-propulsion on its basis relate to electromechanical construction, in particular to the methods and devices of electromechanical conversion of electrical energy into mechanical and can be widely used in industry, transport, household appliances, aeronautics, astronautics and other areas of human activity; replace existing non-economical internal combustion engines and electric machines of electromagnetic induction. According to the invention, the energy of the electric field acting between the mechanically interconnected charged movable plates of the electric capacitor is converted into the mechanical energy of their mutual rotational or translational motion, for which the said plates are arranged in a dielectric medium and unfolded relative to each other in such a way that the composite force of electrostatic interaction formed between the plates was oriented in the direction of the required displacement.

EFFECT: increasing the efficiency and simplifying the process of converting the energy of electric field into mechanical energy, the method is environmentally friendly.

8 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to electrical engineering, in particular to methods and devices for electromechanical conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy, and can be widely used in industry, transport, household appliances, aeronautics, astronautics and other areas of human activity, replace existing uneconomical internal combustion engines (ICE) and electric machines of electromagnetic induction.

The most widely used as means of producing mechanical energy in modern technology are ICEs using the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels and induction machines, i.e. machines in which the electromotive force arises as a result of the process of electromagnetic induction, which have taken an almost monopoly position in electrical engineering (see Landsberg G.S. (ed.). Elementary textbook of physics. Vol. 2. 13th ed. - M .: Fizmatlit , 2008. S. 361, 410).

The main disadvantages of internal combustion engines are low efficiency, less than 60% of the best samples and environmental pollution during fuel combustion. The disadvantages of induction machines (method and devices) are the technological complexity of the method, the significant material consumption and the high cost of devices for its implementation, the limitations of the permissible operating voltage (not higher than 6 kV) under the condition of electrical breakdown of the insulation of the windings of the machines, the criticality of the magnetic properties of materials to temperature and vibration . In addition, the induction electromagnetic method is energy-consuming, since significant currents are passed through the windings of inductive electric machines and converters to create electromagnetic fields. Due to the high ohmic energy losses in the inductive windings of such machines, as well as due to the loss of electric energy to create an electromagnetic field and their consumption of significant reactive power (up to 20-30% of the total machine power), the efficiency of electromechanical energy conversion in inductive electric machines is not high enough. So, for the most common inductive electric machines of average power, the efficiency does not exceed 70-75%.

Therefore, it remains relevant to search for environmentally friendly ways to build engines with higher efficiency.

There is a method of reversible electromechanical conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy, based on the phenomena of electrostatic induction, and capacitive generators and electrical machines based on them (see Tenescu F., Kramaryuk R. Electrostatics in technology. - M .: Energy, 1980. S. 174-184; Gubkin A.N. Electrets. - M .: Nauka, 1978. S.177-179).

The disadvantage of this method is the imperfection of the known devices and low output power, so the method is mainly used as high voltage generators, for example, in copying technology.

A known method of converting energy by moving the body, which is the source of the electric field, relative to the capacitor plates, in which the electric field energy of the rotor, which is a heteroelectrode, and the rotating electric field, formed by applying high voltage potentials to the stationary stator plates from a multiphase semiconductor high voltage, are converted in a capacitive electric machine. switch in the rotational movement of the rotor. The development of the method consists in the fact that the gap of the electric machine is evacuated or filled with an inert gas with a high dielectric constant, and the speed and moment of the rotor are controlled by changing the frequency, amplitude and phase of the voltage on the stator fixed plates of the capacitors (see. "Electromechanical energy conversion method (options) ", RF patent No. 2182398, IPC ⁷ H04N 1/10, 1998, as well as Gubkin AN Electrets. - M .: Nauka, 1978. P.179, Fig. 89).

Due to the fact that in devices that implement the proposed method, there are practically no heat losses, and the specific force of interaction of electric charges is several orders of magnitude higher than the electromagnetic force used in inductive electric machines relative to the mass of the device, their efficiency is much higher.

The disadvantage of this method is the loss of energy for the organization of a rotating electric field and the complexity of the device.

Closest to the proposed method is the method of energy conversion, selected as a prototype, by moving the body, which is the source of the electric field, relative to the plates of the capacitor, in which the energy of the electric field of the body, which is the monoelectret, is converted, for which it is placed between the uncharged plates of the electric capacitor, then charge this capacitor and set the frequency of the body swing by changing the frequency of recharging the capacitor plates. The development of the method consists in the fact that the force of interaction of the charged plates of the capacitor with the moving body is controlled by changing the value of the charge of the plates (see "Electromechanical energy conversion method (options)", RF patent No. 2182398, IPC ⁷ H04N 1/10, 1998).

The disadvantage of this method is the loss of energy for recharging the master capacitor and the organization of the corresponding switching operations. Therefore, the efficiency of this method is not high enough. The disadvantages include the relative complexity of the device, which consists in the need to use a stator, relative to which a given movement of the moving part of the device — the rotor or linear motion body — is performed.

The objective of the invention is to significantly increase the efficiency and power of the propulsion device using electrostatic forces of interaction of charged bodies, simplifying its design and expanding functionality.

The problem is achieved in that the energy of the electric field acting between mechanically connected charged charged movable plates of the electric capacitor is converted into mechanical energy of their mutual rotational or translational motion, for which these plates are placed in a dielectric medium and rotated relative to each other so that the resulting force of electrostatic interaction formed between the plates was oriented in the direction rebuemogo move them.

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that for the electromechanical conversion of energy they share a number of phenomena and effects well known in electrical engineering, including the phenomena of electrostatic (Coulomb) interaction of electric charges, electrostatic induction, the effect of the interaction of a conductor with an electric field and the properties of the electric field of a flat electrode system formed in an inhomogeneous dielectric medium (see Landsberg G.S. (ed.). Elementary textbook of physics. T. 2. 13th ed. - M .: Fizmatlit, 20 08. S.24-31, 40-41, 44-45, 68-74, 91-93; Tenescu F., Kramaryuk R. Electrostatics in technology. - M .: Energy, 1980.p.13-15, 50 -57, Savelyev I.V. Course in General Physics, vol. 2. 10th ed. - Moscow: Lan, 2008. P. 73-80; Bessonov L.A. Theoretical Foundations of Electrical Engineering. - M.: Higher School , 1967. S.578-581, 587-592, 602-605).

As you know, according to the law of Coulomb, charges of the opposite sign are attracted, and of one sign are repelled. The lines of force of the initial electric field are distorted by the conductor introduced into the field so that they are always perpendicular to the surface of the conductor. They begin and end on charges that are completely located on the surface of the conductor and have the physical meaning of the force applied to the charges, and through these charges to the surface of the conductor. In this case, the electrostatic forces in an ordinary flat capacitor are stationary and the field is uniform in nature, independent of the distance between the plates, with field lines perpendicular to the planes of the plates (except for edge effects).

The original idea of the invention is to turn the plates of a flat capacitor from an initial parallel position to a certain angle. In this case, we obtain a non-uniform decreasing field, the lines of force of which are closed between points equally spaced from the top of the angle of rotation of the plates along a curved path, but nevertheless remain perpendicular to the surfaces of the plates at these points. We call this system of flat conductors, characteristic of a variable (diverging) distance between the plates, a "capacitor dipole" or "a drop-down capacitor." Since the common vector of the force applied to each plate is formed by force lines on the surface of the plates, therefore, in the system of charged plates of the capacitor, we have some resulting force directed along the bisector of the angle between the plates of the capacitor, i.e. we obtain a universal unsupported (in the usual sense of the word) electric field propulsion that converts the energy of the electric field into the energy of mechanical motion. Having fixed these plates or a combination of their pairs on a work object (body), which must be rotated or moved in space, we perform the required useful work.

The disadvantages of such a device is its insignificant power, limited by the value of the breakdown voltage between the nearest points of the plates of the capacitor dipole, since most of the charge will be pulled into this region due to the action of Coulomb forces.

To increase the power and efficiency of the propulsion device in the device’s design by using the effect of refraction of electric field lines at the interface between dielectrics with different dielectric constants, the problem of creating a maximally uniform field characteristic of capacitors with a uniform plate charge density is solved. At the same time, at least two such transitions are used, arranged so that the refracted lines of force are directed at an acute angle or perpendicular to the capacitor plates. If the lines of force are perpendicular to the plates, then electrets can be used as charged plates of the capacitor. Another possible way to create a uniform charge distribution density and a uniform field of the plates is to divide the surface of the plates into separate isolated, equally charged sections.

Comparative analysis with the prototype shows that the proposed method for producing mechanical energy is characterized by a different, more efficient and more economical technology for converting electric field energy into mechanical energy, carried out by electrostatic interaction of charged plates with each other, without using a stator and without energy consumption for recharging plates and switching losses. If necessary, the reverse engine is carried out by forming on the plates of the charges of the same sign or using an independent block reverse.

Thus, the present invention meets the criteria of "novelty" and "inventive step".

Figure 1-5 shows examples of the operation of the device that implements the proposed method of energy conversion, which is as follows.

An electric field whose energy is converted into mechanical energy acts between oppositely charged plates (plates) 1 and 2 of the capacitor, mounted on the dielectric supports 3 of the movable working fluid, on which or by which it is necessary to carry out the required force. The plates 1 and 2 by means of dielectric supports 3 are fixed to each other at an angle α ₁ . The space between the plates is filled with a dielectric with the highest possible dielectric strength and minimum dielectric constant (this can be a vacuum or another dielectric in any aggregate state), since a dielectric medium that is not a vacuum reduces the interaction force of the charges contained in them (see Yavorsky B.M. ., Detlaf A.A. Handbook of Physics. - M .: Nauka, 1974. S.356-359).

In order to form the most uniform electric field on the surface of plates 1, 2, the field lines acting between the plates 1 and 2, refracted on the surface of the dielectric prism 4, are directed to the plates 1, 2 of the capacitor dipole at right or acute angles α ₂ and α ₃ (cm Fig. 2).

To isolate the device from the effects of external fields (for example, the Earth's field) and to eliminate (stop) unwanted emissions from external non-working surfaces of the plates, the device uses partial or full screening of the plates of the capacitor dipole with shields 5, as shown in Figs. 3-5.

Being charged, the elementary sections of the plates of the capacitor dipole are attracted (or repelled by the same charges) to each other with a force of f _1.2 , the resulting vector sum of which in projection onto the median line of the device gives a linear component f _l :

where f = | f ₁ | + | f ₂ | is the algebraic sum of the moduli of forces f ₁ and f ₂ .

Integrating the indicated electrostatic forces over all the plates, we obtain the resulting force F _p applied to the capacitor dipole, which can be used to perform useful work (see Fig. 1).

The device provides the ability to reverse the mover by forming the same charges on the opposite plates or using separate reverse groups of plates, which is more preferable because it does not violate the general electrical neutrality of the device and does not require recharging the main plates of the device. A mechanical reversal of the capacitor dipole in the desired direction is also possible.

The necessary interaction force of the charged plates is controlled by changing the value of their charge by any known method, for example, from a source of controlled high voltage (not shown in the drawings).

Consider a numerical example of the operation of the device. Let the plates be placed in a vacuum, divorced by an angle α ₁ = 60 ° and have an area of 1 m ² each, and the field formed by them with the help of a dielectric prism be made uniform. To assess the lower boundary of the forces acting in the device, the contribution of the dielectric prism to the increase in the resulting electrostatic force will not be taken into account. In this case, when evaluating, one can use the relations for a flat capacitor (see Landsberg G.S. (ed.). Elementary textbook of physics. T. 2. 13th ed. - M .: Fizmatlit, 2008. P.91-92 ):

Where:

F is the total force acting between the plates,

q is the charge of each plate,

σ is the surface charge density of the plate,

ε _o is the electric constant,

E is the field strength between the plates, E = σ / S _o ,

S is the area of the lining.

Substituting the specified values, taking E = 90 kV / mm (for comparison: the breakdown voltage of organic dielectrics used in capacitor manufacturing, for example, polypropylene (ε = 2.1) is 140-200 kV / mm, fluoroplastic (ε = 2.0) amounts to 150-200 kV / mm, PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) - 600-800 kV / mm at ε = 10-12 - see: SD Khanin et al. Passive radio components. Part 1. Electric capacitors. - St. Petersburg: North-West Correspondence Polytechnic Institute, 1998. S.60-67), we get F = 3654 kg. From where we calculate the linear, working component: F _p = F⋅sin (0,5⋅α ₁ ) = 1827 kg.

Using the proposed method of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy gives, in comparison with existing methods, the following technical result:

allows to radically simplify the design of electric motors;

more economical and efficient compared to existing methods, has a higher efficiency and much higher power, as well as better specific characteristics than the known electrostatic and capacitive engines;

is an environmentally friendly way to produce mechanical energy.

The prospects for the industrial application of the invention do not cause difficulties, since the proposed method consists of the combined action of the phenomena of electrostatic (Coulomb) interaction of electric charges, electrostatic induction, the effect of the interaction of a conductor with an electric field and the properties of the electric field of a system of flat electrodes, which have long been known and widely used in electrical engineering and radio electronics. formed in an inhomogeneous dielectric medium, and also does not require the use of any Vestnik modern industry funds, materials or elements. Including the mentioned electrets have been industrially produced for more than 50 years (see Gubkin A.N. Electrets. - M .: Nauka, 1978. - 192 p.).

Claims (8)

1. The method of electromechanical energy conversion through the interaction of bodies that are a source of an electric field, characterized in that they convert the energy of an electric field acting between mechanically connected charged mobile plates of an electric capacitor, into the mechanical energy of their mutual rotational or translational motion, for which these plates placed in a dielectric medium and deployed relative to each other so that formed between y electrodes resultant force of electrostatic interaction are oriented in a desired direction to move them. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the interaction force of the plates is controlled by changing the magnitude of their charge. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that all or some of the plates are monoelectrets or are made of separate equally charged isolated conductive sections. 4. The method according to any one of paragraphs. 1-3, characterized in that the external non-working surfaces of the plates are partially or completely shielded from the environment, and the uniformity of the electric field acting between the charged plates on the working surface of the plates is achieved by refraction of the lines of force of this field when they are passed through dielectric layers with different dielectric constants. 5. An electric field propulsion device containing mechanically interconnected plates of an electric capacitor, characterized in that said plates are movable and located in a dielectric medium at an angle relative to each other. 6. The mover according to claim 5, characterized in that it is possible to control the value of the charge of the plates, for example, by connecting the plates to a source of adjustable voltage. 7. The mover according to claim 5, characterized in that all or some of the plates are monoelectrets or are made of separate identically charged isolated conductive sections. 8. The mover according to any one of paragraphs. 5-7, characterized in that the external non-working surfaces of the plates are partially or completely shielded from the environment, and between the working surfaces of the plates are placed dielectric layers with different dielectric constants, the value of which, the number and slopes of the dielectric layers are selected so that the electric field lines between the plates after refraction at the boundaries of the layers of the dielectric are directed to the plates at an acute or right angle.

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