RU2602961C1 - Element of simulating atom or ion or group of atoms or ions, for model of atomic-molecular structure of open type - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: training means.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to visual aids intended for demonstration purposes, intended for visualisation of spatial structure or structure crystalline substances and other atomic-molecular structures. Element for simulating atoms or ions or groups of atoms or ions in models of open type, intended for placement on a transparent bearing plate, comprises two symmetrical to each other ball segments. Characteristic feature of present element according to invention is that, one of ball segments is made in form of a permanent magnet or from nonmagnetic material with an insert in form of a permanent magnet. Other ball segment is made either entirely from soft magnetic material, either in form of a permanent magnet, either from nonmagnetic material with an insert in form of a permanent magnet or from soft magnetic material. Magnets of both ball segments have magnetisation direction, providing opposite orientation of opposite poles of magnets of said ball segments when placed on transparent bearing plate.

EFFECT: technical result consists in simplification of assembly and transformation of models through simple installation, reinstallation, removal and replacement of elements of proposed design.

1 cl, 10 dwg

Description

The invention relates to educational visual aids intended for demonstration purposes, as well as to scientific instruments designed to visualize the spatial structure or structure of crystalline substances or other atomic-molecular structures, namely, an element designed to simulate an atom or ion or a group of atoms or ions in open type models.

There are various approaches to the constructive implementation of models of the crystal structure of matter, which are also applicable in the modeling of other atomic-molecular structures. With all the variety of models, they can be divided into two main groups: “closed” and “open” (see: Deane C. Smith. Bibliography on Molecular and Crystal Structure Models. US department of commerce. National bureau of standards. National Bureau of Standards Monograph 14. Issued May 20, 1960 [1]).

In "closed" models, elements that are usually balls (sometimes truncated) or polyhedra imitating atoms or ions fill the space almost completely, i.e. placed in such a way that they are touched along the boundaries of the surfaces or along the planes of sections (sections).

Models of this type may have specific advantages, but they have insufficient visibility due to their congestion, "closed" nature, the inability to observe and measure the distances between ions or atoms. Illustrating the nature of the "packing" of particles, for example, in a crystal, they distort either the size of the atoms (ions), or the distances between these atoms (ions), or both.

The "open" models mainly include ball-rod models (see, for example: V.M. Potapov. Stereochemistry. Moscow, Publishing House "Chemistry", 1988, pp. 10-11 [2]; UK patent No. 1144851, published on March 12, 1969 [3]).

In these models, elements imitating atoms or ions have such dimensions and are placed at such distances from each other that they can freely observe their relative location and measure the distances between them and the angles between the lines connecting them. This fact is an important advantage of the "open" type models. Designs of models of this type are also very diverse. The most common models are those containing elements in the form of balls imitating atoms or ions, and rod elements connecting these balls, oriented in accordance with the geometry of the modeled structure, which allows volumetric representation of this structure.

However, both in user and in technological terms, such models are not convenient enough. To preserve the correct display of the mutual arrangement of atoms or ions when using the model, mechanical fixation of the model is necessary, which excludes the possibility of rotation around the rod bonds. Therefore, the assembly of spatial bar structures in compliance with the correct relative positioning of the elements is extremely time-consuming.

The production of such models is difficult to implement, even if you need to duplicate a model of the same structure. However, such models are most common. For these reasons, they often go on sale not assembled, but in the form of a set of balls and rods, with the assembly entrusted to the user. At the same time, execution in the form of a set creates significantly wider opportunities for demonstration and study of atomic-molecular structures not of individual substances, but of their entire classes. However, a very difficult task in the manufacture of such sets is to obtain holes in spherical elements imitating atoms or ions in which the ends of the connecting rods are to be inserted, since in each such element several holes may be required, oriented in space at certain angles to each other .

The solution to the problem of manufacturing elements simulating atoms or ions is simplified in models of atomic-molecular structures according to the patents of the Russian Federation for utility model No. 119504 (publ. 08/20/2012) [4] and for the invention No. 2494466 (publ. 09/29/2013) [5] . In these models, elements simulating atoms or ions are placed on transparent plates of constant thickness. Such models, as noted in the patents [4], [5], have a number of advantages both in user and in technological terms.

Open type models constructed according to the patents [4], [5] are also applicable for such a simulation in which one element imitates not individual atoms or ions, but a group of atoms or ions, in particular a group forming a molecule. A model of this type is able to adequately display, for example, the structure of ice-VI, in the X-ray diffraction data of which the researcher does not give the coordinates of individual oxygen and hydrogen atoms, but the coordinates of the water molecules as a whole (B. Kamb. Structure of ice VI. Science No. 150, 1965; pp. 205-209 [6]).

Each of the elements imitating atoms or ions or groups of atoms or ions, for models [4], [5] can be made, for example, in the form of two identical spherical segments located during assembly of the model symmetrically to each other on different sides of the plate and connected to each other with a friend using a pin through a hole in the plate. In another embodiment, the ball segments simply adhere to the plate. With such a design of these elements, their manufacture and fixation at the required places during assembly of the model is much simpler than in ball-rod models [2], [3]. However, elements for simulating atoms or ions or groups of atoms or ions continue to remain a bottleneck in these models, making assembly and transformation difficult (when using elements connected with pins, since holes made in the plate for a pin mean only the possibility of a “deterministic” change in the simulated structure, that is, the possibility of reinstalling an element imitating an atom or ion or a group of atoms or ions from only one hole in the plate to another), or by making a transform ation generally impossible (for fixing the position of the elements on the plates using an adhesive).

Known elements for simulating atoms or ions according to US patent No. 4622014 (publ. 11.11.1986) [7] in the form of bodies of spherical or truncated spherical shape, intended for use in closed models in which they are connected to each other by screwed into them details. Such elements are also applicable in open-type models according to patents [4], [5] and do not fundamentally differ from the aforementioned imitating element according to these patents, parts of which are connected using pins.

The latter is closest to the proposed one, since it is designed to simulate atoms or ions precisely in open models of atomic-molecular structures that provide for the implementation of such elements in the form of two parts located on two sides of a transparent carrier plate.

The present invention is aimed at achieving a technical result, which consists in providing simplicity of assembly and transformation of models of atomic-molecular structures in which elements imitating atoms or ions or groups of ions are placed on transparent plates, due to the design of these elements, which allows their simple installation, removal and replacement, reinstallation, in particular, by hand moving one of the parts of the element along the plate, accompanied by a simultaneous sliding symmetrical movement another part.

According to the invention, an element for simulating atoms or ions or a group of atoms or ions in a model of an atomic-molecular structure, as well as the one closest to it, contains two spherical segments symmetrical to each other, designed to be placed on the opposite sides of the transparent carrier plate in the said model .

To achieve the specified technical result in the element for simulating atoms or ions or a group of atoms or ions according to the invention, in contrast to the closest known to it, one of the spherical segments is made in the form of a permanent magnet or non-magnetic material with an insert in the form of a permanent magnet. In this case, the other spherical segment is made either entirely of soft magnetic material, or in the form of a permanent magnet, or of a non-magnetic material with an insert in the form of a permanent magnet, or of soft magnetic material, and the magnets of both spherical segments have magnetization directions that allow mutual reciprocal the orientation of the opposite poles of the magnets of these spherical segments when placing them on a transparent carrier plate.

It is advisable to place each of these inserts in a spherical segment containing such an insert on the side of the flat surface of the base of this spherical segment flush with it and to make this insert in the form of a cylinder with an axis oriented along the radius of this spherical segment perpendicular to its base, and in the insert, made in the form of a permanent magnet, the latter preferably has an axial or diametrical direction of magnetization.

For example, one of the spherical segments can be made of non-magnetic material with an insert on the side of the flat surface of its base and flush with it in the form of a cylindrical magnet with an axis oriented along the radius of the spherical segment perpendicular to the plane of its base. The specified cylindrical magnet has an axial or diametrical direction of magnetization. In this case, the other spherical segment can be made either entirely of soft magnetic material or non-magnetic material and in this case have a cylindrical insert made of soft soft magnetic material or an insert in the form of a cylindrical magnet mounted on the side of the flat surface of its base.

This embodiment is technologically advanced and facilitates compliance with the condition according to which the reciprocal mutual orientation of the opposite poles of the magnets of the spherical segments must be ensured when they are placed on a transparent carrier plate.

(The terminology used in the technology of permanent magnets is used above, see, for example: Permanent magnets. Handbook. Edited by Yu. M. Pyatin. Moscow, Energia, 1980, 488 pp. [8].)

An element for imitating atoms or ions or a group of atoms or ions having the proposed design can be easily mounted and fixed in the desired position on a transparent carrier plate used in the model of atomic molecular structure. In all cases of the execution described above, the spherical segments of this element are attracted to each other by the force of magnetic interaction and pressed to the surfaces of the plate. Hand movement of one of the segments along the plate is accompanied by simultaneous sliding symmetric movement of the other segment, attracted to the first segment by magnetic force and pressed by this force to the opposite side of the plate. This provides an easy and convenient installation of the element to simulate an atom or ion or a group of atoms or ions in the right place on the plate. Equally easily can be removed and replaced. It does not require the presence of holes in the carrier plate, which are necessary for models using the closest known element to simulate atoms or ions, and the element itself does not contain parts for mechanically fixed placement of its spherical segments on the carrier plate.

The invention is illustrated by drawings, which show an element for simulating atoms or ions or a group of atoms or ions (hereinafter referred to as the element) having the proposed structure mounted on a carrier plate of a model of atomic-molecular structure:

- in FIG. 1 a - when performing both spherical segments in the form of magnets;

- in FIG. 1 b - when performing one spherical segment in the form of a magnet, and the other from a magnetically soft material;

- in FIG. 1 c, d - in the presence of cylindrical inserts in the form of magnets in both spherical segments;

- in FIG. 1 e, f - if there is a cylindrical insert in the form of a magnet in one spherical segment, and a cylindrical insert of soft magnetic material in the other;

- in FIG. 1 g, h - if there is a cylindrical insert in the form of a magnet in one spherical segment and the second spherical segment is made entirely of soft magnetic material;

- in FIG. 1 and - when performing one of the spherical segments in the form of a magnet, and the other of non-magnetic material with a cylindrical insert in the form of a magnet;

- in FIG. 1 to - when performing one of the spherical segments in the form of a magnet, and the other from non-magnetic material with a cylindrical insert of soft magnetic material.

The element of FIG. 1 a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, and, k consists of two parts: the upper, designed to be placed on the carrier plate 40, and the lower, designed to be placed symmetrically on the upper part of the lower side of the specified plate, and contains two spherical segments (respectively: 11.3 and 12.3; 11.3 and 32; 11.1 and 12.1; 11.2 and 12.2; 11.1 and 12.1; 11.2 and 12.2; 11.1 and 32; 11.2 and 32; 11.3 and 12.1; 11.3 and 12.1). The element is in contact with both sides of the carrier plate 40 with the flat bases of the spherical segments included in it.

Ball segments 11.3 (the upper ones in the drawings of Fig. 1 a, b, and, k) and 12.3 (the lower one in Fig. 1 a) are made in the form of permanent magnets having a magnetization direction along the radius of the ball segment perpendicular to its base, i.e. vertical according to the drawing. In the element of FIG. 1 and both spherical segments are permanent magnets with directions of magnetization such that in the spherical segments 11.3 and 12.3 placed on the plate 40, the opposite poles of the magnets are located opposite each other.

In the element of FIG. 1b, only one ball segment (11.3, the upper one according to the drawing) is a magnet, and the lower ball segment 32 is made of soft magnetic material.

The ball segments 11.1 of the element of FIG. 1 c, d, g (the upper drawings) are made of non-magnetic material. Inserts in the form of a cylindrical magnet 13.1 with an axis oriented perpendicular to the plane of the base of the spherical segment 11.1 radius of this segment (vertically) are placed in these spherical segments from the side of their flat bases and flush with their surface.

Common to these three particular cases of element performance is that the magnets 13.1 of these inserts have an axial direction of magnetization and face one of the poles (in the cases shown in the drawings, the north) to the base of the spherical segment 11.1, i.e. when placing the element on the plate 40 - towards this plate and the second spherical segment located on its other side.

These three particular cases differ from each other in the execution of the lower part of the drawings.

The lower part of the element of FIG. 1c contains a spherical segment 12.1, identical with the upper part, with an insert in the form of a cylindrical magnet 14.1 and differs from the upper part only in that this magnet is oriented with respect to the base with a pole (south according to the drawing), opposite to the pole of a magnet 13.1 inserted into the upper ball segment 11.1.

The element of FIG. 1 d is different from the element of FIG. 1 in that the insert in the form of a magnet in the lower spherical segment 12.1 is replaced by an insert 24.1 of soft magnetic material, and the element of FIG. 1 g - in that the spherical segment 32 of the lower part has no insert and is made entirely of soft magnetic material.

The element of FIG. 1 g, f, z is made similarly to the elements described above in FIG. 1c, d, g, respectively, differing in that the magnets included in its composition, in the form of which the insertions of the spherical segments 11.2, 12.2 are made, have a diametrical direction of magnetization. In the drawings, the elements are shown with such an orientation of the magnets that their poles are located to the right and left of the axial line of the cylinders, the shape of which these magnets have. The axial lines of these cylinders, as in the element of FIG. 1 c, d, g, are oriented perpendicular to the base plane of the ball segments 11.2, 12.2 (vertically in the drawing).

In the element of FIG. 1 g after installing its upper and lower parts on the supporting plate 40, the ball segments 11.2, 12.2 with magnetic inserts are "automatically" oriented so that the opposite poles of the magnets 13.2, 14.2 are opposite each other. Moreover, in the "free" state, i.e. away from each other, these parts of the element of FIG. 1 g are indistinguishable.

In the element of FIG. 1 and the upper ball segment 11.3 has the same implementation as in the element of FIG. 1a, b (i.e., in the form of a magnet), and the lower segment 12.1 is made, as in FIG. 1 c, of non-magnetic material with a cylindrical insert 14.1 in the form of a magnet. These magnets are oriented to the bases of segments 11.3, 12.1 with opposite poles, therefore, when installed on the plate 40, such poles are located opposite each other.

The element of FIG. 1 k differs from the element of FIG. 1 and the fact that in the lower ball segment 12.1 the magnetic insert is replaced by an insert 24.1 of soft magnetic material, as in the element of FIG. 1 d

In all of FIG. 1 and other possible special cases of the proposed implementation of elements for imitating atoms or ions or a group of atoms or ions intended to be placed in models of atomic-molecular structures on transparent supporting plates, the simplicity and convenience of installing these elements in any desired location combined with reliable fixation are ensured. The greatest pressing force of the ball segments to the surface of the transparent plate 40 is provided in the special cases illustrated in FIG. 1 a, c, d, and when the element contains magnets in both spherical segments. A feature of fixing on the carrier plate 40 of the element of FIG. 1 g, e, s is that the magnetic circuit is closed (in the particular case of Fig. 1 g through the opposite poles of the magnets 13.2 and 14.2 facing each other, in the case of Fig. 1 e through the insert 24.2 of magnetically soft material, in the case of Fig. 1 h - directly through the lower ball segment 32, made entirely of soft magnetic material).

The sizes of the spherical segments are selected taking into account the known sizes of atoms or ions or groups of atoms or ions of a simulated structure and the scale of the model in which they should be used. For example, when modeling the NaCl structure in the well-known atomic radius system of J. Slater (JC Slater. Atomic Radii in Crystals. The Journal of Chemical Physics, v. 41, No. 10, 1964, pp. 3199-3204 [9]) and the scale of the model 100000000: 1, wherein 1 cm in the model corresponds to the actual 1Å crystal structure, spherical segments Na ⁺ ions should be isolated from the ball 36 mm in diameter, and ball segments ions Cl ^- must be separated from the ball 20 mm in diameter. The height of the spherical segment should be slightly less than half the diameter of the ball (preferably half the thickness of the transparent plate 5). In this case, a more accurate reproduction of the spherical shape of the simulated atom or ion is provided.

Information sources

1. Deane C. Smith. Bibliography on Molecular and Crystal Structure Models. U.S. department of commerce. National bureau of standards. National Bureau of Standards Monograph 14. Issued May 20, 1960.

2. V.M. Potapov. Stereochemistry. Moscow, ed. "Chemistry", 1988, p. 10-11.

3. British patent No. 1144851, publ. 03/12/1969.

4. RF patent for utility model No. 119504, publ. 08/20/2012.

5. RF patent for the invention No. 2494466, publ. 09/29/2013.

6. B. Kamb. Structure of ice VI. Science No. 150, 1965; pp. 205-209.

7. US patent No. 4622014, publ. 11/11/1986.

8. Permanent magnets. Directory. Ed. Yu.M. Pyatina. Moscow, "Energy", 1980, 488 p.

9. J.C. Slater. Atomic Radii in Crystals. The Journal of Chemical Physics, v. 41, No. 10, 1964, pp. 3199-3204.

Claims (2)

1. An element for simulating atoms or ions or groups of atoms or ions in a model of an atomic-molecular structure, containing two spherical segments symmetrical to each other, intended to be placed on the opposite sides of the transparent carrier plate in said model, characterized in that one of the spherical segments is made in the form of a permanent magnet or of non-magnetic material with an insert in the form of a permanent magnet, and the other is made either entirely of soft magnetic material, or in the form of a permanent magnet, or from a non-magnetic material a piece with an insert in the form of a permanent magnet or made of soft magnetic material, while the magnets of both spherical segments have magnetization directions, providing the possibility of opposing mutual orientation of the opposite poles of these magnets when placing the spherical segments containing them on a transparent carrier plate. 2. The element according to claim 1, characterized in that each of these inserts in the spherical segment containing such an insert is placed flush with it on the flat surface of the base of the spherical segment and has the shape of a cylinder with an axis oriented along the radius of this spherical segment, perpendicular to its base, while in the insert made in the form of a permanent magnet, the latter has an axial or diametrical direction of magnetization.

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