RU2574697C1 - Internal combustion engine and igniter - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines and pumps.

SUBSTANCE: claimed ICE comprises at least one cylinder with a piston, a cylinder head with a fuel-air mix injection system, at least one intake valve, and a discharge system with at least one discharge valve, and an igniter. The latter comprises a spark plug, an antechamber and means for fuel-air swirling along the cylinder axis in the combustion chamber between the cylinder head and the piston. Note here that the said swirling means is composed by the antechamber. The latter has a housing with an inlet for a spark plug to be screwed therein and tangential outlets at the housing inner part. It differs from the known designs in that it exploits the laser spark plug with its focus located at the intersection of axes of the said outlets. The claimed igniter includes the spark plug and antechamber composed of the housing with an inner chamber, a spark plug seat bore in the housing transition part and the housing inner part with outlets. The latter are inclined to the igniter axis. It differs from the known designs in that it exploits the laser spark plug with its focus located at the intersection of axes of the said outlets. The total area of the said outlets can be larger than the ignition chamber cross-section area. At least a part of the said outlets are shaped to slots. The said slots can be composed by rectangular plates. The said slots can be composed by streamline profiles. The said slots can be radial. The central part of the housing inner part can be provided with a cowl. The axial bore can be made along the cowl mirror axis.

EFFECT: decreased sizes, higher ignition efficiency, fuel saving, higher reliability.

11 cl, 9 dwg

Description

The group of inventions relates to spark plugs, in particular to an improved spark plug, which can significantly improve the efficiency of distribution of the spark and the efficiency of fuel combustion when used in an internal combustion engine - internal combustion engine, both carbureted and injection and diesel, as well as in rotary engines, gas piston and other types of engines and in power plants.

State of the art

Usually the lateral grounded electrode of the spark plug is bent and L-shaped, being perpendicular to the direction of the axial central electrode so that the cross section of the discharge part, the so-called “mini-chamber”, facing the axial central electrode, is rectangular.

When a spark discharge occurs, the spark appears between the axial central electrode and the end discharge part of the grounded electrode located below the axial central electrode. The gas mixture in the spark gap formed by these electrodes is ignited by the spark so that the compressed gas mixture is ignited first in the “mini-chamber” between the electrodes, and then the horizontally expiring torch ignites the rest of the fuel assembly. In conventional designs, the high gas pressure caused by ignition can be blocked by the end discharge part so that the effect of the propagation of combustion on the air-fuel gas mixture in the combustion chamber is not good enough. And starting the engine at low temperatures generally causes difficulty due to the cooling of the flaming flame from the cold metal parts of the cylinder head.

When the residual carbon (the product of incomplete combustion of the fuel-air mixture - FA) remains in the spark gap between the electrodes, carbon can accumulate and change from the phase of the particles to the phase of the connection on the surfaces of the electrodes so that a short circuit can occur between the electrodes. In this state, even when voltage is applied, a spark may not occur, which leads to serious problems up to stopping the engine or releasing the air-fuel mixture through the exhaust pipe without combustion. When an unburned gas mixture is discharged into the exhaust pipe, a reverse flash effect is often manifested, with an emergency effect and a reduced combustion efficiency. The failure of one of several cylinders can remain unattended for a long time, which leads to engine failure due to imbalance of the rotor parts.

During the operation of the internal combustion engine, a crack may appear at the end of the axial central electrode due to corrosion, which leads to critical damage. Spark plug life may be reduced due to such a defect.

Known spark plug according to the patent of the Russian Federation for the invention No. 2366053, IPC Н01Т 13/20, publ. August 27, 2009. This spark plug contains a central electrode and a side electrode of cylindrical shape, between them a “mini-chamber” is formed. Spark discharge is carried out on a cylindrical wall, and the output of combustion products is carried out in an annular gap.

The disadvantage of this candle is the possible clogging of the annular gap due to the deposition of solid particles of combustion products on both electrodes, especially when working on an enriched mixture.

Known spark plug according to the patent of the Russian Federation for the invention No. 2366052, IPC Н01Т 13/00, publ. August 27, 2009. This candle contains a central electrode and a L-shaped side electrode, the plane of which is twisted along the length to create a vortex motion of the combustion products.

The disadvantage is poor engine starting at low temperatures.

Known spark plug according to the patent of the Russian Federation for the invention No. 2360342, IPC Н01Т 13/54, publ. 06/27/2009

This candle contains a central and side electrodes and two prechambers mounted in series.

Disadvantages: constructive complexity of the candle, its large axial dimensions and high cost.

It is known that for the trouble-free operation of the spark plug, the lower part of the insulator (thermal cone) should have a temperature of about 500-600 ° C. At a temperature lower than indicated on the candle, a layer of soot forms and it begins to work intermittently. The insufficient heating temperature of the insulator and the spark plug electrodes is especially pronounced when the cold engine starts at negative temperatures, when the fuel vapor partially condenses and the ignition reliability of the mixture is due not only to its ionization, but also to the heating of the gas volume adjacent to the electrodes. To increase the reliability of the ignition system in conditions of negative temperatures, candles with forced electric heating are used.

Known, for example, a spark plug containing a metal housing, an insulator and a heating element placed in an annular groove made on the side wall of the insulator, in its part, closed by a housing according to A.S. USSR No. 1802382, IPC Н01Т 13/00, publ. 1993 year

The disadvantage of this design is that the heating element can be integrated into the candle only during its manufacture. However, the urgent task is the modernization of already made candles.

Known spark plug containing "mini-prechamber" according to the patent of the Russian Federation for invention No. 2356145, IPC Н01Т 13/20, publ. 05/20/2009

This spark plug contains an axial central electrode for a spark discharge and a side grounded electrode opposite the axial central electrode relative to the spark gap, with a circular portion in plan having a central circular hole formed at the discharge end of the lateral rounded electrode. In this case, the spark plug includes a plurality of spiral projections that protrude from the inner side of the circular part in the direction of the central circular opening so as to form a turbulent flow in the gas mixture when gas compressed during the compression stroke is supplied into the spark gap through the central circular opening. The technical result is to improve the efficiency of spark propagation by providing better mixing in the spark gap between the electrodes, providing a function of generating a turbulent flow, and also increasing the ignition force.

The disadvantages of this device are the low efficiency of the spark discharge due to the mismatch of the shape, size and relative position of the electrodes, which is optimal for an electric discharge in the gas gap. The disadvantage is that the area of the Central hole is made smaller than the cross-sectional area of the Central electrode. This gives several negative results: the twisting device is ineffective and does not perform its function for two reasons:

- the spinning means have a very small height (due to the small diameter of the hole) and, being located within the boundary layer of the stream, do not affect the nature of the movement of the bulk of the stream flowing out of the hole;

- the spin is carried out in a horizontal plane, which does not contribute to the introduction of the torch into a significant volume of the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine cylinder, which is usually located below the candle.

In addition, this technical solution has several more disadvantages:

- a small diameter hole is more easily clogged by fuel assembly incomplete combustion products;

- the hole acts as the output nozzle of the “mini-prechamber” and with a small area of the hole, the torch power is insignificant and cannot ensure the start of the internal combustion engine at low temperatures. The role of the second nozzle is played by the lateral gaps between the central and side electrodes, but the combustion products flowing out along the head of the unheated cylinder are sharply cooled and cannot ignite the entire volume of the combustion chamber of the cylinder. The traditionally used start-up method with fuel assembly enrichment leads to excessive fuel consumption, wear of the internal combustion engine piston system and deposits of soot on the electrodes.

Known igniter according to the patent of the Russian Federation for the invention No. 2169885, IPC F23Q 9/00, publ. 06/27/2001

Signs common with the proposed technical solution: prechamber housing, ignition cavity and fuel supply holes in the prechamber and torch discharge.

The disadvantages of the prototype: large dimensions. Weight and structural complexity due to the presence of a large number of parts. At the same time, with a decrease in the size of the prechamber, it will not fulfill its main function; reliably ignite the vehicle (air-fuel mixture).

Known pre-chamber ICE for St. RF for utility model No. 60635, IPC F02D 19/10, publ. 01/27/2007

The vortex prechamber of an internal combustion engine according to this patent comprises a cylindrical body with external and internal threads, an internal cavity, a lower hole and side flare channels, while the side flare channels have three deflection angles in the chamber chamber. The lower and side openings are located on a conical bottom.

The disadvantage is the low efficiency of the prechamber due to the fact that the total area of the holes is less than the cross-sectional area of the ignition chamber. This leads to throttling when filling the fuel assembly chamber and reducing its dose and the power of the ignition torches. The increase in the area of the holes is not technically feasible due to the fact that this will lead to the protrusion of the conical bottom inside the cylinder of the internal combustion engine.

Known pre-chamber ICE according to the patent of the Russian Federation for utility model No. 30396, IPC F02B 19/00, publ. 06/27/2003

The prechamber of the internal combustion engine contains a cavity (ignition chamber), an axial flare channel and side flare channels made at an angle to the longitudinal axis, side flare channels in plan are made at an angle to the radii passing through the axis of the prechamber and are located on a conical bottom. The conical bottom has a large angle at the apex from 60 to 90 degrees, because at small angles its length will be large and it is possible to touch the piston at top dead center. Since the length of the conical bottom is limited, both the number of holes and their area are limited. In addition, the installation angles of all side holes are the same, which limits the diameter of the total flammable flame. The twist effect is insufficient, since the volume of the prechamber is less than 1% of the volume of the engine cylinder and the entire volume of the fuel assembly in the cylinder cavity cannot be twisted.

The disadvantage of this technical solution is the low efficiency of the prechamber due to the fact that the total area of the holes is less than the cross-sectional area of the ignition chamber. This leads to throttling when filling the fuel assembly chamber and reducing its dose and, as a consequence, the power of the ignition torches.

Known pre-chamber ICE according to the patent of the Russian Federation for utility model No. 16, IPC F02B 19/16, publ. 06/25/1994

A remote prechamber for an internal combustion engine with a moving fuel flow in an air mixture, comprising a housing, a cavity with a spark plug and a transition channel, characterized in that a swirl plate is placed in the transition channel nozzle, twisted by an angle of rotation (1/2) * pi - (2/3) * pi rad (90-120 °).

The disadvantage is the design complexity, unreliable ignition of the fuel assembly due to the low power of the igniting torch.

Known internal combustion engine and igniter according to patent JP No. 20111038465, IPC F02B 19/12, publ. 02.24.2011 - the prototype.

An internal combustion engine comprises at least one cylinder with a piston, a cylinder head, with an air-fuel mixture intake system with at least one intake valve, and an exhaust system with at least one exhaust valve and an ignitor, comprising in turn, a spark plug, a pre-chamber and a swirl means for swirling the flow of air-fuel mixture along the axis of the cylinder in the combustion chamber between the cylinder head and the piston, while the swirl means is made in the form of a pre-chamber having a housing with an inlet it, into which is screwed the spark plug and outlet ports defined tangentially on the inner housing portion,

The objective of the invention is to create a simple small-sized igniter that provides more reliable ignition when starting an internal combustion engine, especially at low temperatures, more complete combustion of fuel assemblies and reliability.

Achieved technical result: increased power of the igniting jet and its igniting effect.

The solution of these problems was achieved in an internal combustion engine containing at least one cylinder with a piston, a cylinder head, with an air-fuel mixture intake system, with at least one intake valve and an exhaust system with at least one exhaust valve and an ignitor, which in turn contains a spark plug, a prechamber and a swirl means for swirling the flow of the air-fuel mixture along the cylinder axis in the combustion chamber between the cylinder head and the piston, wherein the swirl means is made in the form of amers having a housing with an inlet opening, into which is screwed the spark plug and outlet ports defined tangentially on the inside of the housing, so that the spark plug is made of laser, and focus the laser spark plug is formed at the intersection of the axes of the outlet openings.

The solution of these problems has been achieved in an igniter containing a spark plug and a prechamber having a housing with an internal cavity, an inlet for installing a spark plug in the transitional part of the housing, an internal part of the housing with outlet openings made at an angle to the axis of the igniter, in that the candle The ignition is made by laser, and the focus of the laser spark plug is made at the point of intersection of the axes of the outlet openings.

The area of the outlet openings can be made larger than the cross-sectional area of the inner cavity of the prechamber. At least part of the outlet openings may be in the form of slots. Slots may be formed by rectangular plates. Slots can be formed by streamlined profiles. Slots can be made radial. A fairing may be provided in the central part of the inner part of the housing. An axial hole may be made along the axis of symmetry of the fairing.

The invention is illustrated in FIG. 1 ... 9, where

- in FIG. 1 shows an igniter assembly,

- in FIG. 2 shows a section aa,

- in FIG. 3 shows the housing of the prechamber assembly,

- in FIG. 4 shows a section bb,

- in FIG. 5 shows the second part of the prechamber, section BB.

- in FIG. 6 shows a variant of the second part with plates, section BB,

- in FIG. 7 shows a variant of the second part with streamlined profiles,

- in FIG. 8 shows a section CC

- in FIG. Figure 9 shows a variant of the device with the lower part of the prechamber in the form of a part of an ellipsoid of revolution and a laser spark plug.

The internal combustion engine (Fig. 1 ... 9) contains at least one cylinder 1 with a piston 2, a cylinder head 3, a gasket 4. A combustion chamber 5 is made between the cylinder head 3 and the piston 2.

At the cylinder head 3, air-fuel mixture supply systems 6 and an exhaust system 7 are made. At least one inlet valve 8 in the inlet window 9 and at least one exhaust valve 10 in the outlet window 11 are also mounted on the cylinder head 3.

In addition, in the cylinder head 3, an igniter is installed, containing a spark plug 12 and a pre-chamber 13, which consists of two parts - a transition 14 and an inner part 15. In the inner part 15 there is an ignition chamber 16, which communicates with the combustion chamber 6 by the outlet openings 17, which are made at an angle to the axis O1O1 of the igniter. In the air-fuel mixture intake system 6, immediately before the inlet (intake) valve (s) 8, a means for swirling the flow 18 is installed.

In addition, a recess 19 is made at the end face 18 of the piston 2 to accommodate the twisting fuel assemblies in it at the moment of ignition of the vortices in the combustion chamber 5. The combustion chamber 5 is formed inside the cylinder 1 between the piston 2 and the cylinder head 3.

The outlet openings 17 (all or only part thereof) can be formed by plates 20 (FIG. 5) or streamlined profiles 21 (FIG. 6).

A fairing 22 is made in the central part of the inner part 9 of the prechamber 6, in the center of which an axial hole 23 can be made along the axis of symmetry O1O1 (Figs. 7 and 8).

The inner part 15 can be made in the form of part of a sphere (Fig. 6 and 7) or in the form of part of an ellipsoid of revolution (Fig. 8).

In FIG. 9 shows a variant of the device with the lower part of the prechamber 6 in the form of a part of an ellipsoid of revolution and a laser spark plug 12. The laser spark plug 12 contains an optical fiber 24 and a focusing lens 25 at its lower end.

Focus A is made in such a way that it is at the intersection of the O2O2 axes of the outlet openings 16. This reduces the gas-dynamic resistance of the outlet openings 17 when exiting the ignition chamber 16 of the combustion products into the combustion chamber 5.

ICE OPERATION

During the operation of the internal combustion engine and the igniter, which is part of the internal combustion engine (Fig. 1 ... 9), which includes the igniter, after injection of the fuel assembly (air-fuel mixture), most of it enters the combustion chamber 5, its smaller part (from 1% to 10%) through the outlet 17 enters the ignition chamber 16.

In the “stroke” cycle, the combustion products are preliminarily ignited by the spark plug 12 in the ignition chamber 16, then the products of incomplete combustion having a very high temperature pass through the outlet openings 17 into the combustion chamber 5 of the cylinder 1 of the internal combustion engine and ignite the entire fuel assembly charge present in it. Moreover, due to the fact that the total area of the outlet openings 17 is larger than the area of the transverse ignition chamber 16, the outlet openings 17 do not throttle the fuel assembly flow when the combustion chamber 5 arrives. As a result, the charge volume of the fuel assemblies in these chambers increases. In the cycle, the stroke due to the larger total area of the outlet openings 17 as compared with the prototype, the power of the flaming torch (s) increases. The large transverse dimensions of the inner part 15 allow you to place on it the maximum number of outlet openings 17 of a large area with a minimum protrusion of the prechamber 6 into the cylinder 1 of the internal combustion engine.

The implementation of the outlet holes 17 in the form of slots and recesses 20 at the end face 19 of the piston 2 will allow the spinning of a larger mass of fuel assemblies.

Such an organization of the fuel assembly ignition process will provide 100% ignition even in the worst conditions at low temperature and high humidity. Also, this approach can be applied on engines operating on cryogenic fuels: hydrogen and liquefied natural gas. To ignite a cryogenic fuel having a very low temperature, it is not necessary to significantly increase the power of the spark plug. This effect will be especially good on high power engines.

It is impossible to realize this in principle in any other prechambers, since, having large transverse dimensions of the lower part of the prechamber, it is impossible to assemble the ICE.

As a result, the use of a group of inventions will allow:

- reduce the axial overall dimensions of the prechamber,

- to simplify the design of the ignition system by reducing the number of parts when combining the spark plug and prechamber,

- increase the power of the igniting torch and thereby improve the ignition of the fuel assembly,

- improve ignition when starting an unheated engine, especially at low temperatures, by heating the central electrode,

- reduce fuel consumption due to its more complete combustion, provided more accurate ignition of the fuel assemblies in the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine with a powerful torch pre-chamber,

- reduce emissions of harmful substances due to complete combustion of fuel,

- increase the life of the candle due to the cleaning of soot from its electrodes,

- significantly increase the life of the candles and eliminate the burning of their electrodes.

Claims (9)

1. An internal combustion engine comprising at least one cylinder with a piston, a cylinder head with an air-fuel mixture intake system, with at least one intake valve, and an exhaust system with at least one exhaust valve and an igniter, comprising in turn, a spark plug, a pre-chamber and a swirl means for swirling the flow of the air-fuel mixture along the cylinder axis in the combustion chamber between the cylinder head and the piston, while the swirl means is made in the form of a pre-chamber having a housing with an inlet the hole into which the spark plug is screwed, and the outlet openings made tangentially on the inside of the housing, characterized in that the spark plug is made of laser, and the focus of the laser spark plug is made at the point of intersection of the axes of the outlet openings. 2. An igniter containing a spark plug and a prechamber having a housing with an internal cavity, an inlet for installing the spark plug in the transitional part of the housing, an internal part of the housing with outlet openings made at an angle to the axis of the igniter, characterized in that the spark plug is made laser, and the focus of the laser spark plug is made at the point of intersection of the axes of the outlet openings. 3. The ignitor of an internal combustion engine according to claim 2, characterized in that the area of the outlet openings is larger than the cross-sectional area of the internal cavity of the prechamber. 4. The ignitor according to claim 2, characterized in that at least part of the outlet openings is made in the form of slots. 5. The ignitor according to claim 4, characterized in that the slots are formed by rectangular plates. 6. The ignitor according to claim 4, characterized in that the slots are formed by streamlined profiles. 7. The igniter according to claim 4, characterized in that the slots are made radial. 8. The ignitor according to claim 4, characterized in that a fairing is made in the central part of the inner part of the housing. 9. The ignitor according to claim 8, characterized in that an axial hole is made along the axis of symmetry of the fairing.

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