RU2574197C1 - Internal combustion engine and igniter - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: engines and pumps.

SUBSTANCE: set of inventions relates to the ICE ignition means. Claimed ICE comprises the cylinder with piston, cylinder head, ring between the cylinder head and cylinders and igniter with the spark plug. Said ring is made of the dielectric material while HV conductor terminals to every cylinder and head. The antechamber outlets are arranged at the angle to igniter axis while some of them are slotted. In engine operation, fuel-air field and combustion products are subjected to electric filed effects.

EFFECT: higher completeness of combustion, improved specific features, decreased emission of harmful substances.

22 cl, 18 dwg

Description

The group of inventions relates to energy and engine building, specifically to means of ignition of the air-fuel mixture mainly in internal combustion engines - ICE.

Known spark plug according to the patent of Russian Federation No. 2212559, IPC F02P 23/04, publ. September 20, 2003

A device for igniting a working mixture in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine contains a synchronization unit connected by an electric circuit to a position sensor of the engine crankshaft, a laser pump power amplifier connected to a composition sensor of the working mixture and a synchronization unit, a semiconductor laser connected through the light guide to the cylinder space. In addition, the device is equipped with an ignition source, made in the form of a laser-spark plug, which is installed in the cylinder head of the engine and connected to the spark ignition system, a laser pulse shaper associated with the laser pump power amplifier and synchronization unit, and a mixture composition sensor, connected to a laser pump power amplifier.

The method of laser ignition of the working mixture in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine is that the working mixture in the space of the cylinder of the engine is heated by the energy of a laser radiation source. Moreover, the working mixture is heated in the interelectrode space of the spark plug at the end of the compression stroke, it is additionally ignited by a spark discharge and the laser radiation intensity is adjusted in accordance with the engine operating mode.

The disadvantage is the complexity of the design.

Known spark plug according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 23039288, IPC F02P 23/04, publ. 10/27/2007.

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that the combustible mixture is heated and ignited by the energy of two laser sources, while the first (semiconductor) laser source in the combustible mixture of the combustion chamber is preliminarily created a local heated section in the form of a cylindrical volume by vibrational movement of the focal spot along the axis of the laser beam, and the second (solid-state) laser source at the time of ignition of the combustible mixture serves an energy pulse, and the beam is focused in the center of the longitudinal axis of the heating cylindrical volume of the combustible mixture, wherein the wavelength of laser sources mounted in the spectral range of 0.5 ... 4.7 mm, depending on the kind of the combustible mixture.

The system for implementing the method comprises a synchronization unit, a laser pump power amplifier associated with a combustible mixture composition sensor and a synchronization unit, laser sources connected by an energy transmission path to an engine combustion chamber, a device for generating a cylindrical heated volume optically coupled by means of a movable optical lens to the first (semiconductor) laser source and through an electrical connector connected to the master frequency and amplitude of the focal spot, which is connected en with a fuel mixture sensor. In addition, both laser sources and the device for forming a cylindrical heated volume are designed as a stand-alone unit with an optical device for generating beams of laser sources. An igniting heated cylindrical volume plays the role of a powerful ignition element.

The disadvantage is the complexity of the design and the high cost due to the presence of two lasers.

Known spark plug according to the patent of Russian Federation No. 2436991, IPC F02P 23/04, publ. 12/20/2011.

The essence of the method is as follows. Ignition of fuel assemblies in internal combustion engines is achieved using a laser optical discharge; to intensify it, the laser beam is concentrated on the metal surface of the engine piston. A device for implementing the method comprises a laser with an optical fiber and with a focusing lens. The synchronization unit is connected to a laser pump power amplifier and to a camshaft position sensor of the engine. The focusing lens in the upper part is connected through the light guide to the laser, and on the engine cylinder side it has a thrust sleeve, to which a quartz glass window is attached, which separates the optical system from the combustion products in the engine cylinder. The laser pump power amplifier is a package of capacitors associated with a battery.

The disadvantage is the large power requirement for the pump unit.

Known ignition system of the air-fuel mixture according to the patent of the Russian Federation for the invention No. 2126094, F02M 27/04, publ. 02/10/1999

The method is applicable to internal combustion engines and consists in combining the operations of injection, ignition of the mixture, the intensification of the fuel combustion process and the intensification of the conversion of the thermal energy of the working fluid into its excess pressure and the mechanical energy of movement of the working body, for example pistons in internal combustion engines by introducing electric (their ) field (s) inside the combustion chambers through single-electrode electric candles-nozzles electrically insulated from the engine body.

The disadvantage is the high power consumption of the spark plugs due to ignition of the air-fuel mixture throughout the volume.

Known ignition system of the air-fuel mixture according to ed. St. USSR for the invention №1059245, IPC А02P 15/00, publ. 12/07/1983

This method of ignition and ignition of a combustible mixture in an internal combustion engine is implemented by applying a high-frequency pulse voltage to the central electrode of the spark plug and creating a spark discharge between the spark plug and the bottom of the piston during the working stroke of the cylinder.

The disadvantage is the high power consumption of the spark plugs due to ignition of the air-fuel mixture throughout the cylinder chamber.

Known ignition system of the air-fuel mixture according to the patent of the Russian Federation for the invention №2019728, IPC F02P 15/00, publ. September 15, 1994

The essence of the invention: the method consists in supplying a high-voltage pulse high-frequency voltage to the electrode of the candle continuously for the entire duration of the cylinder operation, sparking between the electrode of the candle and the piston bottom is carried out for a period of double ignition timing. The ignition system contains a direct current source, an adjustable voltage regulator, a pulse generator, an electronic switch, a capacitor, an ignition coil, a junction box, a single-electrode plug. A feature of the invention is the introduction of a stabilizer.

The disadvantage is the high power consumed by the candles to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the entire volume of the cylinder.

Known ignition system of the air-fuel mixture according to the patent of the Russian Federation for the invention No. 2126094, F02M 27/04, publ. 02/10/1999, the prototype.

The method is applicable to internal combustion engines and consists in combining the operations of injection, ignition of the mixture, the intensification of the fuel combustion process and the intensification of the conversion of the thermal energy of the working fluid into its excess pressure and the mechanical energy of movement of the working body, for example pistons in internal combustion engines by introducing electric (their ) field (s) inside the combustion chambers through single-electrode electric candles-nozzles electrically insulated from the engine body.

The disadvantage is the uneven distribution of the electric field over the volume of the combustion chamber and, as a result, a decrease in the completeness of combustion and an increase in the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere with exhaust.

The task of creating a group of inventions is to increase the completeness of fuel combustion and reduce emissions of harmful substances.

The solution of these problems was achieved in an internal combustion engine containing at least one cylinder with a piston, a cylinder head, a gasket between the cylinder head and cylinders, an air-fuel mixture intake system with an intake valve and an exhaust system with an exhaust valve and an igniter, which in turn contains , a spark plug, in that the gasket is made of a dielectric material, the internal cavity of the cylinder head is convex in the form of a curvilinear in the direction opposite to the piston, the cavity, the longitudinal axis of the Apans and igniter are made intersecting on the axis of the cylinder, and the conclusions of high-voltage wires from the high-voltage generator are connected to each cylinder and cylinder head.

In the air-fuel mixture inlet system, flow swirling means can be installed immediately in front of the inlet valve.

The igniter may contain a prechamber, the outlet openings of which are made at an angle to the axis of the igniter.

The inner part of the prechamber housing may be cylindrical. The inner part of the prechamber housing can be made as a part of a sphere.

The inner part of the prechamber housing can be made as part of a rotation ellipsoid.

The spark plug can be made laser. The focus of the laser spark plug can be made at the point of intersection of the axes of the outlet openings.

The solution of these problems was achieved in an igniter containing a spark plug and a prechamber having a housing with an inner part with outlet openings in the inner part, in that the outlet openings are made at an angle to the axis of the igniter and at least part of the outlet openings is made in the form of slits.

The inner part of the prechamber housing may be cylindrical.

The inner part of the prechamber housing can be made as a part of a sphere. The inner part of the prechamber housing can be made as part of a rotation ellipsoid.

The area of the outlet openings can be made larger than the cross-sectional area of the inner cavity of the prechamber.

Slots may be formed by rectangular plates.

Slots can be formed by streamlined profiles.

Slots can be made in the lower part of the inner part of the housing.

Slots can be made radial.

In the central part of the inner part of the housing, a central cowl may be provided.

The spark plug can be made laser.

The focus of the laser spark plug can be made at the point of intersection of the axes of the outlet openings.

The focus of the laser candle may coincide with the top of the center fairing.

The essence of the group of inventions is illustrated in FIG. 1 ... 18, where:

- in FIG. 1 presents ICE assembly,

- in FIG. 2 shows a section aa,

- in FIG. 3 shows the igniter assembly,

- in FIG. 4 shows a section bb,

- in FIG. 5 shows a section CC

- in FIG. 7 shows a section CC

- in FIG. 8 shows a section CC

- in FIG. 9 shows the layout of the prechamber,

- in FIG. 10 shows a section D-D,

- in FIG. 11 shows an air-fuel mixture intake system,

- in FIG. 12 shows a section EE, the first option,

- in FIG. 13 shows a section EE, the second option,

- in FIG. 14 shows a variant of the device with the lower part of the prechamber in the form of a part of an ellipsoid of revolution and a laser spark plug,

- in FIG. 15 shows a diagram of an electric field for a prototype,

- in FIG. 16 shows a diagram of the electric field in the proposed internal combustion engine,

- in FIG. 17 shows the activation circuit of the fuel assembly,

- in FIG. 18 is a diagram of air activation.

ICE (Fig. 1 ... 18) contains at least one cylinder 1 with a piston 2, cylinder head 3, gasket 4. The gasket 4 is made of dielectric material. Between the cylinder head 3 and the piston 2 there is a combustion chamber 5. The cylinder head 3 is made in the form of a truncated cone.

At the cylinder head 3, air-fuel mixture supply systems 6 and an exhaust system 7 are made. At least one inlet valve 8 in the inlet window 9 and at least one exhaust valve 10 in the outlet window 11 are also mounted on the cylinder head 3.

In addition, in the cylinder head 3, an igniter is installed, containing a spark plug 12 and a pre-chamber 13, which consists of two parts - a transition 14 and an inner part 15. In the inner part 15 there is an ignition chamber 16, which communicates with the combustion chamber 5 by the outlet openings 17, which are made at an angle to the axis of the O2O2 igniter. In the fuel-air mixture supply system 6, a fuel nozzle 18 is installed, to which the fuel pipe 19 is connected. In the air-fuel mixture intake system 6, immediately before the inlet (intake) valve (us) 8, a flow swirl means 20 is installed.

ICE contains a high voltage unit 21, the output of which is connected to the cylinder (s) 1 and to the cylinder head 3 by high-voltage wires 22 and 23, respectively. The high-voltage wire 22 is connected to ground 24.

The combustion chamber 5 is formed inside the cylinder 1 between the piston 2, more precisely between the inner wall 25 of the cylinder head 3 and the working end 26 of the piston 3.

In the supply system of the air-fuel mixture 6, an activator electrode 27 is installed, which can be installed in the insulator 28 before or after the nozzle 18. A high voltage wire 29 is connected to the activator electrode 27, the other end of which is connected to the high voltage wire 23.

In FIG. 2 shows a view of the cylinder head 3 from the side of the combustion chamber 5. In this case, the valves 8 and 10 and the inner part 15 of the pre-chamber 13 are placed relative to each other with a shift of 180 °.

In FIG. Figure 3 shows an igniter that contains in the ignition cavity 16 a central fairing 30 mounted along the axis O2O2 of the igniter (and the spark plug) 12 between the outlet openings 17, which in turn are made at an angle to the axis O2O2 (fan). The central fairing 30 is made in the form of a pyramid, the peak of which Φ is located on the axis of the igniter O2O2 and faces the spark plug 12.

The outlet openings 17 (all or only part of them) can be formed by plates 31 (Fig. 7) or streamlined profiles 32 (Fig. 8).

The inner part 15 of the pre-chamber 13 can be made in the form of a cylinder (Fig. 6 ... 8), part of a sphere (Fig. 9 and 10) or in the form of a part of an ellipsoid of revolution (Fig. 11).

In FIG. 11 shows in more detail the air-fuel intake system, with FIG. 12 shows a cross-section EE, a first embodiment of a flow swirling means 20 with inclined plates 33, in FIG. 13 shows a cross-section EE, the second option with streamlined profiles 34.

In FIG. 14 shows a variant of the device with the lower part of the prechamber 6 in the form of a part of an ellipsoid of revolution and a laser spark plug 12. The laser spark plug 12 contains an optical fiber 34 and a focusing lens 35 at its lower end. The optical fiber 34 is connected to the pump unit 36.

Focus Ф is made in such a way that it is at the intersection point of the O2O2 axes of the outlet openings 17. This reduces the gas-dynamic resistance of the outlet openings 17 when the combustion products exit the ignition chamber 16 into the combustion chamber 5 of cylinder 1. As a result, the power of the igniting torches of the prechamber 13 increases its dimensions and power of the spark plug 12.

In FIG. 15 is a diagram of an electric field for a prototype, and FIG. 15 shows a diagram of the electric field for the proposed ICE. From FIG. 16 it can be seen that the lines of the electric field 37 uniformly depresses the entire volume of the combustion chamber 5 inside the cylinder 1.

In FIG. 17 is a diagram of the activation of the air-fuel mixture; FIG. 18 is a diagram of air activation. An air supply system 39 is connected to the fuel supply system of the fuel assembly 6 through a dielectric 38 gasket. In the air supply system 39, an activator electrode 27 is installed on the insulator 28.

ICE OPERATION

During operation of the internal combustion engine and the igniter, which is part of the internal combustion engine (Fig. 1 ... 18), which includes the ignitor, after injection of the fuel assembly (air-fuel mixture), most of it enters the combustion chamber 5, its smaller part (from 1% to 10% ) through the outlet openings 17 enters the ignition chamber 16.

In the “stroke” cycle, the combustion products are preliminarily ignited by the spark plug 12 in the ignition chamber 16, then the products of incomplete combustion having a very high temperature pass through the outlet openings 17 into the combustion chamber 5 of the cylinder 1 of the internal combustion engine and ignite the entire fuel assembly charge present in it. Moreover, due to the fact that the total area of the outlet openings 17 is larger than the area of the transverse ignition chamber 16, the outlet openings 17 do not throttle the fuel assembly flow when it enters the combustion chamber 5. As a result, the fuel charge in these chambers increases. In the cycle, the stroke due to the larger total area of the outlet openings 17 as compared with the prototype, the power of the flaming torch (s) increases. The large transverse dimensions of the inner part 15 allow you to place on it the maximum number of outlet openings 17 of a large area with a minimum protrusion of the prechamber 6 into the cylinder 1 of the internal combustion engine.

Removing the spark plug 12 from the combustion chamber prevents soot deposits on their electrodes.

The presence of the fairing 30 helps to reduce aerodynamic losses. The implementation of the focus f of the laser candle 12 at the point of intersection of the axes of the outlet openings 17 also improves the aerodynamics of flammable flares (Fig. 14).

Focusing the laser beam on the central fairing 30, using it as a target accelerates the heating of the upper point Ф of the fairing and improves the start of the internal combustion engine, especially at low temperatures.

Removing the focusing lens 35 from the combustion chamber 5 prevents the deposition of carbon particles on it.

The implementation of the outlet holes 17 in the form of slots will allow the spinning of a larger mass of fuel assemblies in the combustion chamber 5.

In addition, in all cycles of operation of each cylinder of the internal combustion engine, a strong electric field acts on the fuel-air mixture or on the combustion products throughout the volume of the combustion chamber 5, and unlike the prototype, this contributes to the intensification of the combustion process and contributes to the burning of the combustion products.

The presence of a strong electric field (up to 10 thousand V / cm) activates the movement of ions in the flame and helps to increase the completeness of combustion. Unlike the prototype, the electric field extends to the entire volume of the combustion chamber 5 (Fig. 15 and 16).

Such an organization of the fuel assembly ignition process will provide 100% ignition even in the worst conditions at low temperature and high humidity. Also, this approach can be applied on engines operating on cryogenic fuels: hydrogen and liquefied natural gas. To ignite a cryogenic fuel having a very low temperature, it is not necessary to significantly increase the power of the spark plug. This effect will be especially good on high power engines.

The prechamber 13 is mounted on the cylinder head 3 before it is assembled with the cylinder (s) 1. It is impossible to implement these principles in any other prechambers 13, since having the large transverse dimensions of the lower part 15 of the prechamber 13, it is impossible to assemble the ICE.

As a result, the use of a group of inventions will allow:

- with an increase in the volume of its ignition chamber 16, reduce the axial overall dimensions of the prechamber by increasing its transverse dimensions,

- to simplify the design of the ignition system by reducing the number of parts when combining the spark plug and prechamber,

- increase the power of the igniting torch and thereby improve the ignition of the fuel assemblies, while the power of the igniting torch increases in the case of using a laser spark plug and performing its focus at the point of intersection of the axes of the outlet openings of the prechamber,

- to improve ignition when starting an unheated engine, especially at low temperatures, by heating the central fairing,

- reduce fuel consumption due to its more complete combustion, provided by the impact on the fuel assemblies in the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine with a more powerful electric field, which penetrates the entire volume of the combustion chamber, the twist of the fuel assembly and the use of flow turbulators.

- reduce emissions of harmful substances due to complete combustion of fuel,

- increase the service life of the electric spark plug by eliminating the enrichment of the mixture in the region of its electrodes, and for the laser spark plug, remove the focusing lens from the combustion chamber and exclude the deposition of carbon particles on it.

Claims (22)

1. An internal combustion engine comprising at least one cylinder with a piston, a cylinder head, a gasket between the cylinder head and cylinders, an air-fuel mixture intake system with an intake valve and an exhaust system with an exhaust valve and an ignitor, which in turn contains an ignition plug, characterized in that the gasket is made of a dielectric material, the internal cavity of the cylinder head is convex in the form of a curvilinear in the direction opposite to the piston, cavity, the longitudinal axis of the valves and the igniter I made intersecting on the axis of the cylinder, and to each cylinder and cylinder head are connected the findings of high-voltage wires from the high-voltage generator. 2. An internal combustion engine according to claim 1, characterized in that a flow swirl means is installed in the air-fuel mixture intake system immediately in front of the intake valve. 3. The internal combustion engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the igniter contains a prechamber, the outlet openings of which are made at an angle to the axis of the igniter. 4. The internal combustion engine according to claim 3, characterized in that the inner part of the prechamber housing is cylindrical. 5. The internal combustion engine according to claim 3, characterized in that the inner part of the prechamber housing is made as part of a sphere. 6. The internal combustion engine according to claim 3, characterized in that the inner part of the prechamber housing is made as part of an ellipsoid of revolution. 7. The internal combustion engine according to claim 3, characterized in that the spark plug is made of laser. 8. The internal combustion engine according to claim 7, characterized in that the focus of the laser spark plug is made at the point of intersection of the axes of the outlet openings. 9. An igniter containing a spark plug and a prechamber having a housing with an inner part with outlet openings in the inner part, characterized in that the outlet openings are made at an angle to the axis of the igniter, and at least some of the outlet openings are made in the form of slots. 10. The ignitor according to claim 9, characterized in that the inner part of the prechamber housing is cylindrical. 11. The ignitor according to claim 9, characterized in that the inner part of the prechamber body is made in the form of a part of a sphere. 12. The ignitor according to claim 9, characterized in that the inner part of the prechamber housing is made as part of a rotation ellipsoid. 13. The ignitor of an internal combustion engine according to claim 9, characterized in that the area of the outlet openings is larger than the cross-sectional area of the inner cavity of the prechamber. 14. The ignitor according to claim 9, characterized in that the slots are formed by rectangular plates. 15. The ignitor according to claim 9, characterized in that the slots are formed by streamlined profiles. 16. The ignitor according to claim 9, characterized in that the slots are made in the inner part of the housing. 17. The ignitor according to claim 9, characterized in that the slots are made radial. 18. The ignitor according to claim 9, characterized in that a central fairing is made in the central part of the inner part of the housing. 19. The ignitor according to claim 18, characterized in that an axial hole is made along the axis of the central fairing. 20. The ignitor according to claim 9, characterized in that the spark plug is laser. 21. The ignitor according to claim 20, characterized in that the focus of the laser spark plug is made at the point of intersection of the axes of the outlet openings. 22. The ignitor according to claim 21, characterized in that the focus of the laser candle coincides with the top of the central fairing.

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